Christianity, Grade 13, TIM, Sinhala,FP.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim9.pdf² uq,a iNdj b;d...

ls%ia;shdks O¾uh13 jk fYa%Ksh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

^2010 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

wd.ï fomd¾;fïka;=júIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fmrjok

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd§fï ld¾hh 13 jk fYa%Ksfha .=re

ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y y÷kajd§u;a iuÕ iïmq¾K fõ’ 12 jk yd 13 jk fYa%Ksj, isiq isiqúhka

úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd mj;sk ±ä ;r.hg f.dÿreùu ksid ksrka;rj u hï ;rul

mSvkhlg hg;a fõ’ kj úIhud,dj m%:u j;djg w’fmd’i’ ^W’fm’& i|yd fhdod .efkk úg

fuu mSvkh ;j;a ±ä fõ’ tjeks wjia:djl Tn w;g m;ajk .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh”

úIh ks¾foaY ;rug u .=rejrekg jeo.;a jkafka h’ fuys uq,slj u .=rejrhd ie,ls,a,g

.; hq;= me;s ;=kla we;’ tkï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY úIh ks¾foaYh yd mq¾Kj .e<mS ;sîu”

úIhud,dfõ wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d mdolj úIhud,dfõ o¾Ykh yd ±lau uq,afldg f.k

ilid ;sîu yd 12 - 13 fYa%Ksj, orejdf.ka wfmalaIs; idOk uÜgu fufkys fldg ilid

;sîu’ tfyhska fuh fyd¢ka mßYS,kh lsÍu .=rejrhdg w;HjYH ld¾hhla yd j.lSula

jkafkah’

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh by; lS lreKq ;=k u Tnf.a wjOdkhg f.k tau i|yd 13 jk

fYa%Ksj, b.ekaùï lrk ish¨u .=rejrekg ta i|yd wjYH mqyqKqùï ,nd§u i|yd o

ls%hd;aul ù isà’ ksrka;rj meje;afjk fuu mqyqKq ieisj,g wod< .=rejreka iyNd.sùu

w;sYhska u wjYH lreKla jkafka fuys ±lafjk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï uQ, O¾u yd ls%hdodu

jgyd .ekSug mqyqKqj fnfyúka bjy,a jk ksid h’ úfYaIfhka u mdi,a mdol we.hSï ls%hd”

ksmqK;d j¾Okh i|yd bjy,a lr .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾’ úIh lreKqj,g muKla

b.ekaùu hg;aùug fkd§ isiqkf.a l=i,;d Tm .ekaùfï wNs,dIh bgqlr§ug fï ish¨

ueÈy;aùï wjYH nj wOHdmk yd we.hSï ld¾hfha kshef,k wm ish¨ u fokd jgyd .;

hq;= fõ’

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ms<sfh, lsÍfï w;sYh fjfyildÍ ld¾hh bgqlr,Sug ueÈy;a jq cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kfha ish¨u Ydia;S%h wxYj, ks,OdÍka we;= ld¾h uKav, yd ndysrj ta

i|yd odhl jq úoaj;a yeu fokdg u o udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh ysñ fõ’

wdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2010 j¾Ifha isg 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï - b.ekaùïl%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj,gjvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;d mdol úIhks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;aoelafjk bf.kqï M, tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka Tng fY%aKshgwod< mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqï M, fnfyúka m%fhdackj;afõ' fuu bf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSugfukau mka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,ifhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï§ mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fuka u fjí wvú mss<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug ofuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,s .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaIdiys;j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' tysoS .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldurl%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúkaisiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,kh wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrkbf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § iïm%odhsl f,i igykabÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' tai|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u ks¾udKYS,S j Ndú; lsÍugkj mka;sldurh ;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ'

13 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh b.ekaùu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaY ukdj meyeÈ,slr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajd fokafka kïth isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug mdi, fj;isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkk mka;s ldur bf.kqï -be.kaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYh fuka u fuys fhdað;l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,s yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fuka b,a,ñ'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kag iy cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ks,Odßkag udf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd u`.mkajQ wOHlaI ckrd,awdpd¾h Wmd,s tï' fiaor ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿ lr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fï j.lSuNdrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hg uf.aúfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wef;d;a udfj; ,nd fokafka kï lD;{ fõ'

úu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dviyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGh&

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ii

iii

wOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

WmfoaYl uKav,h yd f,aLl uKav,h

fufyhùu ( wdpd¾h Wmd,s fiaorwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

WmfoaYkh ( úu,a ishU,df.dv uy;audiyldr wOHlaI ckrd,aúIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

wëlaIKh # wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñwOHlaI ^wd.ï&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

WmfoaYl uKav,h# w;s W;=ï foajO¾udpd¾h je,kaia fukaäia ro.=re ysñmdfKda'iNdm;s" wOHdmk" O¾fudamfoaY yd nhsn,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| ro.=refldñiu

w;s W;=ï foajO¾udpd¾h f;dauia fi!kaøkdh.ï ro.=re ysñmdfKaWm iNdm;s" O¾fudamfoaY yd nhsn,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| ro.=refldñiu

w;s.re whsjka fmf¾rd msh;=udcd;sl lf;da,sl wOHdmk wOHlaI

w;s.re wdpd¾h chisß mSÍia foaj.e;s;=uduyf,alï" cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,h

.re {dkuq;a;= msf,akaøka msh;=udwxY m%Odks" ls%ia;shdks yd bia,dï ixialD;sl wOHhk wxYhhdmkh úYaj úoHd,h

.re f.%.ß m%kdkaÿ id'fn'ks msh;=udiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIwd.ñl yd id¾O¾u wxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,

wdpd¾h I¾,s ,d,a úfÊisxym%Odks" ls%ia;shdks ixialD;sl wOHhk wxYh" le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

iïnkaëlrKh .re f,dhsâ Ydka;sl=ud¾ msh;=udjHdmD;s ks,Odß" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

.re .euqKq vhia chj¾Ok msh;=udiyldr jHmD;s ks,Odß" cd;sl wOHdmkh wdh;kh'

iv

f,aLluKav,h ( wdpd¾h .re isis,a fcdahs fmf¾rd msh;=udwOHCI" foaj O¾u ksfla;kh" fld<U 08

Ydia;%m;s .re bkaød r;akisß m%kdkaÿ msh;=udwOHlaI " w.ro.=re moú O¾fudamfoaY fiajdj

Ydia;%m;s .re fIfrdka pkaok vhia msh;=udlÓldpd¾h" cd;sl foõi;ay, " wïmsáh

Ydia;%m;s .re wdkkao ùrfldaka msh;=udlÓldpd¾h" foaj O¾u ksfla;kh" l=reKE., YdLdj

Ydia;%m;s .re ms,smaia B' fÊiqodika msh;=ud—wñ, Wohï˜ Wmamqfõ,s" ;s%l=Kdu,h

Ydia;%m;s tia' Ô'fla' ã' t,a' iS' m%idoa uy;aud.re WmfoaYl" fydaud.u wOHdmk l,dmh

úúO iyh ( Ydia;%m;s .re ls%iafgdam¾ nd,ardÊ foaj.e;s;=ud

Ydia;%m;s .re rxð;a chùr foaj.e;s;=ud

Ydia;%fõ§ .re iqrx. o ue,a foaj.e;s;=ud

iqrx.s fk¿ud uy;añh

à'fÊ' fmda,a weka;kS uy;añh

ã'whs' fcdaYma fukúh

ta' fla' tia' takac,a fïß fukúh

ta' ueá,avd mqIamrdKs fukúh

t*a'ta't*a' ksiañhd uy;añh

ixialrK iyh ( Ydia;%m;s .re wdkkao ùrfldaka msh;=ud

mß.Kl jpk ieliSu( wd¾' wd¾' fla' m;srK uy;añh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msgljrh ( t*a'ta't*a' ksiañhd uy;añh

ld¾ñl iyldr

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

v

mgqk

msgqj

fmrjok i

ix{dmkh ii

wOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

WmfoaYl uKav,h yd f,aLl uKav,h iv

úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh 1

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafirelrKh 228

vi

1

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd.ksuska j¾;udk

iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 50

bf.kqï M, (

² Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ uq,a hq.h .ek wOHhkh lsÍug uq,dY% fidhd .ekSu'

² wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a hq.fha wjidk ld,fha§ iNdj jHdma;j mej;s wdldrh

is;shfï ,l=Kq lrhs'

² uq,a iNdj b;d fõ.fhka jHdma; ùug odhl jQ mqoa.hkaf.a kï ,ehsia;= .;

lrhs'

² uq,a iNdj b;d fõ.fhka jHdma; ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;= idOl idlÉPd u.ska oek

.kshs'

² Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud O¾u¥; .uka j,ska neyeÿgq ia:dk is;shul i|yka lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (

6'1'1 ls;=kq iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh (

iNdj hkq l=ula o@ wmf.a iajdñka jq fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia foaj mq;%hdKka

f,i;a" ish¨ f,daljdiskaf.a ñÿï lrejdKka f,i;a ms<sf.k Wkajykafia

flfrys úYajdi lr Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùï ms<sf.k" ðj;a ù Wkajykafia

f.a kdufhka nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd ðj;a fjk lKavdhu wms iNdj yeáhg

y÷kajuq'

iNdfõ wdrïNl hq.h fyj;a b;sydih hkq l=ula o@ uq,a iNdfõ b;sydih hkq

iNdfõ wdrïNfha mgka m<uqjk Y;j¾I 03 la ;=< iNdj w;a ÿgq j¾Okh

tkï iNdfõ ia:dms;h" wdrïNl jHqyh" kuialdr l%uh" tys wNsjDaêh" jHdma;sh

iNdfõ bgq l<djq hym;a ls%hd" iNdjg we;sjqKq úreoaO;ajh" th uqyqK ÿka

wNsfhda.h" th ,nd.;a ch yd mrdch jeks o;a;hkah' fï hq.h wfmdia;,sl

hq.h" iNd mshjrekaf.a hq.h" ÿ¾j,;dj,g úreoaO ù ksjerÈ u; bÈßm;a l<djq

ld, mßÉfþoh f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

fï hq.h oek .kakg Wmldrjk uq,dY%hka -

wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a ls%hd fmd;" wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a" úfYaIfhka mdjq¨;=udf.a

ixfoaY hejqï m;%&" iqndrxÑ fmd;a y;r iNd mshjrekaf.a yd laIukjd§kaf.a

.%ka: tl< ls%ia;shdks fkdjk b;sydi{hkaf.a ^maf,aúhka" fcdaima" firia"

maf,ks jeks wh& .%ka: hkdosh uq,dY% fõ'

2

ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a fufyh wdrïNfha oS Wkajykafia iu`.

isáug;a" Y=NdrxÑh m%p,s; lsßug;a fodf<dia fokdj f;dardf.k Tjqkaj

iqodkï lrñka udla 3 ( 13 -19& Tjqkaj m%dfhda.slj mqyqKq udla 6(6- 13& lf<a

h' fuf,i Wkajykafia iNdjg w;a;sjdru ouñka we;=,dka; jHqyh ilia

l<y ; ;jo fï lKavdhu iu`. ;j;a ye;a;Efofokl= tl;= lr.;ay'

ta lKavdhfï kdhl;ajh oeÍug fmaÿre;=udg kshu lrk ,§' uf;õ 16(19&

Tjqka úiska bgq l< hq;= fufyjr meyeÈ,s lrk ,§' — Tn f.dia il, cd;Ska

f.da,hka lrkak' mshdKkaf.ao mq;%hdKkaf.ao Y=oaOd;auhKdkaf.ao kdufhka

Tjqka nõ;siau iakdmkh lrkak'˜ ^uf;õ 28( 18 - 20&

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a urKfhka miqj fï lKavdhu Wkajykafiaf.a ueKShkajQ

ußh;=ñh yd wfkl=;a msßi we;=<;a lrf.k 120 fokd f.ka hqla; jQ

lKavdhu yeáhg j¾Okh úh' ^ ls%hd 1 ( 15&

Wkajykafia iNdjg wjYH ish,a, iqodkï lr ksu jQ miq ta lKavdhu

ls%hdYS,S ùug Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wd.ukh n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka

isákakehs mjiñka iaj¾.dfrdayKh úh' —Tn fcrei,fuka bj;aj fkdf.dia

ud jod< mßÈ mshdKka jykafiaf.a fmdfrdkaÿj n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isákak'''

fkdfnda ojilska Tn Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka nõ;siau ikdmkh lrKq

,nkakdyqh'ZZ ^ ls%hd 1 (- 4 - 5&

Y=oAOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wd.ukh ^ls%hd ( 2 ( 1 - 13&

fÊiqia jykafiaf.a jokg wkqj f.da,fhda 120 muK msßila fcrei,fï

Wvquy,a ldurhl hdÉ[dlrñka Y =o aOd; auhdKkaf. a wd.ukh

n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isáfhda h'

cqfoõjkaf.a fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh <xúh' cqfoõjkaf.a kuialdrfha §

úfYaI ux.,Hh ;=kla ;snqKs'

1' mdial= - ñirfha jy,alfï isg r;= uqyqo ;rKh lrñka úuqla;sh

,eîfï isoaêh u;la lsÍula'

2' i;s ux.,Hh - 50 fjks Èk ^fmka;fldia;& ux.,H - iSkdhs

lkafoa È .súiqu isys lrkq ,eîu'

3' l=vdrï ux.,H - jir 40 ldka;drfha § ðj;ajqKq wdldrh isys

lsßu

3

fï ux.,H Èkj, foúhka jykafia f;dard .;a whg ;uka bÈßfhys meñKSug

wK lf<ah' kuq;a mdial= ux.,Hfha § m,ia;Skfha ðj;ajqKq cqfoõfjda

muKla fcrei,ug meñKsfhdah' tfy;a fmka;fldia; ux.,Hhg f,dj

iEu ;eku me;sß isá cqfoõfjda fndfyda fofkla fcrei,ug meñKsfhda h'

fmka;fldia; Èkfha § n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq wkaoñka Y=oaOd;auhdKf.a

wd.ukh isÿúh' ls%hd ( 2 ( 1-13& ta isoaêh jpkfhka úia;r lsÍug l;=jrhd

;elal, wdldrho oelsh yels h'˜ zziev iq<`.la yukakdla jeks y`vla yosisfhka

wyiska kslauqfKa h''' .sks o¨ jeks Èõ fnÈ f.dia''''˜ mrK .súiqu ;=< foúhka

jykafiaf.a uysuh úia;r lsÍug Ndú;fldg we;s jpko fuys Ndú; lsÍu

;=<ska Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia foúhka jykafia njo" t;=udKka by< isg

my<g meñfKk njo l¾;Djrhd fmkakqï lrhs'

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia fnÿkq .sks Èõ f,i tys /iaú isáhdjQ wh u;

jevyqka nj l;=jrhd meyeÈ,s lrhs' — .sks o¨ jeks Èõ fn§ f.dia Tjqka

tlsfkld u; msysgkq ' ' '˜ ish¨ fokdu Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka mQ¾K úh' wkH

NdIdj,ska l;d l<y'''' fmka;fldia; ux.,Hfha úfYaI;ajh Y=oaOd;auhdKka

jykafiaf.a meñKSu iy Wkajykafia tys isá ish¨ fokd u; my< ùu

hkakh'

fuys§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia iuyr whg iuyr ld,hlg muKla fkdj

tys /iaj isáhd jQ ish¨ fokdgu iodld,slj my< jQ fial'˜ Tjqka ys|f.k

isá f.h uq¿ukskau thska msÍ .sfha h' fuh fcdfj,a Èjeisjrhdf.a joka

u.ska ;yjqre fõ' zzwka;su ojfia § ish,a,ka u; uu udf.a wd;auh

j.=rjkafkñ'ZZ fuf,i úia;r lsßu ;=<ska fuu l¾;Djrhd w¨;a hq.hl

wdrïNh .eko kj ðjkh ,nk wdldrho Y=oaO jq iNdfõ wdrïNh o fuf,i

fmkakqï lr isáhs' Y=' iNdfõ Wmka Èkh f,i fmka;fldia; Èk y÷kajkq

,efí'

- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a f.da,fhda Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ka mQ¾K jQ nj Tjqkaf.a

ls%hdj ;yjqre lrhs' kq.;a .,S,shhka úiska wi,a jdis NdIdjla l;d lsÍu"

cqfoõjkag Nh ù jeiqKq ldurhl ie`.ú isá f.da,hka tä;r ù msg;g f.dia

úYd, ixLHdjla bÈßfhys ks¾Ns;j Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lsÍu Tjqka

Y=oaOd;auhKkaf.a Èukdj iïmq¾Kfhka ,en isá nj ;yjqre lrhs'

- f,dalfha ieu ;eku isg fcrei,ï k.rhg meñK isá cqfoõjka ;u

;ukaf.a NdIdfjka Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lsßu ijka §u ;=<ska ;yjqre jkafka

4

Tjqka f,dalfha yeu ;ekgu f.dia Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd l<hq;= njh' fmaÿre;=ud

úúO foaYfhka meñKs whg ks¾Ns;j l;d lsÍu' ls;= oyu hï lsis cd;slhg

fyda NdIdjlg fyda isud fkdjk w;r th uq¿ f,dalhgu § ;sfnkakdjQ

wd.ula nj ;yjqre lrjhs'

- f.da,fhda fodf<diafokdf.a kñka fmaÿre;=ud l< m%:u foaYkh fmaÿre;=udf.a

kdhl;ajho wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a bf.kSï o meyeÈ,s lrhs' Èjeisjrekaf.a

wkdjels fÊiqia jykafia ;=< iïmq¾K jq nj fmkakqï lrñka fÊiqia jykafia

foúhka jykafia úiska f;dard.;a" osjeisjrekaf.a wkdjels wkqj Tjqka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq fuishiaa jykafia u nj meyeos,s lrhs' fï fÊiqia jykafiaj

jHjia:dj fkdokakd wh l=reim;a lr urd oeuqfjdah' kuq;a foúhka jykafia

Wkajykafiaj urKfha fõokdfjka .,jdf.k kej; W;a:dk l< fial'

^ls%hd 2 ( 23 - 32&

- fmaÿre;=udf.a foaYkdj lrKfldgf.k ;=kaoyilg wêl msßila foúhka

jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;nñka ;ukaf.a jerÈ f;areïf.k miq;eú nõ;siauh

,nñka iNdjg tla jqfjda h' miqod fmaÿre;=ud foajud,s.dfõ iqjm;a lrñka

i,fudka uKavmfha § l< foaYkh u.ska mkaoylg wêl msßila foúhka

jykafia ;=< úYajdih ;enQy' fuf,i Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a my,a

úfï isoaêfhka Wmka iNdj Èfkka Èk jHdma; úh'

cqfoõ miqìu ;=< ls;= iiqk

ls;= oyu ^iNdj& cqfoõ miqìfuys ìys úh' cqfoõjkaf.a w.kqjr jk

fcrei,fuys cqfoõjka w;r wdrïN úh'

- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia cqfoõ mjq,l bmÿK cqfoõfjls" cqfoõ wd.ñl"

ixialD;sl miqìfuys jevqKq flfkls cqfoõjkag ;ukaf.a Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd

lf<a h'

fÊaiqia jykafia f;dard.;a Y%djlfhda cqfoõfjdah' Tjqyq cqfoõjkagu

Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd l<y'

- fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh ksñ;af;ka fcrei,fï /iaú isá cqfoõjkag fÊiqia

jykafia ms<sn| foaYkd lrk ,§' fyfn%õ NdIdj ke;akï .S%l jeks fjk;a

NdIdjla l;d l<d jq cqfoõjka ;=kaodyla jeks msßila miq;eú nõ;siauh

,nñka iNdjg tl;= jQy' i,fudkaf.a uKavmfha§ miq;eù nõ;siauh ,enq

mkaoyila fokd o cqfoõfjdah'

5

- iaf;amkaf.a fõoidlaIs; urKfhka miq ieu ;ekgu úisr .sh f.da,fhda

;ukaf.a cd;sh jk cqfoõjkag ta ta ia:dkj, Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lf<da h'

- ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys wkq.dñlhska ;enq úYajdih Tjqka ish¨ fokdju

tla/ia lrk ,§' Tjqka cqfoõ iuQyh ;=< b;d iq¿ lKvdhula yeáhg Ôj;a

úh' Tjqkag ls%ia;= O¾uh cqfoõ wd.fï ;j;a YdLdjla yeáhg mej;sKs'

- uq,a ls;=kqfjdaa ish¨ fokdu cqfoõjka yeáhg isáh ksid merKs cqfoõ wd.ñl

isß;a úß;a w;a yeßh hq;= hehs fkdis;=y' m<uqj fÊiqia jykafia;a miqj

wfmdia;=¨jrekq;a miqj ish¨u ls;=kqjkqka fcrei,ï foajud,s.djg;a

iskf.da.hg;a f.dia" tys meje;ajqKq cqfoõ kuialdr j,g;a mqcdjka yd

hdÉ[dj,g;a" iyNd.S jQy' Tjqkaf.a ux.,Hhkaj,§;a " hdÉ[dld,j,§;a"

oK kuialdr bßhõj o jpk Ndú;h o ;j ÿrg;a lrf.k .shy'

- ;ukag lshd nõ;siauh" frdà leãu" ysi by<ska w;a újD;j ;nd hdÉ[d

lsÍu" mdmfudapk isß;a úß;a" wdf,am lsÍu" újdyh" yia;df,amkh hk

úfYaI wx. kuialdrh ;=< ;snqKq kuq;a Tjqka iudkHfhka p¾ufÊokh "

ksrydrj isàu" jeks cqfoõ j;a ms<sfj;a yd kS;s Í;s o ms<smÈk ,§'

- wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï u.ska ðj;ajqKq kuq;a ls%ia;shdks whg lshd tla

Y=oaO ,shú,a,la fkd ;snqKs' cqfoõjkaf.a Y=oaO ,shú,a, ^mrK .súiqu&

;ukaf.ao Y=oaO ,shú,a, f,i Tjqyq ms<s.;ay'

- fï ;;a;ajh ls%ia;=j¾I ye;a;Efõ § fcrei,ï foajud,s.dfõ frdaujreka

f.ka myr§ïj,g ,lafjñka cqfoõjkaf.a cñkd ix.uh úiska ls;=kqjka

cqfoõ ix.ïj,ska fkrmd ouk f;la mj;ajdf.k hk ,§'

- Y;dêm;s fldrfka,shiaf.a is;a yeÍfuka miq" úfYaIfhka fcrei,ï

uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrKh lrK fldg f.k úcd;slhska iNdjg we;=,;a ùu

iu. fuf;la l,a cqfoõ wNdIfhka msß ;snqKq iNdj l%ul%ufhka

úcd;slhkaf.a wNdIhg ,la úh'

- fï fjkiaùï ksid ls;= oyu cqfoõ wd.fï YdLdjla fkdj ;ks wd.ula hk

woyia we;s ùug fya;=jla úh' l%ul%ufhka ls;=kqjka cqfoõ wd.ñl kuialdrh

yd isß;a úß;a j,ska ñÈ ;ks wd.ula f,i mßj¾;kh úh'

6

- ls;=kqjkaf.a ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu;a iu. iNd mßmd,kh wêldß;aj jHqy

ms<sfj,lg lrkq ,eîh' m%:ufhka iNdfõ kdhl;ajh oerefõ fmaÿre;=udh'

B<`.g wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a lKavdhu" B<`.g m%Odkska" jeäysáhka"

f;ajdpd¾hjreka" f.da,hka" weoys,s jka;hka" j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,eîh' iNdõ

kdhl;ajh n,h ,;a fohla f,i fkdj ck;djg fiajh lrkakdjQ /<

wdrlaId lrkakdjQ tfârdf.a fufyhg iudkj ;snqfKa h'

uq,a iNdfõ úfYaI ,laIK ^ls%hd 2$42 - 47 4 ( 32 - 37" 5 ( 12 - 16" 6 ( 1- 7&

- fodf<diafokd jeks iq¿ msßilska wdrïN jQ iNdj Tjqkaf.a oeä W;aidyh

foaYkh" b.ekaùï" ydialï ksid iS.%j j¾Okh úh' fmaÿre;=udf.a

fmka;fldia; Èk foaYkhg miqj ;=kaoyilg wdikak msßila fmaÿre;=ukaf.a

b.ekaùï ms<sf.k fÊiqia jykafiaj woyd .;ay' miqjod fcrei,fï i,fudkaa

uKavmfha l< fojk foaYkdfõ § msßñ mkaoyila we;= ;j;a msßila ls%ia;=ia

jykafia flfrys woyd .;ay'

- uq,a iNdfõ wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï ms<sf.k fuishia yd iajdóka jk

fÊiqia jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;enq whg CIKslj nõ;siau iakdmkh

,nd foñka Tjqkaj iNdjg we;=¿ lr .;a y'

- nõ;siauh u.ska iNdjg we;=¨jqKq wh" tlu úYajdifha ne÷Kq tla iudchla

f,i Ôj;a jQy' nyq;r cqfoõjka w;r iq¿ iudchla f,i ðj;a jqjo Tjqkaj

wfkl=;a cqfoõjkaf.ka fjkal< yels iuyr úfYaI .=Kdx. Tjqka i;=j

;sîu wmg oelsh yels h'

- — Tjqka b.ekaùfuyso" iyNd.slfuys o" frdà leäfuys o hdÉ[dfjyso" ksr;j

l,a .; l<y'˜ ^ls%hd 2$42& wo wms uq,a iNdfjys wd.ñl j;dj;a j, mej;s

jeo.;a ,laIK y;rla .ek bf.k .kafkuq'

- uq,a ls;=kqjka fmaÿre;=udf.a foaYkdj ;=<ska Tjqka m<uqj ,nd.;a weoys,a,"

miqj wfmdaia;=jrekaf.a foaYkd weiSu ;=<ska j¾Okh ù Yla;su;a úh'

- Tjqyq ish¨ fokd wfmdia;¨jrekaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a fmdÿ ðú;hla

.;lrñka wfkHkh iyfhda.fhka yd j.lSfuka hqla;j isáhy' wjxl

ls;=kqfjla f,i ls%ia;=iajykafia bÈßm;a l<d jq fm%auhka o" tluq;= lñka o

tlg Ôj;a jQy'

7

- uq,a ls;=kqfjdaa fcrei,ï foajud,s.djg iskf.da.hg f.dia tys kuialdrhgo"

mQcdjgo" iyNd.s jQy' kuq;a iEu fokdu ;u ksfjiaj, yjia jrefõ tl;= ù

ls;=kqjkag wdfõKsl jQ Y=oaO iyNd.slfï kuialdrfha§ hg;a is;ska yd

ms%;sfhka iyNd.s jQy' frdá leãu hkq Y=oaO jQ iyNd.slfï foaj fufyh

i|yka lrkakg fhdod .ka;d jQ jpkhhs' ;jo in;a Èko b;d Nla;sfhka

wkq.ukh lf<dah'

- Tjqyq ;ks ;ksju muKla fkdj tlg tl`. ú tla mjq,la f,i tla iuQyhla

f,i foúhka jykafia m%Yxid lr ;ukaf.a yd wka whf.a wjYH;dj Wfoid

foaj Woõ b,a,d hdÉ[d lf<dah'

- Tjqka w;r wfmdaia;=¨jreka u.ska ydialïo isÿúh' Tjqyq foúhka jykafia

;uka w;r jevisák nj úYajdi lr foajìfhka Ôj;a jQy' fuf,i" W;a:dk

jq ls%ia;=ia jykafiag idlaIs oerE iuQyhla f,i Ôj;a jQy'

- Tjqka w;r lsisu fjkialula fkdue;sj Tjqqyq tluq;=j tlais;aj fm%aufhka

mq¾K ú wka whgo wdo¾Yj;a f,i ðj;a jQy'

- uq,a ls;=kqjkaf.a ðú;fha§ iudc fiajhg úfYaI ;ekla ;sìKs' jekaoUqjka"

wkd:jqjka" jeäysáhka jeks wh úfYaI ie,ls,a,g Ndckh úh'

- tu ksid Tjqka wka whf.a m%Yxidjg ,la úh' foúhka jykafiaf.a wkq.%yh

yd wdYs¾jdoh Tjqkag ,enqfKah' Èkm;d w¨;a idudðlhkao Tjqkag tl;= úh'

- fuf,i jefvkakdjq iNdj ;=< yeu foh ;=<skau iïmQ¾K;ajh olskakg

ms<sjka úh' iNdj ÿ¾j, ck;djlska hqla; úh' tuksid iNdfõ hï hï wvq

mdvq o olakg ,enqKs' wkkshdia imsrd isoaêh" .%Sl NdIdj l;d lrk ls;=kqjka

yd fyfn%õ NdIdj l;d lrk ls;=kqjka w;r we;s .egqï fuhg ksoiqka fõ'

fcrei,fï uka;%K iNdj ^ls%hd 15 ( 1 - 29&

- iaf;amkaf.a urKh úYd, cqfoõ le/,a,lg uq,a úh' .S%l NdIdj l;d l,

cqfoõjka msvdjg ,laúh' wfmdia;=¨jreka fcrei,fuys ie.ù ðj;a jQ w;r

wfkl=;a ls;=kqfjda fcrei,fuka msg cqodys .ïìï m%foaYj,o iudßhdj"

lhsidßh" bia;%dj" fcdmamdj" ouialh" fmksish" ihsm%ih" .,S,h" wka;sfhdalsh

jeks m%foaYj,g úisr .sfhdah' fï mSvdjkaj, § m%Odkshd jqfha mdjq¨ keu;s

idjq,a h'

8

- úisr .sh wh ;uka .sh ieu ia:dkhl§u Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY l<y' iaf;amkaf.a

fõoidlaIsl urKh;a Bg miqj we;s jQ le/,a,;aa fya;=fldg f.k Y=NdrxÑh

fcrei,fuka msg;g jHdma; úh' ckhd l< kmqre ls%hdj ;=<ska foúhka

jykafia hym; we;s l< fial' .S%l NdIdj l;d l< cqfoõjka iNdfõ m%:u

O¾u¥; fufylrejka f,i ye¢kaúh yel' Tjqyq .sh ieu ;eku ;ukaf.a

cd;sh jk cqfoõjkagu Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY l<y'

- iaf;amkag miqj .S%l cqfoõjkaf.a kdhlhd f,i ms,sma lghq;= lf<ah'

iudßhdfjys ms,sma l< fufyh Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY lsÍu" wY=oaOd;auhka ÿre lsÍu"

frda.Ska iqj lsÍu" nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd §u" iudßhhkaj ls%ia;=ia jykafia

fj;g yerùu" Tyqf.a úfYaI ls%hdjka úh' t;sfhdamSh kmqxilhdgo udhdldr

iSfudakago nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd ÿkafka ms,smauh'

- fmaÿre yd fcdykaf.a fufyh jQfha iudßhdj bia;%dj" fcdmamdj fiißh jeks

m%foaYj,g f.dia tys ms,sma ia:dms; l< iNdjka neyeolsñka thg wkque;sh

,nd§u yd Èrs.ekaùu" hdÉ[d lrñka Y=oaOd;auhdKka ,nd§u " udhdldr isfudkag

;rjgq lsÍu" iqj lsÍu kej; Ôj;a lrùu jeks mqÿu ls%hd lrñka fndfyda

whf.a is;a yerùu wdosh úh'

- fmaÿre ;=ud lhsidßfhys oS Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a u`. fmkaùug wkqj m%:ujrg

úcd;shhl= jk fld¾fka,shia kue;s Y;dêm;shd o" Tyqf.a mjqf,a who" Tyqf.a

ñ;=rkao iNdjg tla lf<a h'

- m%:ujrg úcd;slhka iNdjg tla lsÍu ksid fcrei,ï iNdj fmaÿre;=udg

úreoaO úh' úcd;slhska p¾ufþokh fkdlsßu" tkï Tjqka cqfoõjka fkdlsÍu"

wmú;% f,i ie,l+ Tjqkaf.a ksfjiaj,g hEu iy Tjqka iu. wdydr je<§u

fmaÿre ;=ud úiska cqfoõjkag úreoaOj l< jerÈ ls%hd f,i i,lk ,§'

- fcdmamdys § ;ud ÿgq" o¾Yk iy Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka ;ud ,o u`. fmkaùï

úia;r lrñka iNdj ;=< hï ikaiqka njla we;s lsÍug fmaÿre ;=ud iu;a úh'

kuq;a cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.a is;a ;=< ;j ÿrg;a fuu .eg¨j /£ ;snqKs' flfia

jqjo Y=oaO jq iNdfõ uq,slhd f,i lghq;= l< fmaÿre ;=ud Y=oaOd;au u`.

fmkaùu u; úcd;slhka iNdjg tla l< nj i|yka l< hq;= h'

9

fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdj /iaùug fya;= -

- fld¾fka,shia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,enQ isoaêh ls%hd fmdf;a ;=ka jrla i|yka

fõ' th tfia jkafka tys we;s jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd h' iNd

b;sydifha kj hq.hl wdrïNh fï isoaêh ;=,ska oelafõ'

- fld¾fka,shia f.a is;a yeÍug miq lhsidßfha iy wka;sfhdalsfhao" mdjq¨

;=udf.a m%:u O¾u¥; pdßldjg miq uOHOrKS rgj,o úcd;slfhda nyq,j

iNdjg tlajQy' cqfoõjka fÊiqia jykafia fuishia jykafia f,i ms<s.ekSug

miqng jqjo" úcd;slhka nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nñka iNdjg tla jqfha fÊaiqia

jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;nñks' fï fya;= fldg f.k iNdj l%ul%ufhka

— úcd;sllrKh˜ úh' fï ;;a;ajh ksid fcrei,fuys úiQ cqfoõfjda fndfyda

fia fkdi;=gg m;a jQy'

- fuf;la ls;= oyu cqod oyfï YdLdjla f,i is;+ cqfoõjkag iNdj ;=< we;s

jQ fuu fjki úYd, m%fya<sldjla$ m%Yakhla úh'

- ls;= oyu iy cqfoõ oyu w;r we;s in|;dj l=ula o@ th cqfoõ oyfï

YdLdjla o@ úcd;slhka iNdjg tlajk úg iïmQ¾K l< hq;= fldkafoais

fudkjdo @ p¾ufÊokfhka f;drj" fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj fkdms<smeo"

ls;=kqjl= úh yels o@ uq,a ls;=kqjka cqfoõjka ksid Tõyq p¾ufÊokh ,enq wh

jQy' cqfoõjkaf.a Y=oaO ,shú,a, oek fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj ms<smÈk wh jQy'

ls;= oyu cqfoõ oyfï YdLdjla f,i is;kakg mqreÿ jqfha fuh mdol lr

f.kh' kuq;a cqfoõ fkdjk wh ls;= oyu ÿgqfõ kj wd.ula iy fjk;a

wd.ula f,ih'

- nd¾Knia iy mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska fufyhjk ,o isßhdj ;=< wka;sfhdalsfha

iNdj ñY% iNdjls' th cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.ka iy cqqfoõ fkdjk ls;=kqjkaf.ka

iukaú; jQ w;r Tõyq iduldój ðj;a jQy'

- tla wjia:djl fcrei,fï isg isßhdfõ wka;sfhdalshg meñKs cqodjd§ka

msßila ;u foaYk ;=< my; oelafjk woyia o m%ldY l< y' fudafiiaf.a

jHjia:dj fkdms<smÈk" p¾ufÊokh fkd,enq whg nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd

iNdjg tla úh fkdyel' ;jo úcd;slhkag .e,ùu ,eìh fkdyel'

- mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Knia fuu woyiaj,g úreoaOj ;¾l l<y' isßhdj ;=<

wka;sfhdalsfha iNdfõ l,n, iy fn§ï we;s ù fkdikaiqka ;;a;ajhla ìys

ùug fuu újdoh mdol úh' fuhg úi÷ï fiùu i|yd wka;sfhdalSh iNdj

10

lf<a mdjq ;=ud iy nd¾Knia iu. ;j;a iuyrl= fcrei,fï iNd kdhlhka

fj; msg;a lr yeÍuh' fuu lreKq fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdj /ia lsÍug

miqìu úh'

fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ .;a ;SrK ^ls%hd 15 ( 4 - 35&

- ls%ia;= j¾I 50 § muK fcrei,fï /ia jQ fuu uka;%K iNdj ls;=kq iNdfõ

uq,au uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' fmaÿre ;=ud fuu uka;%K iNdfõ kdhl;ajh

oerE w;r úúO m%foaYj, isg wfmdaia;=¨jre iy kdhlfhda le|jkq ,en

isáhy'

- fufia /iaùug fya;=jQfha wka;sfhdalsfha iNdfõ we;sjqK .eg¨jg úi÷ï

fiùuh' tkï hï flfkl= ls;=kqjl= ùug fmr p¾ufÊokh ,eîu wksjd¾h

o @ fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj ms<smeÈh hq;=u o@ hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu

i|yd h'

- iyNd.S jQjka w;r m%Odk lKavdhï folla úh' tla lKavdhula iukaú;

jQfha tjlg fcrei,fï iNdfõ ìfIdma;=ud$ ro.=re;=ud j isá cdfldí ;=udf.a

kdhl;ajfhka hq;= cqodjd§ka yd mßisjrekah' wfkla lKavdhu mdjq ;=ud iy

nd¾Kniaf.a kdh;ajfhka hq;=jq úcd;slhkaf.ka iukaú;úh'

- m%:ufhka isÿ jQfha lKavdhï fol u.ska ;¾l ú;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍuh'

- wjidkfha § uka;%K iNdjg kdhl;ajh ÿka fmaÿre ;=ud ;u woyia bÈßm;a

lf<ah' t;=ud lhsidßfhys fld¾fka,shiaf.a nõ;siau iakdmfhaÈ ;ud ,o

w;aoelSu fnod .ksñka fufia mejiSh' — foúhka jykafia wmg Y=oaOd;auh

odkh l,d fiau Tjqkg o Y=oaOd;auh odkh isÿ fldg Tjqkao ms<s.;a fial' wm

yd Tjqka w;r lsisu fjkila Wkajykafia fkdolsk fial' fÊiqia jykafia

u.ska wm ñ§u ,nk wdldrfhkau Tõyq o ñ§u ,n;s' ˜

- fmaÿre;=udf.a l:dfjka Tjqkaf.a .eg¨jg úi÷ï ,eìK' p¾ufÊokh fkdj

weoys,a, u.ska wm mú;% lrkq ,nhs' wm ieug ñ§u ,nd fokafka fudafiiaf.a

jHjia:dj u.ska fkdj fÊiqia jykafiaf.a lreKj u.sks' fmaÿre ;=udf.a fuu

;SrK ish¨ fokd ms<s.;a w;r tajd úcd;slhkag mdCIslj ;snq nj i|yka l<

hq;=h'

11

- uka;%K iNdj ;=< fmaÿre ;=udf.a l;dfjka miq mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Kniao

;u O¾u¥; pdßldfõ § úcd;slhka w;r foúhka jykafia l< mqÿu ls%hd .ek

mjiñka uka;%K iNdj weu;+y' tu mqÿu ls%hd ;=, ms<sônq jkafka

Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a wNsuqL;ajh iy u`.fmkaùu nj Tjqkaf.a wjOdrKh úh'

- wjidkfha § wfmdaia;= jrhl= yd fcrei,ï iNdfõ m%Odkshd jk cdfldí;=ud

;u ks.ukh bÈßm;a lf<a h' fmaÿre;=ud mejeiQ foa ;yjqre lrñka Èjeisjr

wdfudia ;=ud i|yka l< mßÈ uq,ska cqfoõjka o" miqj úcd;slhkao .e,ùu

,nk nj t;=ud fmkajd ÿkafkah' ^wdfudia 9 (1- 12&

- úcd;slhkag ;j;a wm lror fkdl< hq;= nj;a" Tjqkg p¾ufþokh ,eîug

wjYH fkdue;s nj;a t;=ud ;j ÿrg;a i|yka lf<a h'

- ;jo fuf;la .;a ;SrK cqqfoõjkag úfYaIfhka mßisjrekag tfrysjk tajd

ksid ta who i;=gq lsÍu msKsi t;=ud úcd;slhkag fufia mejiSh' — úcd;slhka

cqqfoõjka iu. isák úg cqfoõjka ms<sl=,a lrk wdydr je<§fuka je<lsh

hq;=h' tkï ms<suj,g ms¥ wdydr" f., ñßld uerE i;=ka" reêrh iu. udxY

je<§fuka je<lS wdydr j,g .scq núka uE;a ù isàu ls;=kq in|;djkag iqÿiq

fõ'˜

- wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ .eg¨j i|yd uka;%K iNdj .;a ;SrK tu iNdjg

oekaùu i|yd ,smshl ,shd tu ,smsh uka;%K iNdj úiska f;dard .;a n¾iniaa

kï ,;a cqoia iy iS,iao mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Kniao wka;sfhdalSh iNdj fj;

hjk ,§'

- ,smsfha i|yka lreKq

1' wkjYH f,i úcd;slhka u; nr fkdmegúh hq;= h'

2' ms<suj,g ms¥ wdydr je<§fuka j<lskak'

3' i;=kaf.a reêrh wkqNj lsÍfuka j<lskak'

4' f., ñßld uerE i;=kaf.a udxY wkqNjfhka j<lskak

5' wdydrj,g .scq núka j<lskak'

- iuyr nhsn,a úYdrohskaf.a u;h jQfha fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ idlÉPd

;=<ska u;=jQ m<uq ;SrKh muKla ,smsfha i|ykaj ;snq njh' cqfoõjka i;=gq

lrkq msKsi wksl=;a lreKq ,smshg we;=,;a lr ;snQ nj fjk;a wh woyia lr;s'

- fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK ;=<sska we;sjQ ls;=kq iNdfõ iuyr fjkialï

ls;= oyu úYaùh oyuls'

th lsisÿ cd;shlg fyda NdIdjlg fyda muKla iSud fkdfõ'

12

Y=' iaf;amka;=ud yd iNd jHdma;sh

- iNdj j¾Okh ù ls;=kqjkaf.a ixLHdj jeäùu iu." Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ ðú;h

;=< .eg¨ we;s úh' wfmdia;= jreka oyï foiqug uq,a ;ek §u fya;= fldgf.k

Tjqkag iudc fiajhg ksis ld,h fokakg fkd yels úh'

- f;ajdpdh¾hjreka Èhdfldakjreka& wdydr fnod §u" tkï iudc fiajdj i|yd

m;aú ;snqKq kuq;a" Tjqka ^iaf;amka" ms,sma& oyï foiqugo" nõ;siau iakdmkh

lsÍugo" ydialï lsÍugo fhÿKs'

- iuyr cqqfoõ mqcljreka mjd fÊiqia jykafiaj iajdñka jykafia f,i ms<sf.k

iNdjg we;=`t jQ ksid ls;=kqjka flfrys cqfoõjkag ;snq ffjrh jeä úh' l%u

l%ufhka ls;=kq cqqfoõ .egqï j¾Okh úh'

- cqqfoõ .egqïj,g ;=vq ÿka idOl -

cqqfoõjka fÊaiqia jykafiaj l=reis m;a lsßug bÈßm;a l< ta fya;=ka ksidu"

ls;=kqjkag;a tfiau úreoaO úh'

- cqqfoõjka " úYd, yuqodjla iu. meñfKk fuishia jykafia j n,dfmdfrd;a;=j

isáh neúka .jf,kl bmÿKq jvqjl=f.a mq;% fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia jykafia

f,ig ms<s.ekSug iqodkï j isáfha ke;' Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùïo" ls%hdjkao

Tjqkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=jg mgyeksj ;snqKq neúka Wkajykafiaj tfia

ms<s.ekSug neßùug tho ;j;a fya;=jla úh' ;jo fÊaiqia jykafiaf.a l=reisfha

urKh ksid fÊaiqia jykafia foúhka jykafia úiska Ydm lrk ,enq whl= nj

Tjqkaf.a woyi úh' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia jykafia

f,i muKla fkdj foaj mq;%hd f,i o ms<s.ksñka úYajdi l< y'

- ;jo ls;=kqfjdaa fÊiqia jykafia f.a urKh ms<sn| cqfoõjkag fodia mej?y'

wdn%yï" fcdaima" fudafiia jeks wh u.ska l;d l< Y=oaOd;auhdKkag Tjqka

ijka fkdÿkaa njgo fodia mej?y' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a meñKSu fmr lS

Èjeisjreka o Tjqka urd oeuq njg;a fodia lS y'

- frdaujreka úiska fcrei,ï foaj ud,s.dj ì| oeóu yd " frdau jreka úiska

Tjqka mSvdjg ,la ùu isÿjQfha o" ls;=kqjka fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia f,i

ms<s.ksñka we;sjqKq mdmh ksid nj cqfoõfjda lshd isáhy'

- ioaÿisjreka yd cqfoõ mQcljreka kej; ke.sàu .eko" u;= csú;h .eko

úYajdi fkdl<y' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda W;a:dkh .ek úYajdi l<d muKla fkdj"

13

kej; kej; th .ek foaYkd lrñka" fÊiqia jykafiaf.a W;a:dkhg ;ukaj

idlaIs lrejka f,io bÈßm;a l<y' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a kñka ydialïo l<

y'

- cqfoõfjda fudafiiaf.a jHjia:djg;a fcrei,ï foaj ud,s.djg;a uq,a ;ek

ÿkay' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda cqfoõ isß;a úß;a" fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj jeks foag

t;rï m%uqL;ajhla fkdÿkay' ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fm%aufhka hqla; wK mK;go"

fma%ukSh iuqyhla hk woyigo úfYaI ;ek ÿkay'

- cqfoõ kdhlhka o jQ ioaÿisjreka mßisjreka yd kdhl mQcljreka o ls;=

oyfï jHdma;sh .ek ìhg m;a jQy' ;ukag ysñ ia:dko ke;sù ;ukaf.a /lshd

mjd wysñ fõ hhs is;=y' by; lS fya;=ka ksid cqfoõfjda ls;=kqjka j ms<sl=,a

l< y'

- fï .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajfha WÉpia:dk .S%l NdId l:d lrk cqfoõjka yd cqfoõ

f;ajdpdÍ ^Èhdfldak& iaf;amka w;r fudafiia f.a jHjia:dj" foaj ud,s.dj

ms<sn|j we;s jq ;¾l ;=<ska olakg yelsh' iaf;amka .%Sl ixialD;sl cqqfoõjkaf.a

kdhlhd f,i isáfhah' Tyqg tfrysj ;¾l ú;¾l lrkakg fkdyels jQ

cqqfoõ ck;dj fmd<Ujñka " le/,a, we;s lrñka" Tyqj w;a wvx.=jg .ksñka

iaf;amkag úreoaOj bÈßm;a lrkq ,enq fpdaokd fufiah'

1' Y=oaO ia:dkhg yd jHjia:djg úreoaOj l:d lsÍu'

2' kdifr;ays fÊaiqia jykafia Y=oaO ia:dkh úkdY lr ouk nj mejiSu'

3' fudafiia wmg ,nd ÿka foa fÊiqia jykafia fjkia lrk nj mejiSu'

- kdhl mQcljrhd iaf;amka f.ka úuiQ úg" Tyq ;udf.a kHdh bÈßm;a fkdlr"

Y=' nhsn,fhka ms<s;=re ÿkafkah' ^ls%hd 7( 9 1-5&

- jHjia:djg úreoaOj iaf;amka l:d l< njg fpdaokd l< úg Tjqka jHjia:dj

fkdms<smÈk njg Tjqkag úreoaOj iaf;amka fpdaokd lf<a h'

- foúhka jykafiag bYardfh,ajrekaf.ka msg ;uka jykafiag ck;dj f;dard.;

yels hehso foaj ud,s.dfjka msg foúhka jykafiaj keueÈh yels njo mjiñka

ls;= oyu cqfoõ oyfï YdLdjla fkdj w¨;a wd.ula hk woyi bÈßm;a lf<a

h'

- fï ksid wdfõ.YS,S jQ cqfoõfjda k.rfhka msg;g iaf;amkaj weo f.k

f.dia .,a .id uerd oeuQy'

- iaf;amka ;ukag .,a .eiq wh fjkqfjka hdÉ[d lrñka Èú msÿfõ h'

14

iNdfõ j¾Okh

- tod fcrei,fï § fmka;fldia; Èk Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a meñKSu ;=< tlish

úisfofkl=f.a Y%djl;ajfhka werô iNdj blaukska j¾Okh ù uq¿ f,dj mqrd

jHdma; úh' th Y=' nhsn,fha i|yka wn wegfha Wmudj fuks'

- tfia we;s jQ iNdfõ jHdma;sh i|yd fndfyda fofkla odhl jQ y'

- tÈk fmka;fldia; ux.,Hfha wdrlaIdj iemhSu i|yd meñKs frdau fin¿ka

tu odhl;ajfha m%:u lKavdhu f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a ÿla

ú£u urKh iy kej; ke.sàfï mqj;g ijka §ug tÈk Tjqkag wjldY

,eîKs' Tjqka wdmiq ;u m%foaYj,g .sh úg tu mqj; ;u wi,ajdiSka iu.

fnod .kakg we;ehs fuys§ Wml,amkh l< yel'

- odhl;ajfha B<`. lKavdhu fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh i|yd f,dj iEu foiskau

meñKs cqfoõjkah' wdmiq ;u m%foaYj,g .sh cqfoõfjda tÈk ijka ÿka iy tys

§ ÿgq ish¨ foa ;u ck;dj iu. fnod .;ay'

- fmka;fldia; Èk Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a meñKSu;a iu. n,j;a jQ wfmdaia;= jreka

b;d Wkkaÿfjka foaYkd l<y ( ydialï iy ,l=Kq bÈßm;a l<y' tys m%;sM,h

jQfha oyia .Kkla ^3000 - 5000 la muK& miq;eú,s ù iNdjg tla ùuhs'

- uq,a ls;=kq iudcfha ;snq fm%auh" tluq;=lu" fnod.ekSu iy iudk;ajfhka

hqla; jq wdo¾Yj;a Ôjk l%uh iNdj fj; fndfyda fokd wdl¾Ykh l< idOl

f,i ye¢kaúh yel'

- iaf;amkaf.a fõo idCIsl urKfhka miq ls;=kqjkag úreoaOj wdrïN jq cqfoõ

le/,a, ls%ia;= O¾uh fcrei,fuka Tíng jHdma;ùug bjy,a úh' .S%l NdIdj

l:d l< cqfoõ ls;=kqfjda ìh ù wdrlaIdj m;d cqfoõ .%dóh m%foaYj,g;a"

iudßh" lisidßh" ¨ia;%dj" fcdmamdj" ouialh" mskSish" ihsm%ih" .,S,h iy

wka;sfhdalshg;a Èj .shy' miq;ejqKq oyia .Kkla iNdjg we;=`t ùug fya;=

jQfha fufia úisß .sh ls;=kqjka ;uka .sh iEu m%foaYhlu ls;=kq Y=NdrxÑh

m%ldY lsÍuh'

- fmaÿre;=ud úiska lhsidßfha wkH cd;sl frdau Y;dêm;shl= jQ fld¾fka,shiag"

Tyqf.a mjqf,a whg fiau Tyqf.a ksjig /ia jq ys; ñ;=rkag Y=oaOd;au u.

fmkaùu ;=< nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd §fuka Tjqka iNdjg tla lr .kakd ,È'

fuh iNd j¾Okfhys kj hq.hl wdrïNh f,i ye¢kaúh yel' ukao nõ;siau

iakdmkh ,nd §fuka fuf;la iNdjg we;=,;a lr .kakd ,oafoa Y=NdrxÑh

wid úYajdi l< cqfoõjka muKla jk fyhsks'

15

- ls;=kqjka úh yelafla cqfoõjkag muKlah hkak tod uQ,sl woyi úh' fï

w;r wkH cd;slhl= jQ fld¾fka,shia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd iNdjg we;=,;a

jQ m%:u wkH cd;slhd jQ w;r tu.ska isÿjQfha iNdfõ fodrgqj wkH cd;slhkag

újD; ùuh' tys m%;sM,h jQfha fld¾fka,shiag miqj wkH cd;sl oyia .Kka

msßia iNdjg we;=,;a ùuh' ta wkqj cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.kq;a" wkH cd;sl

ls;=kqjkaf.kq;a iukaú; úYd, ñY% ls;=kq iudchla wka;sfhdalsfha ìysúh'

- fuu ñY% iNdfõ wdrïNfhays § we;s jq .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajh ksrjq,a lsÍu

i|yd fcrei,fï m<uq uka;%%K iNdj le|jk ,§' tys § .kq ,enQ ;SrK wkH

cd;slhkag jdis iy.; f,i mej;sK" weoys,af,a w;HjYH foaj,a yer fjk;a

lsisu nrla wkH cd;slhka u; megúh hq;= ke;' wm ish¨ fokd mú;% lrkq

,nkafka p¾ufþokhfhka fkdj weoys,af,ks' wm ish¨ fokdgu ñ§u ,nd

fokafka fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj fkdj fÊiqia jykafiaf.a wkq.%yhhs'

^jrm%idohhs&

- iNdj jHdma; ùfuys ,d uy;a odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿka wfhls" Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨

wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud ^fma%ß; ;=ud& uq,§ ls;=kq iNdjg úreoaOj lghq;= l< t;=ud

ouialhg hk w;r u. ,enq ukiaia:dmkfha w;aoelSu ;=< fjkia mqoa.,hl=

njg m;aúh' bkamiq t;=ud úiska lrk ,o O¾u¥; pdßld u.ska iNdfõ

j¾Okhg ,enqfKa buy;a odhl;ajhls'

- t;=udf.a oeä W;aidyh ksid;a" yrnr foaYkd ksid;a wfmdaia;¨jrekaf.a

ld,fha iNdj fcrei,u" cqohdj" iudßh" .,S,h" wka;sfhdalsh" ihsm%ia ¥m;a"

mïms,shdj" .,d;sh" m¾.h" isßhdfõ wka;shdalsh" bfldaksh" ¨ia;%dj" o¾nh"

ms,smamsh" tmSih" ;sfhda;srd" ,fjdaÈih" f;if,daksi" fldßka;sh" frdauh" iaurK

wd§ m%foaY lrd jHdma; úh'

- iNdj j¾Okh jQfha tys idudðl ixLHdfjka iy ls;=kq iuQyhkaf.ka muKla

fkdfõ' weoys,sjka;hkaf.a ðú;" mßmd,k jHqyh" kuialdr úê" foaj O¾uh

iy wd.ñl wOHdmkhk u.ska o iNdj uy;a f,i j¾Okh úh'

- iNdjg úreoaOj we;sjqKq cqfoõ frdau ler,s" ls;= oyu úkdY lsÍug jvd

ls;=kqjkaf.a úYajdih ;yjqre lsÍug bjy,a úh' fuu ler,s j,§ fukau fuu

ler,s j,g ;=vq ÿka fya;= wNsuqj" ls;=kqjka oelajQ bjiSu" ffO¾hh" Tjqka

úYajdi l< i;H;djhka fjkqfjka l< idlaIs oeÍu iy i;Hh fjkqfjka

;ukaf.a ðú;hu mqo fokakg bÈßhg meñKSu ler,s lrejka miq nEulg ,la

l< jeo.;a idOl njg m;a jQKs' ;jo fuu idOl ;uka lrk foa ms<sn|j

16

is;Sug ler,s lrejka fm<Uùugo fya;= mdol úh' fõo idlaIslhkaf.a reêrh

iNdfõ îchla njg mßj¾;kh úh'

- iNdfõ bÈß .uk je,elaùu msKsi tys we;=t jQ fNao foaj Od¾ñl wOHdmkfhys

j¾Okhg Wmldr úh' /ialrk ,o fndfyda uka;%K iNd úiska iNdfõ

i;H;djka oeä úuiSulg Ndckh lrk ,os' ;jo i;H;djka ms<sn| meyeÈ,s

ks¾jpkhka iy f;areï .ekSï ,nd§ug fuu uka;%K iNd oeä msájy,la ùh'

fndfyda foaj O¾u úÿy,a ìysjQfha fuu jgmsgdj ;=< h'

- fojk iy f;jk Y;j¾Ij,§ ck;dj w;r we;s jQ wd.ñl we,au iy wd.ñl

mqk¾ðjkh ls;= oyfï j¾Okhg fndfyda fia WmldÍ úh' ls;= oyfï we;s

wd.ñl u;jdo fj; ck;dj uy;afia wdl¾Ykh jQy' mSã; Ôú;fha nr orñka

mSvdjka w;aú¢ ukqIHhkag úkdYfkdjk wd;auh" mdm ludj" iod;k ðú;h

jeks b.ekaùï j,ska ,enqfKa uy;a iykhls'

- ls%ia;= O¾uh iEu fmfoilu m%p,s; ùug my; i|yka lreKq fndfyda fihska

Wmldr úh' frdau wêrdcHfha jHqyh" ieleiau iy mßmd,kh fya;= fldg

f.k we;s jq iduldñ ;;a;ajh" tlu mßmd,khla hgf;a wjg we;s rdcHhka

fj;g fhduq jq fyd| ux udj;a ; ta ksidu ìys jQ wdrlaId iys; .ukd.uk

l%ufõohka iy iEu ia:dkhlu .%Sl NdIdj Ndú; jQ ksid tlsfkld iu.

iïnkaO ùug ;snq yelshdj wdosh'

- ;=kajk ishjfia iNdj wdishdkq" wms%ldkq iy hqfrdamd uydoaùm ;=< ;snQ

uisfodaksh" ñirh" .S%ish" b;d,sh" iamd[a[h" m%xYh" c¾uksh" ì%;dkHh"

iafldÜ,ka;h" wh¾,ka;h" m¾ishdj iy wdrdìh jeks rgj,g jHdma; úh'

- iNd j¾Okfha uq,a Y; j¾I ;=k ;=< th uqyqK mE cqfoõ le/,a," frdau le/

,a," fNao iy ÿ¾u; wd§ fndfyda úfrdaO;d iy ndOd iNd j¾Okhg fndfyda

wys;lr f,i n,mEy' tfy;a fuu ndOd iy úfrdaO;d uOHfha uq,a ishjia

;=k ;=< we;s jq iNd j¾Okh iy jHdma;sh fuka j¾Okhla iy jHdma;shla

fjk lsisu lf,l iNdj ;=< oelsh fkd yel' ta ksid iNd b;sydifha m<uq

ishjia ;=k iNdfõ z iaj¾Kuh hq.hZ f,i ye¢kafõ'

17

6'1'2 Y=oaO mdjq ;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka

mdjq,q kue;s idjq,a uq,a iNdfõ j¾Okh i|yd fndfyda f,i odhl jQ flfkls'

foúhka jykafia úiska úcd;slhskaf.a wfmdaia;=¨jrhl= f,i f;dard .kq ,enq

t;=ud úcd;slhskag iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Tjqka fj; hjkq ,eîh' mdjq

;=ud O¾u ¥; pdßldj, fhÿfKa ;udg mejreKq tu ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|ydh'

;u pdßld ;=<ska uOHOrKS uqyqo wdY%s; rgj, muKla fkdj f,dalfha iSudj

f,i tod ye¢kajqKq frdauh olajd t;=ud .uka lf<ah' t;=ud iqn wiak foaYkd

lf<a úúO úfrdaO;d iy mSvdjka uOHfha h' fndfyda fofkl=g iqn wiak

;=<ska miq;eùug u`. fmkajQ t;=udg ta ta ia:dkj, ls;=kq iuQyhla ia:dms;

lsßug yelsúh' tu ksid iNdfõ j¾Okh .ek ukd wOHhkhla lsÍu i|yd

mdjq¨ ;=udf.a Ôú;h iy fufyh .ek mq¿,aj oek isàu fhda.H lreKls'

Y= mjq¨ ;=udf.a ðú; miqìu

mdjq,q keue;s idjq,a .S%l NdIdj l:d l<" .S%l ixialD;shg wh;a cqfoõ cd;slfhls'

úfoaYsl wdl%uK fya;= fldg f.k m,ia;Skfhka úisÍ f.dia" iq¿ wdishdfõ

;d¾isia kï .S%l k.rfha ðj;a jQ fnkacñka f.da;%hg wh;a cqfoõ mjq,lg

odj ls%' j' 10 § t;=ud Wm; ,eîh' ;d¾isiaa tl, úYd, cqfoõ iuQyhla Ôj;a

jQ k.rhla úh'

- Tyq cqfoõjka muKla fkdj ;u mshd yryd frdau mqrjeisNdjh ,o flfkls'

zmdjq,aZ hk frdau .%Sl ku Tyq Ndú;hg .;af;a úcd;slhskaf.a wfmdaia;= jrfhla

f,i fiajh l< ld,h wdrïNfha § h'

- idjq,ag <ud úfhys § oekqu iy mqyqKqj ,enqfka .S%l wdNdIhg ,la jQ cqfoõ

mjq,la f,i Èú f.jq ;u fouõmshkaf.ks' ;u jhi wjqreÿ 06 isg Y=oaO

,shú,a, tkï mrK .súiqu iy fyfn%õ ni wOHhkh lsÍug t;=udg yelsjQfha

;driSia iskf.da.fha§ h'

- ;d¾isiaa jHdmdßl k.rhla jqjo tys wOHhk lghq;= i|yd úYajúoHd,o msysgd

;sìK' .S%l ixialD;sl uOHia:dkhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels tu k.rh fndfyda

úoaj;=ka iy od¾Ykslhska ìys l< ia:dkhla úh' fuu miqnu ;=< ye§ jevqKq

idjq,a " úcd;slhskag úfYaIfhka .S%l cd;slhskag iqn wiak f.k hEug

b;du;a iqÿiq mqoa.,hl= f,i ye¢kaúh yel'

- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a urKska miq ;u ;reK úfhys § fcrei,ug meñKs Tyq

Y=oaO ,shú,a, ukd f,i yeoErefõ .ud,sfh,a kï m`äjrhd hgf;a h'

m,ia;Skfha Ôj;a jQ cqfoõjka isß;a úß;a .ek ukd oekqula ,enQ Tyq jHjia:dj

yeoEÍug wu;rj th oeä f,i ms<smeÈ mßisjrhl= iy ríìjrhl= úh'

18

- bkamiq nd¾Knia úiska wka;sfhdalsfha § msysgqjkq ,enQ cqfoõ yd cqfoõ fkdjk

whf.ka hq;= jq m%:u ñY% iNdfõ fiajh lsÍu i|yd mdjq¨ ;=ud meñKs w;r

wjqreoaol muK ld,hla t;=ud tys fiajh lf<a h'

- tla Èkl" kuialdr wjia:djl§" ;u úfYaI ld¾hhla i|yd mdjq iy nd¾Knia

fjka lrk f,i" wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ Èjeisjrekaf.ka iy .=rejrekaf.ka

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia úiska b,a,d isák ,§'

- blaì;s Wmjdifha fhÿKq Tjqyq mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia u; w;a ;nñka hd[d

l<y' bka miq úcd;Ska fj; iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍug Tjqka fofok msg;a lr

yßk ,o w;r Tjqka fofok .sfha nd¾Knia Wm; ,enQ ihsm%ihgh'

- mdjq¨ ;=udf.a O¾u¥; pdßld ixLHdj ;=kla ^03& f,i Y= ¨la ;=ud ls%hd

fmdf;ys olajd we;'

mdjq¨ ;=udf.a m<uqjk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ls%hd 13" 14&

- isÿjQ ld,h ( ls%'j 46 isg 49 olajd

- iyNd.sjQfjda ( nd¾Knia iy fcdyka udla

- wruqK oelau (& wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ ;ju;a iqn wiak fkdweiQ whg iqn wiak

foaYkd lsÍu' fuys È úfYaI lreKla jkafka Y=NdrxÑ foaYlhka msg;a lr

yeÍu iNdj úiska lrkq ,eîuh'

- ia:dk - ihsm%ihg .sks fldk m<d;aj,g iq¿ wdishdfõ k.rj,g

- .uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalSfha msysá is lSh jrdh olajd f.dv ìñka iy tys isg

ihsm%ihg keõ u.ska

- <`.d jQ ia:dk - i,ñih" mdmma" mïms,sfha m¾.dh" msisosfha wka;sfhdalsh"

bfldaksh" ¨ia;%dj" o¾nh

- isÿjQ jeo.;a isÿùï

mdmia - znd¾ fÊiqiaZ kï fndre Èjeisjrhd iu. isá i¾.shia mdjq,ia kï

foaYdêm;shdf.a yeÍu'

m¾.dh - fcdyka udla fcrei,ug yeÍ hdu

msisÈfha wka;sfhdalsh - m<uq in;a Èk O¾uYd,dj ;=, mdjq¨f.a foaYkh"

fndfyda fofkla mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia wkqj hEu" fojk in;a Èk úcd;slhka

foaj jpkhg f.!rj oelaùu" yeÍu iy cqfoõjka mdjq iy n¾Kndia mSvkhg

m;a lr ;u fmfoia j,ska msg;g fkrmd oeóu'

¨ia;%dj - foaYkd lsÍu" weúo.; fkdyels ukqIHhdg iqjh" cqfoõjka mdjq¨g

.,a .id kqjßka msg;g oeóu" o¾nhg hEu

19

wdmiq .uk - jeo.;a isÿùï -

o¾nh" ïa;%dj" bfldaksh" msisosfha wkaf;sfhdalsh mïms,sh" m¾.dh" w;a;d,sh

isg wka;sfhdalshg keõ ke.Su"

foaYkd lsÍu - tla tla iNdjka i|yd iNd uQ,slhka m;a lsßu'

mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia - wka;sfhdalsfha§ iNdj /ialr foúhka jykafia ;uka

u.ska l<d jq foa fnod .;ay'

mdjq¨;=udf.a fojk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ls%hd 15 (36 - 18 ( 23&

isÿjQ ld,h - ls%'j 50 isg 52 olajd

iyNd.s jQfjda - iS,ia" ;sfuda;s" ¨la

wruqK oelau& - ia:dms; l< iNdjkag fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK

oekqï §u" Tjqkaj Èß .ekaùu iy weoys,af,a Yla;su;a

lsÍu" .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍu'

.uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalsfha isg f.dvìñka .uka l<y'

<`.d jq ia:dk - isßhdj" is,sishdj" o¾nh" ïa;%dj" f;%dajih" ms,smamsh"

f;if,dakslh" fnßhdj" we;ekaia fldßka;sh

- isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùï

ïa;%dj ;sfuda;shia f.a tlaùu iy p¾ufþokh wksjd¾h fkdjQjo Tyq

p¾ufþokh lsÍu" tfia lf,a .S%l fm<m;lg kElï lshQ Tyq cqfoõjka w;r

iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍu i|yd ndOdjla fkdjk msKsih'

- Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu ;=< wdishdfõ foaYkd fkdfldg msÍ.sh iy .,d;sh

yryd f.dia ì;skshg hEug W;aiy l< y' kuq;a Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu jqfha

ì;skshg fkdhEuh' ta ksid ñish miqfldg f;%dajihg meñKsh y'

- f;%dajih - mdjq¨ rd;s%fha ÿgq o¾Ykh

- ms,smamsh - jeo.;a isoaëka 04 ls'

1' ,sÈhdf.a yeÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 11 - 15&

2' fmak lshk jy,a ;reKshlg iqjh ^ ls%hd 16 ( 16 - &

3' mdjq¨ iy iS,ia isr.; lsÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 19 - 34&

4' mdjq¨ iy iS,ia ksoyia lsÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 35 - 40&

f;if,dakslh - O¾uYd,dj ;=< in;a Èk 03 la cqfoõjka iu. jdo lsÍu"

uy;a iuQyhlf.a yeÍu" cqfoõjreka f.a lror ksid mdjq iy iS,ia fnßhdjg

msg;a lr heùu

fnßhdj - O¾uYd,dfõ foaYkd" fndfyda fofkl=f.a yeÍu ' f;if,dakslfha

cqfoõjre meñK l< le,öu

we;ekaia - tys miqìu wod<j mqcdik .ek i|yka lrñka wßfhdam. Yd,dfõ

20

l< foaYkh" iuyr whf.a yeÍu'

fldßka;sh - wls,d iy ms%ials,d uqK .eiSu" foaYkd lsÍu iy fldßka;sjre

fndfyda fofkl= woyd nõ;siauh ,eîu" rd;s%fha § mdjq¨ ;=ud ÿgq o¾Ykh"

jir 1 1$2 la fldßka;sf.a W.kajñka .; lsßu

- jir 03 la ;siafia isÿ jQ fuu pdßldj mdjq¨ ;=udf.a pdßldj, b;d jeo.;a

§¾>;u pdßldj nj i|yka l< yel' hqfrdamfha uq,a jrg iqn wiak m%ldY

lrkq ,enqfka fuu pdßldj ;=<§ h' ms,smamsh" f;if,dakslh iy fldßka;sh

;=< mdjq,a ;=ud ksr; jQ §¾> fufyh iy ia:dms; iNdjka .ek fuu pdßldj

;=< úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h' Okj;a .S%l ldka;djka mdjq¨ ;=ud iu.

fiajfha fhÿk w;r .S%l cqfoõjka mdjq¨ ;=ud miq mi hñka Tyqg lror

lf<da h' kuq;a frdau md,lhska fï jk úg ls;=kqjka flfrys hym;a woyia

w;s lr f.k ;sîuo úfYaIfhka fuys § i|yka lsÍu fhda.Hh'

mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ;=kajk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ ls%hd 18 ( 23 - 21 ( 20&

isÿjQ ld,h - ls%' j 54 isg 58 olajd

iyNd.S jQfjda - ;sfuda;s" ;S;ia

wruqK oelau& - iNdjka kej; neyeolsñka ls;=kqjka Yla;su;a lsÍu

ia:dkh - .,d;sh" msß.sh" uisfodaksh

.uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalsfhda isg f.dvìñka .uka l< y'

<`.d jQ ia:dk - tmSih - jir 03 ;=kla tys /£ isá fiajh l<y' miqj

f;%dajih" ms,smamsh iy f;if,dakslh yryd fldßka;shg

.shy'

isÿjQ jeo.;a isÿùï -

tmSih ( frdau md,kh hgf;a wdishdfõ tla w.kqjrla jQ tmSih Okj;a

o¾YkSh k.rhls' f,dalfha we;s mqÿu yf;ka tlla jk vhkd foj`.k

fjkqfjka f.dv k`.d we;s foaj ukaÈrh o msysgd ;snqfKa tmSifha h' úfoaYslhka

úYd, jYfhka fuu k.rgh meñKs w;r fuu foaj ukaÈrh iy tys kuialdrh

ksido" tys ;snQ úÊcd iy N+; l¾u ksid o" tod f,dalh ;=< tmSih m%lg

k.rhla úh' vhkd foj`.kf.a iy foaj ukaÈrfha ;snQ ms<su j, wkq rE ilia

lr úlsKSu úYd, f,i uqo,a bmhSfï ud¾.hla úh'

- iakdjl fcdykaf.a Y%djlhska 12 fofkl= mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska nõ;siau lrkq

,enQ w;r Tjqka u; w; ;eîfuka miq Tjqyq wkH NdId j,ska l:d lrñka

Èjeis jels mejiQy'

21

- mdjq¨ ;=ud udi 03 l ld,hla iskf.da. ;=< foaj rdcH ms<sn|j foaYkd lf<a

h' iuyr wikakka l< fy<d oelSï ksid Tjqkaf.ka Y%djlhka fjka lr f.k

;=rdkiaf.a Ys,am Yd,dfõys § ;u ;¾l lsÍï bÈßhg f.k .sfha h'

- fndfyda fofkla woyd .;af;da h' uy;a ydialï isÿ jQ w;r fndfyda iqj ùï o

w;aoelSug yels úh'

- kdhl mQcljrhl= jQ iaflajd kï cqfoõjrhdf.a mq;=ka 07 fokd fÊaiqia

jykafiaf.a kdufhka wY=oaOd;au oukh lsßug f.dia ,enQ wñysß w;aoelSu"

- ms<su jkaokdjg úreoaOj foaYkd lsÍu" fndfyda fofkl= vhkd foj`.kf.a

foaj ukaÈrhg hEu w;a yeÍu" fuu lreKq ksid foaj ukaÈrfha wdodhu wvqùu'

- ms<su jkaokdjg úreoaOj mdjq ;=udf.a foaYkh" fofu;s%hia kï l,d lrejdf.a

ms<su ks¾udKhg th wNsfhda.hla ùu' hk fuu i|yka lreKq tmSifha uy;a

l< flda,y, we;sùug fya;= úh'

- fldßka;sfha iNd fj; .sh mdjq¨ ;=ud fcrei,ï iNdjg Wmldr lrk f,i

l< b,a,Su" ms,smamsfha § meje;a jQ miqlr hEfï ux.,Hhg miq" mdjq¨ ;=ud

f;%dajih n,d .sfha we;s jQ cqfoõ l%uka;%Kfha m%;sM, jYfhks'

- f;%dajifha § hq;slia kï ;reKhg mK §fï isoaêh'

- ñf,a;ig .sh mdjq¨ tmSihg mKsjqv hjd iNdfõ uq,slhka le|ùh' ls%hd 20

( 17 - 35 olajd wm olskafka mdjq¨ ;=udf.a iuq .ekSfï l:djh' Tyq l<

ish,a,;a Tyqf.a jeäÿr Wmfoia §u;a tys wka;¾.;h' 36 isg 38 mo j,

oelafjkafka Tjqka mdjq¨ ;=udf.ka b;d ye`.Sï nrj iuQ.ekSuhs'

- lhsidßh - ñf,a;fika keõ ke. mdjq¨ iy msßi k.r lsysmhlska miq

wjidkfha lhsidßh fj; <`.d jqy' tys § O¾u¥; ms,sia f.a ksjfia k;rj

isák ld,fha § w.nia kï Èjeisjrhd mdjq¨ ;=ud fcrei,fï § úcd;Skaf.a

w;a j,g mdjd §u .ek Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu ;=< m%ldY lf<a h'

fcrei,ug fkdhk f,i l< b,a,Su m%;sCIam l< mdjq¨ ;=ud ;u msßi iu.

bka miq fcrei,ug <`.d úh'

- fcrei,u - ifydaorfhda ish¨ fokd wdorfhka ms<s.;ay' fuys È cdfldí yuq

ùug .sh mdjq¨ ;=ud /iaj isá iNd uq,slhka iu. úcd;Ska w;r ;u fufyh

ms<sn|j iy foúhka jykafia ;ud tu fufyh i|yd Ndú; l< wdldrh fnod

.;af;a h'

22

6'1'3 mdjq ;=udf.a m%Odk b.ekaùï

- mdjq¨ ;=ud úcd;Ska fj; .sh m%:u wfmdaia;¨jrhd muKla fkdj Tjqka fj;

meñKs m%:u ls;=kq foajO¾udpd¾hjrhd o úh'

- by< iqÿiqlï ,o cqfoõ mßisjrfhla jq mdjq, ;=ud cqfoõ jHjia:dj "

iïm%odh iy foaj O¾uh ukd f,i oek isá flfkls' thg iudk f,ig .S%l

o¾Yk jdoh ms<sn|j o Tyq oek isáfha h'

- Tyq ls;=kqjkag tfrys ùug fya;= jQfha Tyq ;=< cqfoõ oyu flfrys ;snQ

we,au;a" cqfoõ jHjia:dj .ek ;snQ oekqu;ah' iaf;amkaf.a fõo idCIsl urKska

miq fcrei,fuys wdrïN jQ cqfoõ wr.,hg idjq,a oeä Wkkaÿjlska iyNd.S

úh' idjq,a f.a ku weiQ muKska ls;=kqjka fndfyda fia ìhg m;a úh'

- ouialfha ls;=kqjka Ôjka jk nj oek.;a idjq,a Tjqka isrlrejka f,i

fcrei,ug f.k taug W;a;u mQcljrhdf.a wkque;sh ,nd .ekSfuka miq

;j;a wh iu. ouialhg .sfha h'

- ouialh fj; hk úg idjq,a ,enQ w;aoelSu Tyqf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila isÿ

l< isÿùuls' W;a:dk jQ fÊiqia jykafia uqyqKg uqyqK yuqùu tu w;aoelSu

úh' wyiska meñKs wdf,dalhla idjq,a jgd me;sßK' oEia fmkSu ke;s jQ Tyq ìu

jegqfKaah' — idjq,a idjq,a" Tn ug mSvd lrkafka ukao @˜ hk y`v Tyqg weisKs'

— iajdóks Tn ljfrla o @˜ idjq,a úuiqfõh' túg — uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq

,nk fÊiqiah' Tn ke.sg kqjrg we;=¿jkak' ' Tn l< hq;= foa Tng lshkq

,nkafkah'˜ tu y`v idjq,ag mejiS h'

oEia fmkSu ke;sj .sh idjq,a ouialhg /f.k hEug Tyq iu. meñKs wh

lghq;= l< y' tys § idjq,a wkkshiaf.ka nõ;siauh ,nd iNdjg tlaúh'

- ouialhg hk w;r u`. idjq,ag uqK .eiqKq W;a:dkjQ fÊaiqia jykafia ksid

Tyqf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila we;súh' fï ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafiag úreoaOj

lghq;= l< idjq,a Wkajykafiaf.a wfmdai;= jrhl= úh' ta ksidu Tyq ls;=kqjkaf.a

ñ;=rl= njgo m;aúh' ;udg wdfõKsl jQ Êj,s; núka hq;=j fuu kj ld¾hh

b;d Wkkaÿfjka bgq lsÍug mdjq¨ ;=ud mgka .;af;ah'

foaj wkq.%yh

- zzfoaj jrm%idohZZ hk jpkhg Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud Ndú; lr we;s .S%l jpkh

zldßiaZh' fuu jpkfha w¾:h — ohdj˜ fyda — wp, fma%uh˜ fjhs'

23

- mdmfha n,mEfuka foúhka jykafiaf.ka fjka ù Wka jykafia iu. we;s

lr.;a iïnkaO;dj ì| oud kmqqrdg jy,aù Ôj;ajk ñksid fudafiiaf.a

jHjia:dj úYajdijka;j wkq.ukh lsÍu jeks hym;a ls%hdjka ;=<ska ;ukaj

;udu .,jd.kshs' tkï ;udj foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.fhl= njg

m;alr .kshs' hkak cqod wd.fï uQ,sl woyihs'

- foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl= ùu hkq foúhka jykafia bÈßfha

O¾ñIagfhl=ùu" foúhka jykafia iu. ì÷Kqq iïnkaO;dj kej; f.dv k.d

.ekSu" fyda .e,ùu ,nd.ekSu jeks w¾:h ,nhs'

- cqod wd.u flfrys yd cqod jHjia:dj flfrys .eUqre we,aula we;s cqod mßisjrhl=

jq mdjq¨" tu foaj O¾u ixl,amh ;=<u Ôj;aùh' ñksid jHjia:dj wkq.ukh

lrkúg ;u hym;a ls%hdjka u.ska ;udj foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl=

njg m;a lr .kS hk ixl,amh u; mdjq¨ jHjia:djg .re fkdl<

ls;=kqjkaf.aa i;=rl= fjñka Tjqkag mSvd lf<a h'

- t;=udf.a ouialh lrd .sh .ufka w;aoelSu" t;=udf.a jHjia:dj iïnkaO

ixl,amh kej; is;d n,kakg wjia:djla úh' W;a:dkjq ls%ia;=ia jykafia

;ud ls;=kqjkag mSvd l< mõldrfhlaj isáhÈ ^— uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq

,nk fÊiqiahZ&;ud fj; wkqlï md ù" ;udf.a mõ ludlr Y=oaOd;auhdKka

jykafiaj odkh lr ;udj .,jd jid.;a fial' tu ksid ;udj foúhka

jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hl= njg m;a lf<a jHjia:dj fkdj ls%ia;=ia

jykafiaf.a fm%auhhs" Wkajykafiaf.a ohdjhs' ;udg .e,ùu odkh lf<a

jHjia:dj wkqj Ôj;aùfï hym;a ls%hdjka fkdj foúhka jykafiaf.a

jrm%idoh nj ms<s.;af;ah' zzoeka ñksiqka ^frdau 3 ( 21&

- ñksid jHjia:dj ms<sme§fuka fkdj" ls%ia;=ka jykafia flfrys ;nk

úYajdifhka muKhs Tyq foúhkajykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl= jkafka' m%ikak

ùu foúhka jykafiaf.a ohd fõ ld¾hhls' foúhka jykafiaf.a fm%aufha

odhdohls' th foúhka jykafiaf.a jrm%idohls' mdjq¨ ;=udf.a b.ekaùu yd

Y=N wdrxÑh jkafka fuhhs'

- jHjia:dj foúhka jykafiaf.ka meñfKkafkah' th Y=oaO jQo hym;a jqo

fohls' th bYardfh¨kag foúhka jykafia úiska odkh lrk ,o úfYaI

iïm;ls' jHjia:dj mdmh l=ulaoehs meyeÈ<s lrhs ' kuq;a mdmfha .%yKfhka

fífrkafka flfiaoehs fkdmjihs' ñksidj mdmhg m;a lrkafka jHjia:djhs'

mdmhg jy,alrhs' idrO¾ufhao th fyd| krl .ek lshdfohs kuq;a hym;

lrkakg yelshdj fkdfohs frdau 7 ( 16& hkq mdjq¨ ;=udf.a wjika ;SrKhhs'

24

- wms mõ lrk úg jHjia:djg úreoaOj fkdj" foúhka jykafiag úreoaOj mõ

lrkafkuq' tu ksid mdmh uyd ÿIag fohls' thska .e,fjkakg ksula ke;s

jkaÈ f.úh hq;=hs' b;d l=vdjq " mõldrjq wm úiska lsisuodl ksula ke;s jkaÈ

f.ùug fkdyelsh' wmg wmju mdmfhka fírd.ekSug yelshdj ke;' wm

wmju foúhka jykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIaghka lr.ekSug fkdyelsh' wmg foaj

jrm%ido wjYHhh'

- uq,a ld,fha jHjia:dj foaj ck;djg u. fmkaùula yd WmfoaYlfhl= f,i

mej;=fKah' .e,jqïldrhl=f.a wjYH;dj is;a ;=, we;s lf<a h' kuq;a oeka

.e,jqï lrejdKka meñK wjidkhs' tu ksid jHjia:djg w¾:hla ke;' ls%ia;=ia

jykafia jHjia:dfõ mq¾K;ajhhs'

- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a jrm%idoh Wkajykafiaf.a l=reish u.ska wm fj; .,d ths'

Wkajykafia flfrys wm ;nk úYajdih" jrm%ido u.ska úYajdi lrkakdjq

iEu" foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hka njg m;alrk

fial' tuksid m%ikakùu fyda .e,ùu foúhka jykafia wmg fkdñf,a odkh

lrk jrm%idohls' foaj §ukdjls' tfia fyhska wms jHjia:dj iïnkaO ls%hdfjka

ksid fkdj weoys,a, u.ska úfYaIfhka ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys ;nkakd jQ

weoys,af,a n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hska fjuq'

- lsisfjla jHjia:dj iïnkaO ls%hdjka u.ska foúhka jykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIag

wh fkdjkakdy' wmg jHjia:dj ,efnkakg;a jir ydrishh ;sylg fmr

wdn%yï ;u weoys,a, u.ska foúhkajykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIag flfkla úh'˜

zzTyq'' ^W;am;a;s 15 (6& wdn%yï ;u weoys,a, u.ska foúhka jykafia bÈßfha

O¾ñIagfhla jQjd fia" foúhka jykafia wdn%yïg ÿka fmdfrdkaÿj wkqj wm

fj; tjk ,o ls%ia;=ia jykafia woyd.ksñka foúhka jykafiag O¾ñIag wh

jkafkuq'

- .,d;sjre jHjia:dj .ek lsisjla fkdoek isá wjia:djl Y=oaOd;auhKka

jykafia ,nd.;af;da h' tfia jqfha Tjqka foaj fm%aufha Y=NwdrxÑh wid

foúhka jykafia woyd.;a ksidh ^ .,d;s 3 ( 1 - 4&

- cqfoõjka fõjd" wkH cd;slhska fõjd" wm ieu .e,ùu ,nkafka" foúhka

jykafia bÈßfha ms<s.kq ,nk whjkafka jHjia:dj u.ska fyda jHjia:djg

wod< ls%hdjka u.ska fkdj ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys we;s weoys,a, u.ska h'

25

- .e,ùu — ñ<§ .;a fohls lshd mdjq ;=ud i|yka lrhs' 1 fldß 6 ( 20 - .,d;s

3 ( 13& — foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a f,hska Wreulr.;a ls%ia;=ia

jykafiaf.a Y=' iNdj .ek l;d lrhs ;S;ia 2 ( 14& ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a l,ajdß

hd.h wfma .e,ùuhs; foúhka jykafiag m%ikak ùuhs; foúhka jykafia

úiska O¾ñIaghhs .Kka .kq ,eîfï WmlrKhhs' ta fjkqfjka § we;s ñ,hhs'

- .e,ùu foúhka jykafiaf.a §ukdjhs' foaj jrm%idohhs' cqfoõjre jqjo wkH

cd;slhska jqjo iEu fokd mdmh u.ska foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,enqKq Wodr;ajh

ke;s lr.;ay' kuq;a ieu flkd ls%ia;=ia jykafia bgq l< .e,ùfï ls%hd u.ska

foúhka jykafiaf.a jrm%idofhka fkdñf,aa Wkajykafiag m%ikak wh jkakdy'

foúhka jykafia mõldrhskaj;a hym;a wh fuka .Kka .kakd fial'

6'1'3 kdhl;ajh yd neyeme;alu ^tmsi 1 ( 3 - 10' fldf,d 1 ( 15 - 20&

- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajh .ek mdjq,q ;=udf.a b.ekaùu fkdaiaáljrekaf.a

b.ekaùfï miqìu u;hs f;areï .; hq;af;a" fkdaiaájrekaf.a woyi wkqj

foúhka jykafia fj;ska kslauqKq úúO n, Yla;s w;ßka ls%ia;=ia jykafia tla

Yla;shls' tu ksid Wkajykafia Wiia" iudk l< fkdyels" tlu mqoa.,fhla

fkdjkafkah' ;jo foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=<ska uqtukskau t<sorõ

jk njo Tjqyq fkdms<s.ks;s'

- fuhg úreoaOj" mdjq,q;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iudk l< fkdyels Ndjh"

kdhl;ajh .ek l;d lrhs ls%ia;=iajykafia woDYH''''Z ^fldf,d 1 ( 15&

- — iajrEmhZ hk jpkhg mdjq,q;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh —ksfhdacH˜ fy<sorõj

hk f;areu ,nhs' tu ksid mdjq¨;=ud foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafia

u.ska iïmq¾Kj fy<sorõ jk nj mjihs' foúhka jykafiaj ukqIhd oel"

oekf.k f;areï .kak ;rug ls%ia;=ia jykafia Wkajykafiaj iïmQ¾Kfhka

ksfhdackh lrk fial' Wkajykafia foúhka jykafiah'

- ;j ÿrg;a mdjq¨;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd ueú,a, w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj .ek

l;d lrhs' ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq`t ueú,af,a w.;eka .kakd fialehs" lshhs'

fyfn%õ" .S%l Ñka;kfha fuu lshuk" ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq,a ueú,af,a w.;eka

.kakd njg" w¾:h fkdfohs" ta fjkqjg W;=ï nj yd f;acdkaú; nj i|yka

lrhs' tfia kï ueú,a, w;r b;d W;=ïnj yd f;acdúka;nj i|yka lrhs'

- zz;jo i.f,dj;a ' ' ' ' ujk ,oafoa h'ZZ ^fldf,da 1 ( 16&

26

- tmuKla fkdj ish¨ foa Wkajykafia Wfoid ujkq ,enqfõh' fÊiqia jykafia

ueú,s ish,af,a uejqïldrhdKka muKla fkdj" ueú,af,a mrud¾:ho wjidkho

jkfial" ueú,af,a wdrïNh yd wjidkhg w;rueo l,fha th wdrlaId

lrkakdjq ;ekeka jykafiah' fidndoyfï kS;sh ksl=;ajkafkao Wkajykafiaf.a

yojf;ys h'

- ;j ÿrg;a mdjq¨ ;=ud iNdj;a ls%ia;=ia jykafia;a w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj .ek

l;d lrhs' fldf,d 1 ( 18-19& ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj keue;s YÍrfha ysih"

ls%ia;=iajykafia ;=<ska iNdj Wm; ,enqfõh'

- mdmfha úmdlh u.ska foúhka jykafia yd ukqIHd w;r mj;sk hym;a

iïnkaO;dj is|ì| ñksid foúhkajykafiaf.ka wE;aj ðj;aúh' kuq;a foúhka

jykafia fkdlvjd ñksidg fm%au l<fial' tu ksid iu.s ikaOdkh lsÍu

i|yd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj fuf,dj tjq fial' ls%ia;=ia jykafia iu.s lsÍfï

fiajdj i|yd fuf,djg jeäh fial'

- wyfia yd fmdf<dfõ ish,a, ;uka jykafia taldnoaO lr.ekSug Wkajykafia

woyia l< fial hs' mdjq,q ;=ud mjihs' ñksid iu. muKla fkdj mK we;s

mK ke;s iEu ueú,a,la taldnoaOùu Wka jykafiaf.a wNsm%dh úh' ls%ia;=ia

jykafia l=reisfha urKh u.ska ish¨ ueú,a, foúhka jykafia iu`. tldnoaO

úh' fufia mdjq¨;=ud ueú,s ish,a, ls%ia;=ia jykafiag iudk ke;' Wka

jykafia iEu ueú,algu jvd W;=ï jQ ;ek;a;ka jykafiah" b;d Wiia

;ekajykafiah" ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a iajdñ;ajh wm ieu ms<s.; hq;=h" wfma

ðú;fha" wfma mjq,aj, Wka jykafia rcdKka úh hq;= hehs mjihs'

ne.Em;alu ^ms,sma 2 ( 5 - 11&

—Ôj;ajkafka ud fkdj" ud ;=< ls%ia;=ia jykafia Ôj;ajk fial' uf.a ðú;h

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a Ôú;hg yrjkakg kï uf.a is; ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a is;

fuka úh hq;=h'' tu ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< '''''' ˜ ^ms,sma 2 ( 5& lshd úia;r

lrk mdjq¨;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ðú;h u.ska" ls%hdj u.ska" fy<sorõjq

Wka jykafiaf.a yojf;a iajNdjh wmg fmkakqï lr tu iajNdjhu wm yoj;a

;=< we;slr.; hq;=hehs lshd" úfYaIfhka Wkajykafiaf.a ne.Em;alfï W;=ïlu

wmg úia;r lrkafka h'

- foúhka jykafiaf.a iajrEmh orE Wka jykafia th bj;,d wm yd iudk

ukqIhl= jQ fial' — iajrEmh˜ lshd mdjq¨;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh" kEu

mßirhl fjkia fkdjk nj i|yka lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia fjkia fkdjk

foaj;ajh oerE ;ekka jykafiah' Wkajykafia foúhka jykafia h'

27

- kuq;a Wkajykafia foúhka jykafia yd iudk;ajh ;uka úiska nodf.ku

;nd.; hq;= jia;=jlehs fkdis;= fial'

- ish¨ foa bj;,d fiajlhl=f.a iajrEmhla f.k wm yd iudk ukqIHhl= jQ

fial' —ysia lr.ekSu˜ mdjq¨;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh" lsisjla fkd;nd

iïmQ¾K ysiaùuh th ke;s ùfï w¾:h fohs'

- fÊiqia jykafia f.a fuf,dj ðú; ;;a;ajh meyeÈ<s lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia

f.a udxY.;jQ fï wNsryi mdjq¨ ;=ud Ôjudkj úia;r lrhs' Wka jykafia

ukqIH;ajh .ekSu i|yd ;uka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajfhka ish leue;af;ka ysia

jQ fial' ;uka jykafiaf.a whs;Ska" foaj iajNdjh" f;acYS%h ieu bj; oeuq

fial'

- zzjy,l=f.a iajrEmh f.k — fu;ek kej; — iajrEmh ˜ hk jpkh fjkia

lsÍug fkdyels ;;A;ajh i|yka lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia ñksid fuka jy,l=

fuka r`.mEfõ ke;' ieneúkau ñksfila jQ fial' ñksidf.a i;=g ÿl"

fõokdj" È<sÿNdjh iEu wxYhlskau mx.=ldrhl=jQ fial' mdmh yer wks;a

ish¨ fohska ñksidg iudkjQ fial'

- ñksil=jQjd muKla fkdj" Wka jykafia jy,l= jQ fial' jy,l= hkq ;ud

fjkqfjka Ôj;a fkdjk flfkls' ;udg lshd lsisjla fkdue;s flfkls'

wks;a flkd fjkqfjka Ôj;afjk flfkls'

- l=reisfha urKh olajd Wka jykafia ne.Em;a jQ fial' jy,l= jqjd muKla

fkdj" b;d my;a uÜgfï jy,l= jQ fial' l=reisfha urKh jy,l=g ;udf.a

whs;sjdislï ish,a,u ke;sjQ flfkl=g kshñ; o`vqjï l%ufha b;d kSp

l%uhhs'

- ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a fuf,dj Ôú;fha lemSfmkqk .=Kdx. jk ne.Em;alu

mß;Hd.h .ek mdjq¨;=ud úia;r lrhs' Wka jykafia ñksid u; n,h mEug

fkdj" Tjqkag fiajh lsßug leu;sjQ fial' Wka jykafia ;udf.a leue;a;

wkqj Ôj;a jQ flfkl= fkdj mshdKka jykafiaf.a leue;a; wkqj Ôj;a ùug

wNsm%dh l< fial' Wka jykafia ;uka jykafiaj Wiia lr.;af;a ke;'

ck;dj fjkqfjka ;ukaj my;a lrf.k ;udg ysñ uysuh w;a yeroeuqfõh'

- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ;Hd.YS,S lreKdj Tn okakdyq h' ''' ^ 2 fldß' 8

( 9&

28

- ;ud my;a lr.kakd Wiia lrkq ,nkafka h˜ lshd kj .súiqfï lshjd we;'

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ;HdYS,SNdjh Wka jykafiaf.a ysiaùu" ne.Em;alu" lsisÿ

ñksil=g fkd,enqKq f;acudk ;;a;ajh Wka jykafiag ,nd ÿKs' urKh

mrdch fldg kj Ôú;hla fj; W;a:dk lrkq ,eìKs' foúhka jykafia

Wkajykafia urKfhka W;a:dk l< fial" uysuhg m;al< fial'

- foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj uysuhg m;alr" Wkajykafiag ish¨

kduj,g jvd w.% kduh odkh l< fial' w¨;a kula ;eîu flfkl=f.a

Ôú;fha kjl ;;a;ajhla wdrïN lsÍu i|yka lrhs' foúhka jykafia ;enq

kj kduh —iajdñka jykafia˜ hkakhs' uq,a iNdfõ fÊiqia jykafia fï

kdufhka y÷kajkq ,eîh' Wka jykafia ieu fokdf.au whs;slre h' iajdókah'

6'1'4 mjq,a osúh ^1 fldß ( 6 ( 1-6 tmSi 5 ( 22 - 30

- ls;=kq mjq, Y=' iNdfõ Ôjkd,shhs' ls;=kq mjq,a rdYshlska f.dvke.=Kq foúhka

jykafiaf.a úfYaI mjq, Y= iNdjhs' ls;=kq mjq,la .Dyia: iNdjls' tu ksid

mjq,a Ôú;h yd Y= iNdfõ ðú;h w;r lsÜgq iïnkaO;djla we;'

- ls;=kq mjq,a ðú;h .ek Y=' mdjq ;=ud ;=< meje;s wdl,amfhao fjkila wo wms

olsuq' m%:ufhka ,shq ,smsj, ^fldß& újdyh iïnkaO úreoaO woyia yd újdy

ðú;h iq¿ fldg i<ld ;udfuka yeufoku újdy fkdù isàu hym;ehs

m%ldY lrhs'

- fldßka;sjrekg ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsfha Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud újdyh yd mjq,a ðú;h

.ek ,shd we;s foa wms ksishdldrj f;areï .ekSug kï fldßka;s ck;dj ðj;a

jq mßirh;a Tjqka uqyqK ÿka m%Yak;a fyd¢ka oek isáh hq;= h' tu ld,fha

fldßka;s k.rh jdkscuh" úfkdaoldñ iodpdrfhka wE;aj ðj;ajq ck;djla

isá tlls' mdmhg we£ hdug yels mßirhla yd mdmsIag ls%hdj, fh§ug

.e<fmk wjia:d we;s lrk jd;djrKhla o tys mej;=Ks'

- ;jo iuyr fldßka;sjrekaf.a woyia wkqj YÍrh whym;a fohls' tu ksid

th oukh l< hq;=h' úkdY l< hq;=h' tfia ke;skï iajNdúlj ish¨

wdYdjka ;DIaK ye`.Sï oukh l< hq;=h' flfkl= ienE ls;=kqfjl= ùug

leu;skï Tyq ;u YrSrh iïnkaO iEu fohska wE;a ú újdy fkdù isáh hq;=

hs'

- mdjq¨;=udf.a lSu wkqj újdy ðú;h u.ska iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj foúhka

jykafia flfrys ;sìh hq;= f.!rjh oelaùu wvq lrhs' tu ksid yeufokdu

29

újdy fkdù isàu hym;ahehs t;=ud lshhs' yeu fokdgu tjeks jrm%idohla

fkd ,efnhs' kuq;a fldßka;sfha mej;=Kq mßirh wkqj;a ñksia ÿ¾j,lu

ksid;a iajoukh lsÍug fkdyels kï ta whg újdy ðú;hg we;=¿ùu

iqÿiqhehs mdjq¨;=ud lshhs ^1 fldß 7( 1-7&

- tlsfkld ;u ;udf.a ;;a;ajh" wdYdjka" ÿ¾j,lï .ek oek isáh hq;= h'

mdjq¨ ;=udf.a fuu lSu" ldu ;DIaKdfõ mdmfhka je,lSug újdyh wkqu;

lrk nj yef`.a' bkamiq t;=ud újdy fkdjqjkag yd jekaoUqjkag W.kajk

fohska fuu woyiau olskakg ,efí' 1 fldß 7 (8-9& tu ksid mdjq¨ ;=ud ;=<

mej;=fKaa újdy ðú;h .ek úreoaO woyia yd wj;lafiarejla fõ'

- ;j ÿrg;a újdy ðú;fha iajNdjh" j.lSï" ysñlï .ek l:d lrhs'

- iajdñ mqreIhd" ;u Nd¾hdj ;udf.a wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSfï WmlrKhla yeáhg

fyda Nd¾hdj ;u iajdñ mqreIhd ;udf.a wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K lr .ekSfï

WmlrKhla yeáhg Ndú; fkdl< hq;= hs' iajdñ mqreIhdf.a YÍrh Nd¾hdjg

ysñfjhs' Nd¾hdjf.a YÍrh iajdñ mqreIhdg ysñh'

- újdy iïnkaO;djfha fofokd w;r .re lsÍula ;sìh hq;=h' fofokd YdÍßl

jYfhka o" wdOHd;añl jYfhka o" fomlaIh w;r" tlsfkld fjkqfjka wks;a

flkd ;udj lem l< hq;=h'

- — hdÉ[ ' ' ' ' tlafjkjd ˜ ^1 fldß 7 ( 5&

- újdy jq whg Y=' mdjq¨;=ud fok wjjdokh kï" iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj

fjkaù Ôj;aùu iqÿiq ke;' th foúhka jykafiaf.a ksfhda.hhs' tfia fjkaù

Ôj;a ùug isÿjQj;a" kej; újdy ùu iqÿiq ke;' yels;dla blaukska fofokd

tlaúh hq;=hs' iu.s úh hq;=hs'

- wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hska iu. újdyùu iïnkaOj fldßka;s k.rfha ck;dj

w;r jerÈ wdl,am mej;sKs' újdyfha fhfok ls;=kqjl= wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hl=

iu. újdy jqfkd;a" ta fofokd tlg Ôj;aùu jerÈh' wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hdj

yrjd heúh hq;= h'

- mdjq,q ;=ud by; lreKg úreoaOj fufia woyia m%ldY lrhs' tkï ls;=kqjl=

yd wkHd.ñlhl= újdy jqfKd;a fofokd tlaj Ôj;a úh hq;=hs' tfia lsÍfuka

hï úgl ls;=kqq mqoa.,hdf.a úYajdih u.ska wkHd.ñl ;eke;a;d Y=oaOj;a

flfkl= úh yels h'

30

- kuq;a wkHd.ñl ;eke;a;d fjkaú Ôj;aùug lue;a; oelajQjfyd;a tfia l<

yels h' ls;=kq md¾Yjfha ;eke;a;dg kej; újdy ùug ksoyi we;'

- kuq;a Tjqka tlaj Ôj;aùu mdjq¨;=udf.a leue;a;h'

- mdjq¨;=ud tmSijrekg ,shQ ,ssmsfha ;j;a woyila m%ldY lrhs' tmSi 5 ( 22-30&

újdyh .ek mdjq¨ ;=udf.a jeäjq woyia lsysmhla wms olsuq'

- iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;djh b;d Wiia" msßisÿ

tlla fjhs' mdjq ;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;dj"

ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd iNdj w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh g iudk lrhs' fuu

iïnkaO;djfha moku wdorhhs'

- mdjq¨ ;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd Nd¾hdj flfrys oelaúh hq;= wdorh .ek t;=udf.a

woyia m%ldY lrhs' th mß;Hd.YS,S wdorhls' ls%ia;=ia jykafia Y= iNdjg

fm%u l<dla fuka iajdñ mqreIhd ;u Nd¾hdjg fm%au l< hq;=h' lsisúgl th

iajwd,fha wdorhla fkdúh hq;= h'

- ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj u.ska hï fohla ,efnhs hk n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka

wehg fm%au lf<a ke;; kuq;a ;uka jykfia úiska iNdjg hym;a foa bgqùuhs

Wkajykafia f.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j' iajdñ mqreIhd ;udg fuka ;u Nd¾hdjg

fm%au l< hq;=h' Nd¾hdj o ;u iajdñ mqreIhdg .re l< hq;=h' fufia mdjq¨

;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= fma%u iïnkaO;dj úia;r

lrhs'

- ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< Ôj;ajk Tjqka ;=< ia;S% mqreI fNaohla ke;' ta fofokd

ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< tla flfkla jkafka h' .,d;s 3 ( 28& fofokd foúhka

jykafiaf.a iajrEmhg ujkq ,enQ wh fj;s' tu ksid foúhka jykafia bÈßfha

Tjqka fofokd iudk jkafkda h'

- ls;=kq mjq,l iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;dj .ek

l;d l< mdjq¨;=ud " wjidkfha fouõmshka yd orejka w;r meje;sh hq;=

iïnkaO;dj .eko l;d lrhs''' — orejks '''''˜ we;s oeä lrkak' ^tmSi 6(1-4&

ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdjg ysi jkakdla fuka iajdñ mqreIhd N¾hdjg ysih'

th n,h fmkaùfï kdhl;ajhla fkdj fm%au lsÍfï kdhl;ajhla fõ'

- iNdj foúhka jykafiag hg;aj isákakdfia Nd¾hdjka iajdñ mqreIhskg

hg;a úh hq;= h' fuu hg ùu ìfhka fkdj fm%aufhka we;sfjk hgy;a my;a

Ndjhla úh hq;= h' ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdjg oelajQ fm%auh ksid iNdj Y=oaOj;a

lr foúhka jykafiag ms<s.ekajQ fial' iajdñ mqreIhdf.a fm%auh o ;u

Nd¾hdj msßisÿ lr wehj jvd hym;a mqoa.,fhl= l< hq;= h'

31

- iajdñ mqreIhdf.a fm%auh Nd¾hdj flfrys ie,ls,a, olajk" wehf.a hym;a

ðú;h flfrys ie<ls,a, olajk fm%auhla úh hq;= h' iajdñmqreIhd ;u

YÍrhg fm%au lrkakdla fuka ;u Nd¾hdjgo fm%au l< hq;=hs' fuh fiajh

,nd.kakd wdorhla fkdj fiajh lsÍfï wdorhla úh hq;= h'

- iajdñ mqreIhd Nd¾hdj flfrys olajk wdorh lsisu Èkl fjka lrkakg neß

wdorhls' fuu fm%auh ksid iajdñ mqreIhd ;u fouõmshka w;ayer ish Nd¾hdjg

we¨ï jkafkah' ta fofokd tlafkla jkafkdah' fofokd tlu YÍrhla

jkafkdah'

ifydaor;ajh iy tluq;=lu ^ 1 fldß 8 ( 9 - 13" 13 ( 3 - 8" 2 fldß 8 ( 9&

- Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud .Dyia; iNdj keue;s mjq, ;=< iajdñmqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj"

fouõmshka yd orejka w;r ;sìh hq;= wdorh" iïnkaO;dj" tluq;=lu" .ek

l;d l< miq foúhka jykafiaf.a úYd, mjq,jk Y= iNdj ;=< ;sìh hq;=

fma%uh - ifydaor;ajh " tluq;=lu .ek W.kajhs'

- mdjq¨;=ud ;ud ouialhg .sh .ufkaÈ Y= iNdj yd ls%ia;=ka jykafia w;r

mj;sk fma%uh w;a ÿgqfõh' — idjq,a" idjq,a Tn ug mSvd lrkafka uka o@ — uu

Tn úiska mSvd lrkq ,nk fÊiqiah˜ tu w;aoelSfuka we;sjQ Woafhda.h" ;j

;j;a ;ud ;=< j¾Okh ù we;s nj t;=ud ,shd we;s ,smsj, wmg olskakg

,efí'

- tu ld,fha úúO ls;=kq iNd ;=<" úfYaIfhka fldßka;sfha iNdj ;=< olskakg

,enqKq fNao" wiu.sNdjh" wjia:djla lr .ksñka Y= mdjq¨;=ud Y= iNdj

iïnkaOj ;udf.a .eUqre woyia wmg meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a lrhs'

- Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a jrñka" ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< úYajdih ;nd ðj;ajk wh

ls%ia;=ia jykafia iu. yd tlsfkld iu. tluq;=j isá;s' m%ido ikdmkh

u.ska ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a .e<ùfï ls%hdfõ iyNd.sù Wkajykafia iu.

Wkajykafia ;=< ðj;a fj;s'

- Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud Y= iNdfõ idudðlhska w;r mj;sk tluq;=lu" ñksia isrerl

wjhjhka w;r mj;sk tluq;=lu yd iudkfldg w;a olshs'

- ls;=kqjka ieug tlau wd;auhdKka jykafiaa Ôjkh fok fial' Tjqyq ish¨

fokd tlu b,lalh lrd .uka .kakd wh fj;s' Tjqyq ish¨ fokd tlu

n,dfmdfrd;a;=j we;sj ðj;ajk wh fj;s' Tjqka ieug tlu foúhka jykafia

h' ieu fok tlu úYajdifhka yd tlu m%ido iakdmkfhka mx.=ldrhka ù

tlu foúhka jykafiaj ;u tlu mshdKkajykafia f,i ms<s.;a wh fj;s'

32

tu foúhka jykafia ieufokd ;=<ska u iEufokd u.ska ls%hd lrk fial' tu

ksid ls;=kqjka ieufok tlu yoj;lska Ôj;aùfuka tu tluq;=lu /l.;

hq;=hs'

- mdjq ;=ud ls;=kqjkaj ;u ifydaor ifydaoßhka lshd wu;d" ;ud yd Tjqka tlu

mshdKka jykafiaf.a orejka nj isys.kajhs' tu ksid ls;=kq iudcfha fNao

ìkak fjkialï we;sùu iqÿiq ke;ehs u;la lrñka Tjqka ifydaor fm%aufha

tluq;=j ;=< ðj;a úh hq;=hs lshd W.kajhs'

- hful= ls;=kq ix>h g we;=¿jk úg tu ix>hg kshujQ ðú; l%uh Tyq

ðj;aúh hq;=hs' — Tn ,;a le|ùug '''' W;aidy lrkak ^tmSi" 4 (23& fuu

tluq;=lug " tal;ajhlg w;a;sjdru yd mokï jQ fya;=j kï" Tjqka ieufokdgu

tlu n,dfmdfrd;a;=j" tlu YÍrh " tlu iam%S;=j" tlu foúhka jykafia"

tlu weoys,a," tlu m%ido iakdmkh" tlu foú mshdKka we;s neúks'

- ls;=kq ðú;h ñksid yd ñksid w;r kj iïnkaO;djla y÷kajd fohs' fuu kj

iïnkaO;djfha cd;s - l=< - mqreI fNao uelShkafkah' — ukao cqfoõjrekao ''''''

iakdmkh ,eîuq˜ 1 fldß 12( 13& ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< ðj;ajk wh w;r fuu

fjkialï ke;' fuu kj iïnkaO;djh ish¨ f,!lsl uÜgfï iïnkaaO;djka

blaujd hk tlls'

- m%ido iakdmkh ,enQ Tn ish,a,ka '''''''' fNaohla ke;˜ ^.,d 3 ( 6 - 28&

- fuu woyiu Y=' mdjq¨ ;=ud ms,fudkag ,shk ,o ,smsfha olsuq' mdjq¨;=ud

jyf,lajq vfkaisuia kï mqoa.,fhl=j — ud ysrf.or isáhd oS udf.a orelug

m;ajQ Tfkaisuia˜ lshd wu;hs msf,dfudka 1 ( 10 & ;jo mdjq¨;=ud Tfkaisuiaj

ifydaorfhla fuka Ndr.kak lshd msf,fudkaf.a b,a,d isàhs' ^msf,fudka 1 (

17& wjidk jYfhka mdjq¨;=ud YÍrfha wjhjhka kyrj,ska taldnoaO lr

;sfnk ksid YÍrh ksfrda.sj ls%hdYS,Sùug yelsjkakdla fuka Y= iNdfõ ls%ia;=ia

jykafia ysih" wjhjkajq wms Wkajykafia iu. taldnoaO ù isàfuka iNdjo

ksis wdldrj ls%hdYS,s fõ hhs mjihs' fufia ls;=kqjka ish¨ fokd ;u ;udg

,nd we;s le|ùug wkqj úYajdijka;j ls%hd lsÍfuka iNdj iaÓrfjhs' j¾Okh

fjhs' fufia mdjq¨;=ud " iNdj ;=< ;sìh hq;= tal;ajh tluq;=lu ;yjqre lr

th wdrlaId lr f.dv ke.Sug wmg we;s j.lSu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

W;a:dkh yd fojk meñKSu

- Y= iNdfõ uq,a wjÈfha" u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu iïnkaOfhka meyeÈ<s f;areula

fkdmej;=Ks' fndfyda fokd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu läkñka

isÿfõhhs hk n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka b;d wdYdfjka n,d isáfhdah' tfy;a ls%ia;=ia

33

jykafia f.a meñKSu m%udo jQ w;r" ls;=kqjkaf.ka iuyrekag fuf,dj Ôú;fha

wjika ld,ho meñKsfhah' fufia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fojk meñKSug fmr

u<djq whg l=ula isÿfõo hk m%Yakhla Tjqka w;r u;=jqKs' 1 f;i 4 ( 14& ;jo

iuyr fldßka;sjre u<jqkaf.ka kej; ke.sàu .ek úYajdi lf<a ke;'

^1fldß ( 15(12&

- f;if,daksljreka yd fldßka;sjreka w;r mej;s u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu

iïnkaO ielh fyda .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd mdjq¨;=ud fï iïnkaO

b.ekaùu ,shd we;'

- u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu" wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùu ;=<ska wmg ,enqKqq

fohls' ls%ia;=ia jykafia kej; ke.sg jod< neúka" u<jqkaf.ka kej;

ke.sàu m%;slafIam l< fkdyels i;Hls' ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a udxY.;ùu

ms<s.kakd wms" Wka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkho ms<s.ksuq' tfia Wka jykafiaj

wkq.ukh lrk wmgo Wka jykafia fuka Èkl tu w;aoelSu ls%ia;=ia jykafia

fok fial' W;a:d ''''' ^1 f;i 4 ( 14& — ls%ia;=ia jykafia ''''' ^1fldß 15 - 13&

- foúhka jykafia uysudkaú;j fojk jrg meñfKk úg" ls%ia;=ia jykafia

flfrys úYajdih ;nd u<djq wh m%:ufhka W;a:dk lrkq ,nkafkdah' ls%ia;=ia

jykafia fojk jrg meñfKk úg Wkajykafia m%:ufhka ;uka jykafia

flfrys úYajdih ;enqjdjq ieu W;a:dk lrk nj mdjq¨;=udf.a woyi fjhs'

- ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys wm ;nkakdjq úYajdihfha m%ldYhhs m%ido iakdmkh

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a kdufhka odkh lrkakdjq m%ido iakdmkh 1 fldß 1 ( 13&

tu m%idoiakdmkh ,nd.kakdjq ;eke;a;dj wm ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a urKh;a

iu. iïnkaO lrhs ^frdau 8 ( 3 fldf,d 2 ( 12& j;=f¾ iakdmkh ls%ia;=ia

jykafiaf.a urKh;a" j<,kq ,eîu;a ixfla;j;a lrhs' Èfhka f.dvùu ls%ia;=ia

jykafia iu. taldnoaOù W;a:dk ùug i,l=Kla fjhs' mdmhg keiSu;a"

ðú;h jrm%idohla fia ,nd.ekSu;a fjka l< fkdyels tlu ls%hdjls'

- wmf.a úYajdih" yd m%ido iakdmkh ud¾.fhka wms ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd

Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;h urKh yd W;a:dkh iu. tlafjuq' — Ôj;ajkafka uu

fkdj" ud ;=< ls%ia;=ia jykafia ðj;ajk fial'˜ ls%ia;shdks ldrfhla" ls%ia;=ia

jykafia ;=< Ôj;ajk mqoa.,fhla Èkm;d mdmhg ueÍ ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a

kj Ôjkhg W;a:dkfjhs' Tyqf.a Ôú;h " ks;r ;ud ;=< keiShdu yd

W;a:dkùuh'

34

- m%ido iakdmkh u.ska Y=oaOd;auhdKkaj ,nd.;a ñksid foaj orefjla yeáhg

;ud ri ú¢k" foúhkajykafiaf.a uysuh mQ¾K;ajfha n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka

Ôj;afjhs' tu Èk§ Tyqf.a wd;auh muKla fkdj" Tyqf.a YÍrho úkdY fkdù

urKfhka yd mdmfha jy,a núka ñ§ug n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka mq, mq,d n,d

isá'

- Y= mdjq¨;=ud u<djq wh kej; W;a:dk jk nj úYajdi fkdlrk iuyr

fldßka;sjrekag b;d fldamfhka nekj§ — u<jqkaf.ka W;a' ' ' ' ' iy;slh

fõ ^1fldß 15 (12-20&

- fuu n,dfmdfrd;a;=j ;u Ôú;fha fndfyda wk;=rej,g uqyqK§ug Yla;sh

ÿka nj mdjq¨;=ud m%ldY lrhs' tfukau u;= meñfKkag ;sfnk uysuh .ek

ls%ia;shdksldrhka ieu ;=< n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla we;s lsÍu i|yd mdjq ;=ud fufia

lshhs ^frdau 8 ( 18-25&

- ñksid muKla fkdj ish¨ ueú,a, meñfKkakg ;sfnk uysuh i|yd

n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isák nj lshhs' ñksid l< mdmh ksid idmhg ,lajQ

úYajh thska ksoyiaùu" crdm;aùfï jy,alñka ñ§u" n,d isá mdjq¨ ;=ud

cqfoõjka ;=< wka;su ojia .ek mej;=Kq woyia mokï fldg wo mj;sk

f,dalh .ek;a meñfKkakg ;sfnk f,dalh .ek;a l;d lrhs''' — fï ðú;fha

''' lrñ ˜ ^frdau 8 ( 18& tu ojfia§ foúhka jykafia id;ka yd ish¨u ÿIag

Yla;Ska chf.k il, ckhd" ueú,a, yd iajNdj O¾uh uqod.kakd nj lshhs'

uq¿ úYajhu foúhka jykafiaf.a tlu rdcHhla hgf;a f.k tkq ,nhs'

iduh yd i;=g ieu;ek me;sÍ hhs'

udxY W;a:dkh

- ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkh yd ls%ia;=ka jykfia flfrys úYajdih ;nd

keiS.sh whf.a W;a:dkh .ek;a ;yjqre lrk mdjq¨ ;=ud" wjidkj keiS.sh

wh fln÷ YÍrhlska kej; W;a:dkfõo hk lreKq .ek;a wmg W.kajhs'

thg fya;=j iuyr fldßka;sjre udxY W;a:dkh fkdms<s.;a neúks' j<,kq

,en Èrdm;aù .sh YÍrh kej; W;a:dkjkafka flfiaoehs Tjqyq m%Yak lr;s' tu

ksid .S%ljrekaf.a woyi wkqj Tjqyq Èrdm;a fkdjk wd;auh .ek woyi ms<s.;ay'

udxY W;a:dkh fkdms<s.;ay'

- mdjq¨;=ud u<jqkaf.a udxY W;a:dkh ;yjqre lrhs' u<djq wh j<,kq ,enq tu

isrefrkau wkHrEmjQ YÍrhlska W;a:dkfj;s' tkï j<,kq ,nkafka iajNdúl

YÍrhls' W;a:dk lrkq ,nkafka wdOHd;añl YÍrhls' W;a:dkjQ ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a isref¾ we;s le<e,a olskakg ,enqfKaa h'

35

- W;a:dk lrkq ,nk YÍrfha iajNdjh úia;r lsÍug mdjq¨;=ud j<,kq ,nk

îchla Wmud lr.kafka h' wms ;sß`.= îchla jmqruq' th fmdf<dfõ ueÍ ;j;a

w¨;a me,hla yg.kS' foúhka jykafia" ;uka jykafiaf.a wNsm%dh wkqj tu

îchg w¨;a Ôú;hla fok fial' tlu îch kuq;a msgia;r fmkqu fjkia ù

we;' ^1 fldß 15 ( 35-38& j<,kq ,nk YÍrh;a" W;a:dk lrkq ,nk YÍrh;a"

jmqrkq ,nk îch;a thska yg.kakd me<h;a ndysr fmkqñka fjkia jkafka h'

tfy;a iïnkaO;djla yd fjk;a mßj¾;khla olskakg ,efnkafkah'

- mdjq¨;=ud" keiShk fudfydf;a YÍrfha iajNdjh yd W;a:dkjk úg YÍrfha

iajNdjh ixikaokh lr fmkajhs'

uefrk fudfydf;a - W;a:dkjk fudfydf;a

Èrk iq¨hs fkdÈrk iq¨hs

uefrk iq¨hs wurKSh iq¨hs

ÿ¾j,hs n,j;a YÍrhls'

ñksia iajNdjhls Y=oaOd;au iajNdjhh

mfika ujkq ,enq YÍrhls iaj¾.fhka meñKs ;ekekajykafiaf.a

YÍrh'

fojk meñKSu

- Y=oaOjQ mdjq¨ ;=ud ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu .ek W.kajk foa wms

mrK .súiqfï wjika ld,h .ek lshd we;s woyia miqìï lrf.k tys fmkajd

we;s — foúhka jykafiaf.a ojia ˜ hk miqìu u; f;areï .; hq;=hs'

- cqfoõjrekaf.a wjika ld,h iïnkaO woyia wkqj f,dal b;sydih mj;sk

hq.h" meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h lshd ld,jljdkq folg fnod we;' wms oeka

mj;sk hq.fha isáuq' tys id;ka" urKh md,kh lrhs' fndfyda ú.iska fuu

hq.h wjidkhg meñfKhs' fuishia jykafia meñK id;kaj chf.k ck;dj

uqod meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h wdrïN lrhs'

- fuu ld,jljdkq folg w;r — foúhka jykafiaf.a oji˜ meñfKhs' tkï

mj;sk hq.fha wjidk Èkfha Wodfjk kj hq.h wdrïNfha fuh isÿfjhs' th

b;d ìh ckl ojihs' mj;sk hq.h wjika ù meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h

Wodfjhs' tu oji foúhka jykafia fuishia;=ud hjd id;ka iu. wjika

igka mj;ajd Tyq mrdch fldg f,dalh uqod.kakd ojihs' tu ojfia § N+ñlïmd

we;sù mDÓúh fid,jkq ,nhs'

- meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.fha wms foúhka jykafiaf.a hgf;a" foaj rdcHfha

idufhka Ôj;afjuq' u<djq wh W;a:dk jkafka o meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.fha

§ h'

36

- ouialhg hk u`. Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud W;a:dk jq ls%ia;=ka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu

t;=udf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila we;s lf<a h' ulaksido ls%ia;=ka jykafia

W;a:dkjQ fiala kï ienúka u meñfKkakg ;snqKq hq.h Wodù we;' urKh

chf.k id;kaj mrdch lr wjidkhs' tu ksid wjika igk o ksudù we;'

th fld;ko@ ljod isÿjqfKaa o @ th l,ajdßfha isÿfjkakg we;' tu ksid

ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia úiska fok ,o fmdfrdkaÿj yd Èjeisjreka

úiska fmr oekqï fok ,o bYardfh,ajreka úiska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fuishd

nj ;SrKh lr.;a t;=ud ieneúkau" iaÒrfhkau th úYajdi lf<a h'

- ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a m%:u meñKSug yd fofjks meñKSug w;r ld,h

fuishiaf.a ld,h lshd wms kï lruq' tu ksid wms oeka fuishiaf.a ld,fha

Ôj;afjuq fuh mj;sk hq.hg;a meñfKkakg ;sfnkakdjq hq.hg;a w;r

ld,hhs' fuu ld,fha fuishd jk fÊiqia jykafia ;u Y=oaOd;au foayh jk

Y=oaOjq iNdj u.ska" f,da ieu ;ek me;sr ie`.ù ls%hd lrk ÿIag Yla;Ska fidhd

tajd úkdY lr uq¿ f,dalhu mshjfrka mshjr foúhka jykafiaf.a md,kh

hg;g f.k tk fial'

- Y= iNdfõ fiajdj u.ska ish¨ ueú,a, ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a md,kh hg;g

f.kajkq ,eîfuka miq ls%ia;=ka jykafia ú.i kej; ^fofjks j;djg&

uysudkaú;j meñK ck;dj úksYaph lr ;uka jykafiaf.a md,kh hg;g

f.keú;a uq¿ f,dalhu md,kh lrkakg foúhka jykafiag Ndr fok fial'

merKs .súiqfï — foúhka jykafiaf.a oji ˜ kñka y÷kajkqfha tu ojihs

kj .súiqfï — mrEishd˜ kñka y÷kajkq ,nk fuh foúhka jykafiaf.a

fofjks meñKSfï oji lshd f;areï ,nhs'

- tu oji Nhdkl ojihs ls%ia;=ka jykafia úksYaplr jodrkakg kej; meñfKk

úg i;=gqodhl úksYaph ,nkakg ud¾.h kï wms oeka isgu Wkajykafia

flfrys úYajdih ;eìu hq;= nj mjihs'

- mdjq¨ ;=ud ;udf.a fiajfha uq,a ld,fha f;if,daksfha fiajh l< úg

f;if,daksljrekag fuh meyeÈ,slr we;' tu woyi t;=ud úiska

f;if,daksljrekag ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsfha wmg olskakg ,efnhs' — ukao ' '

' ' iaj¾.fha nei ^ 1 f;i 4 ( 16&

- f;if,daksfha fiajh l< wjia:dõ ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu

jydu isÿjk nj;a" tu fudfydf;a Ôj;=ka w;r isák wh w;rg mdjq¨;=ud

;udj;a we;=,;a lr.kshs' 1 f;i 4 (15& ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu

m%udo jQ ksid jir y;rlg miq fldßka;sjrekag ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsh tu

ojfia È urKfhka W;a:dkjk wh w;r ;udo tla flfkla jk nj lshhs 1

fldß 6 ( 14&

37

- ls%ia;=ka jykafia uysudkaú;j kej; meñfKk úg Wkajykafia isÿ lrk

m%:u ld¾hh jkafka ;uka jykafia flfrys úYajdih we;sj keiS.sh wh

W;a:dk lsÍu nj mdjq¨;=ud mjihs' bkamiq Ôj;aj isák whjo j,dl=¿ ueÈka

Tijd foúhka jykfia yuqfõ Tjqkajo ys|jk fial'

- W;a:dkfha È keiS.sh wh wkHrEm fjhs' tkï wd;auhdKkag whs;s YÍrhla

,nhs' fu;ekÈ tl, cqfoõjka ;=< meje;s wdl,am j¾Okhla wmsg olskakg

,efí'

- ;jÿrg;a fldßka;sjrekag ,shk ,o fofjks ,smsfha ;j;a j¾Okhla olsuq'

fuys foaj fiajlhka w;r W;a:dkùu isÿjk nj;a" ñksidf.a we;=,dka;

iajNdjh w¨;alrkq ,nkúg wd;auhdKkag ysñ YÍrhla w;sjk nj lshhs'

;jo YÍrh uereKq ú.i iaj¾.fha ksji wmg ,efnk nj;a lshhs ^ 2 fldß

5 ( 2 - 10&

- frdaujrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha mdjq¨;=ud m%ido iakdmkh u.ska ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a urKfha mx.=ldrhka jQ wms ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkfha o

mx.=ldrhka jk nj mjihs' ^frdau 6(3" 8$15-17&

- ls%ia;=ka jykafia ieneúkau kej; meñfKk fial' kuq;a tu oji

yÈisfhka" fidfrla fuka" m%iQ; fõokdjla we;sjkjdfia lsisfjla=

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq fõ,dfõ isÿfjhs' ls%ia;=ka jykafia mjd" tu oji

ljod isÿfõo lshd lsisu flfkl= fkdokakd nj;a" ;uka jykafiao ta nj

fkdokakd nj;a" mshdKka jykafia muKla oek isák nj;a mjid we; udla

13 (22&

- ta oji foúhka jykafia uq¿ ñksia ixy;shgu úksYaph jodrkakg meñfKk

oji kuq;a ls;=kqjka ta .ek ìh ùug fyda n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ tu Èkfha

l,n, ùug fyda fya;=jla fkdue;' w÷f¾ Ôj;ajk ;eke;af;da kmqre foa

lrk ;eke;af;da iQodkï ke;s wjia:dfõ foúhka jykafia meñKsúg

Wkajykafiag uqyqK §ug fkdyelsj l,n,hg m;afj;s' jrolrejka yeáhg

wiqfj;s' kuq;a wdf,dalfha Ôj;ajk ls;=kqjkag tu oji ljod isÿjqk;a

m%Yakhla fkdue;' —ls%ia;=ka jykafia iu`. ' ' ' ' ' ' úksYaphla fkdue; ˜

^frdau 8 (11&

- wjidkj mdjq, ;=ud ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fofjks meñKSug fmr f,dalh ;=<

hï hï i<l=Kq olskakg ,efí hehs mjihs' ^ 2 f;i 2(3 -12&

- id;kaf.a kmqre n,fõ. fuf;la uq¨ukskau úkdY fkdù mj;sk ksid"

kmqre n,fõ. ueo ls;=kqjd wjÈfhka yd isys l,amkdfjka Ôj;aúh hq;=h'

tfia Ôj;a ùfuka Tyq ´kEu wjia:djl tu ojig uqyqK §ug iqÿiafila

fjhs'

38

Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a §ukd yd M, ^1 fldß 12" 14 (1 - 8&

- wd;auh hk jpkh y÷kajd §ug mdjq ;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh zzfkhqudZZh'

— mrK .súiqfï Ndú; l< fyfí%õ jpkh — rE wdla˜h' fuu jpkh wd;auh

hk w¾:h muKla fkdj iqq<`. hk w¾:ho fohs' merKs .súiqfï fuu jpkh

ñksia Yla;sh blaujd hk foaj;ajfha Yla;sh" n,h" yelshdj hk w¾:h §ug

Ndú; lr we;'

- fuh kj Ôú;fha n,j;a" m%Odk Yla;shhs' foúhka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha

n,hhs' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a .e<ùfï ld¾h u.ska" ñksid mdmhg we§hk ñksia

iajNdjfhka ñ§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia u.ska jidf.k we;' Tjqka ;uka

;=< we;s ÿn, ñksia Yla;sh blaujd hk Yla;sh - n,h ,nd f.k we;'

- Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia fj;ska wm ,nkakdjQ úfYaI jrm%idoh — §ukd˜ hk

jpkfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs" th — lßiaud˜ hk jpkfhka .;a w¾:hhs' foúhka

jykafia wmg olajk Wkajykafiaf.a wiSñ; wdorh yd lreKdj fya;=fldg

f.k zzwmg fkdñf,a odkh lrk §ukd ˜ hkqfjkao th w¾:h ,nhs'

- foúhka jykafia wmg odkh lrk §ukd w;ßka Wiia;u §ukdj

Wkajykafiaf.a Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' tu Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia wm

yoj;a ;=< ,e.=ï .kakd fial' Wkajykafia fkdñf,a odkh lrk §ukd ;=<ska

Wkajykafiaj wmg t<sorõ lrk fial'

- uq,a wjÈfha Y=oaO iNdj ;=< fuu §ukd fndfyda fia olskakg ,enqKs' Y=

mdjq¨;=ud Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukd .ek t;=ud ,shQ ,sms u.ska wmg

l;d lrhs' ^1 fldß 12&

- — ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia˜ lshd m%ldY lsÍug wmg yelshdj odkh

lrkafka o Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' ^1 fldß 12& ls%ia;=ka jykafia flfrys

weoys,af,ka isàug wmj fufyhjkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' Wkajykafia

wmg odkh lrk m<uq" m%:u §ukdj fuhhs'

- ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia lshd ms<s.kakd whg" tu tlu Y=oaOd;auhdKka

odkh lrk ;j;a fndfyda §ukd we;' Wkajykafia fuu §ukd wmg odkh

lsÍfï mrud¾:h l=ula o@ lshd mdjq ;=ud úia;r lrhs' — wfkdHkH '''''' ùula

we;' ^1 fldß ( 12-7& fuu §ukd wfma fm!oa.,sl hym; i|yd fkdj fmdÿ

hym; yd ls;=kq ix>fha" Y=' iNdfõ hym; i|yd odkh lrk nj fmkajd

fohs'

39

- ish¨ fokdg ish¨u §ukd fkd,efí' Y= iNdj ;=< úúO ld¾hhka bgq lrk"

úúO mqoa.,hkag" úúO §ukd odkh lrkq ,nhs' fï ish,a, foúhka jykafia

fj;ska meñfKk neúka tajd Wka jykafiaf.au wNsm%dh wkqj Wka jykafiaf.au

fiajh i|yd Ndú; l< hq;=h'

- Y=oaOjQ mdjq ;=ud m%:ufhka m%{dfjka msreKq lÓl Yla;shla yd oek .ekafuka

msreKq lÓl Yla;shla .ek l;d lrhs' fuu ls%hdjka fol tlla fia fmkqko"

th foúêfha ls%hdjka fõ' — m%{dj˜ foúhka jykafia iu. we;s iïnkaO;dj

u; ,efnk Wka jykafia iïnkaO .eUqre i;H;djka oek.ekSfï yelshdj h'

— oekSu˜ tu m%{dj wfma tÈfkod Ôú;fha ls%hdfõ fhoùug yelsùuhs'

- ;jo mdjq¨ ;=ud fuu m%{dj yd oek .ekau ms<s.kakd úYajdih .ek i|yka

lrhs' by; È wms l%sia;=ka jykafiaj foúhka jykafia lshd ms<s.kakd úYajdih

.ek l;d lf<uq' th wms weoys,a, kï O¾u .=Kh lshd kï lruq' fuys wms

m%{dj yd oek.ekSu ms<s.kakd úYajdih .ek l;d lrkafkuq' mdjq¨ ;=ud th

yoj;ska ms<s.kakjd muKla fkdj th ls%hdjg kxjk yelshdj .eko" thg

úYajdijka;j Ôj;aùu .eko i|yka lrhs'

- bkamiq mdjq¨;=ud Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukdjla jk iqj lsÍfï n,h

.ek i|yka lrhs' fuu yelshdj uq,a ls;=kq iNdj ;=< jHdma;j okskakg

,enqKq §ukdjls' wo iNdj ;=<o kej; wms th olsuq'

- bkamiq mdjq¨ ;=ud ydialï lsÍfï yelshdj .ek i|yka lrhs' th hlaIhd ÿ/

lsÍfï yelshdjhs' ta ld,fha ish¨ YdÍßl ÿ¾j,;djka hlaIhdf.a n,mEfuka

we;sjQ úmdl yeáhg i,lkq ,enqfõ h' tu ÿIag wd;auhka ÿre lsÍu Y= iNdfõ

fiajdjka w;r tlla yeáhg i,lkq ,enqfõh' wo;a iNdj ;=< wms fuu

fiajdj olsuq'

- ;jo mdjq¨;=ud Èjeia jelss foiSfï yelshdj .eko úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍfï

yelshdj .eko tu Yíoh myod§fï yelshdj .eko l;d lrhs'

- wo wms Y=oaOd;au §ukd - m%{dj - f;areï .ekSu- oek.ekau oekque;slu- ffO¾hh"

foaj Nla;sh- foaj Nh lshd oek isákafkuq' ls;=kqjl=f.a ðú;h;a Y=oaO iNdfõ

fmdÿ fiajdjka ish,a,;a fuu Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukdu; /£ we;'

- iuyr §ukd foaj fiajdjka iu. iïnkaO §ukd fj;s' tu fiajdjka"

wfmdaia;,sl fiajdj" Èjia foiSfï fiajdj" b.ekaùfï fiajdj" Y=NdrxÑh

foaYkd lsÍfï fiajdj" u`. fmkaùfï fiajdj" jeks úúO ¥; ld¾hhfõ'

40

- ;j;a iuyr jrm%ido" fiajh lsÍu" foaYkd lsÍu" Wkkaÿ lsÍu" ohdfõ ls%hdjka

jeks wjia:dj,È iNdfõ hym; i|yd m%fhdackj;a fjhs' m%{dfjka msreKq

foaYkh" oekSfuka hq;= foaYkh" úYajdih" iqjlsÍfï yelshdj" ydialï lsÍfï

yelshdj"úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍu" wd;au úi£fï yelshdj jeks fiajdjka ;=<

fuu jrm%idofha iyh ,efnhs'

- wjidk jYfhka Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud Y=oaOd;au §ukd w;ßka b;d Wiia §ukdj

keue;s fm%auh .ek l;d lrhs' ish¨u jrm%idohkaj,g moku jkfka fma%uhhs'

fma%uh ke;skï fjk;a lsisu fohlska wks;a iEu fohskau m,la ke;'

- fm%auh keue;s Y=oaOd;au §ukdfõ .=Kdx. myf<djla .ek mdjq¨ ;=ud lshhs'

bjiSu" hym; lsÍu" B¾IHd fkdùu" ;ud mdrÜgq fkdlr.ekSu" Wv`.= fkdùu"

my;a foa fkdlsÍu " ijwd,h fkdne£u" ffjr fkdlsÍu" whym; fkdme;Su"

whymf;a § i;=gq fkdùu " úYajdih n,dfmdfrd;a;=j" is;a ffO¾hh jeks

.=Kdx.fhdah'

- Y='mdjq¨;=ud ;DIaKdjkaj,g úreoaOj Y=oaOjq M, wmg bÈßm;a lrhs' fm%auh"

mS%;sh" iduh" bjiSu" lreKdj hym;alu" úYajdih" uDÿlu yd wd;au oukh

^.,d 5 ( 22&

- fm%auh kï jpkh Y= mdjq¨;=ud — w.dfma˜ hk .S%l jpkfhka wmg y÷kajd

fohs' lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla fkd;ld" wka wh wmg whym;u l<;a" me;=j;a" ta whg

hym; lrk" m;k .=Kdx.hhs' — w.dfma˜ hk jpkfhka i|yka lrkafka'

- mS%;sh hkq jpkfha w¾:h wkqj fuf,dj jia;=j,ska we;sjk i;=g fkdfjhs'

fuh foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk jrm%idohls'

- iduh kï" rKavq onr fkdue;s ksid oefkk iduh fkdj" foúhka jykafiaf.ka

,efnk iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;=<ska ,efnk iduhhs'

- bjiSu hkqfjka wmg W.kajkafka" wka wh wmg whym; l<;a" m<s.ekSug

isf;a bv fkd§ foúhka jykafia wmg iudj odkh lrkakdla fuka wmg

whym; lrk whg mjd iudj §uhs'

- hym;alu - ls%ia;=ia jykafia mõldrhka fj; oelajQ ohdj lreKdj fuu jpk

;=,ska woyia lrhs'

- úYajdijka;lu - wka whf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSu yd wka whg úYajdijka;

ùu'

- uDÿlu- ;ud.ek fkdis;d wka wh flfrys olajk lreKdj - ie,ls,sjka;

lu fuu jpkfhka woyia lrhs'

41

- wd;au oukh kï ;udf.a ye`.Sï md,kh lsÍu yd wka wh bÈßfha ne.Em;aùu

jeks .=Kdx. ñka woyia fõ'

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

mshjr 1- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh .ek l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'

mshjr 2 - mdjq¨;=uf.a O¾u¥; .uka .ek idlÉPd lrkak

mshjr 3- mdjq¨;=udf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï .ek idlÉPd lrkak'

uQ,dY% -

• New Jerome Biblical Commentary

• Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h

• Alan Schreck f.a zz The Compact Histroy of the Catholic Church"

• J.W.C fjdkaâ' uq,a hq.fha ls%ia;= Ydik b;sydih ls%'j' 500 olajd&" mßj¾;kh(

ms<su;,dfõ ,xld foajO¾u Ydia;%d,h" jeia,s uqøKd,h" fld<U 06" 1972'

• uydpd¾h G.P.V fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh

• JEDIN Hubert, History of the Church, Vols I-X , Crossroad, New York, 1989.

• LAUX John, M.A,Church History, Tan Books and Publishers, Illionois, 1989.

• Walker williston, A History of the Christian Church, Charles Scribner's Sons, New

york . 1985

42

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd .ksuska j¾;udk

iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( iNd msh hq.h ;=< ls;=kq iNdfõ j¾Okh yodrhs


bf.kqï M, (

² m%Odk uka;%K iNd ms<sn|j yodrhs'

² iNd mshjreka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .kshs'

² iNd msh Èúh ;u Èúhg wdo¾Yhla lr .kshs'


6'2'1 m%Odk uka;%K iNd

frdau wêrdcHh ;=< ishjia fol ;=kl muK ld,hla ls;=kqjkag tfrysj

meje;s oreKq mSvk ld,h fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchdf.a md,kh yd ñ,dka

wd{dj iu`. ls%' j' 112-113 muK ld,fha § wjika úh' fuu mSvk ld,h ;=<

úúO wêrdcjre ls;=kqjka u¾okh lsßfuys ,d b;d oeä ls%hd ud¾. .;ay' iNd

mshjreka fmkajd fok mßÈ fuf,i ls;=kq iNdj u¾okh lsÍug .;a mshjr

tys j¾Okhg fya;=jk whqrska foúhka jykafia ie,iqï l< fial' g¾gq,shka

keue;s iNd msh;=ud ;u lD;shl i|yka lrk mßÈ —m%dKmß;Hd.skaf.a reêrh

ls;= oyfï îch˜ njg m;aúh'

ls;=kq iNdjg t,a, jQ fujeks ndysr mSvd yd n,mEïj,g jvd oreKq mSvd yd

n,mEï ls;=kq iNdj ;=<skau yg .ekSu iNd ud;dj b;d oeä wmyiq;djhlg

m;a lf,ah' tkï O¾uh yd úkh kS;s Í;s ms<sn|j we;sjq fkdfhla .eg,q yd

u;fNaoh' úfYaIfhkau O¾uh ms<sn|j ìys jQ fõo fNaosl u; ke;fyd;a

ÿ¾u; iNdj ;=< wjq,a úhjq,a we;s lsÍug uq,a úh' tu w¾nqo iNdfõ tal;ajhg

muKla fkdj wêrdcHfha tal;ajhg yd iduhg ;¾ckhla úh'

tjeks wjia:dj, § ls;=kq iNdfõ fõo i;H;djka myod §ug;a fõo fNaÈl

u;j, we;s jerÈnj fmkajd §ug;a tajd fy<d oelSug;a uka;%K iNd le|ùug

isÿúh' fuu uka;%K iNd ye¢kajQfha tajd meje;ajQ ia:dkfha kñkah' WodyrKhla

f,i zkssishdyS uka;%K iNdjZ fmkajdÈh yelsh' fmdÿfõ .;a l< uka;%K

iNdjla le|ùu" fufyhùu yd wkqu; lsÍu Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a uQ,sl

ld¾hNdrh fõ' Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud fyda t;=udf.a ksfhdað;fhl= fyda fuu

uka;%K iNd i|yd wksjd¾Hfhkau iyNd.s úh' fï wkqj Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a

43

wkque;sh rys;j wdrïNjQ lsisu uka;%K iNdjla ks, jYfhka j,x.= fkdfõ'

fïjd zfidrekaf.a uka;%K iNd˜ f,i ye¢kafõ' tkuq;a iNdfõ uq,a hq.j,

frdau wêrdcH md,kh fya;=fldg f.k uka;%K iNd meje;aùfï§ jqjo jeä

n,;,hla tjlg isá wêrdchd i;=jQ wjia:d o oelsh yelsh' WodyrKhla

f,i zksishdyS uka;%K iNdj˜ tjlg isá fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd úiska

le|jkq ,eîu fmkajdÈh yelsh'

iNdfõ ishÆ uka;%K iNdj,g mQ¾jdo¾Yhla jQfha ls%'j' 50 - 51 § wfmdia;= jreka

úiska fcrei,fuys mj;ajk ,o uka;%K iNdj h ^ls%hd 15 ( 1 - 11&b;sydih

fuh y÷kajkafka wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a /iaùula f,ih' iNdjg we;=¿jk

wkH cd;slhka p¾ufÊokh l< hq;=o hk m%Yakh úi|d .ekSu i|yd th

mj;ajk ,§'

bka miqj 4 jk ishji f;la iNdj jHdma; jQ úúO m%foaYj, mek ke.=K

m%dfoaYSh .eg¨ tu m%foaYj, iNd kdhlhka tlaù idlÉPd lr ksrdlrKh

lr.ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka uka;%K iNd lsmhlau fkdfhla m%foaYj,

mj;ajd we;' tajd m%dfoaYSh rdc.=re ixio fyj;a (Synods) f,i ye¢kafõ'

y;rjk ishjk jkúg iNdj ;=< ìysjQ m%Odk fõo fNao lsysmhla ksid jir

150 la muK ld,hla ;=< § uka;%K iNd y;rla meje;aùug isÿúh' fï uka;%K

iNd y;ru iNdfõ uq,a hq.hg whs;s fõ' fïjd c.;a uka;%K iNd f,i o

ye|skafõ' thg fya;=j tjlg iNdfõ isá ish¨u fmfoiaj,ska

rdc.=rem%idÈjreka fujdg iyNd.sùu i|yd le|jkq ,eîuhs' ;jo tajd

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a wkqoekqu we;sj meje;ajQ w;r tu ;SrK iaÓr lsÍug

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a wkque;sh ,nd .;af;a h'

fï uq,a c.;a uka;%K iNd le|ùfï § wêrdchdf.a o ueosy;aùu meyeÈ,sj

oelsh yelsh' oi; úysÈ .sh frdau wêrdcHfha tlai;aNdjh wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a"

iNdfõ f,!lsl md,lhd jYfhka iNdj /l.ekSu;a hk mrud¾: we;sj

wêrdchd fuu uka;%K iNd /ialsÍu i|yd fmruqK f.k ls%hd lf<ah' ;jo

fïjd u`.ska Tyq foaYmd,k m%fhdack ,nd.ekSug W;aidy l< nj fndfyda

fokdf.a u;hhs'

uq,a hq.fha uka;%K iNd y;ru mj;ajk ,oafoa wêrdcHfha fmrÈ. m%foaYhg

whs;s k.rj,h' wdrïNl hq.fha § iNdj jeä jYfhka fuu m%foaYj, jHdma;

ùu;a wêrdchd Tyqf.a kj w.kqjr jk fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha jdih lsÍug

hEu;a tu uka;%K iNd fmrÈ. k.rj, meje;aùug m%Odk fya;= jYfhka

fmkajd Èh yelsh'

44

ls%' j 325-451 olajd c.;a uka;%K iNd i;rla mj;ajd we;' tajd y÷kajd

we;af;a tu uka;%K iNd mj;ajk ,o k.rj, kï j,ska h' miq ld,hl

mj;ajk ,o c.;a uka;%K iNd i;r fufia h'

1' khsiSk uka;%K iNdj ^ls%'j 325&

2' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j 381&

3' tmSiSfha uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j 431&

4' le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j' 451&

fuu uka;%K iNd meje;aùug ;=vq ÿka lreKq iy tajd meje;ajQ miqìu ms<sn|j

jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla úuid ne,Su fhda.H fõ' fuf,i lreKq úuiSfï §

uka;%K iNd meje;aùug ;=vq ÿka fya;= lsysmhls'

1' ls;=Kq oyu yd úYajdih ms<sn| iNd b.ekaùu ks¾jpkh lsÍu'

2' iNd b.ekaùï lemùfuka m%ldY lsÍu yd b.ekaùu

3' iNd b.ekaùï ldf,daÑ;j yd ksjerÈ wdldrfhka m%;sixialrKh

lsÍu'

by; i|yka c.;a uka;%K iNd ls%ia;=fõ§ uka;%K iNd f,i o y÷kajkq

,efí' tajd tf,i y÷kajkafka ls%ia;=fõ§ u;fNao iu;hlg m;a lsÍu tajdfha

uQ,sl wruqKùuhs' ke;fyd;a ls%ia;=ka jykafia ms<sn| ÿ¾u;jd§ka bÈßm;a l<

iNdfõ b.ekaúïj,g mgyeKs u; yd b.ekaùï wOHhkh lsÍu" m%;slafIam

lsÍu yd iNdfõ iïu; ksjerÈ oyu fmkajd§u fuu uq,au uka;%K iNdj,

uQ,sl ld¾hh úh'

khsiSk uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Nicea& ls%'j 325

miqìu

fuu uka;%K iNdj meje;aùug uQ,sl miqìu jQfha taßhka jdoh hs' ^Arianism&

fuys ks¾ud;Djrhd jk taßhia (Arius) keue;s ls;=kq mQcljrhd ls%' j 310 §

muK we,elaiekaä%hdfõ Ôj;a jQfjls' taßhia iNdfõ m%Odk b.ekaùïj,g

úreoaOj ;¾l lf<a h' Tyqf.a m%Odk ;¾lh jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka

jykafiaf.a ;j;a ueú,a,la njhs' tfyhska ls%ia;=ka jykafia g ienE ÈjHuh

iajrEmhla fkdue;s nj;a mshdKka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh fjk wfhl=g mejßh

fkdyels nj;a Tyq mejiqfõh'

taßhia fuu woyia ;jÿrg;a f.k hñka mq;%hdKka ueùfï m%:uhd nj;a

tneúka Tyq foaj ¥;hkag jvd Wiia nj;a mejiSh' flfia fj;;a mq;%hdKka

foúmshdKkag jvd my;a nj ;rfha lshd isáfhah ^Subordinationism& ls%ia;=ka

45

jykafia i¾j n,OdÍ foúhka jykafiag iudk fkdjk nj taßhka

;¾ljd§kaf.a u;h úh' ÿla ú£u yd urKh ;=< fõokd ú¢k ñÿïlre ls%ia;=ka

jykafia foúhka jykafia úh fkdyels nj taßhiaf.a ;SrKhhs' ^Docetism&

ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka yd ñksid w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lrk ueÈy;alrejl=

muKla jk nj Tyqf.a u;hhs' Tyq Y=oaOjQ ;S%;ajh ms<sn|j;a jerÈ u; lsysmhla

b.eka jQfhah' Tyqf.a O¾u úfrdaê u;j,g wkqj Y=' ;s%;ajh nqoaêuh ixl,amhla

muKs' we;af;a tlu iod;ksl foú flfkls' tkï foú mshdKka jykafia

muKs' fÊiqia jykafia Wkajykafiaf.a mq;%hd jqj;a t;=ud ujk ,o flfkls'

ueú,af,a úYsIag ueú,a, t;=udKka jQj;a t;=uka ;=< foaj;ajhla fkd ue;'

tneúka t;=udg foaj mq;%hd hehs lsj fkd yels h' Y=oaOd;auhdKka o foú

flfkla fkdfõ' t;=uka o ujk ,oaols'

taßhia fï u; ;eka ;ekaj, foaYkd l<d ñi tajd f,aLk .; lf<a ke;'

tkuq;a miq lf,l fïjd f,aLk .; l< w;r tajd j,ska o b;sß ù ;sfnkafka

;f,hshd ^Thaleia& kñka y÷kajk .S; lsysmhl fldgia muKh' fuu

.S;fhka lshfjkafka mq;%hdKkaf.a O¾ñIaGNdjh ksid foaj mq;%hd kue;s

kduh Tyqg ÿka nj;a t;=ud ;s%;ajfha fojeks ;ekeka jykafia jqj;a mshdKka

jykafia fuka iodld,sl fkd jk njhs''

fujeks u; ls;=kq fõo i;H;djka úlD;s lsÍula úh' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

foaj;aajh m%;slafIam lsßu ksid Wkajykafia f,djg Wreulr ÿka úuqla;sh

w¾: úrys; lsÍula úh' wdrïNfha § u wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrh oerE Y='

isß,a ro.=re ;=ud úiska Tyqf.a b.ekaùï fõofNaÈl u; nj fmkajd fok ,§'

tf,iu tajd m%;slafIam lrk ,§' tfy;a miqj ksfldafïähdfõ ^Nicomedia&

ro.=rej isá tõfiaìhia ;=ud úiska wkq.dñlhka f.a iydh we;sj fï fõofNaÈl

u; wêrdcHfha fmrÈ. m%foaYj, jHdma; flßKs'

uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu'

fï ms<sn|j ckhd w;r u;fNao we;s úh' wêrdcHfha tlai;alu yd iduh

wdrlaId lr.ekSu wruqKq fldg uyd uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug fldkaia;ka;Skq

wêrdchd bÈßm;a úh' tjlg mdma OQrh oerE is,afjiag¾ mdma;=udf.a wkque;sh

we;sj ls%'j 325 ksishdfõ § fuu c.;a uka;%K iNdj mj;ajk ,§' wêrdcHfha

fkdfhla m%foaYj,ska meñKs rdc.=re m%id§jre 300 l muK ixLHdjla fuhg

iyNd.s jQy'

ksfldïähdfõ ro.=re jQ tõfiaìhia ;=ud úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o tßhiaf.a u;

tfld<yu uka;%K iNdj úiska m%;slafIam lrk ,È' tu u; ksjerÈ lrñka

46

iNdfõ fõo i;H;djka miq ld,hl úYajdi ,laIKhlg wvx.= lr bÈßm;a

lrk ,oafoa fufiah' —ms;d mq;%hd" Y=oaOd;auhdKka flfrys úYajdi lruq'

foúhkaf.ka tal cks; mq;%hdKka o jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhkaf.a

foúfhda o" ienE foúhka o nj;a" cks;jQ kuq;a ujkq fkd ,en mshdKka iu.

tlu Nj;ajh ^of the Same Substance) we;sj jev isgk nj;a úYajdi lruq'˜

fï lreKq ls;=kq foaj O¾ufha b.ekaùï wkqj ilia lsÍug úfYaIfhkau

wkqyi ,enqfõ we,elaiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re;=ukaf.a iydhl jQ Y=' we;kdishqia

;=udf.a woyia wkqj h' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj iajNdjh ms<sn|j t;=ud

bÈßm;a l< —Homo - ousiosZ fyj;a mshdKka iu. tlu Nj;ajh we;sj hk

ixl,amh iNdfõ fõo i;H;djla njg m;aúh'

fuu uka;%K iNdfõ È úkh kS;s Í;s ms<sn|j .;a ;SrK

1' taßhia yd Tyqf.a m%Odk wkq.dñlhska iNdfjka fkrmd oeóu'

2' mYapd;amsljQ m%isoaO mõlrejka iNdj kej; ms<s.ekSu'

3' fõo fNaÈl woyia oerE wh kej; iNdjg we;=<;a lr .eksfï § kej;

m%ido iakdmkh §u wkjYH nj'

4' mdial= ux.,H ms<sn|j kshñ; Èkhla iaÓr lsÍu'

5' mqcljreka i|yd úkh kS;s mekùu'

6' ckjkaokdj" ÈjH mqcdj meje;aùu ms<sn|j wjYH kS;s Í;s ud,djla bÈßm;a

lsÍu'

7' frdauh" wka;sfhdalsh" we,elaiekaä%hdj hk k.r ;=fka ro.=rejrekag úfYaI

md,k n,hla mejÍu'

8' fcrei,fï ro.=re;=ukag úfYaI f.!rjhla ,nd§u'

by; i|yka lreKq iNd iïu; kS;s njg m;aúh' flfia fj;;a taßhka fõo

fNaoh ñka ksudjg m;a fkd ùh' taßhiag iyh ÿka Tyqf.a wkq.dñlfhda iNd

fNaohla we;s lrñka wêrdcHh ;=< fkdfhla wdrjq,a we;s l<y' tu ksid fuu

fõo fNao uq,a lrf.k kej; jrla uka;%K iNdjla ls%' j' 381 È meje;ajqKs'

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Constantinople& ls%' j' 381

miqìu

taßhka fõo fNaoh ksishdfõ uka;%K iNdfjka miqj" by; i|yka l< mßÈ

wjika jQfha ke;' ksfldafïähdfõ ro.=re;=uka jQ tõfiaìhia yd Tyqf.a

wkq.dñlhka úiska fuh iq¿ wdishdfõ fkdfhla m%foaYj, m;=rjk ,§'

wêrdchd ;ukaf.a mlaIhg kïud f.k iNdjg mlaImd; jQ ro.=re;=uka,d

fkrmd oud taßhka u; ork wh ta i|yd m;alr .ekSug fudjqyq iu;a jQy'

47

we,elaiekaä%hdfõ Y=' we;kdishqia ;=ud tßhkajdÈkag tfrysj igka l<

mqfrda.dñhd úh' iNdfõ O¾uh wdrlaId lr .ekSug fjfyi oerE t;=ukag

fkdfhla ÿla lror ú£ug isÿúh'

fuys§ taßhka fõo fNaoh yd iu. mek ke`.=Kq ;j;a ÿ¾u;hlaa kï wm%Odk;d

jdohhs' ^Subordinationism& ;s%;ajfha jev jik ÈjHuh jpkh mq;%hdKka

ksid mshdKka jk foúhka jykafia yd ls%ia;+ka jykafia iudk ;;a;ajhl

fkd isák nj fuhska woyia flf¾' tfiau Y=oaOd;auhdKka fï fofokd

jykafiagu jvd my;a njo m%ldY lrhs' ^Eunomianism and Macedonianism&

fï fofokd jykafia m%Odk lñka fojk yd ;=kajk ;ek .kafkdah" hk

woyi bÈßm;a lrhs' ;s%;ajfha tla jykafia kula fï wdldrhg my< uÜgulg

oeóu fõo fNa§ ÿ¾u;hla f,i ie,fla' taßhkajd§ o¾Ykhlg iudklï

lshk fuh ls%'j' 325 È ksishd uka;%K iNdfõ§ m%;sfCIam lrk ,§'

uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu

fuu fõo fNaoh ksid iNdfõ tal;ajhg o wêrdcHfha tlai;a Ndjhg yd

iduhg o th ndOdjla úh' fuh wjfndaO lr.;a ;sfhdafvdaishia Theodoisius&

wêrdchd ls%'j' 381 È fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha È 2 jk uka;%K iNdj

le|ùug mdma ;=udf.ka wjirh ,nd .kakd ,§' fmrÈ. m%foaYj,ska ro.=rejreka

180 fofkla muK fuhg iyNd.s ù we;' mdma;=udf.a wkque;sh we;sj meje;ajqK

fï uka;%K iNdfõ § ksishdkq uka;%K iNdj úiska bÈßm;a l< O¾uh kej;

iaÓr lrk ,§' úfYaIfhkau tysÈ iïu; jQ mshdKka iu. ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

tlu Nj;ajh hk foaj Od¾ñl ixl,amh wksjd¾hfhau iaÓr úh' oekg ÈjH

mQcfõ È WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nk ksishdkq úYajdi ,laIKh ^Nicean Creed&

Ndú; lsÍug ksfhda. lrk ,oafoa fï uka;%K iNdfõ § h'

iNdfõ úkh yd md,kh ms<sn|j fuys § .;a ;SrKhla miqld,hl w¾nqohlg

u`. me¥ lreKla úh' tkï —fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha ro.=re ;=ukaf.a ;k;=r

frdaufha ro.=re ;=ukaf.a ;k;=rg muKla fojeks ;ek .ekSu˜' hk m%ldYkh

fujeks ;SrKhla .ekSug yelsjqfha wmrÈ. ^frdau& m%foaYj, ro.=re;=uka,d

fuu uka;%K iNdjg iyNd.s fkdjQ ksid nj i|yka fõ' tksid yhjeks

ishji f;la fuh c.;a uka;%K iNdjla f,i wmrÈ. m%foaYj,ska ms<s.ekSu

m%udo úh'

48

tamsifha uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Ephesus& ls%' j 431

miqìu

fldkaia;ksfkdam,fha ro.=re OQrh oerE fkiafgdaßhia úiska ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

foaj;ajh .ek;a" Wka jykafia ;=< ukqIh;ajh yd foaj;ajh iïnkaO ùu

.ek;a" jerÈ u; bÈßm;a lf<ah' ta wkqj Tyqf.a u;h jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia

;=< foaj iajNdjh;a ukqIH iajNdjh;a fjka fjka jYfhka mej;s njh' ta

wkqj Wka jykafia mqoa.,hska fofofkls' ke;fyd;a foaj fm!reIh yd ñksia

fm!reIh jYfhka mqoa.,hka fofofkla ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< jev isák nj

Tyq m%ldY lf<ah' ußh ;=ñhf.a l=ifhys ms<sis| .;af;a ukqIH iajNdjfhka

hqla; jQ ls%ia;=ka jykafia muKls' tneúka ußh ;=ñ foõ uj fkdj ^Non-

Theotokos) fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia hk ñksidf.a uj ^Christo-tokos) muKla nj;a

ÈjH i;am%idoh ;=<ska wm ,nkafka fÊiqia hk ñksidj muKla nj;a Tyqf.a

u;h úh' foúhka jykafiag iïnkaOj we;af;a fÊiqis jykafiaf.a foaj

iajNdjh muKla h hk u;h fkiafgdaßhia bÈßm;a lf<a h'

ÿ¾u;Odßhl= jYfhka" i<ld tamSisfha meje;ajQ iïfï,kfha § fy<d olsk ,o

fkiafgdaßhia isßhdfõ fc¾udksIshd ^Germanicia) kï .fï ls%'j 381 § Wm;

,oafols' Tyq foaj O¾uh bf.k .;af;a fudmaiqfjiaáhdfõ f;fhdfoda¾

^Theodore of Mopsuestia) hgf;a h ' fkiafgdaßhia ls%' j 428 § fldkaia;ksfkdam,a

kqjr ro.=re moúhg m;aúh' moúh ,;a ú.i taßhka jdoh yd fkdjdishka

jdohg ^Noatianism) tfrysj igkla Èh;a lf<ah'

tf,iu Tyq ußhdjka ^THEO - TOKOS) fyj;a foú÷ka ord isáh ;eke;a;S

hehs iNdfõ iuyreka oelajQ m%ldYhg úreoaO úh' fkiafgdaßhia fuu u;h

bÈßm;a lsÍu lsid ls%'j' 431 § tmSifha meje;ajq uka;%K iNdfõ § ÿ¾u;Odßhl=

jYfhka fy<d oelSug ,laúh' ls%'j' 451 È by< ñirfha È ñh .shnj b;sydifha

i|yka fõ'


we,elaiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrh oerE Y=' isß,a;=ud fõo fNaoh jHdm;aùu oek.;a

úg tajd .eUqre f,i wOHhkh lr iNdfõ ksjerÈ u; fmkajd ÿka f,aLkhla

fif,iaáka mdma;=uka ^Celestine) fj; hjk ,§' mdma;=ud th úu¾Ykh

lsÍfuka miqj isß,a ;=ud iNdfõ O¾uh ksjerosj myod oS we;s nj;a" fkiafgdarshia

iNdfõ ms<s.;a ksjeros u; osk oyhla ;=< oS ms<s.; hq;= nj;a tfia fkdl<

fyd;a ro.=re OQrfhka Tyqj fkrmd ouk nj;a okajk ,§' túg fkiafgdaßhia

mdma;=ukaf.a ;SrKhg tl`. fkdù wêrdchdf.a msysg me;Sh' túg fojk

;sfhdafvdaishia wêrdchd fuu .eg¨j úi|d .ekSu i|yd uka;%K iNdjla

49

le|ùu .ek mdma;=ukag okajk ,§' ta wkqj ls%'j' 431 § tamsisfha uka;%K iNdj

meje;aúKs'

fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § .;a ;SrK

fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq jQfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a

mqoa.,Ndjh fyda fm!reIh ms<sn|j hs' fulS ldrKdj ms<sn| fkiafgdaßhiaf.a

u;h iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;slafIam lrk ,§' fï wkqj fuu uka;%K iNdfõ §

.;a uQ,sl ;SrK y;rls'

1' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< we;af;a tl fm!reIhls' tkï t;=udfKda tl

mqoa.,fhla jkakdy'

2' t;=uka ;=< foaj iajNdjh;a ukqIH iajNdjh;a taldnoaOj mj;S'

3' t;=uka ienE foaj mq;%hd jk w;r ienE ukqIH mq;%hd o fõ'

4' ußh ;=ñhf.a l=ifhys ukqlh f.k ms<sis| .;af;a foaj mq;%hd jk fÊiqia

ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid t;=ñhg foõ uj ^Theo-tokos& hehs lsj yels fõ'

fmdÿ ckhd úiska fuu ;SrK b;d cfhda;aijfhka hq;=j ms<s.kakd ,§' fuf,i

ußh ;=ñh foõ uj f,i uq¿ iNdju ms<s.ekSu foajud;d Nla;sfha j¾Okhg

buy;a rel=<la úh' ußh oyug^Mariology& fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï

;=<ska m%n, mkakrhla ,enqKs'

tmsisfha uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK fkd ms<s.;a fkiafgdaßhiaj iNdfjka fkrmk

,§' wêrdcHfhka o msgqjy,a lrk ,o Tyq ;u fkiafgdaßhdkq ls%ia;= O¾uh

m¾ishdj ;=< m%pdrh lf<a h'

le,aisfvdaka uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Chalsidon& ls%' j 451

miqìu

túália $túflalshka jdoh - EUTYCHIANISM

túàlia ^Eutyches& kue;s fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha ;dmihl= úiska ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a iajNdjh ms<sn|j m%pdrh lrk ,o fNaÈl u;hla fuu uka;%K

iNdj meje;aùug fya;= idOl úh' Tyqf.a u;h jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=<

we;af;a tlu foaj iajNdjhla muKla jk w;r ukqIH iajNdjfha ud;%hla

muKla t;=uka ;=< we;s nj h' fuh túàlshka jdoh ^Eutychianism& yd

fudks*sáhka jdoh ^Monophysitism& f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuh ls%ia;= ;=uka

;=< taldnoaOj ;snQ ukqIH iajNdjh m%;sflaIm lsÍuls'

50

udxY.; ùfuka miq ls%ia;=ka jykafiag jQfha tl iajNdjhla muKla nj

Tyqf.a woyi úh' th ÈjHuh iajNdjh úh' fuh ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh

ukqIh;ajh m%;slfIam lsÍu ksid tla;rd wkaoul tl iajrEmhl jdohls'

fuu ÿ¾u;jdoh m%;sfCIam lrñka ls%ia;=ka jykafia ienE iajrEm folla .kakd

nj le,aisfvdka iNdfõ§ ;yjqre flßKs'


fuu fõo fNaÈl ixl,amh idudkH ckhd w;r jHdma; ùu;a iu. ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a iajNdjh ms<sn| hï hï m%Yak we;súh' túg fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha

ro.=re OQrh oerE maf,aúhka ;=ud úiska túáliaf.a u;h fõo fNaohla f,i

fmkajd fok ,§' tkuq;a ;u u;h fõo fNaÈl u;hla f,i ms<s.ekSug Tyq

wlue;súh' iNdfõ kS;s Í;sj,g wkqj Tyqj iNdfjka fkrmd oeóug fuh

fya;=jla úh' túg túàlia ;u u;h ksjerÈ nj lshd wêrdchdf.a iyh

me;Sh'

bkamiqj ls%' j 451 È i;rjk uka;%K iNdj le|jk ,§' fuh le,aisfvdka hk

k.rfha meje;ajqKq ksid le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' wdishdfõ

fndfyda m%foaYj, ro.=rejre fuhg iyNd.s jQ w;r frdaufha ro.=rejrhdf.a

ksfhdað;fhla o fï i|yd tjd ;snqKs' fuu iïfï,kh je.;a jkafka tysos

ksl=;a l< zz le,aisfvdaka ksrajpkhZZ ksidh ' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajfhka

Wka jykafiaf.a ukqIH;ajh fjka fkd l< yels nj;a" tuksid Wka jykafia

ienE foúfhda o ienE ukqIHhd o jk nj;a le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdfõ

ia:djrh úh' fufia túàliaf.a u;h m%;slafIam flßKs'

fuu iïuka;%Kfha § khsiskq weoys,s iïnkaO m%ldYh ;jÿrg;a iïu; flßKs'

ta w;r wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud f.a ,smsh o ,sfhda ;=udf.a u;h o .ek

m%Yak u;= úh' isß,a ;=udf.a m%ldYh wkqj ls%ia;=ka jykafia iajNdj follska

bÈßm;a jQ w;r ,sfhda ;=udf.a u;h wkqj ziajNdj folla ;=<Z hkak i|yka

úh' fï ksid iNdfõ m%Odk msßi ls%ia;=ka jykafia tl mqoa.,fhla yd iajNdj

folla we;af;la f,i úia;r l<y' ijNdj fol wdrlaId jqfha tl fmkqula

^Prosopon& iy tl Wmia:djla Hypostasis& jQ ksid h' fï wkqj tl foaj;ajh;a

foú ñksia iajNdjh;a ueú,a,g fmr jev úiQ nj;a lkHd Wm;;a ms<s.eKqks'

51

6'2'2 iNd mshjre

iNd msfhla hkq ljfrla o@

uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ks¾u, ls;= oyu yd úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd b.ekaùfuka"

foaYkdfjka" yd f,aLklrKfhka odhl jQ uq,a W.=;=ka msßi iNd mshjreka

f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' iNd msfhla hkq ljfrlao@ ms<sn| m%:u úoHd;aul

ks¾jpkh f,ßkaiays úkaikaÜ ^Vincent of Lerins& úiska ls%'j 434 È bÈßm;a

lrk ,§' fuu ks¾jpkh mdol fldgf.k Y=oaO jQ iNd ud;dj ;u ks¾jpkh

bÈßm;a lrkakSh' ta wkqj uq,a hq.fha ls;=kq f,aLlhl= iNd mshla= jYfhka kï

lsÍfï § i<ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq y;rls'

- bÈßm;a l< O¾ufha ksrjoH Ndjh Ôrthodoxy&

- Y=oaOj;a ðú;h ^Sanctity&

- Y=oaOjq iNdfõ wkque;sh Âpostolicity&

- ðj;ajQ ld, jljdkqj Ântiquity&

uq,a ls;=kq f,aLlhka —msahjrekaZ f,i y÷kajkafka wehs @

msh;=ud hk jpkh lf;da,sl iNdfjka ksl=;a jQjls' tfiau th ro.=re;=ul=

f.!rjdkaú;j ye¢kaùu msKsi fhdod .kakd ,§' ;u f.da,hkaf.a wdOHd;añl

fm!reI;ajh f.dvk.d .ekSfuys ,d .=re;=ud fnfyúka odhl jQ neúka t;=udj

mshd f,i i,lhs' fuf,i .=re;=ud mshl= f,i y÷kajd §u bmerKs ñksiqka

úiska l< ls%hdjls' fï ksidu iNdfõ b.ekaùfï ld¾hh mejfrk ro.=rejrekao

mshd hk kñka ye¢kaùu iNd b;sydifha oelsh yel'

Wod - ls%'j' 251 § muK Ôj;a jQ ism%shdkq ro.=re;=ud y÷kajd§ we;af;a isms%hdka

mdmd^ msh;=ud& hkqfjks'

fï wdldrfhka iNdfõ uq,a ls;=kq f,aLlhkaf.a uQ,sl ld¾hh ls;=kq O¾uh

b.ekaùu jQ neúka Tjqkajo mshjreka f,i y÷kajkq ,eîKs' .S%l iNd mshjreka

f,i we;fkaishia neis,a ;=ud" ls%fidiagua ;=ud" wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud

hk wh i|yka l< yels h' ,;ska mshjreka f,i ys,ß ;=ud" fcfrdï ;=ud"

wïfn%dia;=ud" wf.dia;Skq;=ud hk wh i|yka l< yelsh' bka wk;=/j

wdïfn%dia;=ud" fcfrdï;=ud wf.dia;Skq ;=ud yd f.%.ß ;=ud hk wh uy

iNdmshjre f,i ks, jYfhka m%:u j;djg 8 jk fndks*ia Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ud úiska kï lrk ,§'

52

iNdmsh hq.h

iNdmshjrekaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh yd Tjqka ;u j.lSfuys kshe¨Kq ld, mßÉfþoh

1 ishjfia isg 8 jk ishji olajd f,i i|yka fõ' ke;fyd;a

wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.ka miq ld,fha isg wgjk ishjfia w.Nd.h olajd we;s

ld, mßÉfþoh iNdmsh hq.h f,i i|yka l< yels h'

iNdmsh ld¾hh

cqod wd.ñka yd wkH wd.ï ;=<ska ke.=Kq m%YaKj,g ms<s;=r iúia;r

f,i oelaùu iNdmsh ld¾hh úh' Tjqyq fndfyda úg wêldÍ n,hlska ls%hd

l<y' fï wh iNdfõ ks, n,fhka m;ajQ ro.=rejre jQy'

ks¾u, ls;= oyu kj .súiqug wkqj wdrlaId lsÍu Tjqkaf.a mru hq;=lu

úh' Tjqkaf.a m%Odk ld¾hh jqfha b.ekaùuhs' iNdj ms<sn| yd tys O¾uh ms<sn|

ft;sydisl mokula oeóug Tjqkag yelsúh' fï whf.a foaYk yd ,sheú,s

u`.ska ls%ia;shdks iïm%odh wdrlaId jQjd muKla fkdj ls;= oyu ;j ;j;a

j¾Okh úh' Tjqka .; l< Y=oaOj;a ðú;h thg m%Odk fya;=jla úh' iNd

mshjreka ms<sn| wOHhkh hkq úYajdih ;+< foú÷kaf.a oekqu j¾Okh lrk

úoHdjls' úêu;a l%u fõohla mokï lrf.k uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ls%ia;shdkSka

oekqj;a lsÍfuys ,d fkdfhla úg foaYkd l< yd úúO foa rpkd l< iNd

f,aLlhka yeoEÍu fuys uQ,sl wruqKhs' fï wkqj iNd mshjrekaf.a ,sms f,aLk

u.ska bÈßm;a l< b.ekaùï iNd msh O¾uh ^PATROLOGY & fyj;a iNd msh

idys;Hh f,i ye¢kafõ'

iNdmsh idys;H NdIdj

fuu iNdmsh idys;H lD;s fojk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jkf;la .s%la

NdIdfjka ,sheú ;sfnk w;r miqj ,;ska NdIdfjkao tajd ,sheú we;' tneúka

iNd mshjreka tu lD;s f,aLk.; lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< NdIdj wkqj Tjqka

.S%la yd ,;ska mshjreka f,io y\qkajd § we;'

,;ska iNd mshjreka

brfkahia ;=ud

wïfn%daia ;=ud

wf.dia;Skq ;=ud

fcfrdï ;=ud

ciaáka ;=ud

uyd f.%.ß ;=ud

ys,ß ;=ud

53

.S%la iNd mshjreka

isß,a ;=ud ^wef,laiekaä%hdfõ&

neis,a ;=ud

fcdaka ls%fidiagï ;=ud

we;fkaishia ;=ud

f.%.ß kishkaiia ;=ud

b.akdishqia ;=ud wka;sfhdalsfha&

m%dKmß;Hd.S ciaáka ;=ud ^100-165&

2 jk ishji ;=< Ôj;a jQ fudyq ;¾l fõ§ka w;r fYa%IaG;u ;¾l fõÈhd h'

fu;=ud m,ia;Skfha Isflaka kï m%foaYfhka meñKs wfhls' ls%ia;= O¾uh cqod

mßirfhka fy,ksia; iudchg .S%l iudch Hellenistic Society) fiakaÿ ùfuka

o¾Ykjd§kaf.a wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK mEug isÿ úh' tfiau cqod cd;slhkaf.ka

mjd úúO fpdaokd t,a, úh' t;=udf.a ld¾hh jQfha ls%ia;= O¾ufha i;H

o¾Ykh fidhd bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' cqfoõ fyda iudßh fyda mrmqrg fudyq wh;a

fkdjQjo Tyqf.a foudmsfhda wkH wd.ñlfhda jQy' tu ksid fu;=ud wfoajjdÈ

mßirhl ðj;a jQ wfhls' bf.kSu ,enqfõ .S%l iïm%odh ;=< h' iafgdhsla"

weßiafgdag,a" mhs;.ria" maf,afgda hk od¾Ykslhkaf.ka wdNdIh ,;a

.=rejrekaf.ka bf.kSu ,enqfõh' kuq;a fï whf.ka Tyq fijQ i;Hh Tyqg

fidhd .; fkdyels úh' tfy;a ma,efgdksla jdÈkaf.ka muKla wd;añl

iykhg u`. mEÿKqq njla i|yka fõ'

i;Hh fiùfï § iNd b;sydifha úúO .=re l=<j,g wh;a ù fjfyi jqjo

wjidkfha § tmSifha Ôj;a jQ tla;rd ls%ia;= Nla;sl ;reKhl=f.ka ls%ia;=

O¾ufha o¾Ykjd§ ,laIK bf.k .ekaug t;=udg yels úh' bka miq ls%ia;=

O¾uh je<|f.k ñksid .<jd .kakd mßmQ¾K yd i;Hh jQ;a o¾Ykh kï

ienE ls%ia;= o¾Ykh nj wjfndaO lr .;af;a h' tneúka fu;=udf.a m%:u

ld¾hh jQfha ls%ia;shdksldrhka oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd frdaufha o¾Yk mSG lsysmhla

weröuhs'

ls%ia;= O¾uh od¾Ykslj yd ;¾ldkql+,j yeoErE ciaáka ;=ud tjlg frdau

wêrdchdj isá wkaf;dakshqia mshqia ^ Anthonius Pius& keue;a;dg i;H O¾uh

myod foñka ls%ia;shdkskag widOdrK f,i mSvd fkdlrk f,i b,a,d isáfha

h'

54

ciaáka ;=udf.a f,aLk ld¾hh

iNd b;sydih ;=< Tyq úiska ,shk ,o uQ,sl wefmdf,dðia; f,aLk 03 la

i|yka fõ'

1' wkaf;dakshqia mshqia wêrdchdg ,shQ wemf,dðia; f,aLkh

2' frdau fikÜ iNdjg ,shQ wemf,daðia; f,aLkh

3' cqod cd;sl g%hsf*da (Trypho) hk ;eke;a;d w;r we;s jQ ixjdoh yd

iïnkaO f,aLkh

we;fkaishia ;=ud ^ ls%'j 295 -373&

ðú; miqìu

ls%'j 295 § wef,laiekaä%hdfõ Wm; ,o fu;=udf.a fouõmsfhda ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda

jQy' uq,skau ls%ia;shdks wOHdmkhla fkd,enqjo Tyq l=vd l, isgu ;mia ðú;

flfrys we,aula oelajQfõh'

tfy;a W.;a nqoaêu;a wfhla jQ neúka ls%'j' 325 § wef,laiekaä%hdfõ

ro.=rejrhdf.a f,alï njg m;aúh' fuu ;k;=r ksid ksishdkq uka;%K iNdjg

iyNd.s ùug t;=udg bv ,enqKs' fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § tßhka jdohg

úreoaOj l:dlrkakg Tyqg o yelsúh' Tyqf.a Ôú;fha jeä ld,hla ;=< taßhka

jdohg úreoaOj igka lsÍu ksid we;fkaishia .ek l:d lsÍfï § taßhka jdoh

wu;l l< fkdyels h'

ls%'j 328 È wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re ;=udf.ka miqj we;fkaishia ;=udj kj

ro.=re ;=ud f,i m;a lrk ,§' .sys meúÈ fomlaIfhau m%idoh ,enq we;fkaishia

;=ud tðma;=j" ,sìhdj we;=¿ úYd, m<d;lg w.ro.=re f,i m;a lrk ,È'

t;eka isg jir 7 la ;u m%foaYfha ießirñka fik`. Èß.kajñka úYd,

fiajhla lf<ah' wka;jd§ ;¾ckfhka m%foaY fírd .ekSu Tyqf.a tlu wruqK

úh' ÿ¾u;Odßhl= f,i iNdfjka m%;sCIam l< taßhia iNdjg ms<s.kakd f,i

frdau wêrdchd l< n, lsÍïj,g fu;=ud tl`. jQfha ke;'

we;fkaishia ;=udf.a lD;s

;dmidrduj, .;l< ðú;h ;=< fu;=ud úfYaI ld¾hhl fhÿfKah' tkï

fmd;am;a /ila ,shd iNdjg odhdo lsÍuhs' fïjd b;d ir, rpkd úh' tajd

fndfydauhla ,shk ,oafoa taßhiaf.a o¾Ykhg úreoaOjh' fï fmd;a w;ßka

Y=oaOjq nhsn,hg ,shk ,o áldjla ^.egmo újrKhla& b;sßj we;'

fu;=udf.a f,aLkj, úfYaI;ajh jQfha ks;ru jHdx.¾:fhka bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

fudyq nhsn,h ye¢kajQfha ls%ia;= flakaøSh hk f;audj Tiafia h'

55

fu;=ud ,shQ fmd;a w;r ußh;=ñhf.a lkHdNdjh .ek ,shQ fmd;a lSmhla o

we;' taßhka jdohg úreoaOj ls%' j 325 È le|jk ,o ksishdkq iNdfõ § mshdKka

tlu Njd¾:hla we;sj jev isák nj we;fkaishka fmkajd fok ,ofaoa ta

i|yd m%ldYl, Tyqf.a De Decretis Nicaenae Synodi kue;s lD;sh u.skah'

t;=ud úiskau úYajdi ,laIKhla ks¾udKh lrk ,È ( Symboum Athanasii)

fuf,i ksishdkq úYajdi ,laIKfha uq,a mshjr ;enQfõ fu;=udh'

we;fkaishia ;=udf.a foaj O¾uh

fu;=ud by< fmf<a foaj O¾udpd¾hjrfhl= fkdjqk;a foúhka yd mq;%hdKka

ms<sn|j;a ußh;=ñ ms<sn|j;a i;H;djla bÈßm;a lr we;s nj Tyqf.a lD;sa

idlaIs orhs' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia mshdKka yd mq;%hdKka jykafia fj;ska

ksl=;a jk nj bosrsm;a lrk m%ldYkhla ls%ia;shdks idys;Hfha uq,ajrg yuqjkafka

Tyqf.a fmd;aj,h' mshdKka yd mq;%hdKka iod;kfhka jev isák nj mqk

mqkd m%ldY lsÍu Tyqf.a foajO¾ufha úfYaI wx.hls' Tyq mq;%hdKka ye¢kajQfha

ueú,af,a l=¨ÿ,d f,igh'

Y=oaO iyNd.slu fyj;a mQmleãfï fufyfh§ ñÈ hqI yd mQmj,g Y=oaOd;auhdKka

jevu lrk nj Tyq m%ldY lf<a h' lf;da,sl iNdj tu i;H;dj wo;a ta

whqßkau ms<s.kshs'

fcfrdï ;=ud ^ls%'j 342 - 420&

Ôú; miqìu

fcfrdï ;=ud St. Jerome) ls%' j' 342 § wlaú,shdfõ Wm; ,nd frdaufha § uq,sl

wOHdmkh ,nd .;af;a h' vefïfiia mdma;=udf.a f,alïjrhd f,io ál

l,la lghq;= l< fu;=ud ls%'j' 385 § fn;af,fyug f.dia ;u ðú;fha b;sß

ld,fha ;dmihl= f,i ðj;a úh'

vefïiia mdma;=udf.a ^Pope Damasus) b,a,Su mßÈ fu;=ud ls%'j' 386 § Y=oaO jQ

nhsn,h ,;ska NdIdjg l%udkql+,j mßj¾;kh lf<a h' j,af.aÜ ^Vulgate&

kñka y÷kajk fuu mßj¾;kh ksid fu;=udg iNd m`äjrfhl= f,i lS¾;s

kduhla ,nd .ekSug yelsúh' Bg wu;rj nhsn,h yeoEÍug WmldÍ jk .%ka:

lSmhla o fu;=ud úiska iïmdokh lf<ah'

oaú;Sh iïu; .%ka: yd cqfoõ ,sheú,s w;r iïnkaOh .ek f;areï .ekSug

m<uqfjka yelsjQfha fcfrdï ;=udg h' Y=oaOjQ ,sheú,s jYfhka ms<s.; hq;=

fmd;a fm< Canonical Books& úksYaph lsÍu i|yd ls%'j' 397 § ldf;aÊa uka;%K

iNdfõ§ fcfrdï ;=udf.a u`. fmkaùu yd odhl;ajh b;d m%fhdackj;a úh'

56

fcfrdï;=udf.a foaj O¾uh

fcfrdï ;=ud Tß.ka ;=udf.a lD;s ^De Principiis &jeks lD;s ,;ska NdIdjg

mßj¾;kh l< w;r tjeks wd.ñl f,aLlhska .ek f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,shú,a,la

o iïmdokh lf<ah' fuf,i ls%'j' 392 § muK tl, ðj;a jQ iNd fYa%IaGhskaf.a

ðú; l;d we;=,;a —úYsIag mqoa.,hskaf.a ðjk pß;˜ keue;s .%ka:h Tyq úiska

iNd b;sydihg fok ,o odhdohla f,i ie<fla' fmaÿre ;=ukaf.ka mgka

f.k ;ud olajd jQ iNdfõ kdhlhska /ilf.a ðjk pß; 135 la fuu

.%ka:fha wvx.= ù we;' miq l, idka;=jrhkaf.a pß; l:d ,sùug fu;=udf.a

fuu lD;sh mQ¾jdo¾Yhla ù we;'

tfiau ñ;Hd u;OdÍkag úreoaOj b;d fõ.j;a NdId ffY,hlskaa ,sms rpkd

lf<ah' fu;=ud Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a, lshùfuka yd th Ndjkd lsÍfuka ;ud ,enQ

w;aoelSï mdol fldg f.k úúO ,sms f,aLk ,shñka ;u ;dmi ðú;h .; l<

nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ ' ;dmihl= f,i Y=oaO jq foaYfha ;dmidrduhl b;d

ÿIalr ;mia Ôú;hla .; l< fcfrdï ;=ud l%s'j' 420 È tysu ñh .sfha h' úYaIag

nhsn,a úYdrohl= f,i j;auka iNdfõ o Tyq m%lgh'

wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud

Ôú; miqìu

- ls%'j' 376 § Bðma;=fõ § fu;=ud Wm; ,enqfõ h' fu;=ud wef,laiekaä%hdfõ

ro.=re;=ukaj isá ;ssfhda*s,i ;=ukaf.a nEKd úh' wef,laiekaä%hdfõ foajO¾uh

ms<sn| úoHd mSGfha bf.kqu ,enqfõ h'

- ls%'j 412 § ro.=re ;sfhda*s,ia ;=ukaf.a wNdjfhka miqj isß,a ;=ud

wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrhg m;aúh'

- 5 jk ishjfia § fu;=ud b;d m%isoaO O¾udpd¾hjrfhlao úh' ''' foajNla;sh

we;s mdrïmßl ls;=kqjl= jQ fu;=ud ñ:Hd weoys,sj,go" jerÈ m%;sm;a;sj,go

úreoaOj igka lf<a h' fu;=udf.a m%Odk úreoaOjdÈhd jQfha fldkaia;kaks -

fkdam,fha ro.=rejQ fkiafgdaßhka yd Tyq wdrïN l< fkiafgdaßhka jdohhs'

- fkiafgdaßhka" taßhka bÈßm;al< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia foaj mq;%hd fkdfõ hk fõo

fNaohg úreoaOj jdo lr" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh biau;= lr foaYkd lr"

wjidkfha fÊiqia jykafia ;=< foaj;ajh;a" ukqIH;ajh;a we;s nj;a" ußh ;=ó

ukqIH;ajh .;a fÊiqia jykafiaf.a uj muKla nj;a" foaj;ajhla we;s fÊiqia

jykafiaf.a uj fkdjk nj;a mjid isáfha h'

57

- fï fõofNaoh .ek fidhd ne,Sug tmSifha ls%'j' 431 § m<jk fi,ia;shka

mdma jykafia úiska /ialrk ,o c.;a uka;%K iNdfõ § Y=oaO jQ isß,a;=ud

fYa%IaG O¾udpd¾hjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a h'

- fÊiqia jykafia foaj;ajh;a" ukqIH;ajh;a we;s ;eke;al= njo" ußh;=ó tla

iajNdjhla muKla we;s ;eke;a;l= ìysl<d fkdj" iajNdj folu we;s

;eke;a;l=j ìysl< nj o ußh ;=ñh we;a; jYfhka u foaj ud;dj njo tmSi

uka;%K iNdj m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h'

- Y=oaO jQ isß,a ;=ud ußhdjka foaj ud;djkah hk tmSi uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrKh

;yjqre lsÍug b;d fjfyij lghq;= lr " ÿIalr;djkago uqyqK ÿkafka h'

- Y=oaOjQ ;s%;ajh .ek;a" fÊiqia jykfiaf.a iajNdj .ek;a ls;=kqjkag myod

foñka" foaj O¾uh foaYkd lsÍfï jeä odhl;ajhla oerefõ h' ta;=ud ls%'j 444

§ iaj¾.ia: úh'

Y=oaOjQ isß,a;=ud ,shQ ,sms f,aLk

- fu;=udf.a idys;H lD;s j¾. folls'

= ls%'j' 428 olajd fu;=udf.a lD;S" Y=oaO nhsn,Sh újrK" taßhka fõofNaohg

úreoaOj újdo wdÈh úh'

- miqj ,shejqKq lD;S fkiafgdaßhka fõofNaohg úreoaOj ,shQ tajdh'

- t;=ud ,shQ Y=oaOd;auhdKka yd i;Hh ;=< jkaokdj f.!rjh hk .%ka:h mxp

mqia;lh .ek meyeÈ,s újrKhla úh' fuh Y=oaO jQ isß,a ;=ud iy ne,aáhqia

w;r we;sjk ixjdohla f,i ieliS we;'

- Y=oaO jQ ;s%;ajh ms<sn|j ,shq lD;sh" taßhka fõofNaoh úu¾IKh lr th jerÈ

nj ;yjqre lrhs'

- fkiafgdaßhkag úreoaO ,shQ — mßpfþo m; hk .%ka:h fkiafgdaßhka m%ldYhg

m;al< foaaYkdj, iuia:h úu¾YKh lr tys we;s jerÈ fmkajd fohs'

wf.dia;Skq uqks;=ud ^ls%'j' 354 - 430&

Ôú; miqìu

ls;=kq iNd b;sydifha úYsIag;u iNdmshd f,i ie<flk Y=oaOjQ w.=ia;SkQ

uqks;=ud W;=re wms%ldfõ ;.iaf;a kue;s .%dufha ls%'j' 354 fkdjeïn¾ ui 13

jk Èk Wm; ,enqfõh' Tyqf.a mshd meÜà%Ishia o"uj fudksld o jQy' ;u

úYajdih yd ls;=kq idlaIs oeÍu ksidu ;u uj jk fudksld ;=ñhj Y=oaOjka;shla

f,i iNdud;djf.a f.!rjhg md;%h jkafkah' Tyqf.a uj ls%ia;= Nla;sfhl=

jqj;a mshd wkHd.ñlfhla úh' Tyq frdau wêrdcHfha fiajh lf<a h' ;.iaf;a

msysáfha W;=re wms%ldfõ kqfïähd kue;s frdau wêrdcH m%foaYfha" tkï

58

j¾;udkfha we,aðßhdj hk m%foaYfha h' frdau ixialD;sh fuu m%foaYfha b;d

oeä f,i uq,anei f.k ;snQ ksidu tys Ôj;a jQ fndfyda ck;djf.a uõ

NdIdj;a" wOHdmk udOH fukau rdcH NdIdj,ska ,;ska NdIdj úh'

frdaufha fldkaia;ka;SkQ wêrdcHhdf.ka miqj ls;=kq wd.u frdau wêrdcHfha

wd.u jqjo b;d úYd, jQ neúka tys mßmd,kh lghq;= miqlr .ekSug wêrdcH

fldgia follg fnod mS,kh lsÍu ksid tys rdcH NdId folla úh' tkï

wms%ldj we;=¿ ngysr hqfrdamh frdauh uQ,ia:dkh lrf.k md,kh jQ w;r tys

uQ,sl NdIdj .S%l NdIdj úh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i iNd b;sydih ;=< .S%l yd

,;ska jYfhka iNdmshjreka fofldgila ìysúh' fï wkqj Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;Skq

uqks;=ud ,;ska iNd mshjreka w;r fY%aIaG;u ;eke;a;d f,i iNd b;sydifha

i|yka fõ'

Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud Ôj;a jQfha merKs frdau wêrdcH mßydksh lrd hñka

;snQ hq.hlh' úfYafIfhka f.d;a" úisf.d;a" yka yd jekav,a kue;s oreKq

wdl%ñlhka frdau wêrdcHh úkdYldÍ uqLh lrd f.khñka mej;sfha fuu

ld,fha§h' Tjqyq bmerKs frdau wêrdcHfha meú; fi!Nd.h" Wiia ixialD;sh

yd wOHdmksl ÈhqKqj l%ula l%ufhka úkdYhg m;alrñka frdau wêrdcHh ;u

.%yKhg k;=lr .ksñka isáhy' ls%'j' 410 wf.daia;= ui 24 jk Èk we,ßla kï

jQ úisf.d;a f.da;% kdhlhd hgf;a isÿ l< wdl%uKsl m%ydrfhka fya;=fjka oi

ishjila muK b;du;a Yla;su;aj frdau k.rh wdrlaId l< frdau m%dldrh

lvd ì| jegqKs' fuu hq.h frdau wêrdcHhg fuh b;du;a w\qre hq.hla fjhs'

ls%' j' 43 § Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;Skq uqks;=ud ñh hk úg Tyq Ôj;ajQ W;=re wms%ldfõ

ysmafma k.rh;a b;d oreKq jekav,a f.da;s%lhkag hg;aj ;snqKd nj b;sydifha

i|ykafõ'

Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ uqks;=ud ;u fh!jk ld,h b;d ieye,a¨fjka .; lf<ah'

Tyqg Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd§u ;u foudmshkaf.a wNsm%dh úh' ;uka i;=jq

iyc olaI;djka yd wd;au Yla;sh ;u ñ;=rka w;r lemSfmfkkag Tyqg u`.

ie<iqfõh' oaú;Sh wOHdmkh b;d id¾:lj yeoErE Tyq ,;ska NdIdjg"

idys;Hhg yd b;sydihg b;d ,eÈhdjla oelajQfhah' tkuq;a Tyq .S%l NdIdjg

t;rï ,eÈlula fkdoelajQ nj Tyq úiska lsisu ,sheú,a,la .S%l NdIdfjka

fkd,sheù ;sîfuka .uH fõ'

l,a h;au mdie,a Ôú;hg ;snQ we,au áflka áflka wvqjkakg úh' mdie,a

Ôú;hg jvd ;u ñ;=rka iu. uerlï lsÍug mjd fm<UqKq nj o i|yka fõ'

<oreúh yd <ud ld,h wjikaj ;reK úhg md ;enQ Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;Skq

59

uqks;=udg ðú; .eg¨ yd ;uka yiqrejd.ekSfï wmyiq;djhla o úh' wjqreÿ

oyih muK úfha § Tyqg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úh yshoï lsÍug ;u

foudmshkag fkdyels jQfhka oú;Sh wOHdmkh wjika lr jirlska muK

miqj frdúkahdkia kue;s ;Hd.YS,S Okj;a ;eke;a;df.a wdOdrfhka Y=oaO jQ

wf.dia;Skq uqks;=udg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd frdau wêrdcHh ;=< wms%ldfõ

tjlg meje;s w.kqjr jQ ld¾f;aÊ k.rh lrd hdug yelsúh' ld¾f;aÊ hkq

úúO ixialD;Ska tlg leá jQ" W.;=ka yd nqoaêu;=ka Ôj;a jQ iemiï;ska msreKq"

úfkdaoldó" ðú; rgdjla mej;=Kq yd jdksclrKhg b;d oeä f,i yiqj

meje;s k.rhls' fuys§ ;u f.or w;a fkdÿgq ksoyila Tyq w;a olskakg úh'

Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=udf.a <ore yd ;reK úh ms<sn| fndfyda lreKq ldrKd

wmg t;=uka úiskau rÑ; — mdfmdÉpdrKh˜ (The Confessioìn) hk

mqrdjD;dka;fhys yuqfõ' fm%au lsÍug;a fma%u lrkq ,eîug;a Tyq uy;a fia

reÑhla oelajQ njo tys i|ykafõ' Tyqf.a ;reK úfha§u Tyq wjxlj fm%au l<

ks;Hdkql+, fkdjk ìß|g odj ìysjQ mqf;la Tyqg isáfhah' Tyqf.a ku —

wfvfhdvdgia jQ w;r tys w¾:h kï foúhka jykafia úiska fok ,o ;eke;a;d

hkak úh' fuf,i idrdkqrd.S Ôú;hla .; l< o wka YsIHhkag jvd Wiia

wkaoñka kS;s úoHd,fhys ;u wOHdmk lghq;= lrf.k .sfha h' Tyq tys YsIH

kdhlhdo úh'

Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud ;u Wiia wOHdmkh hgf;a kS;sh yodrk ld,fha

;¾l Ydia;%hg" lÓl Ydia;%hg yd o¾Ykhg jeä wjOdkhla ÿkafkah' isifrdaf.a

fyda¾fgkaiia keue;s od¾Yksl .%ka:fha wdNdIdfhka o¾Ykjdohg we¨ï

lrkakg mgka .;a w.=ia;Skq ;=ud isifrdaf.a is;=ú,sj,ska maf,dàkia flfrys

o" miqj maf,afgda flfrys o we¨ï lrkakg úh' tla;rd wjia:djl fndfyda

ls;=kqjka veye.;a uekslshka jdohg o fu;=ud we§ .sfha h' thska ;ud fidhk

i;H tys fkd;snqK ksid;a iuyr m%Yakj,g fijQ ms<s;=re yuq fkdjQ ksid;a

miqj uekslshka jdoh m%;slafIam lf<ah' fuu ish¨u ls%hdoduhkaf.a wjidkfha

f,!lsl ish,a, .ek l<lsÍ fujeks ks.ukhlg msúisfhah' — foúhka"

Tnjykafia wm ueõfõ Tn jykafia i|yd h' tneúka Tnjykafia ;=< ie;fmk

;=re wmg ienE iykhla fkdjkafkauh'

Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ uqks;=ud yg jhi wjqreÿ oy wgla jQ ld,fha § Tyqf.a mshd

ñhhdu ksid t;=udf.a wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd wjYH úh yshoï ;u uj jQ

fudksld ;=ñ úiska isÿ lrk ,§' ls%'j' 376 § Wmdêh ysñlr.;a fu;=uka yg

ld¾f;aÊ Wiia wOHdmk Ydia;% Yd,dfõu wdpd¾h ;k;=rla o ysñ úh' miqj

;udf.au Ydia;% Yd,djla wdrïN lsÍfï wruqK we;sj ls%'j' 383 È frdaufhka

msgj .sfhah' tu W;aidyh wid¾:l ùu fya;=fjka jirlg miqj frdaufha

60

ms<s.;a mqoa.,fhl=f.a wkque;sh we;sj b;d,sfha ñ,dka kqjr lÓl Ydia;%h yd

;¾l Ydia;%h b.ekaùug wjia:djla ,nd.;af;ah' fu;=ud ñ,dkfha isá ld,fha

§ ;u uj jQ fudksld ;=ñ Tyq fidhd meñKsfha h' ñ,dkfha§ wïfn%daia keue;s

úYdro ro.=re;=udf.a foaYkhg ijka ÿka Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud ;u Ôú;fha

mßj¾;khlg wä;d,ï oeïfïh' ;u ks;Hdkql+, fkdjQ ìß| j wms%ldjg

msg;a lr yeßfhah' Tyqg .e<fmk " ks;Hdkql+, újdyhla lr.ekSug ;u

ujf.ka fhdackd wdjo Tyqf.a wiykldÍ yDo idlaIsh Tyqg ysßyer lrkakg

úh' wjidkfha § újdyh;a wka ish¨ foh;a w;a yer Ydia;% OQrfhka o wiaù

Ndjkd fhda.Sj l,a.; lr ls%'j' 387 mdial= breÈk wïfn%daia ro.=re;=ud w;ska

m%ido iakdmkh ,nd .;af;ah' fuu wjia:dj i|yd ;u uj o mq;d jQ

wfvfhdvdgia o iyNd.S jQ w;r ;u mq;d o fuu wjia:dfõu m%ido iakdmkh

,enQ nj o i|yka fõ' bkamiq wms%ldfõ ;u Wmka .u jQ ;.ia;hg msg;aj

hkakg isá fudfydf;a È ;u uj ñh .shdh' bka jirlska miq ;u mq;d iu.

;u Wmka .ug meñKs fudfydf;a § yÈisfhau ;u mq;d o ñh .sfha h'

jir ;=lla f.ù .sh miq mQcljrho" ls%'j' 395 § ysmafmdyS ro.=re moúh o ,enQ

Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud f,!lsl yd wd;añl jYfhka ch.%yKhla ysñlr

.;af;ah' mjg keuqKq is;" whym;a mßirh" lduhg f,d,ajQ ðú; meje;au"

W.;alu yd ;SlaIK nqoaêh" fkdikais÷Kq nqoaêuh úuiSu yd foaj wkq.%yh

w;r we;sjQ .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajh hk úúOdldÍ ðú; wr., fndfydauhla

wjidkfha § foúhka jykafiaf.a jrñka ch .kakg Tyqg yelsúh'

mQcl;=ul= yd ro.=re;=ul= f,i Tyqg mejreKq nyq, mßmd,k lghq;= ueo mjd

od¾Yksl yd foaj Od¾ñl ;¾l ú;¾lj, yd f,aLkdlrKfha Tyq fhÿk nj

;u ,shú,sj,ska .uH fõ' ysmafmda k.rfha tjlg ro.=rej isá uy¨ jf,aßhia

;=udf.a ;ekg m;alr .ekSug iqÿiq mQcl;=ul= fidhñka ta .ek ;u ck;dj

iu`. l;d lrñka tys isá mQcljrhj;a fkd,;a .sysfhl= Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ

;=udj ta i|yd iqÿiq nj /iaj isá ish,af,dau wkqu; l<y' tys m%Óm,hla f,i

b;d flá ld,hla ;=< m<uqj mQcljrh;a miqj ro.=re moúh Tyq ,enqfõh'

;udg mejreKq ish¿u ld¾hhka fkdmsßfy,d bgq lsÍug Tyq iEu m%h;akhlau

oerefõh' wjidk ld,fha § mejeÈ wdrdujdiS Ôú;hla je<|.;a t;=ud ;dmi

Ôú;h yd Ndjkd l%u ms<sn| fmd;a 113 la o" wkqYdikd ,sms 218 la yd foaYkd

500 la muK o iïmdokh lr we;af;ah' Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=udf.a f,aLklrKh

;=< úYaj idys;Hhg ysñlï lshk" mdfmdÉpdrKh Y=oO jQ ;s%;ajh ms<sn|

foajOd¾ñl .%ka:h yd foaj k.rh hk frdauh b;sydifha hï hï lreKq mdol

fldgf.k ,shejqKq lD;sh o iqúfYaIs ia:dkhla .kS'

61

Tß.ka ;=ud ^ls%'j 185 - 253&

ðú; miqìu

Tß.ka ;=ud ls%'j 185 § muK tÔma;=fõ we,elaiekaä%hdj kï ia:dkfha §

ls;=kq mjq,lg odj Wm; ,eîh' wef,laiekaä%hdkq .=re l=,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka

b;sydifha Tyqj kï lr we;' kuq;a miq lf,l§ Tyq l=uk .=re l=,hlg wh;a

oehs iel my, ù we;'

Tyqf.a ld, mßÉfþoh jljdkq 03lg fjka lr we;'

ls%'j' 203-215 olajd wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ðj;ajQ ld,h ^212 È frdaufha &

ls%'j 215-231 Tyqf.a mQcl m;aùu yd wdishd lrfha ðj;ajQ ld,h 215 È wrdìlrfha

216 § m,ia;Skfha&

ls%'j 231 - 253 Tyqf.a m,ia;Skfha ixpdrh 231 § äfuá%hia Demetrius &ro.=re

;=ud úiska iNdfjka fkrmSfuka wk;=rej&

Tß.ka ;=udf.a m%Odk .%ka:

- fylaiaima,d Hexapla& .%ka:h' fuh Y=oaO jQ ,shú,af,a újrKh yd úpdrKh

ms<sn| ,shejqK m%Odk;u .%ka:hhs'

- fi,aiiag úreoaOj ,shQ .%ka:h ^Aganist Celsus/ Contra Celsum & fuh

fi,aiia keue;s ñ;Hd,íêl o¾YkjdÈhdf.a ^True Discourse& keue;s

.%ka:hg tfrysj ,shk ,o wefmdf,dðia; .%ka:hhs'

- m%Odk uQ,O¾u ms<sn| .%ka:h ^De Principiits &fuh wd.ñl isoaOdka;hla

ms<sn| w;a fmd;ls' foúhka jykafia " úYajh" ñksia ksoyi yd foaj wkdjrKh

jeks ls;=kq wd.ñl isoaOdka; ms<sn| .eUqre o¾Ykhla fï u.ska ,ndfohs'

Tß.ka ;=udf.a foaj Od¾ñl b.ekaùï

iNd b;sydih ;=< fudyq b;du m%isoaêhla Wiq,hs' Y='nhsn,h ms<sn| uQ,sl foaj

O¾udpd¾hjrhl= f,i iNd b;sydifha kï lrhs' fyfn%õ" .S%la jeks NdIda

.ek Tyqg yi< nqoaêhla ;snqKs' Tßckag wkqj nhsn,Sh újrKfha § l%u fõo

;=kla Ndú;d l< yels h'

- jpkd¾:fhka nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Literal)

- ufkdaúoHd;aul l%uhg nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Psychological)

- wdOHd;añl ke;fyd;a we,f.dßl,a l%uhg nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Spritual

or Allegorical)

62

g¾gQ,shka ;=ud ^ls%'j 160-220&

Ôú; miqìu

W;=re wms%ldfõ ldf;aÊ Carthage& k.rfha Okj;a mjq,l ls%'j' 160 § g¾gQ,shka

;=ud Wm; ,eîh' ;u foudmshkaf.a Okj;alu ksidu Tyqf.a <ud úfha isgu

Tyq fyd| wOHdmkhla ,eîh' .S%l yd ,;ska idys;Hh ms<sn|j .eUqre wOHhkhla

,enQ fu;=udg ,;ska NdIdfjka fmd;a m;a ,shd ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug ukd

yelshdjla ;snqKs' jD;a;sfhka kS;s{fhla jQ fu;=ud ál ld,hla frdaufhao

Ôj;a úh' tu ld, jljkdkqfõ § Tyq ls;= oyu je<o.;a nj;a bka miqj t;=ud

ldf;aÊ k.rfha jdih i|yd .sh nj;a b;sydifha i|yka fõ'

m%Odk b.ekaùï

tjlg W;=re wms%ldjgo n,mE ls;=kq wd.ï mSvkh ksid ls;=kq ne;su;=kag

fkdfhl=;a ysßyer ú£ug isÿù we;' fuu oreKq mSvk isheiskau ÿgq g¾gQ,shka

;=ud wysxil ls;=kqjkag mSvd lsÍu .ek frdau md,lhskag fodia mjrñka

f,aLk ksl=;a lf<a h' wkHd.ï b;d iQlaIu f,i ú.%y lrñka tajdfha

wvqmdvqlï fmkajd ÿkafkah' tfiau ls;= oyu wfkl=;a ish¨ wd.ïj,g jvd

b;d Wiia njo Tyq m%ldY lf<a h' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o wefmdf,dfcál=ia

^Apologeticus& hk .%ka:h ;=< fuu lreKq b;d meyeÈ,s f,i wvx.= ù we;'

ls;=kqjka uqyqKmE mSvkh úia;r lrñka — m%dKmß;Hd.skaf.a f,a ls;=kqjka

ìysjk îc fõ˜ hk w.kd lshuk bÈßm;a lf<a fu;=udh' fuu lshufka

i;H;j frdau wd.ï mSvkj,g miqj we;sjQ iNd jHdma;sh ;=<ska ukd f,i

meyeÈ<s fõ'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh-

mshjr 1- m%Odk uka;%K iNdjk khsiSk" fldkafia;kaksfkdam,a" tmSi yd le,aisfvdkaa

hk iNd .ek idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 2- iNd mshjrek ms<sn|j újdod;aul f,i l;sldj;la f.dv k`.kak'

uq,dY% -

w;s.re fÊ wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i'Wiia fm, úNd.hg kshñ;

kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10' 1970 iy

2008

- uydpd¾h Ô' mS' ù fidaur;ak" ls%ia;= Ydikfha m%:u mshjre

- Thomas p. General Councils of the Church St. þul's Press. Bombay, 1993

63

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd .ksñka

j¾;udk iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uq,a nei.;a wdldrh ms<sn|ft;sydisl lreKq yodrhs


bf.kqï M, (

² uq,a Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj jHdma; jQ wdldrh yodrhs'

² uOH;k hq.h ;=< isÿ jQ úfYaI isoaëka ksßlaIKh lrhs'

² b;sydih ;=< iNdfõ jeàï yd ke.sàï uq,slj úYaf,aIKh lrhs'


6'3'1 hqfrdamfha ls;=kq iNd jHdma;sh

miajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj (

weoys,a, yd kj foaYmd,k l%ufha n,mEï

miajk ishjfia È wêrdcHfha md,k lghq;= foaYmd,kuh jYfhka kef.kysr

yd ngysr jYfhka folvùu wdrïN úh' wêrdcHfha kef.kysr fldgi .S%l

NdIdjg uq,a;ek ÿka w;r ngysr fldgfia uQ,sl NdIdj ,;ska úh' we,ßlaf.a

kdhl;ajh hgf;a ls%'j 410 § úisf;A kue;s f.da;s%lhska frdauh úkdY lsÍu

ngysr wêrdcHhg ;oska n,mdkakg úh' Bg wu;rj jekav,a yd ykai hk

f.da;%o ngysr wêrdcHfha úúO m%foaYj, n,h w,a,d .;ay' wjidkfha È §

ls%'j 476 muK jk úg uq¿ ngysr wêrdcHfha úúO m%foaYj, n,h w,a,d

.;ay' ls%' j' 476 muK jk úg uq¿ ngysr wêrdcHhu fuu f.da;s%lhkaf.a

md,k n,hg hg;a úh' frdaufha we;sjq foaYmd,k wia:djrnj ls;=kq ðú;hg

n,mEï t,a, lsÍu ksid tjlg isá mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d ls;=kqjka

ke;fyd;a foúhka jykafiaf.a ck;dj YdÍßlj yd wdOHd;añlj fmdaIKh

lsÍug " u`. fmkaùug yd wdrlaId lsÍug W;aiy .;ay' fuu ls;=kq kdhlhka

w;r m<uqjk ,sfhda mdma;=ud ^ls%'j 440- 461& b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' t;=ud

weÜá,a,d kue;s yka f.da;%sl kdhlhdf.a myr§ïj,ska frdauh wdrlaId l<

w;r ;j;a úfgl fcfkfißla kue;s jekav,a f.da;s%l kdhlhdj frdauh

úkdY fkdlr tys n,h w,a,d .ekSug fufyhúh' fuu ish¨ isÿùï w;r

ls%'j' yhjk iy y;ajk ishji muK jk úg taßhkajd§ weoys,slrejka i;Hh

lf;da,sl weoys,a, lrd f.k taug ls;=kqjka yg yelshdj ,eì ;sîu iqn

jokla úh' Y=oaOjQ iNd ud;dj fï wdldrfhka ;ukaj hg;a lr.;a whj is;a

yeÍu ;=< ;u weoys,a,g yrjd .ekSu u.ska hg;a lr.;a nj b;sydih i|yka

lrhs'

64

ms,dðhdkqjdoh

fvdkáiajdohg miq ngysr ls;=kq iNdfõ foaj O¾uhg oeä ;¾ckhlaj mej;sfha

fm,dðhkajdohhs' ie<lsh hq;= ld,hla mqrd mej;s fuu fõofNa§ n,mEu ls%'j'

412 § foaYmd,k ueÈy;alulska iNdjg ch .kakg yelsúh' fm,dðhia kue;s

ì%;dkH cd;sl ;dmi;=ud ;u jdoh ;=< ñksidf.a ukqIH iajNdjh cïu mdmh

u.ska úkdYù we;ehs hk u;h ;rfha m%;slafIam l< w;r ukqIHdg mdmfhka

ñ§ .e,ùu w;alr .ekSug foaj jrm%idoh yd wkq.%yh wjYH fkdjk nj;a

ukqIHdg ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuka hym;a csú;hla .;lsßu u.ska .e,ùu w;alr

.ekSug yelshdj we;snj;a ;u b.ekaùï j,§ fm,dðhia bÈßm;a lf<a h'

Tyqf.a u;hg wkqj .e,ùu foaj jrm%idofhka f;drj ukqIHdf.a W;aidyfhka

muK ,nd .;yels fohla ùu ksid ngysr ls;=kq iNdj úiska fm,dðhiaf.a

u;h ;rfha fy<dolakd ,§' fm,dðhiag úreoaOj lghq;= l< wh w;r w.=ia;Skq

;=ud uQ,sl ;ekla .kS' Tyq fm,dðhiaf.a u;h ;rfha m%;slafIam lrñka .e,ùu

fndfydafia r|d mj;afka foaj jrm%idoh u; nj;a ukqIHdg ta i|yd l< yels

foa b;du;a iaj,am nj;a m%ldY lf<a h' wf.dia;Skq ;=udf.a u;hg wkqj

.e,ùfï ls%hdj,sh ;=< we;s ukqIHdf.a iyNd.slu iq`t fldg oelaùu ksid

ls%'j' 529 § Tf¾kaÊyS mej;s fojk uka;%K iNdj u.ska wf.dia;Skq ;=udf.a

u;h ixfYdaOkhlg ,lafldg .e,ùu i|yd foaj jrm%idoh wksjd¾h jk

kuq;a foaj jrm%idoh ms<s.ekSfï § ukqIHHd oelaúh hq;= wkq.%yh o wjYH nj

myod ÿkafkah'

fmrÈ. iNd

kef.kysr m%foaYfha .sys mejos jYfhka jeä mr;rhla fkdjq w;r iNdj yd

rch w;r o t;rï ÿria:Ndjhla fkdmej;=Ks' fndfyda wêrdcHjd§yq

foajO¾ufõ§ka yd iNd md,lhka f,i fuu ld,fha § ls%hd lf<dah' Tjqyq

iNdjg u.fmkajq w;r ro.=rejreka kï lsÍu yd Tjqkaj fkrmd oeóu mjd

isÿl<y' iNdj yd rch w;r mej;s fuu b;d oeä ne£u uqia,sïjrekaf.a

wdl%uK olajdu kef.ysr wêrdcHh ;=< mej;=Ks'

kef.kysr iNdfõ ke;fyd;a ìika;Sk iNdfõ ls;=kqjka b;d ;;a;ajfhka

Wiia yd f;areï iys; kuialdr ms<sfj;a l%u jeä ÈhqKq lr.;a w;r tu

ms<sfj;a l%u wo olajdu mj;S' tu ms<sfj;a ;=< úYajdih ms<sn| foaj wNsryiaj,

Y=oaOjQ Ndjhg b;d jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

Tjqkaf.a ckjkaokd W;aij yd j;a ms<sfj;a oel=ïl¿ f,i kdgHuh iajrEmhla

.kS' Tjqyq ;ukagu wdfõksl jQ ckjkaokd j;ams<sfj;a y÷kajd ÿkay' fï w;r

fcdaka ls%fidiagï ;=udf.a ckjkaokd ms<sfj; b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd w;r

th ngysr ke;fyd;a ,;ska iNdfõ tjlg mej;s ckjkaokd l%uj,g jvd

65

fjkia iajrEmhla .;af;ah' kef.kysr iNdjo foaj ud;djkag" idka;=jrhkag

yd Y=oaOjQ Od;+kag oeä Nla;shla yd jkaokd mQ¾jl f.!rjhla oelaúh'

ihjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

kj hq.hl wdrïNh

fuu hq.h ;=< frdau wêrdcHh y iNdj úúO wia:djr;djkag uqyqK ÿkafkah'

ihjk ishjk uq,a Nd.fha È úúO fya;+ ksid iNdj ;=< mej;s foajOd¾ñl yd

wdOHd;añl kfjdaofha hq.hg ke;fyd;a iNdmshjrekaf.a hq.hg kej;Sfï

;s; jefgkakg úh' wêrdcHfha ngysr fldgi W;=re" ol=Kq yd kef.kysr

foiska meñKs wdl%uKsl f.da;%hskaf.ka fíÍug f,dl= igkl kshe,S isáfhah'

idudkHfhka iqrlaIs;j mej;s wêrdcHfha kef.kysr fldgi uqia,sï wdl%uK

ksid wia:djrNdjhg uqyqK ÿkafkah'

ngysr wêrdcHh ;=< taßhkajd§ka u¾okh lrñka Tjqkaj ls;=kq O¾uhg yrjd

.ekSfï ls%hdj,sh wdrïNùu;a iu. úúO f.da;s%lhka úiska hg;a lrf.k isá

ngysr rdcOdkSka Tjqkaf.ka .s<sfykakg úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j' 532 §

n¾.=kaähka f.da;%sl rdcOdksho" ls%'j' 533 § jekav,a f.da;s%l rdcOdksho ls%'j

553 § Tiaf;%df.d;a f.da;s%l rdcOdksho ì| jegqKs' óg wu;rj ls%'j' 496 §

laf,dúia keue;s *%ekala f.da;s%l rcq ls;=kq oyug yereKq w;r Tyq tjlg

meje;s ngysr iNdjg fndfydafia iyh oelaúh ls%'j' 529 § b;d,sfha fudkafg

liSfkda hk ia:dkfha Y=oaOjQ fnkÈla ;=uka msysgjQ ;dmh ix>h ksid hqfrdamfha

mej;s iajrEmh hym;a f,i fjkia lsÍug th WmldÍ úh' hdÉ[dj yd lh

fjfyid jevlsÍu hk m%;sm;a;sh ;=< ls%hd;aul jQ ;dmidrdu frdau yd ngysr

ixialD;sh /l.ekSfï yd iqn wiak me;srùfï uQ,sl uOHia:dk njg m;aúh'

m<uqjk f.%.ß ke;fyd;a uyd f.%.ß mdma;=ud hgf;a fnkosldk ksldfha

;dmijre b;d m%n, O¾u¥;jre jQy' Tjqyq ls;=kq úYajdifha mKsjqvlrefjdaao"

ngysr ixialD;sfha wdrlaIljre yd YsIagdpdr ðú; l%u y÷kajd fokafkdaoa

jQy' wOHdmkh i|yd Tjqkaf.ka isÿjQ fufyh tx.,ka;fha we;s b;d iqúfYaIS

úYajúoHd, jk Tlaia*¾â yd flaïì%Ê jeks wOHdmk ia:dk j,ska isÿjQ fiajhg;a

jvd jeä nj b;sydih mjihs'

fnkosldk ksldhg fmr Y=oaOjQ meÜá%la ;=ud ls%'j 461& wh¾,ka;h ;=< ls;=kq

O¾uh m%pdrh l< w;r oeä ;dmi Ôú; l%uhla o y÷kajd ÿkafkah' Y=oaO jQ

fld¨ïnd keue;s wh¾,ka; cd;sl ;dmi;=ud úiska fi,aála ;dmidrduh

iafldÜ,ka;fha bfhdakd hk ia:dkfha § ls%'j' 563 § wdrïN lrk ,§' fïjdfha

m%;sM,hla f,i ihjk ishjfia § ì%;dkH ¥m;a ;=< fndfyda fokd ls;=kq oyu

je<|.;ay' fuu ishjfia wjidkh iNd b;sydifha uOH;k hq.fha wdrïNh

f,i ie<fla'

66

y;ajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

rdcH iy iNdj

fojk ishjia y; is;ayeÍï ksid kj ls;=kqjka iNdjg úYd, jYfhka tl;=jq

hq.hla úh' kuq;a fuu ld,fha § iNdj yd rch w;r wr.,o we;sjq nj i|yka

fõ' iNdj iy wêrdcHh w;r mej;s b;d lsÜgq iïnkaO;djfha m%;sM,hla

f,i ls;=kq rdcHhla ^Christendom& we;s jkakg úh' fuys§ iNdj yd rch

w;r iïuq;shla we;súh' tu.ska fndfyda jdisodhl ;;a;aj iNdjg Wodjq w;ru

hï hï wksis n,mEï ksid mdma;=uka,d yd wêrdcjreka w;r .egqï o we;súh'

úfYaIfhkau wêrdcHjd§ka iNd mßmd,khg we;s l< wksis n,mEï fuu

.egqïj,g fya;=úh' WodyrKhla f,i iNd kdhlhka m;a lsÍu yd iNdfjka

mylsÍu hï hï wjia:dj,§ wêrdcjreka leu;s wdldrfhka isÿùu yd

wêrdcHhg úreoaOj meje;s hqoaO i|yd iNdfõ iyfhda.h ieuúgu

n,dfmdfrd;a;=ùu i|yka l< yelsh rch iNdj ;=< wêldß n,hlska lghq;=

lsÍu&' fuu ld,fha § ngysr frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdj yd kef.kysr ;fvdlaia

iNd w;r o .egqï we;súh' iNdfõ kshu i;H ks, b.ekaùï j,g úreoaOj

fõofNa§ b.ekaùï o ysi Tijkakg úh'

l,dj yd wdOHd;añl;ajh

ta yd iu.dój b;d Wiia ÈhqKqjla uOH;k hq.fha we;sùu fkdryils' b;d

m%n, ls;=kq idka;=jrhka yd W.;=ka ìysjq ld,hls' ls;=kq ixialD;sh ls;=kq

l,dfõ " idys;Hfha" jdia;= úoHdfõ yd foajO¾ufha we;sjQ ÈhqKqfõ wdNdIfhka

fmdaIKh úh' kj meúÈ ksldh ìysjq w;r mej;s merKs mejÈ mx;s yd ksldha

m%;sixialrKh úh' th iNdjg kj ðú;hla f.k fokakg úh' úfgl fuu

hq.h ;=< iNdfõ ì|jeàula we;s jqjo foaj wkq.%yfhka tajd ch.kakg iNdjg

yelsúh' foaYmd,k n,fõ. iNdjg hqfrdamfhka msg; O¾u¥; lghq;= i|yd

iSud udhsï meñfKõjo hqfrdamh ;=< ls;=kq iNdj Yla;su;a lsÍfuys,d th

wjia:djla úh' uqia,sïjrekaf.a wdl%uK yuqfõ ;kshu ls;=kq weoys,a,

wdrlaIdlr .ekSug kef.kysr iNdjgo wjia:djla Wodúh'

wgjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

O¾u¥; fiajdj

wgjk ishji ;=<o úúO f.da;s%l ck;djf.a is;ayeÍfï ld¾hh ;jÿrg;a

Èh;aúh' ls%'j' 723-739 hk ld,fha § fnkÈldk ksldhg wh;a bx.%Sis cd;sl

meúÈjrhl=jQ úka*s%â ke;fyd;a miqlf,l c¾uksfha wfmdaia;=¨jrhd f,i

kï ,;a Y=oaOjQ fndks*ia;=udf.ka isÿjq m%d;sy¾hd;aul ls%hd fndfyda fofkl=f.a

is;ayeÍug fya;= úh' ^foújrekaf.a jdiia:dkhla f,i ie,l+ b;d úYd,

.ila ;u foajia:dkh iE§u i|yd lemSfï§ tu foújrekaf.ka lsisu wk;=rla

67

isÿ fkdùu&' t;=ud hqfrdamfha ls;=kq weoys,a," mdma;=udf.a u`. fmkaùu hgf;a

f.dvk`.d ñh .sfhah'

wOHdmk fiajdj

uyd pd¾,ia rc;=ud wOHdmk ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lsßug fjfyiúh' fï i|yd Tyq

;u f,alïjrhd jQ bx.S%is cd;sl ;dmi w,al=hskaf.a (Alcuin& kdhl;ajh

hgf;a nqoaêu;=ka msßila Tyqf.a rcud,s.djg tla /ia lf<ah' ;u ;ukaf.a

wdik foõueÿrg hdnoj mdie,la wdrïN lrk f,i iEu ro.=rejrhl=gu

rc;=ud wK lf<ah' kuq;a Tyqf.a urKska miq pd¾,aia wêrdcHfha folv ùu

ksid wOHdmkh k`.d,Sug Tyq .;a mshjr ì| jeàulg ,laúh' ;dmidrdu j,

yer hqfrdamh mqrd nqoaêuh mßydkshla yd wd;añl mßydkshla we;súh'

kjjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

ngysr wêrdchdf.a lvdjeàu

fï ld, jljdkqj jk úg ndysr iy wNHka;r n,mEï yd kef.kysßka

meñKs úlska.aia f.da;s%lhkaf.a ^Vikings& yxf.aßhka yd kef.kysr yd ol=Kq

ÈYdjkaf.ka meñKs uqia,sï wdl%uK ksid wêrdchdf.a n,h yskù ;snqfKah'

fï ksid uyd pd¾,aia rc;=udf.a iufha wêrdcHh ;=< meje;s iduh yd tluq;=lu

ì|jeà ;snqKs'

fuu ngysr wêrdcHfha ì|jeàu ngysr lf;da,sl iNdfõ ì|jeàugo fya;=úh'

m<uq ksl=,ia mdma;=udf.ka miqj iNdj fyd¢ka yd m%n,j fufyhùug mdma;=ul=

ìys fkdùh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j 858 - 879 hk ld,h ;=< frdaufha

mdma;=uka,d yd fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wd§ mS;Djreka w;r iNd fNaohla

^schism& mjd we;s úh' m<uq ksl=,ia mdma;=udf.a n, ;Kaydj fuu fn§ug

fya;=úh' tfiau fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdÈ ms;Djrhd jQ f*daáhqia Photius&

úiska *s,sfhdalafõ ^filioque& hk fldgi khsiSk úYajdi m%ldYkhg tl;=

lsÍu" Y=oaêla.sksia:dkh ms<sn| iNd b.ekaùu yd ;j;a lreKq iïnkaOfhka

lf;da,sl iNdjg úreoaOj fpdaokd bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fuho fuu iNd fNaohg

fya;=jla úh' kuq;a miqj f*daáhqia ;u fpdaokd b,a,d wialr .;af;ah' Tyq

tjlg isá kjl mdma;=uka,d yd iu. tlaj lghq;= l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla

f,i ls%'j' oyjk ishjk muK jk úg kef.kysr yd ngysr iNdjka w;r

ie<lsh hq;= tluq;=lula we;súh' kuq;a iEu .eg¨jlau kshudldrfhka

ksrdlrKh fkdùu miq lf,l tkï ls%'j' 1054 § muK wdrïN jQ kef.kysr

yd ngysr w;r we;sjQ uyd iNdfNaohg fya;= úh'

68

kjjk ishji w. Nd.fha§ muK bia,dï wd.u kef.kysr iNdj hgm;a

lrñka isá w;r foaYmd,k wia:djrlï yd mdma;=uka,df.a ÿ¾j,lï ngysr

iNdfõ ì| jeàulg u. mEÿfõh' iNdfõ mQcl yd meúÈjrekaj f,!lsl

kdhlhka úiska md,kh l< w;r Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fofkla kQ.;a wh yd

úYajdijka; f,i nUir Ôú;hla .; fkdlrk wh jQy' ;dmidrdu ;ukag

wdfõksl ðú; rgdfjka fndfydafia wE;aù f,!lsl njg fmr<S mßydksh lrd

fhduq úh' iNdj ;=< mej;s fujeks w÷re hq.j, mjd foúhka jykafia ;uka

jykafiaf.a ¥; ld¾hh Y=oaO jQ iNd ud;dj u.ska bgq lrkakg lghq;= l<

fial'

kjjk ishji w. Nd.fha È ;dmihka fofofkla jq fuf;daähia iy isß,a

kef.kysr hqfrdamfha ldId¾ia Khazars& yd ia,eúla f.da;s%l ck;dj w;r ls;=

oyu me;srùfï ¥; ld¾hhg Wrÿkay' ls;=kq weoys,a,g wu;r kj ck;djla

jQ ia,eúla f.da;s%l ck;djg" isß,a ;=ud kj wlaIr ud,djla o y÷kajd ÿkafkah'

tu kj wlaIr ud,dj yd NdIdj ;u ixialD;sh f.dvke.Sug wjYH jdylhlao

úh'

6'3'2 uOH;k hq.h ^10 - 12 Y; j¾I&

oyjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

m<uqjk TÜfgda rc;=ud

fuh iNdfõ wdOHd;añl;ajh msßfyñka mej;s iuhls' mdma;=ud i;= ks,n,h

frdau wêrdcHfha m%Ok ks,;,j,g m;aj isá kqiqÿiq frdau ro<jreka úiska

md,kh lrkq ,enQy' thg WodyrKhla kï fodf<diajk fcdaka mdma;=ukah'

^ls%'j 955- 964&' Tyq fndfyda f,i msßyqKq mdma;=ul= jQ w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i

foúhka jykafia lf;da,sl iNdfõ md,kh m<uq TÜfgda keue;s c¾udkq

cd;slhskaf.a m<uq frdau wêrdchdf.a w;g m;ajkakg ie<iq fial' TÜfgda

we;=¿ Tyqf.ka miqj meñKs wêrdcjreka lf;da,sl iNdj ;u wêrdcHh ;=<

ie,eiaula ia:dms; lsÍug wdhqOhla lr .;af;ah' fuys§ wêrdcjre ;ukag

leu;s f,i .sys ck;dj iNdfõ ks,;, j,g f;dard.;a w;r iNdfõ ro.=rejreka

yd mdma;=uka,d m;alsÍu o" Tjqkg leue;s wdldrfhka isÿ l<y' kuq;a foaj

jrm%idoh ;=< fuf,i c¾udkq wêrdcjreka úiska m;alrk ,o mdma;=uka,d

b;d hym;a yd pß;j;a wh jQy' WodyrKhla f,i fufia m;ajQ fojk is,afjiag¾

mdma;=ud ^ls%'j 999 - 1003& i|yka l< yels h' Tjqkaf.a msysg tjlg mej;s

ngysr iNdfõ Wkak;shg fya;= úh'

69

;dmi Ôú;fha m%;sixialrKh -

;dmi ðú; l%uh ;=< we;sjQ kj m%;sixialrK ful, iNdfõ we;sjQ mqkreohg

uy;afia odhl úh' m%xYfh la ks hk ia:dkfha ls%' j 910 § wdrïNjQ ;dmidrduh

fuys§ m%Odk ;ekla .kS' laÆks ;dmi ksldh wfkl=;a fnkosldk ;dmi

ksldhkaf.ka fjkia úh' fnkosldk ;dmidrdu b;d ksoyia f,i lghq;= l<

w;r laÆks ;dmidrdu m%Odk ;dmidrduh yd b;d oeäj ne¢ mej;=Ks' tla tla

;dmi ksfjia fyda ;dmidrdu ndrj isá ;dmijre laÆksyS ;dmidrdudêm;sg

hgy;a my;aj fiajh l<y' fuu l=vd ;dmidrdu j, kdhl ;dmijre jirla

mdid laÆkSys ;dmidrdudêm;s ;=ud yd tlaj idlÉPdjla meje;ajQy' fuu

;dmi ksldh wfkl=;a fnkosldk ;dmi ksldhj,g mjd wdo¾Yhla jQ ksidu

ls%' j 1016 § tjlg isá Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud jQ wgjk fnkälaÜ úiska laÆks

;dmi ksldhg ;jÿrg;a jHdma; jkakg bvlv i,did fok ,§' miq lf,l

fudjqka o hdÉ[djg fukau lh fjfyid jevlsÍug o jeä ;ekla ÿkay'

laÆks ;dmidrduh miqj hqfrdamfha mej;s b;d Okj;au ;dmidrduh njg

m;aúh'

;dmijreka ;u wenÜjre fyj;aa ksldfha m%Odk kdhlhdj m;alr .;a w;r

Tyq mdma;=ukag muKla fojeks úh' .syshkag tys lsisu n,hla fkdùh' laÆks

;dmidrdufha hym;a ls%hdldß;ajh ksidu fndfyda ro.=rejre iy l=udrjre

^ld¾Èk,ajre& ;u ;ukaf.a ro.=re moú j,o Tjqkaf.a ;dmdidrdu msysgqjk

f,i b,a,d isáhy' fï w;r fko¾,ka;h" b;d,sh" iamd[a[h" tx.,ka;h

yd c¾uksh jeks rgj,ska laÆksjrekag wdrdOkd ,eìKs' laÆksjrekaf.a

m%;sixialrK wka ;dmidrdu j,o m%;sixialrK we;s lsÍug fya;=jQ w;r kj

;dmi Ôú; l%u we;sùu flfryso n,mEfõh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Y=oaO jQ

frdfuda,aâ uqks;=uka úiska wdrïN l< leu,afvdf,aia ;dmi l%uh yd Y=oaO jQ

nDDfkda uqks;=uka úiska wdrïN l< ld¾;=Ishka ;dmi l%uh úfYaI ;ekla .kS'

fuu mqkreoh lf;da,sl iNdfõ kfjdaohla we;s l< w;r ls%'j' tfldf<diajk

ishjfia§ ;dmidrdu iNdfõ fuu kdfjdaoh we;slsÍug bjy,aùu ksid fndfyda

;dmijrekaj ;dmidrduj,ska bj;afldg júO moúj, o kfjdaohla we;slrk

wáfhka tu moúj, ro.=rejreka f,i m;alrk ,§' mdma;=udf.a u.fmkaùu

hgf;a f.dvke.=Kq laÆks ;dmi ksfjia mdma;=udf.au wdOHd;añl yd

iodpdrd;aul wêldßhgo kj mKla ÿkafkah' b;sß ishjia fol ;=< mdma

Oqrhg m;ajQ y;ajk f.%.ß" fojk W¾ndka yd fojk mdial,a hk wh uQ,slj

laÆks ;dmi ksldhg wh;a jQy'

70

tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

tfldf<diajk ishjfia§ TÜgdakshka wêrdcHfha isá c¾uka wêrdcjre fndfyda

úg ngysr iNdj md,kh l<y' iNdfõ bvlvïj, whs;sh Tjqka hgf;a

mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d m;alsÍuo Tjqkaf.a is;e`.s

mßÈ fï hq.fha § isÿúh' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f,!lsl n,fõ. ksid

iNdjg ksoyi wysñjk nj tjlg isá mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d f;areï

.;ay'

viii jk f.%.ß mdma;=ukaf.a m%;sixialrKh

ls%' j 1073 È ld¾Èk,a ys,afvn%Ekaâ y;ajk f.%.ß kñka mdma;=uka jYfhka

m;aùu ,eîu;a iu. fï ;;a;ajh uolg u.yeß .sfhah' ls%'j' 1075 È ;uka

úiskau m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o Dictus Papae hk f,aLkfha mdma;=uka,d ;u

wêldß n,h wfmdaia;=¨jreka ud¾.fhka ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.ka ,nd we;snj;a

tuksid Tjqka i;= n,h b;d Wiia nj;a t;=ud i|yka lf<ah' y;ajk f.%.ß

mdma;=ukag wkqj mdma;=ukag iNdj ;=< úYaj.; n,hla we;s w;r ta wkqj

wêrdcjreka mjd ;u n,fhka mylsÍug yd foúhka jykafiaf.a kS;shg yd

iNd kS;shg wk=l+, fkdjk kS;s fjkia lsÍug;a Tjqkag yelshdj we;' mdma;=ud

i;= fuu n,h Wmfhda.S lrf.k f.%.ß mdma;=ud iNdfõ ish¨u wxY ;=< kj

m%jK;djla we;s lsÍug W;aidy lf<ah' tfia lsÍfuka foúhka jykafiaf.a

jrm%idoh ;=< mdma;=ul= ud¾.fhka ;uka ;=< m%;sixialrK we;slr .ekSulg

iNdjg yelsnj wkdjrKh lf<ah' t;=ud m<uqfjkau nUir /lSfï

fmdfrdkaÿjg úYajdijka;j isákakg yd isfudakshdfõ úúO m%Njhkaf.ka

neyerjkakg yd lsisu fyhslska il%fïka;= odkh lsßfï§ uqo,a wh fkdlrk

f,i;a mQcljrekaf.ka ;Èka b,a,d isáfhah' tfia fkdlrk whg úreoaOj

b;d oeä mshjr .;a w;r úfgl iuyrekaj iNdfjka mjd fkrmd oeïfïh'

f.%.ß mdma;=ud fl;rï m%n, f,i lghq;= l<do lshf;d;a tjlg Y=oaO jQ

frdaufha isá y;rjk fykaß wêrdchdj mjd iNd m%;sixialrKh i|yd iyh

fkdoelaùu ksid iNdfjka fkrmd oeuqfõh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i miqj f.%.ß

mdma;=ud yg úm%jdi .; jkakg isÿjQ w;r tu ld,fha§ tkï ls%'j' 1085 È

t;=ud urKhg m;aúh'

;dmidrduj, iyfhda.h we;sj f.%.ß mdma;=ud iNdj ;=< b;d úYd, kfjdaohla

we;s l< w;r f,!lsl yd foaYmd,kuh n,fõ.hkaf.ka iNdj ksoyia lr

fokakg fndfyda W;aidy lf<a h' t;=ud iNd iïm%odh wkqj mdma;=ud i;=

wêldß n,h yd kdhl;ajh kej; iNdjg ,ndÿkafkah' Tyqf.ka miqj

tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< fojk W¾ndka ^ls%'j 1088 - 99& yd fojk mdial,a

^ls%'j 1099 - 1118& hk mdma;=uka,do iNd kfjdaohg Wr ÿkay'

71

fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd w;r we;sjQ iNd fNaoh

tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< iNd b;sydih ;=< isÿjQ wjdikdjka; isÿùu jkafka

ls%'j' 1054 § fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd w;r we;sjQ iNd fNaohhs ^The schism

between the Eastern Church and the Western Church)'fuu iNd fNaoh fÊiq

iñ÷ka u.ska tlu ck;djla yd tlu iNdjla we;slsÍfï foaj wNsu;hg

msgqmEula úh' ls;=kq iNdj" lf;da,sl iNdj yd ´¾;fvdlaia iNdj jYfhka

folv jQ w;r lf;da,sl iNdfõ fuf,dj kdhlhd frdaufha mdma;=udjQ w;r

´¾;fvdlaia iNdfõ fuf,dj kdhlhd fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D;=ud

^Patriarch& úh' fuu iNd fNaohg m%Odk fya;+ folls' tal fya;=jla kï iNd

kdhl;ajh ^dealing with the primacy of the Pope) jk w;r wfkla fya;=j

foaj fõohhs ( dealing with the filioque) frdaufha mdma;=udf.a kdhl;ajh uq¿

Y=oaOjQ iNdjgu fmdÿ nj wmrÈ. iNdj ms<s.;a w;r frdaufha ro.=rejrhd yd

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D ;=ud hk fofokdu Y=oaOjQ iNdj ;=< iu

kdhl;ajhla orK nj fmrÈ. iNdfõ u;h ùu fuu iNd fNaohg tl

fya;=jla úh' khsiSk úYajdi m%ldYkhg fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D

;=ud úiska — ms,sfhdalafõ˜ filioque& hk j.ka;sh tla lsÍu wfkla fya;=j úh'

fuys m%;sM,hla f,i fuu iNd fol w;r wfkHkHh f,i hï hï mqoa.,hkaj

iNdfjka fkrmd oeóu isÿúh' fuu .egqu ls%'j' 1965 § yhjk mdjq¨ mdma;=ud

tjlg isá we;kf.dria wdosmS;D ;=ud yuqù iqyo f,i idlÉPd meje;aùu

olajd mej;=Ks' tys m%;sM,hla f,i j;aufka fuu iNd fol w;r tl``.;djla

mj;shs'

fodf,diajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj

uqia,sïjrekag úreoaOj iNdj f.k .sh l=rei hqoaO ^Cruades &

fuu hq.fha foaYmd,k wr., lsÍug fndfyda úg mdma;=uka,dg isÿjQfha iNdfõ

ksoyi f,!lsl n,fõ.hkaj,ska wdrlaId lr.ekSugh' fuys§ mdma;=uka,d

yuqod n,h yd hqO Yla;sh Wmfhda.Slr .ksñka ;u úreoaOjd§kag tfrysj ke.S

isáhy'

Bg wu;rj fujeks hqO fufyhqï Y=oaOjQ foaYh uqia,sïjrekaf.ka kej; ,nd

.ekSug;a ls;=kq weoys,a, yd ls;=kq jkaokdlrejka Tjqkaf.ka wdrlaIdlr

.ekSug;a mdma;=uka,d úiska fufyhjk ,§' fujeks hqoaO l=rei hqoaO hkqfjka

y÷kajk ,§' b;d fYa%Iag iNdmsfhla jk Y=oaOjq wf.dia;Skq;=uka úiska bÈßm;aa

fldg ;snQ —idOdrK -hqoaOh˜ keue;s ixl,amh ksid fuf,i wd.u yd

weoys,a, /l.ekSug hqO fufyhqï we;slsÍu hym;a fohla nj tjlg iNd

ud;dj ie<l=jdh' m<uqjrg l=rei hqoaOh fufyhjQ fojk W¾ndka wêrdchd

72

yqfola m%Yxidj yd f,!lsl iemiïm;a /ialr .ekSfï wruqKska fujeks

hqoaOhkag iïnkaO fkdjk f,i ;u yuqodjg wK lf<a h' l=rei hqoaOj,

wruqK hym;a jQjo ñksia ÿn,lfï m%;sM,hla f,i tajd b;d oreKq m%;sM,

mjd we;s lf<ah' m<uq l=rei hqoaOfha§ wka;sfhdalsfha .S%l wdos mS;D;=udj tu

ia:dkfhka bj;a lsÍu tjlg mej;s iNd fNaoh ;jÿrg;a W;aikak lsÍug

fya;=jla jQ w;r hqoaOh wjidkfha§ fcrei,u w,a,d.ekSug yelsjqjo hqoaOfhka

ish.Kkla wysxil ckhd o ñh .shy'

fojk l=rei hqoaOh ls%'j' 1146 § mej;s w;r th wdid¾:l jEhula úh' ls%'j'

1189 § mej;s ;=kajk l=rei hqoaOfha§ kej;;a fcrei,u w;am;a lr.ekSug

yelsjQ w;r tu.ska Y=oaOjQ foaYhg hk jkaokdlrejkaf.a wdrlaIdj ;yjqre

lsÍug iNdjg yelsúh' fuu l=rei hqoaO fndfyda úg fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd

w;r meje;s iNd fNaoh ;j ;j;a W;aikak lf<ah'

iNd m%;sixialrK yd iNdj uq,a fõofNaohkag uqyqK §u

ls%'j' 1098 § fudf,iaudys frdnÜ ;dmi;=ud úiska wdrïN lrk ,o isiag¾YShka

;dmi ksldh fnkÈldk ;dmi mx;sh ;=< yd iNdj ;=< o wd;aól kfjdaohla

ls%'j' tfld<diajk yd fodf<diajk ishjiaj, we;s lf<ah' fuu kfjdaoh ;=<

iNdfõ lghq;= .ek l;dlrñka iNdj iqn wiakg wkqj Ôú;h .; fkdlrk

f,ig úfõpkh l< iNd úfrdaë lKavdhula ìysjQy' fï w;r je,afoaishkajre

^Waldensians& iNdfõ OkjdÈ yd iemj;a Ôú; ;;a;ajh úfõpkh lrñka

È<s÷lu y÷kajd ÿkay' iNdj iu. .egqKq Tjqkaj iNdj úiska fy<dolsk ,§'

ls;=kq foajfõofha yd ls;=kq ixialD;sfha isÿjq j¾Okh

;dmdidrdu ;=< we;sjQ kfjdaoh yd wdik foõueÿre wdYs%;j f.dvke.=Kq mdie,a

iNdjg kj Ôjhla ÿkafkah' uq,a hq.hj, meje;s újD; yd p;=rY%dldr frdau

f.dvke.s,s l%u l%ufhka b;d Wia yd W,a iajNdjhla .kakd f.d;sla Gothic&

f.dvke.s,s njg m;aúh' tjlg meje;s ls%ia;= rcdKkaf.a m%;sud fjkqjg

ÿlaú¢k yd l=reisfha urKhg m;aj isák fÊiq iñ÷kaf.a m%;sudj,g uQ,sl

wjOdkhla ,efnk f,i foajia:dk ilia lrk ,§' fuu m%;sud u.ska Ôú;fha

fõokdldß" .egqïldß yd wúksYaaÑ;;dj biau;= lr oelaùug Tjqyq W;aidy

.;ay' fm!oa.,sl Nla;s wNHdih yd jkaokdjg uQ,sl ;ekla §u ksid idka;=jr

Nla;sh yd foajud;d Nla;sh j¾Okh úh' tfiau ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiag" tys

wvx.= ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a ienE jevisàu ms<sn| úYajdihg yd ÈjH mQcdjg

ie<lsh hq;= wjOdkhla fokakg mgka .;ay' fuu jkaokd yd Nla;s wNHdia

o úúO uka;%K iNdj,ska wkqu; lr tajd ffO¾hj;a lrk ,§'

73

mqm iy ñÈri kshudldrfhka yd i;H jYfhkau fÊiqia jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrh

yd YS% reêrh njg m;aùfï ls%hdj,sh ye¢kaùug foaj O¾uh yeoEßfï È

fhdod.efkk — g%dkaiaiíiagEkaisfhaIka Transubstantiation& hk moh uq,ajrg

foajO¾uh ;=< Ndú;hg y÷kajd fokq ,enqfõ fuu ld,fha§h' uOH;k hq.fha

ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ,nd.ekSug jvd th foi fk;a fhdudf.k" wjOdkh

fhdodf.k isàug uQ,sl ia:dkhla ysñ úh' tfiau tiufhys ÈjHmQcdj yqfola

kdgHl iajNdjhla .;af;ah' ta i|yd meñKs wh th krUñka isá w;r th

lsisfia;au tluq;=lfï yd iyNd.slfï il%fïka;=jl iajNdjhla fkd.;af;ah'

Ydia;S%hjd§ foajfõofha ke;fyd;a foajO¾ufha Scholasitic Theology& wdrïNh

yd foajO¾uh W.kajk mdie,aj, ^The Theology of the Schools& wdrïNh

fodf<diajk ishjfia § isÿjQ ;j;a iqúfYaIS isoaëka fõ' fuu Ydia;%d,j,

wruqKq jQfha úYajdifha wNsryia yd foajO¾uh ms<sn| kshu wjfndaOhla ,nd

§uhs' Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h" iNdmsh b.ekaùï yd o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn| oekqu leá

fldg.;a b.ekaùula bÈßm;a lsÍu Ydia;S%hjd§ foajfõ§kaf.a m%h;akh úh'

weoys,a, yd úpdr nqoaêh ^Faith and Reason& w;r ;sfnkafka tlsfklg

mriamr úfrdaë ;;a;ajhla ^ contradictory of conflicting& fkdjk nj;a tys

we;af;a tlsfklg iyfhda.fhka ne£ mj;sk ^complementary& ;;a;ajhla

nj;a Tjqyq fmkajd ÿkay' tkï foajO¾uh yd o¾Ykjdoh w;r mj;skafka

iïmQ¾Kfhkau mriamr úfrdaë ;;a;ajhla fkdjk nj Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl ;¾lhla

úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i tfldf<diajk fyd fodf<diajk ishjiaj, Ôj;ajQ

Ydia;S%hjdÈ foajfõofha mshd f,i y÷kajkq ,nk lekagnßys Y=oaOjQ wekai,ï;=ud

^ls%'j 1033-1109& foajO¾uhg w¾:l;khla bÈßm;a lrñka — foajO¾uh hkq

wjfndaOh fidhd hk weoys,a,la Faith seeking Undestanding& f,i y÷kajd

ÿkafkah' miqj mSg¾ wfn,d¾â ^Peter Abelard) iy mSg¾ f,dïnd¾â ^Peter

Lombard& jeks who b;d Wiia .Kfha foajOd¾ñl b.ekaùï bÈßm;a l<y' fï

w;r mSg¾ f,dïnd¾â;=uka úiska rÑ; Book of Sentences keue;s .%ka:h

oy;=kajk ishjfia§ l%uj;a foajOd¾ñl w;afmd;la njg m;aúh' fodf<diajk

ishjfia§ Ôj;a jQ .%dIshka ^Gratian& keue;s lu,afvda,afia ;dmi;=ud iNd

b.ekaùï yd lf;da,sl iNdfõ kS;sh l%uj;a l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

iNd kS;shg úoHd;aul mokula ìysúh' mdma;=uka w;r we;sjQ foaYmd,k w¾nqo

yd l=rei hqoaO ksid meKke.=Kq wys;lr m%;sM, w;r jqjo iNdj ;=< foaj

yia;h ls%hd;aul jQ nj fu iufha foajO¾ufha we;sjQ j¾Okh u.ska meyeÈ<sfõ'

úfYaIfhkau oy;=kajk ishjfia § iNdj ;=< we;sjQ wdOHd;añl " ixialD;sl

yd nqoaêuh kj m%jK;dj,g fodf<diajk ishji w.Nd.fha§ isÿjQ iNd j¾Okh

uy;a rel=,la úh'

74

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh-

mshjr 1- 5- 9 Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamfha ls;=kq jHdma;sh .ek l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'

mshjr 2- uOH;k hq.h ^10-12 Y; j¾I& ;=< ls;=kq iNdj ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

uQ,dY% -

- .re ihsuka ñysÿl=< ifydaor;=ud" ixlaIsma; lf;da,sl iNd b;sydih" mqnqÿ

uqøKd,h" rd.u

- w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i Wiiafm< úNd.hg kshñ; (

kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj " weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda " fld<U 10 " 1970

iy 2008

- WALKER Williston, a History of the Christian Church, Charles Seribner's

Sons, New York. 1985.

76

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKq ÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a

wdldrh yodrñka foaj úYajdih ;yjqre lr.kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( hqfrdamfha iNdj fn§hdu ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² uOH.; hq.fhka miq meje;s iNdfõ iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug yelsfjhs'

² fm%df;ia;ka; yd frmrudÿ úma,jhg fya;= úuihs'

² fm%df;ia;k yd frmrudÿ úma,jh ms<sn| ft;sydisl lreKq yodrhs'

² iNdfõ fn§ hdu frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdjg n,mE wdldrh úuihs'


7'1'1 iNdj fn§hdfï miqìu (

oyihjk ishjfia hqfrdamfha we;sjQfha wd.ñl m%fndaOu;a ùfï jHdmdrhls'

hqfrdamfha fkdfhla rgj, we;sjQ wd.ñl m%.uk fuu kj jHdmdrhg fya;=

idOl ù we;' fuu ld,fha úúO kj wd.ñl jHdmdr we;sùu i|yd iudÔh

yd wd¾Ól wxYfhys we;sjQ kd.ßlrKh iy jdkscjdoh uqo,a Ndú;h" uqøK

Ys,amh" hdka;%sl Ys,amh" uOHu mka;sfha Wodj" jßka jr we;sjQ ler,s" mqkreoh

yd Ñka;kh úma,jh hk iEu wxYhlau n,md we;'

uOH.; hQ.fha lf;da,sl iNdfõ wvq mdvqlï ;snqKdh hkak fkdryils'

lf;da,sl iNdfõ uq,a hq.h yd ii|k l< uOH.; hq.fha § lf;da,sl iNdj

foaj O¾uh yd p¾hdj w;ska b;d my< uÜgul mej;=Ks' n,;,j,g yd

fkdjrÈk iq¨ Ndjhg ( Infalibility) úreoaOj o lreKq bÈßm;a úKs' .sys

ck;djg Y=oaOjQ ,shú,s mßyrKh lsÍug iNdj úiska meKjQ iSudjka mjd tys

§ m%;slafIam úKs' tjlg lf;da, sl iNdfõ mej;s ðú; l%uh o

m%;sixialrKjd§kaf.a úfõpkhg ,laúh' .sys ckhdf.a Ôú;h meúÈ yd mQcl

Ôú;hg jvd my;a hehs hk u;h m%;slafIam l< m%;sixialrKjd§yq ußh

;=ñhf.a ueÈy;aNdjh yd idka;=jrhka flfrys we;s Nla;sh yd úYajdih o

m%;slafIam l<y' uOH.; hq.fha § lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ms<s.kakd ,o foajm%ido

ksOdk w;ßka nõ;siauh ke;fyd;a m%ido iakdmkh yd Y=oaOjQ iyNd.slu

ke;fyd;a ÈjH mQcdj Tjqyq ms<s.;ay' mQclhd yd .syshd w;r meje;s mr;rh

ke;s lrñka ls;=kq ish,a,kau mQcljrhg foúhka jykafia úiska le|jd we;s

nj Tjqyq mejiQy' tu.ska mQcljrekaf.a md,k .%yKfhka .sys ck;dj bj;a

lrkakg W;aidy oerEy' m%;sixialrKjd§ka iNdfõ ;;a;ajh fjkia lrkakg

77

.;a fmr<sldr jEhug úreoaOj lf;da,sl iNdfõ wka wh fpdaokd l< w;r

thg ms<s;=rla f,i Æ;¾ lshd isáfha Tjqkaf.a W;aidyh iNdj tys uq,a iajrEmh

lrd f.khEu nj h' m%;sixialrKjd§ foaj O¾uh weoys,a, ;=< foúhka

jykafia flakaø .; lrhs' Tjqka w;r fndfyda foajfõ§ woyia mej;=Ks'

7'1'2 udàka Æ;¾ f.a úma,jh ^ls%'j' 1483-1546&

Tyq c¾uka cd;sl foaj O¾ufõÈfhls' fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ m%.ukfha

wdrïNlhd o Tyq h' ls%'j' 1483 fkdjeïn¾ ui 10 jk od Wm; ,o Tyq ls%'j'

1501 § t¾*Ü iriúfha bf.kqu ,nd ls%'j' 1505 § Ydia;%m;s Wmdêh ,nd

.;af;ah' bkamiq t¾*Üys jQ T.iaákshka ;dmidrdufha mejÈjrfhla jQfha h'

ls%'j' 1507 § mQcl jrï ,enq Tyq ls%'j' 1510 § frdaufha ks, ixpdrhla i|yd

msg;aj .sfha h' tu ixpdrfha § frdaufha tjlg mej;s ¥IK .ek;a iqfLdamfNda.S

Ôjk rgdj .ek;a oek .ekSug Tyqg yelsúh' ls%'j' 1512 § wdpd¾h Wmdêh

,nd.;a Æ;¾ b.ekaùfï ld¾hfha fh§ isák w;f¾ kj .súiqfï weoys,a, yd

wkd.;h ms<sn| b.ekaùï j,g jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lf<a h'

l%S'j' 1517 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 17 jk Èk Æ;¾ iNdfõ wkshï ls%hd fy<slrñka

f,aLkhla m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' fuys uQ,sl kshdulhka 95 la wvx.= úh' fï

w;r m%Odk jYfhka iNdfõ tjlg mej;s woKavkdjirh úfõpkhhg ,la

lf<a h' woKavkdjirh hkq hï hï mdmdj,g kshñ; ovq`jï j,ska iïmQ¾K

jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhka ksoyia lsÍuhs' fï ksoyia lsÍï uqo,a u; lsÍug

fm<î isàu tys jro jQfha h' Tyq fuh mQ¾KM, fj<|du ke;fyd;a Y=oaO

fj<|du hkqfjka ye¢ka jQfha h' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j' 1520 jif¾ cqks

ui 15 jk Èk Æ;¾f.a b.ekaùu fy<d olsk ,§' miqj ls%'j' 1521 ckjdß

uidfha § muK Tyqj iNdfjka fkrmd ouk ,§'

udáka Æ;¾f.a u;

- fudk wd.ulg wh;a flfkl= jqj;a foaj Nla;sh yd foaj leue;a;

iajlSh ú{dkh yd ixialD;sh ;=<ska oek.ekSug wjia:dj we;'

- foaj jrm%ido ,nd.ekSug tlsfkld fm!oa.,slj lghq;= l< hq;=h'

- úuqla;sh foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk ;E.a.la úkd mska n,fhka

whs;sjdislï lsj yelalla fkdfõ'

- f,dalh ;=< Ôj;a jkf;la ls;=kqfjda mõlrejka fukau idka;=jrhka

o fj;s'

- iNdj ;=< yd f,dalh ;=< mdmh mj;S'

- idka;=jrhd iodpdrh ms<sn| W;=ï wdo¾Yhla fkdj foaj wkq.%y ms<s.;a

mõlrefjls'

78

- hym;a mqrjeishl= kï foúhka jykafiaf.a iudj whÈk wmrdOldrhdh'

- foúhka jykafia wmg fy<slrk m%udKh wkqj Wkajykafia .ek wmg

oek.; yelsfõ'

Æ;¾jdoh

fuh oyihjk ishjfia § muK we;sjQ fm%df;ia;ka; ixúOdkhls' fuys

wdrïNlhd udáka Æ;¾h' fuu ixúOdkh f.dvke.Sug fya;= jQfha Tyqj

iNdfjka fkrmd oeóuhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i frdaufha kdhl;ajfhka mej;s

ngysr ls;=kq iNdj folv úh'

Æ;¾jdoh hk fhÿu .ek Tyq uy;a fia úreoaO jQ w;r fuu ixúOdkh uq,skau

y÷kajk ,oafoa tjekac,sl,a iNdj fyda wjqian¾.a weoys,af,a iNdj hkqfjks'

- Æ;¾jdoh b.ekaùï w;r Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a,g b;d Wiia ia:dkhla ysñ fõ'

- nhsn,Sh wOHkfha uQ,sl f;audj jkafka fciqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia h'

- hul=g .e,ùu ,efnkafka Tyq i;= mska n,fhka fkdj Wkajykafiaf.a

;s<sKhla jk foaj ohdj ksiduh'

- ckau mdmh ksid iEu ñksil=u mdmfha jy,a lrejl=j we;'

- ñksid mdmhg jy,aj we;s neúka ;ukaf.a .e,ùu ,nd.ekSug ;ukag

fkdyels h'

- .e,ùu ,efnkafka weoys,af,ka ke;fyd;a úYajdifhka muKls'

- ls;=kq Ôú;fha flakaøia:dkh Y=oaO jQ nhsn,hhs'

- foaj m%ido ksOdk y;la fkdj folls' tkï ÈjH mQcdj ke;fyd;a Y=oaO

iyNd.slu iy m%ido iakdmkhhs' Tjqkag wkqj nhsn,fha i|yka m%ido

ksOdk fïjd muKls'

- kuialdr lghq;= l< hq;af;a ckhdf.a NdIdj,ska ñi ,;ska NdIdfjka

fkdfõ' fï ksid nhsn,h c¾uka NdIdjg yerùu'

- ñÈhqI yd frdà hk foj¾.hu odkh lsÍu

- cïu mdmh ksid m%ido iakdmkh <ore ld,fha § ,nd§u

- idka;=jrhd iodpdrh ms<sn| W;=ï wdo¾Yhla fkdj foaj wkq.%yh ms<s.;a

mõlrefjls'

- ia;%S - mqreI ish¨ fokd foaj fiajh i|yd mQcl le|ùu ,eîu

- foaj.e;s ;k;=r Wiia ks,hls'

- foaj.e;s jrekag újdy ùug whs;shla ;sîu

- wfmdaia;,sl iy khsiSk weoys,s m%ldYk ms<s.ekSu

79

7'1'3 le,aúka yd iaúka.a,s

fcdaka le,aúka ^ ls%' j 1509 - 1564&

m%xYfha Wm; ,o fcdaka le,aúka ^Jean Calvin& meßia kqjßka foajO¾uh

yd kS;sh yodrd ;u ;reKúfha§u Æ;¾f.a fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ

m%.ukhg kdhl;ajh fokakg bÈßm;a úh' miqj iaúÜiag¾,ka;fha

cskSjd k.rfha mÈxÑhg .sh Tyq oeä kS;s Í;s iys; ls;=kq Ôú;hla

iNdjg kej; y÷kajd ÿkafkah' tys meñKs iafldÜ,ka;fha fcdaka fkdalaia

^John Knox& ls%'j' 1513- 1572 le,aúkaf.a fuu kj foajOd¾ñl mdie,

.ek meyeÈ tys b.ekaùï ;u rgg f.k f.dia fm%iaìfÜßhka iNdj

msygqjk ,§' le,úka úiska rÑ; m%Odk .%ka:hla jkafka ls%'j' 1536 §

m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,o — ls;=kq wd.fï ixys;d Institute of the Christian

Religion& hk .%ka:hhs' fuh le,aúka jdofha iajrEmh b;d fyd¢ka

oek.ekSug wmg we;s w;afmd;ls' fuu fmd; ,sùfï wruqK fm%df;ia;ka;

O¾ukshduk nhsn,fha b.ekaùï j,g tl`. nj m%xYfha m<uqjk m%ekaisia

rcqg ^ls%'j' 1515 - 1547& myod §uh' Y=oaO jQ ,shú,s úuiSu iïnkaOfhka

le,aúkaf.a Wml%u yd l%ufõo fuu .%ka:fhka oek.; yelsfõ' iuld,Sk

udkj jd§kaf.a Humanists& iy fjk;a W.;a .=rel=, Ndú; l< wOHhk

Wml%u Ndú; lrñka ;jÿrg;a l< m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM, fmdf;a B<`.

ixialrKj,g tla lf<a h'

le,aúka Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha i|yka fkdjk iEu weoys,a,la u m%;slafIam

l< w;r Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhkaf.a úYajdih Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a, u; muKla

mokï lr.; hq;= njg wksjd¾h lf<ah' Tyq úiska f.dvk.k ,o

foajia:dk b;d ir, iajNdjhla .;af;ah' tajd fkdfhl=;a leghï j,ska

f;dr" iqÿ meye;s ì;a;s we;s" w,a;dr" iqrejï" wd.ñl mska;+r" .ka jdok

ix.S; iy mdg ùÿre iys; cfk,a rys; foajia:dk úh' le,aúka Y=oaO jQ

nhsn,h mokï lr.;a foaj fõÈfhls'

fcdaka le,aúka frmrudÿ jHdmdrfha fojk mrïmrdjg wh;a fõ' Tyqf.a

foajfõofha wruqK jQfha ls;=kq isiqka Èßu;a lsÍuh' frmrudÿ iy

fm%iaìfÜßhka hk iNdj, ks¾ud;Djrhd le,aúkah'

le,aúkajdoh ^Calivinism&

Tyq úiska bÈßm;a l< m%Odk b.ekaùula jkafka f,daldrïNfha isgu

.e,ùu ,nk iy fkd,nk wh ljqreka oehs foúhka jykafia ;SrKh

lr we;s njhs' Predestination& tfyhska ;u .e,ùu i|yd ukqIHdg ;u

Yla;sfhka l< yels lsisjla ñysmsg ke;' le,aúka ;u b.ekaùï Y=oaO jQ

80

nhsn,h u; mokï lf<ah' Y=oaO ,shú,a, foajdkqNdjh ;=< ,sheù we;s

nj wka frmrudÿ kdhlhka fuka Tyq o ms<s.;af;ah' iajNdúl f,dalh

;=< foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaj wkdjrKh l< o cïu mdmfha

fya;=fjka foaj wkdjrKh kshudldrfhka ;u Yla;sfhka jgyd .kakg

ñksidg yelshdjla ke;s nj Tyqf.a u;hhs' iajdNdúl wkdjrKh

kshudldrfhka foúhka jykfiaf.a úuqla;sodhl iajNdjh fy<sorõ

fkdlrk nj;a" ta i|yd WmldÍ jkafka foúhka jykafiaj iDcqj

m%ldY lrk Èjeiajre" wfmdaia;= jre yd ls%ia;=ka jykafia hk wh foaYkd

l< foaj jpkh nj;a mjihs'

Y=oaO ,shú,a, ms<sn| Tyqf.a ú.%yh Tyq ks;r Ndú; l< Y=oaO ,shú,a,

muKla Sola Scriptura& hk fhÿfuka meyeÈ<s fõ' Y=oaO ,shú,a, yeoEÍfï

§ uOH;k hq.fha Ndú; l< jHdx.h" wOHd;añllrKh" wdpdßlrKh"

idys;Huh jYfhka jQ isõúO ú.%yh Tyq ms<s.;af;a ke;' Tyqg wkqj

Y=oaO ,shú,a, kshudldrfhka ú.%y l< yelafla tys ft;sydisl miqìu

jgyd .ekSfuka nj Tyq mjihs'

foaj;ajh iïnkaOfhka le,aúka idïm%odhsl ;s%;ajh ms<s.;af;ah' foúhka

jykafia iaffjßjk fial' Wka jykafia ish,af,ka iïmQ¾K jk fial'

Y=oaO núka yd oeyeñ núka mßmQ¾K jk fial' Wka jykafia idod;ksl

jk w;r iïmQ¾K jYfhka iajdëk jk fial' Wka jykafia ish,a,

wNsnjd hk fial' fñ ksid foúhka jykafia iajlSh ueú,a,g wNsryils'

Wka jykafia ish,af,au uQ,drïNh jkafka uejqïldrhdKka neúKs'

foúhka jykafia ñksid ujk ,oafoa ;uka jykafiaf.au iajrEmh

wkqjh' foúhka jykafia ñksid iu. .súiqulg t<UqKq w;r tysÈ

foúhka jykafia ueú,a, iïnkaOfhka n,h ñksidg mjrd ish,af,a §

Wka jykafiag lSlrejk f,i b,a,d isá fial' ;u wlSlrelu ksid

mdmh jegqKq ñksidg .e,ùu ,efnkafka weoys,a, u.ska muKla nj

^Sola Fide& le,aúka mjihs' mdmh ksid ke;sjQ foú ñksia in|;dj

kej; w;alr .; yels jkafka nõ;siau iakdmkh u.sks' mdmh

ish,a,kagu fmdÿ ksid l=vd orejka fukau jeäuy,a,ka o nõ;siauh

,nd .; hq;= fõ' Y=oaO iyNd.slu ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a úuqla;sodhl

ls%hdj isyslsÍula jk w;r tys § weoys,af,ka hq;=j frdà iy ñÈ hqI

.kakd whg wdYs¾jdoh ,efí' iNdmd,kh iïnkaOj l;d lrk le,aúka

iNdmd,kh tys fcHIaGhka ke;fyd;a jeäysáhka ^elders& úiska l<

hq;= nj mjihs'

81

iaúka.a,s ^ls%'j' 1483-1531&

Æ;¾ iy le,aúka jeks WkauQ, fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ kdhlhkag

wu;rj ;j fndfyda fokd lf;da,sl úYajdifhka bj;aj úúO iNd

msgqjd.;ay' fï w;r iaúÜiag¾,ka; cd;slhl=jQ iaúka.a,s o

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha w.kqjr jQ iqÍla ^Zurich& k.rfha kj iNdjla

msysfgõfõh' iajdóka jykafiaf.a wjika rd;s% fNdackh yqfola ieureula

muKla nj;a th isyslsÍula f,i wm mqok ÈjH hd.h ;=< ,nkakdjQ

ÈjH i;am%idoh u.ska ienE f,i ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj wmg fkd,efnk

nj Tyqf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùula úh' flfiafj;;a oeä u;jd§ fm%df;ia;ka;

kdhlfhla jQ Æ;¾ mjd iaúka.a,ssf.a fuu u;h ls%'j' 1529 È ud¾n¾.ays

^Marburg& meje;s idlÉPdjl § ;rfha m%;slafIam lf<a h' ls%'j' 1531 §

meje;s hqoaOhlska ñh .sfha h'

7'1'4 tx.,ka;fha we;sjQ m%.uk ke;fyd;a m%;sixialrK

frmrudÿ iNd w;r fndfyda fihska lf;da,sl iNdfõ ndysr ,laIK Wiq,k

iNdj tx.,ka; iNdj ke;fyd;a weka.a,slka iNdj nj i|yka fõ' tx.,ka;

iNdj hkq tx.,ka;fha wgjk fykaß rc;=ud ls%'j' 1507-1547& iodpdrd;aul

yd foaYmd,kuh fya;=jla u; msysgjq iNdjla f,i ie<fla' wgjk fykaß

rc;=ud hkq fmr isá mdma;=ul= úiska úYajdifha wdrlaIlhd ^Defender of

Faith& hk úreodj,sh ,;a rc flfkls' ;u rclug Wreulaldrfhla

fudf,djg ìyslsÍug fkdyels jQ jrog ;u ìß| jQ werf.dkayS le;ßkaj

^Catherine of Aragon& Èlalido lsÍug .;a ;SrKh Tyqg lf;da,sl iNdfjka

bj;aj hEug fya;=jla úh' tjlg isá y;ajk laf,ukaÜ kue;s mdma;=ud rcq

Èlalidoh i|yd wjir b,a,d l< b,a,Su m%;slafIam lf<ah' tjlg lekagnßfha

w.ro.=re;=udj isá ld¾Èk,a fjd,afia ^Cardinal Wolsey & ud¾.fhka l<

b,a,Sfuka o m%;sM,hla fkdjQ ksid fykaß rcq ls%'j' 1529 È ld¾Èk,a fjd,afiaj

;k;=ßka mylr oud ;udf.a ys;j;l= jQ i¾ f;dauia gqj¾ Sir Thomas More&

hk lf;da,sl kS;s{hd tx.,ka;fha l+,m;s f,i ^Chancellor of England&

m;a lr .kakd ,§' kuq;a i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ mdma;=udg hgy;a my;a lf;da,slhl=

jYfhka ;u ñ;=re fykaß rc;=ud ;ukag ÿka ;k;=r ndr.ekSug fmr ;udg

rcqf.a Èlalidoh ms<sn| m%Yakhg ueÈy;ajkakg fkdyels nj rcqg m%ldY lr

isáfha h'

wjidkfha § ls%'j' 1534 § wgjk fykaß rc;=ud tx.,ka; iNdj msysgqjd

tys kdhl;ajh o Tyqgu mjrd .;af;ah' Tyq lf;da,sl iNdj yd úfYaIfhka

frdauh iu. b;d wukdmfhka lghq;= lf<a h' i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ o ;u ;k;=r

ms<s.ekSfï § tx.,ka;fha rcq bÈßmsg l< hq;= j ;snQ fmdfrdkaÿ .ekSu mjd

82

m%;slafIam lf<ah' Tyq l< foa kS;Hdkql+, fkdjqK o tx.,ka; kS;s l%ufha

meje;s ksYaYíoNdjh ksid i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ tfrysj lsisÿ kS;suh mshjrla

fkd.;af;ah' tfy;a fykaß rc;=ud Tyqg iudj fkdÿka w;r miqj ls%'j' 1535

§ f;dauia uqj¾f.a ysi.id oeïfïh' fuf,i i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ lf;da,sl

úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍfuys ,d Èúms¥ m%dKmß;Hd.sjrhl= njg m;aúh' miq

lf,l frdfpiag¾ys ro.=rejrhdj ^Bishop of Rochester& isá fcdaka *sI¾jo

^ John Fisher & ysi.id uerefõh' i¾ f;dauia ujq¾ ;=ud yd fcdaka *sI¾ ;=ud

miq lf,l lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ;u idka;=jr Ndjhg Tijk ,§' tx.,ka;

iNdj uq,a ld,fha § mdma;=udf.a wêldÍ n,h m%;slafIam lrñka lf;da,sl

iNdfjka bj;aj .sh o miqj le,aúkajdohg yiqù fndfyda f,i fm%df;ia;ka;

iajNdjhla .;af;ah' ls%'j' oyih yd oyy;ajk ishjia j,§ tx.,ka;h ;=<

lf;da,slfhda b;d oeä f,i mSvdjg m;a lrkq ,enQy' mdma;=udg hgy;a my;a

wh foaYmd,k jYfhka rchg úreoaO msßila f,i Tjqyq yxjvq .eiQ y' kuq;a

miqj ld,hdf.a wejEfuka tx.,ka; iNdfjka jeä fldgila kej;;a

lf;da,sl iajrEmhla .;af;ah' fï w;r úfYaIfhkau tx.,ka; iNdfõ Wiia

iNdjg wh;a weka.a,slkajre High Church Anglicans& fm%df;ia;ka; ,laIK

j,g jvd lf;da,sl ,laIK Wiq,k weoys,sjka;hka msßila f,i fmfka'

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

mshjr 1 - uOH;k hq.fhka miq iNdfõ meje;s iajrEmh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'

mshjr 2 - fm%df;ia;ka; úma,jh yd frmrudÿ úma,jh we;sùug n,mE lreKq"

we;sjQ wdldrh yd tys m%;sM, ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'

mshjr 3 - iNdfõ fn§ hdu frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdjg n,mE wdldrh ms<sn|j

idlÉPd lsÍu'

uQ,dY % ( -

- w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fm'i Wiiafm< úNd.hg kshñ; (

kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj " weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda " fld<U 10 " 1970

iy 2008

- uydpd¾h Ô' mS' ù fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh

- JEDIN Hubert, History of the Christian Church, Vols. I-X, Crossroad, New

York. 1989.

83

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKq ÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a


ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( f,daldiajdoh ie,iSu yd iNd ls%hdldß;ajh úia;r lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² mqkreoh iNd m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nhs

² mqkreo hq.fha ìys jQ kj ;dmi ksldhka ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lrhs

² ;S%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ialrhs'

² mqkreo iufha ìysjq Y=oaOjka;hska ms<sn|j mjihs'

² kQ;k hq.fha Y=oafOda;a;u mshjre yd m<uqjk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ms<sn|

úia;r lrhs'


7'2'1 m%;sixialrKh yd mqkreoh ^ls%'j 1500- 1750& (

- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, wr.,h ksid hqfrdamd rgj,a jk iaùvkh"

fvkaud¾lh" ´,kaoh " fkda¾fõ" tx.,ka;h jeks m%foaY uq¿ukskau

m%;sixialrKjd§ oyu je<| .;ay'

- lf;da,sl iNdfjka úYd, msßila fjkaù .sfha h' Y=oaO iNdfõ mqkreohla yd

fjkila we;súh hq;= hehs iNd kdhlfhda ms<s.;ay'

7'2'1'1 kj ;dmi ksldh ys ìysùu

- fuu ld,h ;=< lf;da,sl iNdj ;=< mqkreohla yd m%;sixialrKhla

lsÍu i|yd fndfyda ;dmi ksldh ìysúh' tf,iu meje;s ksldhj,

m%;sixialrK wjYH úh' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ m%;sixialrK ld¾hh bÈßhg

f.khdug Y=oaOjka;" ls%hdYS,S mQcljrekaf.a kdhl;ajh wjYH úh'

fÊiq ksldh

- 1534 § Y=oaO jQ b.akdishqia f,dh,d ;=uka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o fÊiq

ksldh fuu ld¾hfha fmruqK .kakd ,§'

- kQ.;a ck;djg yd È<s÷kag hehs wdrïN lrk ,o wOHdmk fiajh miqj

rc l=udrjrekag yd rcjrekag ,nd fok ,§'

- Y=oaO jQ iNdjg yd Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag lSlreùu fuu ksldfha úfYaI

,laIKhls' lf;da,sl iNdfõ O¾ufõoh W.kajd tjd wdrlaId lr.ekSu

fudjqkaf.a ld¾hh úh'

84

- wdOHd;añl;ajfhka yd foaj Od¾ñl;ajfhka mQ¾K jQy' Y=oaO jQ b.akdishqia

f,dh,d ;=uka úiska rÑ; zwdOHd;añl mqyqKqjZ (Spiritual Exercise) kue;s

.%ka:h úfYaI ia:dkhla f.k we;' m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, mjd

m%Yxidjg ,lajQ lf;da,sl úYajdifha O¾fudamfoaY .%ka:h Y=oaO jQ mSg¾

lekSIShia ;=uka úiska rÑ; lD;shls' ;S%foka;SkQ uka;%K iNdfõ Y=oaOjQ

fkdanÜ" fn,d¾ñka jeks wh foajO¾udpd¾hjre f,i lghq;= l<y'

úkafika;shdkq iNdj

- Y=oaO jQ úkafika;s o mdj¨ mqkreoh i|yd mqfrda.dój lghq;= l<

flfkls' È<s÷ka flfrys .eUqre wdorhla yd lreKdjla oelajQ flfkls'

- 1626 § m%xY rfÜ moú mQcljrekaf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍu

i|yd ;dmi ksldh wdrïN lf<a h' O¾u¥; ld¾hh i|yd jk mQcljreka

f.a iNdj ( Congregation of the Priests of the missions) f,i wdrïN jQ

fuu ;dmi ksldh zúkafika;shdkq iNdjZ f,io y÷kajkq ,efí'

- Y=oaO jQ úkafika;s o mdjq¨ ;=uka ohdfõ fidhqßhkaf.a ksldho (Sisters

of Charity) wdrïN lf<a h' 1633 § wdrïN lrk ,o fuu ksldh ldka;djka

wfmdia;,sl fiajdfõ kshe,Su i|yd wrUkq ,enq ksldhj, m%:u ksldh

úh'

ld¾fu,a ksldh

- m,ia;Skfha ld¾fu,a lkafoa wdrïN jQ fuu ksldhg ;mia Ôú;h i|yd

jk úkh Í;s ud,djla 12 jk ishjfia ilia lr fok ,§'

- Y=oaO jQ ihsuka iafgdla fuu meúÈ ðú;fha iïm%odh tx.,ka;hg

/f.k f.dia ld¾fu,a meúÈ Ôú;hg iydh ,nd ÿkafkah'

- ld¾fu,a ksldfha mejÈjßhl jQ wú,d ys f;f¾id ;=ñh ^1515-1582& ;u

meúÈ ksldh ;=<u kfjdaohla we;s lsÍug W;aidy l<d h' foúhka jykafia

fu;=ñhg úúOdldrfhka o¾Ykh jQ fial' ld¾fu,a ksldfha wdrïNfha

jQ ;mia Èúh yd Ndjkdfhda.s contemplative Èúh ld¾fu,a ksldh ;=<

kej; we;s lr,Sug W;aidy lr kfjdaohla we;s l<d h' — mQ¾K Èúhlg

u`Õ˜ The way of Perfection — we;=<dka; ukaÈrhZ Interior Castle keue;s

wdOHd;añl lD;s .%ka:drEV l<d h'

- wú,dys f;f¾id;=ñhf.a fhduqlsÍu yd u`. fmkaùu ;=< Y=oaO jQ l=reisfha

fmaÿre;=ud ^1542- 1591& fuu mqkreouh ld¾hfhys kshe¨fKah' fu;=ud

úiska o wdOHd;añl Ôú;h ms<sn| .%ka: ,shd we;'

tajd kï" ld¾fu,a m¾j;h ke.au - The Ascent of Mount Carmel

w÷re rd;s%h -Dark Night

wdOHd;añl .S;h - The Spiritual

85

- fma%ufha Ôjk oe,a, - The living flame of love

- fudjqka fofokdf.a wdOHd;añl ðú; lD;s fndfyda fokdf.a Ôú;j,g

buy;a iykhla úh' hdÉ[duh ðú;h" Ndjkdfhda.S heÿï" contemplative

Prayer w;aoelSï lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| fudjqkaf.a wdOHd;añl ks¾udK

fndfyda M,odhS tajd úh'

- wdOHd;añl Ôú;fha foaj in|;dj w;aoelSug ne.Em;a lu ke;sju neßh

hk Wmfoig fÊiqf.a l=vdu, jk f;f¾id ;=ñh idlaIs orkakSh'

lemqÑka ksldh

- 13 jk Y;j¾Ifha Y=oaOjq wiSisfha *%ekaisia ;=uka úiska ia:dms; *%ekaisldk

meúÈ ksldfha ^mqkreohla& kfjdaohla wjYH nj ye`.=Ks'

- 16 jk ishjfia § wiSisfha *%ekaisia ;=ukaf.a kS;s b;d iqCIu f,i

ms<smeÈh hq;= hehs o uq,a ld,fha fuu ksldfha jQ Y=oaO ,shú,s WmfoaYd;aul

Ôú; l%uh kej; we;s l< hq;= hehs uf;T miais Matteo Di þassi kue;s

*%ekaisialdk meúÈjrfhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka fndfyda meúoafoda ;SrKh

l< y'

- fuu kfjdaoh fiñka fiñka bÈßhg weÿKs' ;u b.ekaùfï fiajdj;a"

;mia Ôú;h;a iïnkaO lrñka Èú f.jQy' frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍu yd

ÿIalr l%s%hd lsÍu ;=<ska uykais ù Wmhdf.k Èù f.jQy'

- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, b.ekaùïj,g úreoaOj b.ekajQy'

7'2'1'2 ;S%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdj ^1545-1563& (

- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, b.ekaùïj,g ms<s;=re §u i|yd lf;da,sl iNdfõ

ro.=rejre uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug leue;al oelajQy' lf;da,sl iNdfõ talSh

;SrK yd Od¾ñl moku m%isoaO lsÍu fuu uka;%KiNdfõ wruqK úh'

- ;==kajk mdj¨ Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKka úiska 1545 § wdrïN lrk ,o ;s%foka;Skq

uka;%K iNdfõ § .;a ;SrK

- Y=oaO nhsn,h" iïm%odh hk folu Od¾ñl i;H;djkays W,am;a jkafka

h'

- merKs .súiqfï yd kj .súiqfï .%ka: ish,a,u foajdkqNdjfhka ,shk

,o tajd úh' Y=oaO ,shú,s mdG foúhka jykafia fj;skau ksslauQKq tajd

nj;a" tneúka tajdfha w¾:h f.kyer oelaùfï n,h Y=oaO jQ iNdjg

muKla wh;a nj

- foaYkd lsÍfï n,h;a" b.ekaùfï n,h;a Y=oaO jQ iNdjg ls%ia;=ia jykafia

úiska odkh lrk ,o tajdh'

- Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre;=ud;a" t;=udg miqj wLKavj meñfKk Y=oafOda;a;u

mshjre Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ kdhl;ajh or;s' Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka fkdjrÈk

iq¨ Ndjfha jru ,o flfkls'

86

- j,af.aÜ Vulgate hehs y÷kajkq ,enq Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ

wkque;sh ,o lD;s fõ'

- m%ido ksOdk y;u ls%ia;=ia jykafia úiskau ia:dmkh lrk ,o tajd

úh'

- ÈjH hd.h" l,ajdß hd.h" ksrh" idka;=jr ne;sh" Y=oaO jQ m%;sud ;eîu"

mQ¾K M, wdÈh Y=oaO jQ iNdj úiska ms<s.kakd ,§'

- újdyh il%fïka;=jls' újdy nkaOkh iodld,slh'

- úYajdifha M,hka jk hym;a ls%hd ;=<ska m%ldY jk úYajdih ksid

ñksid úksYaphldrhl= fõ'

uka;%K iNdj úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o kfjdaouh jHdmD;s

- mQ¾KM, ,nd§u ms<sn| foaYkd lrk l%uh bj;a lsÍu

- ußh;=ñh yd Y=oaOjka;hskag kshñ; mßÈ f.!rj lsÍug Wkkaÿ lrùu'

- mQcl mqyqKqj i|yd iEu moúhlug fiufkaßhla foõi;ay,la& wdrïN

lsÍu'

- lf;da,slhska i;shlg jrlaj;a ÈjH i;am%idoh ,nd .ekSu

- ks;r ks;r iu.s ikaOdkfha m%ido ksOdkh ,nd ta u.ska mõ iudj

,nd .ekSu'

- ÈjH i;a m%ido jkaokdj yd ÈjHd i;am%ido wdYs¾jdoh ,nd .ekSug

Wkkaÿ lrùu'

- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ O¾fudamfoaYlhska i|yd — ;s%foka;Skq O¾fudamfoaYh˜

keu;s lD;sh 5 jkmshqia Pius v) Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud 1566 § m%ldYhg m;a

lf<a h'

7'2'2 kùk hq.h ^1750 isg&

7'2'2'1 m%xY úma,jh ^1789-1795&

1788 § uy;a wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d we;súh' f.dhï md¿ùu fya;=fjka id.;h we;sù

ck;dj l=i.skafka ñheÿky' Ôjk nr oeßh fkdyelsj È<sÿ m%cdj yd lïlrefjdaa

rfÜ kS;s l%uh ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= hehs mjiñka úma,j l<y' iuyr my<a

ia:rfha mQcljre yd m%N+jre Tjqka iu. tla jQy'

rfÜ ck;djf.a leue;a;g md,kh l< hq;=h hk rEfidaf.a woyi fuhg

fya;= ldrlhla úh' tl, rg md,kh l< ù rc ;=ukaj uerEy' ckrc l%uhg

úfrdaOh mE oyia .Kka m%N+jreka " mQcljreka yd meúoaoka urkq ,enQy' m%N+jrea

yd bvï ysñ úYd, msßila ráka msgqjy,a jQy' wfkl=;a wh ;u mdrïmßl

Wreuh w;a yeßfhdah''

87

mej;s ;;a;ajh iu;hlg m;a lsÍu i|yd m%xY rfÜ kS;s iNdj jk iafÜÜia

fckr,a (States General) 1789 uehs 5 jk Èk f,¾fihs,ais,a ys /iaj kj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djla f.dvk.k ,§'

fuu kS;sh fkdms<s.;a ro.=rejrekag yd ish .Kka mQcljrekag n,mEï l<y'

iuyre urkq ,enQy' ;j;a iuyre ráka msgqjy,a lrkq ,enQy' 1793 § m%xYfhka

ls;=oyu ;=rka l< hq;= hehs jD;a;Sh W;aij" oekqu ux.,H" hy.=K ux.,H hehs

W;aij iurñka ls;=kq ux.,H Èk yd bre Èk jkaokdjg ndOd meñKjQy'

m%isoaO foajia:dkhla jk fkdag% vEï Notre Dame foajia:dkfha w,a;drh u;

.Ksldjla isgqjd zueh idudkH oekqfï foúhd ˜ hehs jkaokd l<y'

- 1797 § kefmda,shka wêrdchd f,i m;ajQ miq" 6 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u (Pius vi)

msh;=ud iu`. .súiqula w;aika fldg Y=oaO iNdfjka fndfyda bvï" rgj,a yd

ñ< wêl w;ska ,shk ,o .%ka: msgm;a" l,d jia;+ka ,nd .;af;ah' 1798 §

frdaufha m%xY cd;slhl= urkq ,eîu w<,d frdauh w,a,df.k Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ukaf.a jia;+ meyer f.k jekSishg Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaj msgqjy,a lrkq

,eîh' 1799 § fu;=ud iaj¾.ia: úh'

- kefmda,shka " Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udKka jk 7 jk mshqia mdma;=uka (Pius vii)

iu. 1882 § .súiqula w;aika fldg Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ whs;Sh kej; ,nd ÿkafkah'

foajia:dk újD; lrkq ,eîh' meúÈ ksldh ;u fiajdjka wdrïN lf<da h'

lf;da,sl oyu m%isoaêfha ms<s.kq ,eîh'

- kuq;a kefmda,shka taldêm;s md,lhl= f,i fjkia ù" frdauh m<d;a w.kqjr

lr Y=oaO jQ iNdjg kej; n,mEï lsÍug mgka .;af;ah' kuq;a 7 jk mshqia

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud fkdìhj kefmda,shkag úreoaO ù Y=oaO jQ iNdj wdrlaId

lf<a h' 1815 § fjdg¾ Æ water Loo hqoaOfhka kefmda,shka mrdch jQ miq Y=oaO

jQ iNdj ksoyfia m%xYh ;=< jHdma; jkakg mgka .ekqKs'

7 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a ld,h kj meúÈ ksldh wdrïN úh'

udßhksiaÜia Marianists. udßiaÜ Marist o ,di,a ifydaorjre Christian Brotheß.

ohdfõ fidfydhqßfhda Sister of Charity. f,dfrÜfgda meúÈ fidhqßfhda Sister of

Loretto fmda,siaÜia Paulists, ief,aishdkq ksldh Salesians foaj jpkfha iNdj

Society of Divine Word, iqÿ mshjreka White Fathers hk fuu meúÈ ksldh

O¾u¥; ld¾h" iudc fiajh" wOHdmk" tfâßh fiajh jeks ld¾hhka ys ksr;

ù Y=oaO jQ iNdjg kj ðjhla yd kj;djla ,nd ÿkay' 1815 § úYajdih me;sßùfï

iNdj ia:dmkh lf<a h'

88

7'2'2'2 m<uqjk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ^1869-1870&

- 1869 foieïn¾ 8 jk Èk m<uq j;sldkq uka;%K iNdj frdaufha §

/iajqKs'

- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ uQ,sl i;H;djka' foúhka jykafia Ôjudkhs hk woyi

iajNdj O¾uh;a foúhka jykafia;a foúhka jykafiaf.a m%ldYk;a"

idudkH nqoaêh yd foaj t<sorõj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj jeks b.ekaùï

fvhs *S,shqia (Dei Filius) kue;s m%:u woyia ud,dj m%ldY lrk ,È'

- Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud kdhl;ajh f.k Y=oaOjQ fmaÿre ;=udf.a Y=Odikfha

fha isg Od¾ñl moku m%ldYhg m;a lrk úg ke;fyd;a myok úg

Y=oaOd;au jrñka i;H l:d lrhs' Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKkaf.a fkdjrÈk

iq iajNdjh infallibility hehs th y÷kajkq ,efí' ta iu`. u Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ukaf.a kdhl;ajh Primacy ms<s.kakd ,§'

- 1870 § m%xY - nDDish w;r hqoaOh wdrïN jQ ksid uka;%K iNdj w;a

ysgjk ,§' fï ksid Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ fiajh" .syshkaf.a yd meúoaokaf.a

;;a;ajh hkak ms<sn|j idlÉPd l< fkdyels úh'

- kuq;a 18 jk ishjfia § wvmK jQ Y=oafOda;a;u msh ;k;=r;a" wd;añl

wêldßh;a" 19 jk ishjfia' ueo Nd.fha w;s uy;a wd;añl yd YS,Od¾ñl

wêldßh;a (Spiritual and moral) Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag kej; ,nd fok

,È'

7'2'2'3 úfYaIs; Y=oafOda;a;u mshjre ^1878- 1963&

13 jk,sfhda Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud (Leo xiii 1878- 1903&

- Y=oafOda;a;u msh kdhl;ajh;a" Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ n,h;a kQ;k hq.h ;=<

kej; ,nd .ekSug W;aidy oeÍh'

- Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a fkdjrÈk iq¨ Ndjh fkdms<s.;a;jqka

;k;=rej,ska my lf<a h' tl, jQ ¥IK fudkjdoehs oek.ekSu flfrys

;u is; fhdojd m%fhdackj;a úúO wfmdaia;,sl ,sms ,sõfõh'

- úYajdih yd nqoaêjdoh" Y=oaO jQ iNdj yd rch" iudcjdoh Nhdkl nj"

újdyfha Y=oaO;ajh;a" whs;sh yd n,h" lïlre whs;sjdislï jeks úIhh

we;=<;a fldg fu;=ud fndfyda úYaj f,aLk ksl=;a lrñka Y=oaO jQ

iNdjg u`. fmkaúh'

89

- foaj O¾ufõÈhl= jQ fu;=ud foajO¾uh ms<sn| wOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK

isÿ lf<a h' Y=oaO jQ welajdhskia ;=ukaf.a foajO¾uh W.; hq;= hehs

mejiSh' úoHd;aulj Y=oaO nhsn,h yeoEÍug u`. me§h' j;sldk

f,aLkd.drh ieu fok Ndú; l< yels hehs okajd" wOHdmk

.fõIKj,g ;u iyh oelaùh'

- fu;=ud m%cd;ka;%jdohg iyh oelajQ fyhska fndfyda rgj,a iu. in|;d

meje;aúh' lf;da,slhskag fyd¢ka i<lk f,ig reishdfjka b,a,Sh'

- — fjfyik ñksiaiqZ hehs y÷kajkq ,nk — f¾reï fkdjdreïZ Rerum

Novarum hk úYaj f,aLk u.ska lïlrejkag idOdrK fõ;khla yd

whs;sjdislï ,nd§u ls;=kqlu nj myod ÿkafkah'

- 1902 frdaufha Y=oaO nhsn,Sh fldñiu ia:dmkh lf<a h'

11jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud ^Pius XI 1922 - 1939)

- 11 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a ld,h mSvd wêl ld,hla úh'

- b;d,sfha fnksfgda uqfid,sksf.a meisiaÜ jdohg uqyqK § Y=oaO jQ iNdj

wdrlaId l< hq;= úh' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ mdrïmßl Wreuh rchg mjrd§ug

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud wlue;s jQfha h' ksoyia iSudjl ksoyfia md,kh

lsÍu Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ ienE ksoyi hehs mejiSh' uqfid,sks Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=udf.a fuu woyi ms<s.ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i b;d,s rch yd

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud w;r 1929 fmnrjdß 11 jkod .súiqula w;aika lrk

,§' fuu .súiqu ,;rdkq .súiqu (Lateran Ttreaty) hehs y÷kajkq ,efí'

- ,;rdkq .súiqug wkqj j;sldkh iajdëk rgla f,i;a" uOHia: rgla

f,i;a" tu rc Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka hehso okajkq ,eîh' ;jo b;d,s

rfÜ oyu" lf;da,sl oyu hehso Y=oaO;ajh ysñ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag

myrfok' myr§ug W;aidy lrk" wjuka lrk wh oeä o`vqjï ,eìh

hq;a;ka njo f.kyer oelaúK' b;d,s mdi,aj, O¾fudamfoaYh iaÓrj

,ndÈh hq;= nj ms<s.kakd ,§' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ kS;shg wkqj isÿjQ újdy

rch ms<s.kakd ,§'

- wOHdmkh ,nd§u rcfha whs;sh hehso uqfid,sks m%ldYhg m;al< úg

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud th oeäj fy<d oelaflah' — ;reKhskaf.a ls;=kq

wOHmkhZZ ms<sn|j 1929- foieïn¾ 31 jk Èk fu;=ud ,shQ wfmdia;,sl

90

,smsfha úia;rd;aulj lreKq fmkajd§ we;' ish¨u lf;da,sl ;reKhskag

lf;da,sl wOHdmkh ,nd§u iNdfõ whs;shhs' ;ukag lf;da,sl mdi,a

wjYHhehs lf;da,slhka lrk Woaf>daIKhg n,mEï iqÿiq ke;' fyd|

lf;da,slhka fyd| mqrjeishka fõ' rchgo lSlre fjhs' fujeks Wiia

;reK mrmqrla we;s lsÍu isÿjkafka lf;da,sl mdi,a u.ska hehs fuu

m%ldYkfha i|yka lr we;'

- ysÜ,¾f.a kdÜis jdohg úreoaOj igka l< hq;= úh' 1933 § ysÜ,¾ iu.

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud .súiqula we;s lr.;af;ah' lf;da,slhkag c¾uksfha

Ôj;aùfï whs;sh we;s nj fmkajd§u fuys wruqKhs' fï .súiqu jeä

ld,hla fkdmeje;=Ks' ysÜ,¾ Y=oaO jQ iNdjg tfrysj f.dia cqohska urd

je<¨fõh'

- 13 jk ,sfhda Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a zfjfyik ñksiaiqZ zf¾reï

fkdjdreïZ úYaj f,aLkh m%ldYhg m;a lr 41 jk j¾I mQ¾Kh

ieuÍug lïlrefjda frdauhg wdy' uQ,Okh" wdodhu Wmhd .ekSu

ms<sn|j fu;=ud lajdârdfviaisfuda wkafkda Quadragessimo Anno kue;s

úYaj f,aLkfhka n, lf<a h' heÿï" fiajd" mß;Hd. ;=<ska iudcfha

hym; i|yd lïlrejka lghq;= l< hq;= h' wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ld,kqrEmSj

kS;suh mokñka lïlrejkag yd uqo,d,s jrekag m%fhdackj;a jk

wdldrhg fjkia lr ilia lrkq ,efí' fldñhqksiaÜ jdÈ iudcjdÈhl=f.a

woyia ls;=kq weoys,a,g mgyeks neúka lf;da,sl=g tlu wjia:dfõ

ienE lf;da,slhl= f,i;a ienE fldñkshqiaÜjdÈhl== ^iudcjdÈhl= &

f,i;a lghq;= l< fkdyels hehs fuu m%ldYkfhka fmkajd § we;'

- ls;=kq tal;ajh i|yd ish¨fokdu ls%hd;aul úhhq;= hehs wdrdOkd lf<ah'

ls;=kqjkaf.a rdcHh u.ska muKla ienE ksoyi;a ienE i;=g;a we;sfõhehs

n,lrñka ls%ia;= rcdKkaf.a uyd ux.,Hh lf;da,sl iNdj ieußh hq;=

hehs m%ldYhg m;alf<a h'

23 jk cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud (John xiii 1958 -1963)

- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ W;alDIag nj f,djg úoyd mEfõh' ukqI;ajfhka mQ¾K

flfkl= f,i O¾uh ms<sn| Wkkaÿfjka msÍ ls;=kq tal;ajh fjkqfjka

ñksidf.a hym; fjkqfjka yd f,dal iduh fjkqfjka ;ukaj lemlr

fiajh lf<a h'

91

- ls;=kq tal;ajh kue;s ix.ufha fmruqK.;a flfkl= úh' Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ukaf.a idlÉPd" m%;sm;a;s " m%;sixialrK iNd Y=oaO jQ iNd w;f¾

jQ fNao Nskak iu;lhg m;a lrkq ,eîh' ls;=kq tal;ajhg iajdëk

f,alï ld¾hd,hla we;s lf<a h'

- zuj iy .=rejßhZ Mater Et Magistra kue;s úYajf,aLkh u.ska ñksialug

.re l< hq;= hehs o È<skaoka" Okj;=ka Wiia my;a fNaoh ;=rka úh hq;=

hehs o mejiSh — f,dal iduhZZ Pacem in Terris kue;s úYajf,aLkfha

tal mqoa., jákdlu;a ksoyi;a wjOdrKh lr hym;a ñksiqka tla jqjfyd;a

hym;a idufhka msrs iudcfhla f.dvkef`.a hehs i|yka lf<ah'

- Y=oaOd;au n,fhka fmd<Ujkq ,enQ Y=oaO jQ iNdj fuu ld,hg wkqj u`.

fmkajkakg b;sydifha uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug we;s nj oekaùh'

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj hehs y÷kajkq ,nk fuu uka;%K iNdj

Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ .=Kdx. ms<sn|j;a ro.=rejreka " mQcljrka" .syshka l=uk

wdldrhlska Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ wNsjDoaêhg odhl úh yels oehs ks¾Kh lrk

,§'


1 mshjr - mqkreoh yd iNd m%;sixialrKh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la

f.dvk`.kak'

2 mshjr - ls%'j 1750 isg mgka .kakd kQ;k hq.h ;=< iNd ls%hdldß;ajh

ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

uQ,dY% -

1' w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i Wiia fm< úNd.hg kshñ;a

( kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10 "

1970 iy 2008

2' uydpd¾h Ô'mS'ù fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh

idlÉPd lsÍu'

92

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a


ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( f,dalhg iNdfõ odhl;ajh meyeos,s fldgf.k ck;djf.a

Wka;sh i|yd lemfjhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd ta ms<Sn|j l;d

lrhs'

² úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj flfrys iyh oelajQ ls;=kq úoHd{hska fuka ;ud

Ôj;ajk iudch ;=< iudc fiajh lsÍug bosßm;a fjhs'

² fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd ksoyi oSu;a iu`.u foajia:dk f.dvke.s,s l%uh

l%uj;aj wdrïNjQ nj oek .kshs'

² uq,a ls;=kqjka hqlßia;sh i|yd Ndú; l< ls;=kqq ixfla; ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% l,dfõ

wdrïNl Ñ;% nj ms<s.kshs'


7'3'1 wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu (-

frdau wêrdcHfha msßySu;a iu. we;sjq foaYmd,ksl wr., yd hqOuh jd;djrKh

ksid hqfrdamfha oekqu mqmqrdhdfï m%jK;dj b;d my;a ;;a;ajhl mej;=Ks'

tfia jqj;a ls;=kq mQcljreka ;ukag wjYH oekqu hï uÜgulska fmdaIKh

lsÍug Wkkaÿ jqy' uOH;k hq.h ;=< wlaIr {dkh" m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha

me;sÍu" úYajúoHd, ìysùu yd me;sÍu" mqrd;k frdau - .S%l oekqu;a bia,dóh

oekqu;a hqfrdamh ;=<g f.k tk ,oS' ta ksid ngysr mäjrekaf.a Ñka;kh ;=<

j¾Okhla we;sùu m%Odk lreKls'

ls%'j' 800 oS muK pd,aia fïka rcld,fha" t;=ukaf.a ksfhda.h mßos iEu foõ

ue`ÿrlau" ;dmdidrduhlau wh;a m%foaYj, m%d:ñl mdi,a wdrïN l< hq;= úh'

fï wkqj ngysr hqfrdamfha úúO m%foaYj, mdi,a yd mqia;ld, úúO ;dmidru

wdYs%; m%foaYj, ia:dmkh lrk ,oS' kuq;a ffjlsx ^Viking& jrekaf.a hq`Ouh

lghq;= ksid m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha we;sjQ j¾Okhg uy;a n,mEula úh' kuq;a

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iuyr ;dmidrdu yd wdik foaõueÿre wdYs%;j j¾Okh

úh' kuq;a ls%'j' 1050 olajd ngysr hqfrdamfha m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha ;;a;ajh yd

me;srhdu b;d wju ;;a;ajhl mej;=Ks' kuq;a 11 jk ishjfia we;sjQ wd.ñl

m%;sixialrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i wdik foõue`ÿre wdYs%; mdi,a j, Cathedral&

93

ksoyia wOHdmkh ,ndÿKs' lekagnrs Cantabary& pd¾gia Chartes& yd meÍish

^Paris& hk ia:dk ksoyia wOHdmkh Liberal Arts& ,ndfok wOHdmkfha m%Odk

ikaêia:dk úh'

.sys ck;dj i|yd jk mdi,a we;sùu;a" .sys ck;djg wOHdmkh ,ndÿka

Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ mdi,aj, ls%hdldß;ajh;a" .sys ck;djf.a wOHdmkh úYd,

jYfhka j¾Okh lsÍug u`. meoSKs'' hqfrdamd b;sydifha Wiia uOH;k hq.fha

we;sjQ wOHdmk ixj¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i úYajúoHd, hqfrdamh ;=< ìysúh'

ffjoH úoHdjg uq,a ;ek ÿka if,¾fkd salerno& yd kS;s wOHdmkhg uq,a;ek

ÿka fndf,d[a[= úYajúoHd,h úfYaI úh'

12 jk Y;j¾Ifha ueoNd.fha oS meßia úYajúoHd,h ìysúh' meÍisfha

ro.=re;=uka úiska fuh úYajúoHd,hlaa f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o w;r úúO

wdh;k yd mSGj,ska th iukaú; úh' 13 jk Y;j¾Ifha oS fuu úYajúoHd,

mSG 4 lg fnod fjka lrk ,oS' tajd kï foaj O¾u mSGh" ffjoH mSGh" iNdkS;s

mSGh yd l,d mSGh h' ls%ia;shdks foaj O¾uh" .S%l" bia,dï" o¾Ykh fuys

b.ekajq fyhska tajdfha in|;d o¾Yk f,dalh ;=< uy;a fmr<shla we;s lf<a

h' 14 jk Y; j¾Ih jk úg fuu úYajúoHd,hg wh;a fm!oa.,sl fldf,aÊ

40 la úh' ta f,!lsl yd wdOHd;añl tajd úh'

Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,h ls%ia;= j¾I 872 oS uyd we,a*%â úiska wrUk ,oS' ls%'j'

1226 oS flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h ìysúh' ls%'j' 1218 oS IX w,afmdakaiq rcq úiska

i,ukald úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lrk ,oS' fuh iamd[a[fha we;s bmerKsu

úYajúoHd,hhs' fuh ls%'j' 1254 oS IV jk wef,laiekav¾ mdma;=uka úiska

f,dalfha we;s m%Odk;u úYajúoHd, 4 ka tlla njg m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h'

^Tlaia*¾â" meßia yd fndf,d[a[d úYaj úoHd, iu`.&

7'3'2 úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj Wfoid ls;=kq úoHd{hskaf.a odhl;ajh

kùk f,dalh ;=< úoHdfõ yd ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj Wfoid odhljqjkaf.ka

nyq;rh ls;=kqqjkah' tu úoHd{hskaf.a yelshd iy l=i,;d ;=<ska foúhka

jykafiaf.a yia;h ls%hd;aul ù we;' ls;=kq iNdfjka f,dalhg odhdo l<

iqúfYaIs jq tu mqoa.,hkaf.ka lSm fofkl= ms<sn|j fidhd n,d wOHhkh

lruq'

94

fghshd¾â fv Id¾vEka msh;=ud ^Pierr Teilhard de Chardin& 1881-19551881-19551881-19551881-19551881-1955

• fÊiq ksldhg wh;a msh;=fuls'

• mDÓúh u; jik ñksidf.a mßKdu b;sydih ms<sn|j iïmq¾K o¾Ykhla

bosßm;a l< Ñka;lhska w;frka fu;=udg úfYaI ;ekla ysñfõ'

• wfÉ;ksl ^Nanimate& øjHhj,ska mgkaf.k Ôjfha we;sùu miqlr kQ;k

ñksidf.a j¾Okh muKla fkdj bosß wkd.;h olajd hkakdjq udkj j¾Okh

ms<sn|jjQ m%lafIamkhla ^Projection& iys; mq`t,a o¾Ykhla t;=ud f,dalhg

oS we;'

• fu;=ud N+ñ úoHd iy mdIdKSh Od;= úoHd ms<sn|j úoHd{hl= jq w;r

o¾Ykjdoshl= yd lsúol= f,i oialï olajd we;'

• Id¾vEkaf.a Ñka;kh w;sYhka jeo.;a jkafka Tyq tlúgu oeä ls%ia;= Nla;shl=

o w.%.Kfha úoHd{hl= o ùu ksidh' wd.u yd úoHdj hk lafIa;% 2 tlsfklg

mgyeks hehs Tyq lsisúgl ie<l=fõ ke;' merKs Ôùkaf.a weglgq ms<sn|

m¾fhaIL yeuúgu wjika jkafka im%dKsl fÊiq ls%ia;=;=uka tajd ;=<ska o¾Ykh

lsÍug ,eîfukehs Tyq ks;r mejiqfõh'

wef,laiekav¾ f.%yeï fn,a ^ 1847 - 1922&

• ls%'j' 1847 oS iafldaÜ,ka;fha täkanfrda kqjroS Wm; ,nd täkanfrda yd

,kavka úYajúoHd,j,ska Wmdê ,nd we;s w;r ls%'j' 1876 ud¾;= 10 osk ÿrl:kh

fidhd.kq ,eîh'

• ;jo Y%jH oDYH wdndê; <uqkaf.a ;;a;ajh i;=gqodhl lsÍug fuj,ï lSmhla

ksmojQ w;r tu <uqkag b.ekaùu i|yd fjku .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍug;a" ta

i|yd úfYaI mdGud,d ieliSug;a fudyq mqfrda.dó úh' fndiag;ays Y%jH wdndê;

<uqka i|yd jQ úYajúoHd,h Tyq úiska msysgqjk ,oafols'

whsfila ksõgka ^1643-1727&

• tx.,ka;fha jq,aiaf;dma kï .%dufha Wmka whsfila ksõgka fN!;sl

úoHd{fhla" .Ks;{fhla" ;drld úoHd{fhla" kQ;k hq.fha od¾Ykslfhla

fukau foaj O¾udpd¾hjrfhla o fjhs'

• úoHdjg mgyeks fkdjk foú flfkla ms<sn| fudyq úYajdi lr we;s w;r

.=re;ajdl¾IKh fudyq úiska fidhdf.k we;' p,s;h ^Motion& ms<sn|

kshuh 3 la fudyq bosßm;a lr we;'

95

• j¾K y÷kd.ekSu "iQ¾h uKav,h ms<sn| f;dr;=re wkdjrKh" mrdj¾;kh

ÿf¾laIhla ;ekSu" uqyqfoa jvosh yd ndosh yg.ekSu hkdos lreKq rdYshla

wkdjrKh lrf.k f,djg m%ldY lr we;'

we,anÜ whskaiaghska ^ 1879 -1955&

• c¾uksfha W,añ k.rfha Wm; ,enq cqod cd;sl lf;da,slfhls'

• idfmalaI;djdoh bosßm;a lsÍu;a iu`.u b;d ckm%sh jQ fudyq úÿ,sh" ldkaoï

n,h" .=re;aj n,h hk fïjd tlu uQ,hlska ìysjk nj lshd isáfhah'

• ls%'j' 1922 oS Tyqg fN!;sl úoHdj ms<sn| fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ,enqfKah'

wef,laiekav¾ maf,añx ^ 1881-1955&

• 1881 wf.daia;= ui 06 jk osk iafldÜ,ka;fha wfhaI¾ys f,dÊmS,aâ keue;s

.fï os<s÷ mjq,l Wmka ls;kqqfjla jq fudyq wd¾Ól m%Yak j,ska fm`tKq

nd,úfhaoSu ,kavka k.rhg f.dia ,smslre ;k;=rla ,ndf.k b;sßlr.;a

uqo,aj,ska ,kavkfha Ydka; fïß wdfrda.HYd,djg wkqnoaO ffjoH úoHd,hg

msúi jhi wjq 28 oS Y,H ffjoH úfYaI{fhla úh'

• fmkais,ska m%;sÔjl T!IOh fidhd.;a fudyqg 1945 oS ta i|yd fkdfnda,a

;Hd.ho msßkud we;'

• f;dauia w,ajd täika ^1847-1931&

¨ù mdiap¾ ^1822-1895&

ksl,ia fldm¾kslia ^1473-1543&

tâjâ fck¾ ^1749-1823&

hk úoHd{hska ms<sn|j jeäÿrg;a wOHhkhl< yels h'

7'3'3 l,dfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh

ls%ia;shdks iNd b;sydifha úúO ld,jljdkqj, oS ls%ia;shdks l,dj j¾Okh ù

we;' ls;=kq f,aLkh" ls;=kq ix.S;h" .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%" leghï" uQ¾;s hkdosfha

Wkak;sh Wfoid úúO lKavdhï yd mqoa.,hska odhl ù we;' by; i|yka l<

iEu wx.hlau l,djg we;=,;a fõ'

ls;=kqq f,aLkh (

uOHld,Sk hq.h jkf;la ,;ska NdIfjka idys;H lD;S rpkd fldg ;snqKs'

vdkafÜ w,s.sfhß ls%'j' 1265-1321& b;d,s NdIdfjka ks¾udK a lf<a h' ksoiqka

f,i ^The Divine Comedy& fyj;a foaj iqLdka;h oelaúh yels h' f;dauia

wlïfma ,shQ ls%ia;= wkqidrh The Imitation of Christ& keue;s lD;sho jeo.;a

fõ'

96

wú,dfõ idka; f;f¾id" l=reisfha idka; fcdaka" fcdaak ñ,agka hkdos f,aLlhska

úiska f,dal ls;=kq idys;Hhg woaú;Sh fufyjrla isÿlrk ,È'

ix.S;h

m%:u j;djg ls%ia;shdks ix.S; l%uhla wdrïN jkafka ls%'j' 500-1000 w;r

ld,fha oS h' w÷re hq.h f,i ye|skajQ fuu jljdkqj ;=< ckjkaokd l%uh

úêu;a f,i ilia lrk ,oS' idka; fnkÈla ;=ud ;dmidrdu ;=< ilia l<

ckjkaokdl%uh ls%ia;shdks iNdjg .e<fmk ú,dYhlg uyd f.%.ß mdma;=ud

^ ls%'j 540-604& úiska ilia lrk ,oS' ;ks ;d, l%uhla ^Plane chant& jQ fuu

ix.S; l%uh f.%f.daßhdkq ;d, l%uh ^Gregorian Chant& f,i ckm%sh úh'

11 yd 12 fjks Y;j¾Ij, f.%f.daßhdkq ;ks ;d, l%uhg jvd fjkia ñY% ;d,

l%uhla meÍisfha fkdg%vdï wdik foõueÿf¾ wdrïN úh' th fmd,sf*dks

ix.S; l%uh f,i y÷kajhs' mQcdjl ;d,hg .dhkd l< hq;= jq fldgia 6 la ñY%

;d, ix.S; l%uh ;=<ska ;SrKh ù ;snqfKa h' kQ;k osjH mQcd hd.fha oS fuu

fldgia .dhkd lrkq ,efí'

i lSßfha ^iajdóks lreKd l< uekj&

ii .af,daßhd ^W;alDIaG jq foúhkag uysuh fõjd&

iii fla%fvda ^ uu úYajdi lrñ&

iv idka;=ia ^ iqúY=oaOh&

v fnkäla;=ia jäk ;eke;a;d wdYs¾jdos;h&

vi wd[a[qia fâhs ^foaj wcnd,lhdfKks&

• ;s%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdfjka miq úYsIag ñY% ;d, ix.S; l%uhla ìysúh'

• ;+¾h NdKav yd lgyv tlg ñY% lrñka Trf;daßfhda lD;s ix.S; l%uh

ks¾udKh fldg we;'

• 19 fjks ishjfia oS .dhkd mQcd iy ÿla .dhkd mQcd ks¾udKh lrk ,oS'

.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh

• ls%'j' 313 os fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd úiska ls%ia;shdks O¾uhg ksoyi oSfuka

miq ls%ia;shdks f.dvke.s,s l,dj wdrïN úh' fuu wjêfha oS

• frdaudkq foajia:dk l%uh

• nhsika;shdkq foajia:dk l%uh hkqfjka foajia:dk ;ekSfï l%u folla

y÷kajd osh yelsh'

97

• ls%'j 1000 isg 1500 olajd ld,h tkï uOH;k hq.fha oS ls%ia;shdks wkkH;dfjka

hq;= foajia:dk f.dvke.s,s bosßlsÍï l%u 2 la ìysúh tajd kï

• frdaukial fyj;a uOHld,Sk frdaudKq foajia:dk

• f.da;sl Gothic& foajia:dk

leghï Ys,amh

ls%ia;shdks leghï l,djo wdrïN jQfha uOH;k hq.fha oSh' hqfrdamfha wdik

foõueÿre boslsÍu;a iu`.u leghï l,dj wdrïN úh' kuq;a fï hq.fha oS

leghï l,dj wdrïN jqj;a th iajdëk l,djla fkdùh' leghï fhdod

.;af;a f.dvke.s,s irik l%uhla fiah' tkï f.dvke.s,s l,dfõu wx.hla

f,igh'

Wod - i fld;a uqÿka ieriSug foaj¥;hka fhdod .eksKs'

ii jeys mS,sj,ska j;=r msglsÍu isÿ lf,a ñksia fyda i;ajrEm j,

lgj,a Ndú; lsÍfuka h'

iii oajdr uKavmj, mqrdK yd kj .súiqïj, l:d mqj;a olajk rEm

wUd ;snqKs' fuu rEm iïmQ¾K ms<su fkdjq w;r tajdhska fldgila

ì;a;shgu .s,afjk ú,dihlg ks¾udKh fldg ;snqKs'

• ls%ia;shdks leghï l,dj iajdëk l,djla f,i f,dalh y÷kd.;af;a .S%l

frdau mqkreofha odhdohla jYfhks' ls%ia;shdks b;sydih ;=< leghï l,dj

iajdëk l,djla njg m;a lf,a uhsl,a wdkacf,dah ( msfhgd ^Pieta& leghu

Tyqf.a fYa%IaG ks¾udKhls'

• uOHld,Sk hq.fha bosl< wdik foõ ueÿrej, úfYaIfhka f.da;sl ^Gothic&

foajia:dkj, ieris,s lsÍug leghï l,dj Ndú; lf<ah' fld;a uqÿkaj,

foajÿ;rEm" ñksia rEm" i;a;aj rEm ks¾udKh lr we;'

• mYapd;a frmrudÿ lf;da,sl l,dj fyj;a nefrdla iïm%odh ;=< yuqjk

f,dfrkafika n¾kskS woaù;Sh .Kfha leghï Ys,amshl= f,i y\qkajdosh yels

w;r frdaufha Ydka; mS;r neis,sldfõ mQcdikhg by<ska ks¾udKh lr we;s

f,dalv Wvq úhk Tyqf.a woaú;Sh ks¾udKhlg ksoiqkla f,i oelaúh yels h'

Ñ;% uq¾;s Ys,amh

ls%ia;shdks mSvk iufha oS fmdf<dj hg ;kd ;snQ legl=ïn ^Catacombs& kï

fidfydka ìï ;=< iaf;da;% mQcdj fyj;a hqlßia;sh mj;ajd we;' tys oS ls;=kqjkag

muKla f;areï.; yels ryis.; ls;=kq ixfla; Ndú; lr we;' m%:u ls%ia;shdks

Ñ;% yuqjkafka fuu legl=ïn wdYs%;jh' ta ksid fïjd legl=ïn Ñ;% f,i

y÷kajhs'

98

uq,a ls;=kqjka Ndú; l< ixfla; lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

i ud`tjd - ls%ia;=ia jykafia

ii mfrúhd - wd;auh

iii fudkrd - iodld,sl;ajh

iv lfrys neg`tjl= ;ndf.k isák ;reKhd - hym;a tfârd

v oE;a Tijdf.k isák ñksfila fyda .eyeKshl - hdÉ[dj yd foúhka

jykafia iu`. we;s iïnkaO;dj

• ls%'j 1931 oS lekSïj,ska fidhdf.k we;s vqrd hqfrdamia ys ksfjil frdaufha

msysgd we;s fodñks,a,df.a fidfydka .efnys ;sî ls%ia;shdks ì;=is;=jï /ila

yuqù we;' tu Ñ;%j,g f;aud ù we;af;a Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha wvx.= l:dka;rfõ'

tajd kï - wdoï iy taj

- fudafiiag m¾j;hlska c,h ,eîu

- fcdakd ;,auil=f.ka fíÍu

- isxyhskaf.ka odksfh,a wdrlaId ùu

- fÊiqia jykafia yd f.da,hska olajk Ñ;%h wdosh fõ'

• fi!kao¾hd;aul jYfhka i,lk úg fïjd b;d m%d:ñl ,laIKj,ska hqla;

ks¾udK jqjo tu`.ska tu hq.fha ne;su;=ka .; l< ÿIalr Ôú; rgdj wjfndaO

lr.; yels h'

• fudiehsla fyj;a ùÿre legl,dj

fudiehsla Ñ;% nhsfika;shdkq l,dfõ kj;u l,d wx.hls' ùÿre leg l,dj

fiao fuh y÷kajk w;r f.j,a yd foajia:dk j, iS,sï" ì;a;s" îu ieriSug

fuu l%uh Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'

fudiehsla Ñ;% l,dfõ ,laIK

i Ñ;%h w,xldr yd wf,dalj;a Ndjhlska hqla; fõ'

ii ùÿ/ legj,ska ks¾udKh l< ksid Ñ;% rEm oro`vqhs

iii fkdfi,afjk iq¨h' me<| isák jia;%j, /<s fkdue;'

iv tajd foiska Nla;shla iy f,dafld;aa;r Ndjhla meyeos,sj m%ldY fõ'

v mqoa.,hl=f.a im%dKslNdjhla olakg ke;' tu ksid fuu l,dlrefjda

Ñ;%fha iajNdúl;ajhg jvd .ïNSr;ajhg uq,a ;ek ÿkay'

vi mkafgdl%Elafgd¾ ^Pantocrastor& fyj;a ish¨ fohgu wêm;s f,i

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj ks¾udKh fldg we;'

99

• whsfldka rEm

fudiehsla Ñ;% wkq.ukh lrñka Ñ;% l%uhla ìysúh' foajia:dk j, olakg

,enqKq fudiehsla Ñ;%j, yevhg fÊiqia jykafiaf.a" ußh;=ñhf.a iy

Y=oaOjka;hkaf.a rEm l=vd ,S ,E,sj, msgm;a lsÍfï iïm%odhla ìysjkakg

úh' tyd fuyd f.k hd yels jQ tu Ñ;% rEm" .S%la niska whsfldkafia ye|skajqfKa

h' whsfldaka rEmj, ,laIK

i l=vd ,E,sj, ;Skaf;ka fuu Ñ;% rEm we`o we;'

ii ks;ru miqìu rkajka mdáka jQ w;r fudiehsla Ñ;%fiau uqyqKq orovqúh'

iii f,daflda;a;r .ïNSr;ajfhka hqla;h'

whsfldka Ñ;%hg úYsIaG;u ksoiqk jYfhka YS% ,xldfõ w;sYhska ckm%sh;ajhg

m;aù we;s iodirK foaj ud;d Ñ;%h .; yels h'

• j¾K ùÿre l,dj ^Stainded glass&

j¾K ùÿre Ñ;% f.da;sl Gothic& l,djg wdfõKsl jQ l,d iïm%odhls' f.da;sl

foajia:dkj, úYd, ljq`t rdYshla ;eîu ksid tu ljq`tj, ;snQ ùÿrej, fuu

Ñ;% we| we;' fu ljqt fndfyda úg jl%dldr iy mqIamdldr jeks úúO yevj,ska

idod f.k we;' fuu Ñ;% j, we;s iqúfYaI;ajh kï ùÿre ;=<g idhï ljd

fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' fuu ;dlaIK l%uh fudiehsla ks¾udKj,g;a

jvd ÿIalr ù we;s nj lsj hq;=h' ùÿre ;=<g j¾K leùfï fuu l%uh f.da;sl

l,dlrejka ryis.;j ;nd .ekSu ksid merKs l%u wNdjhg .sfhah' kQ;kfha

j¾K ùÿre l,dj we;;a merKs l%uh ;rï tajd iul< fkdyelsh' uOHld,Sk

hq.fha Ñ;% Ys,amfha Wkak;shg odhl jQ mqoa.,hska

i fm%iaflda ^Fresco& Ñ;% fyj;a kj ì;a;s u; ^tkï nodu fõ,Sug;a fmr&

Ñ;% we|sfï l%uhla fidhd.;a ÔfhdaÜfgdaâ fnd¾fvdfka Ñ;% Ys,amshd

^Giotto Di Bordone& ls%'j' 1266- 1337 úfYaIs;fjhs'

ii m%d wekafc,sflda ^Fra Angelico&- ls%'j' 1387 -1455" ,shkdfvda vd úkaÉ

^Leonardo da Vinchi&&&&& ls%'j' 1452-1519" uhsl,a wdkacf,da Michael Angelo&&&&&

ls%'j' 1475- 1564 yd r*dfh,a fikaisfhda ^Raffaelo Sanzzio& ls%'j' 1483-1520

l< wurKSh l,d lD;S ksid fYa%IaG mqoa.,fhda njg m;ajQy'

100


• wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu ms<sn|j úfõpkd;aul l;sldjl fhfokak'

• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj Wfoid ls;=kqq úoHd{hska odhl jQ wdldrh idlÉPd

lrkak'

• uq,a ls;=kqqjka ixfla; Ñ;%" Ndú; lrñka iaf;da;% mQcdj meje;ajQ wdldrh uq,dY%

weiqßka /ia lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'

• ksoyia hq.fha yd uOH;k hq.fha foajia:dk l,dfõ wx. ms<sn| fmdaiagrhla

ks¾udKh lsÍug isiqkaj fhduq lrjkak'

• ls;=kq f,aLlhska yd ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% l,djg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amSka u.ska idys;H yd

l,dj fmdaIKh jq wkaou fidhd ne,Sug isiqkaj .fõIKhl fhdojkak'

uQ,dY% (-

• www. Salamanca' univerisity.org

• www. liv.ac.uk/history

• www.eug.unibio.it

• ls%ia;shdks b;sydih" idys;H l,dj" wdpd¾h weka;ks m%kdkaÿ

101

ksmqK;dj 8'0 ( YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih yodrd ,dxflah ls;=kq

wkkH;djg idlaIs orhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( hqfrdamShhka hgf;a YS% ,xldfõ iNd wdrïNh yd úldYh

wOHhkh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² YS% ,dflah ls;= iiqfka wdrïNh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd n,hs'

² furgg meñKs úfoaYSh O¾u¥;jreka bgql< ld¾h Ndrh .ek wOHhkh lrhs'

² úúO mSvk uOHfha ,la ls;= iiqk j¾Okh jQ whqre wjfndaO lr.kshs'

² Nd.Hj;a cqfia jdia msh;=uka we;=¿ Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl mshjrekaf.ka furg

ls;=kq iNdjg jQ fiajh w.h lrhs'

² ls;=kq O¾u¥; jHdmdrh ;=<ska YS% ,xldfõ wd.ñl" wOHdmksl yd iudcSh

fCIa;%hkag ,enqKq odhl;ajh y÷kd .kshs'


YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih hkq ls;=kq Ydikh ,laforK ;=< wdrïN ù" j¾Okh

fjñka wo olajd fï ;dla wd .uk ms<sn| ft;sydisl úia;rhhs' furg foaYmd,k"

wd.ñl" iudcSh yd ixialD;sl uxfm;a Tiafia ndOl yd wNsfhda. miqlrñka

foaj ie,iqï m%ldrj ls;= iiqk .uka l< wdldrh tu b;sydih ;=<ska wmg

y÷kd .; yelsh'

YS% ,xld iNd b;sydih yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu

• foaYSh ls;=kqjka f,i wmf.a wdrïNh yd wkkH;dj ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla

,nd.ekSu i|yd

• iNd b;sydih ;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a ueosy;aùu yd ls%hdldß;ajh f;areï

.ksñka wmf.a úYajdifha ðú;h Yla;su;a lr.ekSu i|yd

• furg ls;= iiqk f.dvk.kakg odhljQjka w.h lrñka Tjqkaf.a wdo¾Yh

wkqj hñka iNdfõ j¾Okh i|yd wem lemú fiajh lsÍug Èß.ekaùï ,nkq

i|yd

• iNdfõ w;S;h foi n,d tys j¾;udkh yd wkd.;h ksis f,i yev.iajd .kq

i|yd

102

YS% ,xld iNd b;sydifha úúO hq.

1' merKs hq.h - mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKSug fmr hq.h

2' mD;=.Sis hq.h - ls%' j 1505 - 1657

3' ,kafoais hq.h - ls%' j 1658 - 1796

4' ì%;dkH hq.h - ls%' j 1796 - 1948

5' ksoyia hq.h - ls%' j 1948 ka miqj

8'1'1' mD;=.SiSka meñKSug fmr hq.h

YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdj mss<sn| f,aLk.; b;sydih werfUkafka ls%' j' 16

jeks ishjfia isgh' ta ls%' j 1505 § mD;=.SiSka furgg meñKSu;a iu.h' tfy;a

furg ls;=kq úYajdifha Wreuh Bg ishjia .Kklg fmr isg mej; tk nj

lsj hq;=h' mD;=.Sis wd.ukhg fmr mjd YS ,xldfõ ls;=kqjka isá njg idlaIs

mj;S'

1' fldiauia bkaäfldmaf,hqiaÜia keue;s foaY ixpdrlhdf.a idlaIsh -

ls%' j 6 jeks ishjfia úiQ Tyq ;u ixpdrj,§ weiQ ÿgq foa weiqßka .%ka:hla

ilia lf<ah' th bx.S%is niska The Christian Topography o ls%iaáhka fgdfmda.%*s&

kï úh'

tl, ,laÈj m¾ishdfjka meñKs ls%ia;= Nla;sl msßila isá njo" Tjqkag

mQcljrhl= yd f;aajdpd¾hjrhl= isá nj o" foaj jkaokdj i|yd wjYH oE

;snqKq njo fldiauia ;u fmdf;a i|yka lr we;'

2' wkqrdOmqrfha yuq jQ fkiafgdaßhka l=reish -

ls%' j 1912 § wkqrdOmqr kgnqka w;r ;sî .,l flgq l=reihla fidhdf.k we;'

th m¾ishdkq cd;sl fkiafgdaßhka ls%ia;= Nla;slhkg wh;a tlla nj b;sydi{

u;hhs' tfia kï ta fldiauia i|yka l< ls;=kqjka úh yelsh'

3' iS.sß iufha isá ñ.dr fiakdm;s -

ls%' j 5 jeks ishjfia bkaÈhdfjka meñK m<uq ldYHm rcq yd bkamiq rcjQ m<uq

uq.,ka hgf;a fiajh l< ls%ia;= Nla;slhl= jQ ñ.dr kï fiakdm;shl= .ek pQ,

jxYfhaa i|yka h ' Tyq — wNsfIal - ðk˜ fjkqfjka ueÿrla ;kd th lem

lsÍug Wf<,la meje;ajQ nj tys oelafõ' ysgmq mqrdúoHd flduidßia uydpd¾h

fikr;a mrKú;dk uy;df.a u;h wkqj fuys — wNsfIal - ðk˜ f,i

y÷kajkafka fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiajh' tfia kï is.Sß iufha§ furg ls%ia;=

Nla;slhska isá njg th jeo.;a idlaIshls'

;jo uq.,ka rc iufha ls;=kq ,dxPk iys; rka ldis ;snKqq njo mrKú;dk

uy;d mjihs'

103

4' ls%' j 52 § f;dauia wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud bkaÈhdjg meñK oyï m%pdrh l< w;r

t;=ukaf.a wkq.dñlhska f,i ie,flk ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda lKavdhula mD;=.siSka

meñKSug fmr mgka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ isáhy' tfia kï Tjqkaf.ka iuyre

we;eï wjYH;d i|yd Ys% ,xldjg meñfKkakg we;' tneúka ,laìug mD;=.ssiSka

meñfKkakg fmr ls;=kqjka fuys isá njg tho idOlhla fõ'

merKs hq.fha ,laÈj meje;s ls;=kq weoys,a, mss<sn| f,aLk.; f;dr;=re úr,

jqjo mj;sk idlaIsj,ska ;yjqre jkafka furg ls;=kq weoys,a,g È.= b;sydihla

we;s njh' tu hq.fha§ ls;=kq úYajdih furg frdamKhùug fya;=jqjd hehs

ie<lsh yels lreKq lSmhls' tkï"

1' YS% ,xldj bkaÈhdjg b;d iómj msysàu - fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k"

wd.ñl" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl fCIa;%hkaf.a n,mEu ,xldjg oeKsks' tfia kï

ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fjr<dikak fmfoiys j¾Okh jQ ls;= oyuo furgg y÷kajd§u

myiqfjkau isÿjkakg we;'

2' úfoia rgj,a iu. meje;s in|;d - fj<| in|;d ksid furg meñKs bkaÈhdkq

yd m¾ishdkq ls;=kq fj<ÿka ksid ls;= oyu furg me;sfrkakg we;ehs is;sh

yel'

3' wmf.a merKs rcorejka wkqukh l< újD; wd.ñl m%;sm;a;sho furg ls;=kq

weoys,af,a wdrïNhg fya;= jQ nj lsj hq;= h'

8'1'2 mD;=.SiS hq.h - ls%' j 1505 - 1657

mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.g meñKSu

15" 16 ishjiaj, hqfrdamfha we;sjQ mqk¾Ôjkfha tla wxYhla jQfha w¨;a rgj,a

fidhd hduh' mD;=.Sis cd;slfhda jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a fjfyi ord wms%ldfõ

flama ;=vqj miqlr kef.kysr wms%ldkq fjr<nv f;dgqm,j,g f.dvneiafidah'

tu W;aidyfha m%;sM,h f,i jiaflda o .dud bkaÈhdjg hk uqyqÿ ud¾.h

fidhd .ekSu;a iu. fmrÈ. rgj,a iu. mD;=.SiSkaf.a fj<o lghq;= wdrïN

úh' Tjqyq bkaÈhdfõ f.daj k.rh ;u fmrÈ. fj<o uOHia:dkh lr .;ay'

mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.g meñKSug fya;=jQ ;j;a ldrKhla jQfha mD;=.SiSkag

uqia,sïjreka iu. ;snqKq fj<| ;r.hhs' l,la uqia,sïjrekaf.a md,khg

k;=j isá mD;=.d,h thska ñ§u;a iu. tu cd;Ska fofldgi w;r jQfha ffjÍ

iy.; ye`.ASuls' tfiau tod hqfrdamd cd;Ska flfrys fj<o wêldrsh wh;aa

lrf.k isá uqia,sïjrekaf.ka th ish;g .ekSu mD;=.SiSkaf.a wNs,dIh úh'

104

Tjqka fmrÈ.g meñKSfï ;j;a wruqKla jQfha oyï m%pdrhhs' tu ld¾hhg

Tjqka Wkkaÿ jqfha zmfødawdfodaZ ie,iqu ksidh'

mfødawdfoda (PADROADO) fyj;a iNd wdrCIl Ndrh -

hg;a úð;j, ls;= oyu m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd Y=oaOdikh úiska hqfrdamfhka

ngysr rgj,a iamd[a[hg o kef.kysr rgj,a mD;=.d,hg o mjrk ,§' th

mfødawdfoda ie,iqu kï úh' ta wkqj hg;a úð;j, O¾u¥;jreka heùu'

Tjqka wdrlaId lsÍu" ñ, uqo,ska wdOdr §u" foõueÿre yd ;dmidrdu bÈlsÍu

iy kv;a;= lsÍu fukau tu m%foaYj,g kj ro.=rejreka m;a lsÍu o tu

forgg mejßKs'

f,dfrkafida o w,afïod ,laÈjg f.dvneiSu

m%ekaisiaflda o w,afïod fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis rdcHfha wdKavqldrhdj isá iufha

bkaÈhka id.rfha ud,Èjhska fmfofi .uka .;a uqia,sï fj<| keõ w,a,d

.kq i|yd mD;=.Sis keõ lKavdhula msg;a lr heõfõh' bkaÈhdfõ fldÑka

k.rfhka .uka werUq keõ 7 lska hq;a tu lKavdhfï kdhlhd jQfha

m%ekaisiaflda o w,afïodf.a mq;a f,dfrkafida o w,afïod h' Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl

lghq;= i|yd m%ekaisialdk ksldhsl z úfikaf;aZ kï mQcdm%idÈ ;=ul= o úh'

fï mD;=.Sis keõ lKavdhu ud,Èjhska foig hdug wruqKq lr isáh;a

uqyqfoaÈ l=Kdgqjlg yiqùu ksid fmr ie,iqulska f;drj fiakaÿ jQfha .d¨

jrdhgh' ;uka <`.d jQ rg ,xldj nj oek.;a Tjqyq W;=re foig hd;%dlr

fld<U jrdhg meñKshy'' th isÿjQfha ls%' j' 1505 fkdjeïn¾ 15 jk Èk§h'

miqj" tjlg isá fldaÜfÜ rcqf.ka wjir ,nd.;a mD;=.SiSyq fj<| .nvdjla

fld<U bÈ l< y' ta wi, l=vd foõ ueÿrla o ;kd th f,dfrkafida o

w,afïodf.a kduidka;=jrhd jQ Y= f,darkaia uqks;=udg lem l< y' keúhka

iu. isá úfikaf;a msh;=ud úiska tu foõueÿf¾ ÈjH mQcdj isÿ lrk ,§'

th ,laforfKa meje;ajQ m%:u ÈjH mQcdjhs'

Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udg oekaùu

tl, —;m%fndakh˜ f,i ye¢kajqKq fï Èjhskg mD;=.Siska meñKsfï mqj;

mD;=.d,fha isá 1 jk ukqfj,a rcqg okajk ,ÿj t;=ud úiska tjlg iiqka

tfârdKka isá fojk cq,shia Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKkag okajk ,§'

— w;s W;=ï mshdfKks" Tng i;=gq jkakg iqndrxÑhla okajd tjñ' kj cd;Ska

fj; foúhka jykafiaf.a iqndrxÑh f.khdfï iqmqj; Tng b;d i;=áka

oekqï foñ' wfma fmrÈ. kdhlhd ;u mq;a iu. wmf.a i;=rka mrod b;d

jeo.;a ¥m;g we;=¿ ù ;sfí' th kï ;m%fndak h hs'''''''''˜

105

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.SiSkaf.a n,h jHdma; ùu'

mD;=.SiSka ,xldjg meñfKk úg furg rcjreka ;sfofkl= hgf;a md,kh jQ

foaYmd,k m%foaY ;=kla úh'

fldaÜfÜ - 9 jk O¾u mrdl%undyq ^ 1489 -1513&

lkao Wvrg - fiakdiïu; úl%undyq ^ 1469 -1511&

W;=r - mrrdcfialrka ^1478 - 1519&

fïjdhska jvd n,j;a jQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshhs' w¨;ska Èjhskg meñKs

hqfrdamShhka n,j;a cd;shla nj oek.;a fldaÜfÜ rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka yd

.súiqïj,ska iïnkaOlï mj;ajkakg mgka .;af;ah' ta wkqj fldaÜfÜ rdcHh

i;=rkaf.ka wdrlaIdlr §u mD;=.Siskg mjrk ,§' ta fjkqfjka mD;=.Siskag

fj<| lghq;= iy wd.u m%pdrh i|yd ksoyila ysñúh'

O¾u mrdl%undyq rcqg miqj fldaÜfÜ rcjQ 6 jk úchndyq rcqf.a ld,fha § tu

rdcOdksh wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajhlg m;aúh' úchndyq rc ;ud úiska yodjvd.;a

wfhl=g rclu §ug woyia l< neúka rcqf.a mq;% l=udrjreka ;sfokd thg

úreoaO jQy' tys m%;sM,h jQfha mq;=ka úiska msh rcq urd rc ud,s.fha jia;=j

fld,a, ld rdcOdksh ;uka w;f¾ fnod .ekSuh' ls%' j 1521 È isÿ jQ fï isoaêh

zúchnd fld,a,hZ kñka ,la b;sydih ;=< m%lgh' t;eka isg fldaÜfÜ

rdcOdksh l=udrjreka ;sfokd w;r fn§ .sh;a"

jeäuy,a,d jQ 7 jk nqjfklndyq - fldaÜfÜ o

fojekakd jQ uoaÿu nKavdr - rhs.u o

nd,hd jQ udhd ÿkafka - iS;djl o rc jQy'

fï fn§u yd bkamiq we;s jQ fNao ksid isÿ jQfha fj<|du msKsi furgg meñKs

mD;=.Siskag fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh ;=< foaYmd,khg ueÈy;aùug wjia:dj Wodùuhs'

udhdÿkafka rcqf.ka fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg jq ysßyer ksid rdcOdksh wdrlaId lr

.ekSug 7 jk nqjfklndyq rcq mD;=.SiSkaf.a iyh me;Sh' ta i|yd mD;=.Siska

yd isxy, rc;=ud w;r in|;dj jvd ;yjqre lr.kq jia nqfjklndyq úiska

rdcÿ;hl= jQ i,mamq wdrÉÑ mD;=.d,fha 3 jk fcdaka rc;=ud fj; hjk ,§'

nqjfklndyq rc b,a,d isáfha"

- ;udg miqj ;u ÈhKsh ^iuqøfoaù & f.a mq;a O¾umd, l=urd fldaÜfÜ rclug

mss<s.kakd f,i;a

- tfia ms<s.ekSfï ixfla;hla f,i ;ud tjk O¾umd,f.a l=vd rka ms<srejg

Tgqkq m<|k f,i;a

106

- ;ud yd O¾umd, l=ure i;=rkaf.ka wdrlaId lrk f,i;a

- fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg lf;da,sl O¾u¥;hska tjk f,i;a h'

1551 È nqjfklndyq rcqf.a urKfhka miq O¾umd, l=ure rdcHhg m;aúh'

mD;=.Siska Tyqj lf;da,sl iuhg yrjd .ekSug W;aidy l<;a nqfjklndyq rc

fuka Bg wlue;s jQfha fn!oaO rgjeishd ;ud yeroud udhdÿkafka iu. tlafj;shs

hk ìh ksidh' tkuq;a O¾u¥;jrekag O¾u m%pdrhg wjldY Tyqf.ka ,eìKs'

miqj 1557 § O¾umd, rcq o zfodka cqjka O¾umd,Z kñka nõ;siauh ,nd

lf;da,sl oyu je<|.;af;ah' isxy, rdc mrmqf¾ m%:u lf;da,sl rc;=ud f,i

t;=ud b;sydihg tlafõ'

O¾umd, rcq lf;da,slhl= jQ miqj" Bg fmr fn!oaOhl=j isá ld,fha ;ud;a"

;udg fmr isá fn!oaO rcjrekq;a fndÿ iuhg ÿka wdOdr oeka lf;da,sl

wdh;kj,g Èh yelsh hk fÉ;kdfjka fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha fn!oaO úydria:dk

tajdfha bvlvï" f.dvke`.s,s iy tajdfha wdohï o iu. ,shú,a,lska m%ekaisialdkq

O¾u¥;hskag mjrd ÿkafkah' fï w¥ro¾YS ls%hdj ksid rgjeis fn!oaOhska

fndfyda fofkla udhdÿkafka fj;g yereKdy' O¾u¥;hskago tu ls%hdfõ m%{d

úrys; nj f;afrkakg úh'

O¾umd, rcq isÿl< ;j;a ls%hdjla ksid fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha m,kh ysñlr

.ekSu mD;=.Siskag myiqúh' ta jkdys O¾umd, rcqg orejka fkdisá ksid

;udf.ka miq rdcHfha Wreuh mD;=.Sis rcqg ;E.s Tmamqjlska mjrd §uh' ta

wkqj 1597 O¾umd, rcqf.a urKska miq uq¿ fldaÜfÜ rdcH mD;=.Siska w;g

m;aúh'

fodka cqjka O¾umd, isxy, rdcdj,sfha m%:u lf;da,sl rcq jQjd muKla

fkdj" ;u rdcHh mD;=.SiSkag mejÍfuka" fldaÜfÜ rdcHh fl<jrg meñKùfï

wNd.Hfha l;=jrhd o úh' Tyqf.a rc iuh b;d wjdikdjka; tlla úh'

fn!oaO úydria:dk O¾u¥;jrekag m%odkh lsÍfï wkqjK yd wdidOdrK

ls%hdfjka rcqf.a wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajh ;j;a W.%úh' tu ls%hd fndÿ iiqkg

muKla fkdj lf;da,sl iiqkg o fmdÿ jYfhka rgg o wys;lr úh' ydkslr

úh'

O¾u¥;jreka ,laÈjg meñKSu

O¾u ¥; fiajh i|yd m%:ufhkau YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha m%ekaisialdk ksldhsl

mshjreka ls%'j' 1543 §h' 7 jk nqjfklndyq rc;=ud mD;=.d,fha rcqg bÈßm;a

l< b,a,Su wkqj fcdaka o ú,d o fldkafv msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a

107

miafofkl=f.ka hqla; O¾u¥; lKavdhula fuys ieme;ajQy' nqfjklndyq rc

iufha § oyï m%pdrh ;rul fiñka .ukla jqjo tu O¾u¥;jre b;d

WfoHda.su;aj O¾u m%pdr lghq;=j, kshqla; jQy' ,xldfõ W;=re yd ngysr

m%foaY Tjqkaf.a fiajhg fhduq jQ w;r ;ekska ;ek foõueÿre ;kd " wd.u

O¾uh W.kajd l=vd lKavdhï nõ;siauh lr l=vd ls;=kq ix. msysgqjQy'

1557 O¾umd, rcq ñh hdu;a iu. fldaÜfÜ rdcHh mD;=.SiS md,khg hg;a jQ

fyhska O¾u m%pdrhg jeä ksoyila yd wjia:dj Wodúh' ta wkqj furg fiajh

i|yd fjk;a ksldhj, O¾u¥;jreka o ,laÈjg f.kajd .ekSug tjlg

,laÈjg ro.=re jQ fldÖkfha ro.=re ;=ud ls%hd lf<a h' tys m%;sM,h f,i ls%'

j' 1602 § fÊiq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka o 1605 § fodñksldk ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka

o " 1606 § wf.daia;Skq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka o ,xldfõ oyï fiajhg tlajkakg

fhÿKs' tu lKavdhïj,g fldÑkfha ro.=re;=ud úiska fnod ÿka m%foaY fumßÈ

úh'

uy Tfhka W;=r - fÊiq ksldh

inr.uqj - wf.daia;Skq ksldh

i;afldarf<a - fodñksldk ksldh

fiiq m%foaY - m%kaisialdk ksldh

fufia ;ukag mejreKq m%foaYj, fiajh l< O¾u¥;jre wd.u O¾uh m%pdrh

l<d muKla fkdj úúO iudc fiajdkays o kshq;= jqy' ta w;r wOHdmkhg

úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñúh' foõueÿre wi, l=vd mdi,a ìyslrñka orejkag uQ,sl

wOHdmkh yd wd.u O¾uh bf.kSug ux ie,iQy' Bg wu;rj fÊiq ksldhsl

mshjreka zfld,sðZ kñka Wiia mdi,a lSysmhla wrUd Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd o

wjia:dj ,ndÿkay'

wOHdmkhg wu;rj" wkd: orejka /ln,d .ekSu" frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍu"

uy¿ wh /ln,d .ekSu" ld¾ñl mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu yd mqKHdh;k mj;ajdf.k

hdu jeks fiajdjka o mD;=.Sis O¾u¥;jrekaf.ka bgqúh'

mD;=.Sis ñIkdß m%h;akh id¾:lùug n,mE fya;= -

1' O¾u¥;hskaf.a oeä lemùu yd WoafHda.h fkdokakd foaYhl kd÷kk fik.lg

fiajh lsÍfï§ NdIdj" ixialD;sh" foaY.=Ksl kqyqre kqmqreÿ foa jqjo ta ish,a,u

yqremqreÿ fjñka ;ukaf.a Ôú; ld,h lemlsÍug O¾u¥;hska miqng fkdùh'

2' O¾u¥;jrekag mD;=.Sis md,lhskaf.ka ,enqKq wkq.%yh - mD;=.SiS md,k

m%foaYj,ska oyï m%pdrhg mQ¾K ksoyi yd wkq.%yh mD;=.Sis rcfhka ,ndfok

,§'

108

3' O¾u¥;hskaf.a O¾u m%pdr l%u - Tjqka foaYSh NdId bf.k tu NdIdj,ska O¾u

m%pdrh lsÍu" wd.ñl fmd; m; foaYSh NdIdjkaf.ka ieliSu" l=vd orejkag

oyu b.ekaùu i|yd m%d:ñl mdi,a weröu" úúO ohdfõ fiajdj, kshe,Su iy

mD;=.Sis O¾fudamfoaY l%u jk kdgHlrKh" fmryerhdu" iqrejï Ndú;h jeks

oE ;=<ska wd.ñl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍu'

4' O¾u¥;hskaf.a ir," pdï Ôú; rgdj yd wdo¾Yj;a Èú meje;au

mD;=.SiS O¾u m%pdrfha W!K;dj

mD;=.Sis hq.fha § hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;hska jir ishhlg;a wêl ld,hla furg

fiajh l<o " Tjqyq foaYSh wfmalaIlhska mQcl Èúhg iQodkï fkdl< y' tys

m%;sM,h jQfha ,kafoais iufha § Tjqka ráka mkakd oeuqKqq l, foaYSh lf;da,sl

ck;djg fiajh lsÍug ,laÈj lf;da,sl mQcljreka fkdisàuhs'

mD;=.Sis hq.fha § we;sjQ lf;da,sl úfrdaê mSvk

1' ù§h nKavdrf.a mSvkh

fodka cqjka O¾umd, rcqf.a mshd jQ ùÈh nKavdr mD;=.SiSka iu. we;s lr.;a

wukdmh ksid Tjqkaf.ka m,s.ekSu msKsi ls;=kq ixydrhla Èhla lf<a h' ta

wkqj ol=Kq È. m%foaYfha foõueÿre .sksn;a lf<a h' tajdfha fiajh l<

mshjreka yd ls%ia;shdkska úkdY lf<a h' ls%' j' 1555 § isÿjQ fï úfrdaOfhka

ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda o" O¾u¥;jreka lsysm fofkla o >d;kh lrkq ,enQy'

2' ixls,s rcq hgf;a mSvkh

1542 bkaÈhdjg meñKs m%ekaisia idúh¾ ;=ud ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ .sksfldK È.

uqyqÿlrfha úiQ fik`.g fiajh lf<a h' tys úiQ mrjr" lfrhshd¾ jeks l=,j,

ckhdg ls;= oyu y÷kajd ÿkafka h' tjlg ,xldfõ ukakdru ¥mf;a úiq

lfrhshd¾ l=,fha ckhd o m%ekaisia idúh¾ ;=ukag fuys meñfKk f,i

wdrdOkd lrñka b,a,d isáfha ;ukag m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk f,igh' ta

wkqj idúh¾ ;=udf.a ksfhdað;hl= ukakdrug tjk ,ÿj ish .Kkla yskaÿ

Nla;slfhda ls%ia;shdksh je<| .;ay' fï nj yskaÿ mQclhska úiska hdmkfha

ixls,s rcqg okajk ,§' l=ms; jQ ixls,s rc yuqodjla hjd ls;=kqjka 600 la muK

fokd urd oeïfï h' tu ls;=kqjka msßi — ukakdrfï m%dKmß;Hd.ska Z f,i

ye¢kafjhs'

109

ls;= oyu je<|.;a rcorefjda

1' O¾umd, l=urd

7 jk nqjfklndyq rcqf.a uqKqnqrd jQ O¾umd, l=ure fodka cqjka O¾umd,

kñka nõ;siauh ,eîh' O¾umd, lf;da,slhl= jQfha mD;=.Siskaf.a Wmldr

wjYH jQ ksid;a" rgjeishkaf.ka iuQyhla lf;da,sl wd.u je<|.;a ksid;a"

O¾u¥;hskaf.a W;aidyh ksid;a úh yelsh' ta flfia jqjo Tyq lf;da,sl oyu

uekúka oekisá njo urKh olajd tu oyug we¨ïj isá njo fy<sfõ'

2' chùr nKavdr

uykqjr rclï l< úl%undyq rcqf.a mq;%hdh - mD;=.Siskaf.a Woõ m;d ls;= oyu

je<|.;a kuq;a" is;djl rdcisxy rcqf.a wdl%uK kej;=K miq wd.u m%;sfCIam

lf<ah'

3' lr,shoafoa nKavdr

fudyq chùr nKavdrf.a mq;qKqfjdah' uykqjr O¾u m%pdrh lsÍfï ksoyi o ,nd

ÿkafkah' 1 jk rdcisxy rcq uykqjr wdl%uKh l< úg mD;=.SiSkaf.a wdrlaIdj

m;d ;s%l=Kdu,hg m<d .sh w;r rc mjqf,a ish¨ fokd ls%ia;shdksh je<|

.;ay'

4' ùriqkaor nKavdr

Wvrg l=udrhl= jQ fudyq mD;=.SiSka úiska f.dajg hjkq ,en tys§ — úlag¾

f,mdfkda Z kñka nõ;siauh ,eîh'

5' fodak l;ßkd ^ l=iqudik foaú&

lr,shoafoa nKavdrf.a ÈhKsh jQ weh" mD;=.Sis yuqodj úiska uykqjrg f.khk

,oafoa rclu ,nd§ugh' tfy;a mD;=.SiS yuqodj mrdch ù fodak l;ßkd l=ußh

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq w;g m;aúh' weh úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg;a" bkamiq fikr;a

rcqg;a ìij jQ w;r wef.a wd.u woySug ndOd we;súh'

6' hdmkh rc mjqf,a l=ur l=ußhka

mrrdcfialrï rcqf.a orejka mD;=.siSka úiska fld<Ug f.kajk ,ÿj l=urd

- z fldkaia;ka;SkQ Z kñka o l=ußhka fofokd z bifn,aZ yd z ußhdZ kñka o

m%ido iakdmkh ,nk ,§' l=urd f.dajg hjk ,o w;r m%ekaisialdk ksldfha

mQcljrfhla úh' l=ußhka fofokd f.dafõ wf.daia;Skq ksldfha lkHd

fidhqßfhdaa jQy'

110

7' fodka cqjka huisxy

uykqjr ms,sma huisxy rcqf.a mq;%hdh' fudyq bkaoshdfõ f.daj k.rfha oS wOHdmkh

,nd mD;=.d,fha fldhsïn%d úYajúoHd,fha foaj O¾uh yodrd mQcljrh ,enqfõh'

,siankfha z fg,aysrdiaZ kï ia:dkfha foõueÿrla o t;=ud úiska bÈlrk ,§'

mD;=.Sis md,kfha m%;sM,

1' mD;=.SiSka YS% ,xldjg meñKsu;a iu`. ysñjQ úfYaI;u odhdoh jkqfha lf;da,sl

oyuhs' mD;=.SiS md,k hq.h wjika jk úg ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj,

ckhdf.ka fndfyda fofkla fï oyu je<|f.k isáhy'

2' wmrÈ. NdId iy wmrÈ. wOHdmk l%u furg jHdma; jQfha o mD;=.SiS iufha

h' úfYaIfhkau ,;ska" .S%la" mD;=.Sis hk NdId furg ckhdg y÷kajd fok

,oafoa mD;=.Siska úisks' tfukau úêu;a mdi,a ;=<ska wOHdmkh ,nd§fï

l%u o Tjqkaf.ka wmg ysñ úh'

3' mD;=.SiS ixialD;sfha wdNdIh ksid furg ixialD;shg yd ck Ôú;hg kj

wx. tlaúh' mD;=.Sis .dhkd" ix.S;h" kegqï hkdÈh ;ju;a wm w;r mj;S'

^nhs,d" lmsß[a[d&

4' mD;=.Sis NdIdj ckhd w;r jHdma;ùfuka wmf.a NdId fmdaIKhg th

rel=,la úh' fldka;" l=rei" iqreju" lejqï" fldlsia" w,audß" fmÜg.u"

wdrelal=" mdka wd§ jpk bka iaj,amhls'

5' újdyfha ia:djr;ajh ;yjqre jQfha o mD;=.siS wdNdIh ksidh' furg mej;s

tlf.hs lEu jeks pdß;% wfydaisùugo th fya;=úh'

6' mD;=.Siska úiska wOHdmkhg wd.u iïnkaO l< ksid wo mjd wd.u O¾uh"

wOHdmkh ;=< jeo.;a wx.hla f,i ie<fla'

7' — mD;=.SiS ohd ix.uhZ Misericordia)& u.ska È<skaokag" frda.Skag" uy¿ whg

yd wirKhskag iyhùug iudc fiajd ls%hd;aul lrk ,§' furg frday,a

msysgqjd ngysr ffjoH úoHdj y÷kajd§ug mQfrda.dó jQfha mD;=.Siskah'

8' m%:u isxy, ygka ldjHh f,i ie,flk z fldkaia;ka;Skq ygk Z ks¾udKh

jQfha o mD;=.Sis hq.fhah' ta mD;=.Sis rcfha f;daïnq ilia lrkakl= f,i

fiajh l< " ls;= oyu je<|.;a w,.shjkak uqlfjá lúhd úiska h'

111

8'1'3 ,kafoais hq.h - ls%' j' 1658 -1796

mD;=.Sis md,kfha ksudj yd ,kafoais md,kfha Wodj

fldaÜfÜ rdcH yd hdmkfha rdcH mD;=.Sis md,khg hg;aj ;snqK kuq;a

lkao Wvrg rdcH iajdëkj isxy, rc flfkl= hgf;a úh' isxy, rcqg;a"

rgjeishkag;a mD;=.Sis md,kh kSriùug n,mE fya;= /ils'

- ;u rg úfoaYslhskg hg;aj ;sîu rcq yd rgjeishkag fkdßiaiSu

- we;eï mD;=.Sis md,lhskaf.a yd ks<OdÍkaf.a lDDrlï yd wlghq;=lï

- mD;=.SiSkaf.a hqoaOj,ska f,a is|fy,Sula" Ôú; úkdYhla isÿùu

- mD;=.Siska ;u wd.u uqjdfjka furg fn!oaOhskag fkdfhl=;a ysßyer

lsÍu

fujka jQ miqìul ;=< mD;=.SiSka furáka m<jdyer rg fírd.ekSug -

Wvrg fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud iyh me;=fõ ´,kao cd;slhska fyj;a

,kafoaiSkaf.ks' ta i|yd ,kafoaiSka iu`. .súiqula we;slr .;af;ah' ta

wkqj uqyqÿnv m%foaYhj, ;snqKq mD;=.Sis n,fldgq tlsfkl ,kafoaiSka

úiska w,a,d .kq ,eìKs' wjidk jYfhka 1656 § fld<U fldgqjo" 1658 §

hdmkh fldgqjo ,kafoaiSka w;g m;aùfuka ,laÈj mD;=.Sis wdêm;H ksuú

,kafoais wdêm;H werôKs' rdcisxy rcq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq wdldrhg

mD;=.SiSkaf.ka uqod.;a m%foaY isxy, rc;=udg mjrd fokjd fjkqjg ,kafoaiSka

lf<a tu m%foaYj, ;ukaf.a n,h msysgqjd .ekSuh'

mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s fNaoh

16 jeks Y;j¾Ifha we;sjQ frmrudÿ wd.ñl m%;sixialrKfha§ mD;=.d,h

lf;da,sl oyugo" ,kaoh fcdka le,aúkaf.a frmrudÿ oyugo fn§ fjkaúh'

fï fya;=fjkaa mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiSka w;r w;sjQfha ffjß iy.; ye`.Suls'

tfiau 16 jk ishjfia w.Nd.ha§ ´,kaoh iamd[a[fha wdêm;Hfhka ñ§

hqfrdamfha m%n, rgla njg m;aúh' ´,kaoh n,iïmkak rgla ùug

úfYaIfhka wdOdr jQfha fj<| iud.ï lSmhla tlg iïnkaO lsÍfuka

ixúOdkh lrk ,o — fmrÈ. bka§h iud.uhs' tu iud.fï mrud¾:h jQfha

fj<odu ÈhqKq lsßuh' ls%' j 1602 § fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.u msysgq jq wêldr

m;%fhys wd.u m;=rejd yeÍu iud.fï lghq;a;la f,i i|yka jQfha ke;'

tfy;a iud.fï fmdÿ úêúOdk w;f¾ lf;da,slhskag úreoaO jQ ksfhda.

we;=<;a lrk ,oS'

112

fufia mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiska tlsfklg m%;súreoaO wd.ï folla weoyq

fyhska o" fmrÈ. fj<| jHdmdrfhys ;r`.lrejka jQ fyhskao tu fomd¾Yjh

w;r mej;sfha fNaohls' tauksid mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.ska fkrmd oóu

,kafoaiSkaf.a o wNs,dIh úh'

,kafoaiSkaf.a lf;da,sl úfrdaë m%;sm;a;sh

,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.u msysgqùfï § wd.u m%pdrh

iud.fï lghq;a;la f,i i|yka fkdjqK o" ls%' j' 1642 § tu fj<|

iud.u ksl=;a l< fn;dúhdkq kS;s ix.%yfha fuf,i i|yka lr ;sfí'

—frmrudÿ ls%ia;shdks oyu yereKqúg fjk;a lsisu wd.ula m%isoaêfha fyda

ryiska weoySug lsisu bv m%ia:djla fkdÈh hq;=h' fï kS;shg úreoaOj

ls%hdlrk whf.a foam< rdc ika;l l< hq;= w;r Tjqka ráka msgqjy,a l<

hq;= h''''

mD;=.Siska m<jd yerSu i|yd rdcisxy rcq iy ,kafoaiSka w;r we;sjQ .súiqfï

fldkafoaishla jQfha o" lsisu lf;da,sl mQcljrhl=gj;a" mejÈjrhl=jg;a

;u rdcHfha kje;S isàug rcq bv fkdÈh hq;= nj;a" tjekakka ráka mkakd

oeñh hq;= nj;ah'

1682 cq,s 1 orK wd{d mK;lska lf;da,slhskag"

- wm%isoaêfha fyda m%isoaêfha /iaùï meje;aùu o

- lf;da,sl j;ams<sfj;a meje;aùu yd tajdg iyNd.sùu o

- mQcljrhl= ke;sj fyda O¾u foaYkj,g ijka§u yd .S .ehSu o

- ;ukaf.a ksfjiaj, ls;=kq m%;sud yd Ñ;% ;nd .ekSu o

- lsisu mQcljrhl= úiska j;ams<sfj;a meje;aùu o

- mQcljreka úiska lsisjl=g nõ;siauh §u o ;ykï lrk ,§'

fï ksfhda. lvlrk whg ov.eiSu" isr.; lsßu yd wka oreKq o`vqjï kshu

úh'

fufia ,kafoais hq.h ,laÈj ls;=kqjkag w;sYhska mSvdldÍ iuhla úh'

wm%isoaêffha fyda ;u wd.u weoySu kSA;sfhka ;ykï úh' ÈjH mQcdj meje;aùuo

;ykï úh' ish¨ lf;da,sl foõue÷re yd mdi,a o mqKH wdh;kh o úkdY

lrk ,§' ke;fyd;a frmrudÿ iNdfõ mQclhskag mjrk ,§' ish¨u mdi,aj,

frmrudÿ oyu muKla W.kajk ,o w;r tu mdi,aj,g orejka heùug

wi;=gq jQjkag ov kshu lrk ,§' frmrudÿ foajia:dkhl m%ido iakdmkh

113

fkd,enQ whf.a Wm; ,shdmÈxÑ lsßu j,x.= f,i fkdi<lk ,§' frmrudÿ

j;dj;a wkqj isÿ fkdjk újdy fkdms<s.kakd ,§' frmrudÿ wd.ug

yereKq whg úfYaI jrm%ido ,enqKq w;r lf;da,slhska hehs lshd.;a whg

rcfha lsisÿ wkq.%yhla fkd,enqKs' lf;da,slhska uqyqK ÿka uy;a úm; kï

Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd mQcdm%idÈjreka fkdue;sùuh' ,kafoaiSka

úiska furg fiajh l< O¾u¥;jreka rfgka msgqjy,a lrk ,§' hï mQcl;=ul=

furg ie`.ù isáfha kï th urK oKavkh ,eîug fya;=jla f,i i<lk

,§' .syshka úiska mQcljrekag /ljrKh §u o o`vqjï ,eìh hq;= jrola úh'

mD;=.SiS hq.fha wjidkh jk úg mQclrejka 120 fofkl= muK furg

fiajh l< kuq;a ,kafoais hq.fha § tlu msh;=ul= fyda furg b;sß fkdùh'

,kafoaiSka furg lf;da,slhskag mSvd lsÍug fya;=

1' lf;da,sl wd.u" frmrudÿ ,kafoaiSka fkdßiaiq wd.ula úh' lf;da,sl

oyfï m%;sud Ndú;h" idka;=jrhka ms§u" ÈjH mQcdj jeks j;ams<sj;a ksid

Tjqka th ie,l=fõ ñ:Hd oDIaál wd.ula f,ih' th fjkqjg foaYsh

lf;da,slhka ,kafoaiS frmrudÿ wd.ug yrjd .ekSu ;ukaf.a wd.ñl

hq;=lula f,i ,kafoaisyq ie<l+y'

2' foaYSh ckhd ;ukaf.a frmrudÿ oyu je<| .ekSfuka Tjqka yd ;uka w;r

iqyo iïnkaOhla we;sjkq we;ehs o th foaYmd,kuh jYfhka m%fhdackj;a

jkq we;ehs o ,kafoaisyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqy'

3 úfYaIfhkau lf;da,sl oyu furg lf;da,slhska yd mD;=.SiSka w;r m%n,

mqrella jkq we;ehs is;+ ksidh' tjeks wd.ñl iïnkaO;d ksid lf;da,sl

ckhd ,kafoaiSkag mCImd;s fkdjkq we;ehs o kej; mD;=.Siska fuys f.kajd

.ekSug jEhï lrkq we;ehs o Tjqyq is;+y'

,kafoais mSvk yuqfõ furg lf;da,slhskaf.a m%;spdrh

,kafoaiSkaf.a mSvk kS;s ksid lf;da,slhskag ;u wd.u weoySfï ksoyi

iïmQ¾Kfhka wysñ úh' tmuKla fkdj úúO jQ ÿla .eyeg ú¢kakg isÿúh'

tla mQcl;=ul=j;a rfÜ ke;sj wjqreÿ ;syla ^30& muK ld,hla ;siafia

;ukaf.a úYajdih /l .kakg .sys ck;djg isÿúh'

,kafoais kS;s Í;s yuqfõ ;ukaf.a jdish m;df.k lf;da,sl oyu w;yer

frmrudÿ oyu je<|.;a iq¿ msßila yefrkakg" lf;da,sl ckhdf.ka

úYd, msßila ;u wd.ug mCImd;Sj" th w;a fkdyer Bg w;sYhska ,eÈj

isá nj fmfka' ;u úYajdih fjkqfjka kEu o`vqjula ú£ug we;eï wh

114

iQodkï j isáhy' úfYaIfhkau ó.uqj" y,dj; m%foaYj, úiQ lf;da,slfhda

;uka frmrudÿ O¾uh je<| .EkSug wleue;s nj m%isoaêfha lshd isáhy'

tmuKla fkdj ;ukaf.a orejkag frmrudÿ O¾uh b.ekaùu .eko úfrdaOh

oelajQy ' ó.uqfõ lf;da,sl msßi w;r kdhl;ajh oerefõ ta m<d;g rcfha

m%Odk ks<Orhd jQ — fodka wfmdakaiq fmfrhsrd ˜ kï jQ m%N+jrfhls' Tyqg

lf;da,sl weoys,a, fjkqfjka ;ud i;= ish,a, mß;Hd. lsÍug isÿjQjd

muKla fkdj fkdfhla ÿla lror ú£fuka miq ráka msgqjy,a lrkq ,en

Ôú;h wjika lf<a ì%;dkHfhah' Tyqf.a mjqf,a fiiq whgo w;ajQfha ta

brKuh' fufia mSvk ueo lf;da,sl iuhg ysff;aYSj isá wh fndfyda jQy'

furg lf;da,sl mQcljreka lsisjl= fkdisàfuka wmf.a lf;da,slhska

m;ajQfha uy;a wirK ;;a;ajhlgh' takasid lf;da,sl mQcdm%idÈjrhl= isá

kejla fld<U jrdhg meñKs yeuúgu fld<U k.rfha lf;da,slfhda ;ukg

isÿúh yels wka;rdh fkd;ld kejg f.dia foaj m%ido ksOdk ,nd .;ay'

uykqjr rdcHfhys úiQ lf;da,slhskag hï ;rul ksoyila ;snqKq kuq;a

Tjqkago foajia:dk fkdue;súh' mQcljre fkdisáhy' taksid breÈk tlaj

foaj jkaokdj meje;aùug fkdyelsjQ njo tla tla lf;da,slhd f.or§

;udg yels wdldrfhka hdÉ[d l< njo" orejkag .syshka úiska m%ido

iakdmkh ÿk njo" ;ukaf.a orejkag hdÉ[d lsßug b.ekajQ njo" ;uka

lf;da,slhka ùfï ndysr ,l=Kla jYfhka iuyreka cmud, yd l=rei

me<ª njo frdnÜ fkdlaia 1680 È ,shd ;sfí'

.syshka jYfhka ;ukag l<yels ish,a, lr .;a;o" mQcl;=ukaf.ka ;ukag

,eìh hq;= fiajdj" úfYaIfhka ÈjH mQcdj" ÈjH i;am%idoh iy mdfmdÉpdrKh

iïnkaO fiajd fkd,eîu lf;da,slhskag úYd, mdvqjla jQfhka furgg

mQcljreka b,a,d f.dafõ ys iNd kdhlhskag ,sms ,shQy' tys mQcdm%idÈjreka

,xldfõ lf;da,slhskag iykh fok f,i ,kaÈhkaf.ka wjk;j b,a,d

isáh o" cd;Hka;r lghq;= ms<sn| ud¾.j,ska b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l< o ta ish,a,

ksIaM, úh' lsisu mQcljrhl=g ,laÈjg hkakg wjir fkd§ug ´,kao

rch iaÓr f,i ;SrKh lrf.k isáfhah'

,kafoaiS hq.fha wOHdmkh

,kafoaiSkaf.a wOHdmk wruqKq o mD;=.SSiSkaf.a wOHdmk wruqKq yd iudk

fjñka wOHdmkh yryd wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug uq,a ;ek ÿka nj fmfka'

tfy;a mD;=.SiSkag jvd l%udkql+, yd ixúOdkd;aul nj;a ,kafoaiskaf.a

wOHdmk lghq;=j, ;sìKs' iEu óiulu mdi,la msysgqjq w;r — l;slsiala

115

kï .=rejrhl=g iEu mdi,lu wd.u b.ekaùu Ndr úh' foaYSh mQcljreka

mqyqKqj i|yd mqyqKq uOHia:dk ^fiufkaß& wdrïN lrk ,§'

,kafoaiS hq.fha§ wOHdmkh wksjd¾h úh' jhi wjq 15 f;la wksjd¾h jQ

wOHdmkh wjika jQ úg mdif,ys úNd.hla mj;ajd ˜ ,d.S¾vka˜ keue;s

iy;slh m%odkh lrk ,È' t;ekska fkdkej;s <uqkag jhi wjq 19 f;la

wkql%ñl wOHdmk l%uhla ielisKs' jvd olaI <uqkag Wiia wOHdmkhg"

.=re mqyqKqjg yd iuyrúg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úfoaY .;aùugo mdi,a

l%uh u. mdod ÿKs'

tl, wOHdmkh ms<sn| iDcq j.lSu ,kafoais rch úiska ndrf.k ish¨

jeh ord .=rejreka m;a lsßu mqyqKq lsÍu" md,kh iy mÍlaIljreka u.ska

mdi,a ksÍlaIKhg Ndckh lsÍu o isÿúh' tu lghq;= — iafld,dl,a fldñiu˜

keue;s úfYaI wdh;khla u.ska md,kh flßKs'

,kafoais md,k iufha ys;lr ,laIK

jir 140 lg wdikak ld,hla ,kafoaiSka úiska furg uqyqÿnv m<d;a

md,kh lrk ,§' tu ld,h furg lf;da,slhskag mSvk iuhla jqjo

,kafoais md,k iuh YS% ,xldfõ m%.;shg uy;a fia odhl jQ nj ms<s.;

yelsh'

1' fj<odu ÈhqKq lsÍu yd wd¾Ól fNda. j.djg fhduqùu ksid furg wd¾Ólfha

mK.ekaùula isÿúh'

2' fj<| lghq;= i|yd ux udj;a iE§u" we< fod< ms<silr lsÍu yd m%jdykh

i|yd c,ud¾. fhdod.ekSu o ,kafoais md,k iufha isÿúh'

3' frdau ,kafoais kS;sh furgg ÿkafka o wêlrKh u.ska kvq weiSu yd

kS;HdkQl=, o`vqjï meñKùu wdrïN lf<a o ,kafoaiSka úisks'

4' mßmd,k lghq;= ukd f,i ixúOdkh lrñka lÉfÉß wdrïN lsÍuo tu.ska

mqrjeishkaf.a Wm;" újdyh" urKh jeks foa ,shd mÈxÑ lsßuo werôKs'

5' wOHdmk lghq;= ukd f,i ixúOdkh ùuo ,kafoais hq.fha m%;sM,hls'

6' ´,kao frmrudÿ oyu furg me;srhdfuka tu oyfï yrh furg ck

iudchg uqiqúh'

7' uqøK hka;%h furgg y÷kajd§u" Y= nhsn,h isxy,g mßj¾;kh yd ckhd

w;r jHdma; lsÍu wdÈh o wdrïN úh'

116

f.!rjkSh cqfia jdia msh;=udf.ka ,la iiqkg jQ fiajh

ls%' j' 1680 jk úg YS% ,xldj ;=< tlu lf;da,sl mQcdm%idÈjrhl=j;a

fkdùh' tjeks iuhl furg lf;da,slhska fjkqfjka ;u Ôú;hu lemlr

Wodr oyï fiajhlg wem lemjQ ls;=kq ùrhl= f,i cqfia jdia msh;=ud

ye¢kaúh yels h'

t;=ud Wm; ,enqfõ bkaÈhdfõ f.daj m%foaYfha fikafldwdf,a hk .%ufha

n%dyauK jdxYsl ls%iafgda*¾ jdia iy ußhd ñ/kavd hk foudmshkag odj

ls%'j 1651 wfm%a,a 21 jk odh' l=vd l, mgka oeyeñ f,i yev.eiqKq fyf;u

;=reKq úfha§ mQcl Èúh je<| .;af;ah' ta 1676 § f.daj ro.=re jifï fiajh

i|yd f.daj w.ro.=re ;=uka w;sks' jir myla muK f.dafõ fiajh l<

jdia msh;=ud f.dajg ol=Kska msysá lekrd m%foaYfha m%foaYshdêm;s jYfhka

m;alrkq ,en tys fiajdfõ fhÿfKah'

fï w;r;=r jdia msh;=udf.a is; YS% ,xldj foig fhduq jQfha furg

lf;da,slhskaf.a wirK ;;a;ajh .ek wikakg ,eîfuka h' ´,kao

uqrlrejkaf.ka fíÍ lf;da,sl mQcljrhl= f,i ,laÈjg we;=¿ùfï

ÿIalr;dj oekisá t;=ud ta i|yd iqÿiq u.la fidhñka l,a.; lf<a h' 1685

§ lekrdfõ fiajh ksulr wdmiq f.dajg .sh t;=ud bka§h Trf;daßhdkq

mQcl ix>fha idudðl;ajh ,nd .;af;ah' 1687 § lïlrejl= f,i fjia

j,df.k ukakdrug f.dvniskakg t;=uka iu;a úh'

cqfia jdia msh;=ud YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha lsisfjl=f.a wdrdOkhlska f;drj iaj

leue;af;kauh' .eUqre úYajdihla ;snqKq t;=ud ;u ðú;h mjd mrÿjg ;nd

fkdokakd rgl" fkdokakd NdIdjla l;d lrk " kd÷kk fik`.laa w;r

lsisÿ iyfhda.hla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyels ÿIalr fiajdjlg fhduqùu

;ukag foúhka jykafia ÿka le|ùula f,i ms<s.;af;ah' furgg md ;enQ

fudfydf;a isg Ôú;fha wjidkh olajdu t;=ud wLKav oyï fiajdjl

kshq;= jQfha ;u iqj myiqj .ek lsis;a fkd;lñkah' ls;=kqjka fidhdf.dia

Tjqkg fiajh lf<a buy;a lemùulskah'

,kafoais iufha oS jir 20 la muK ld,hla ,xldfõ isá tlu lf;da,sl

mQcdm%idÈjrhd jQfha cqfia jdia msh;=ud h' t;=ud W;=f¾ isg ol=Kg;a"

ol=fKa isg uOHu m<d;g;a ießierefõ úúO ÿIalr ud¾.j," md .ukska

h' l=ig wyrla mjd fkd,o wjia:d tug úh' uykqjrg .sh uq,a wjia:dfõ

§u t;=ud T;a;=lrejl= njg iellr rc;=ud úiska isr.; lrk ,§' fufia

ÿla lror rdYshla ú¢ñka YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl oyu ,kafoais hq.fha §

117

wdrlaId lr §ug cqfia jdia msh;=ukaf.ka bgq jQ oyï fiajh úia;r l<

fkdyels ;rï w.fkah'

cqfia jdia msh;=ud úis jirla muK ld,hla ;siafia lrf.k wd fiajh ;u

urKska miqj o bÈßhg f.khdu i|yd lghq;= iïmdokh lf<ah' ta bkaÈhdkq

Trf;daßhdkq ksldfha mshjreka furg fiajh i|yd f.kajd .ekSfuka h'

ls%' j 1711 ckjdß 16 jk Èk cqfia jdia msh;=ud ij¾.ia: jk úg t;=ukaf.a

jhi wjqreÿ 66 la úh' túg msh;=ul= f,i jir 35 la o ,xldj ;=< fiajh

jir 24 la o iïmQ¾K lr ;sìKs' t;=ukaf.a urK fudfydf;a§ t;=ud jgd

isá wfkla mshjrekaf.a b,a,Su wkqj fok ,o wjidk wjjdoh jQfha"

— f;areï .kak' lsishï flfkl= uq¿ Ôú; ld,h ;=< fkdi<ld yeßh

fohla" Tyqf.a urK fudfydf;a § bgqlr .; fkdyels h˜ hkqhs'

cqfia jdia msh;=udf.a O¾u¥; m%;sm;a;s

1' t;=ud furgg meñKsfha yd fiajh lf<a yqfola ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

ksfhdað;hl= f,i muKs' lsishï foaYmd,k iïnkaOhla fyda rdcH wkq.%yhla

fkdue;sj jqjo O¾u m%pdrh id¾:lj bgql< yelsnj ;u fiajdj ;=<ska

lf;da,sl f,dalhg fmkajd ÿkafkah'

2' hg;a úð; hq.fha hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka úiska ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ñlhska

i<lk ,oafoa ñ:HdoDIaálhska" rEm weoys,sldrhska f,igh' tfy;a jdia

msh;=ud wkH wd.ñlhska ms<sn| fjkia wdl,amhlska ls%hd lf<a h' ohd

fiajdfõÈ ls;=kq fkdls;=kq ieug tlfia ie,l+fõh' lf;da,sl oyug

;u ðú;fhka idlaIs oerefõh'

3' foaYSh NdId uekúka fkd bf.k O¾u¥; fiajdfõ fh§u ÿIalr nj ms<s.;a

jdia msh;=ud isxy, yd fou< NdId fyd¢ka bf.k .;af;a fiajfha hym;

i|yd h' furg meñKs wka O¾u¥;jrekago NdId bf.kSug Èßÿka w;r

cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ukaj .%ka:lrKhg fhduqlr ùfuka foaYSh

NdIdj,ska oyï fmd; m; iïmdokhg w;ys; ÿkafkah'

4' ,laÈj lf;da,sl oyug foaYSh ixialD;sl ,laIK iïnkaO lsÍug o cqfia

jdia msh;=ud jEhï lf<a h' tl, isß; wkqj ck jkaokdj ,;ska niska

isÿjqjo foaYSh NdIdj,ska hdÉ[d lsÍug u. i,id ÿkafkah' foaYSh .dhkh

yd jdokh o Ndú; lf<a h' fufia foaYShlrKh i|yd ixialD;sl újD;Ndjfha

u`. fmkajd ÿkafka h'

118

5' O¾u m%pdrh i|yd;a" kj ro.=re jiï md,kh i|yd;a hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka

hjkq ,enq ld,hl" foaYSh mQcljrekago id¾:l f,i ta ld¾hfhys fhÈh

yels nj ;u ðú; wdo¾Yfhka o" Trf;daßhdkq mshjrekaf.a fiajdfjkao

fmkajd § we;'

f.!rjkSh cdfldafï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud

1676 - f.dafõ Èjdß kï .%dufha§ Wm; ,eîu' ^ 1676'06'08&

1695 mqcljrh ,eîu

1700 Trf;daßhdkq mejÈ ksldhg we;=¿ ùu'

1705 YS% ,xldfõ fiajhg meñKSu'

1708 ó.uqj" fld<U" ud;r m%foaYj, ießieÍu

1710 isxy, NdIdj bf.kSug wjldY ,eîu

1724 YS% ,xldfõ wkqkdhl f,i m;aùu

1730-1740 fnda,j;a; m%foaYfha iaÓr mÈxÑh yd isxy, lf;da,sl fmd;a m;a

rdYshla ,sùu'

1742 fnda,j;af;aÈ ij¾.ia: ùu ^1742'07'17&

cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.ka jq fiajh

f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud jQ l,s" iyc l=i,;d /ilska msß b;d úr, .kfha

mqoa.,hl= f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' t;=ud ;SCIK nqoaêhlska o" NdId yeoEÍfï

l=i,;dfjka o" ix.S; {dkfhka yd f,aLk oCI;dfjka o fyì oeyeñ

mqoa.,hl= úh' t ksid t;=uka ,laÈjg meñKSu ksid ,la ls;= iiqkg kj

hq.hla WodjQ nj lsj hq;= h'

;u uõ ni jQ fldkaldks o ,;ska" mD;=.Sis yd iamd[a[ NdId o

oek isá f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud furg § fou< yd isxy, NdId o uekúka

m%.=K lf<ah' tu NdId oekqu Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka .%ka:lrKfha kshe¨Kq

t;=uka úiska isxy, niska fmd;a 21 la o" fou< niska 15 la o" mD;=.SiS niska

4 la o ,kafoais niska 1lao ,shd we;s nj Trf;daßhdkq jd¾;dj, i|yka fõ'

t;=uka úiska ,shk ,o we;eï fmd;a .oH NdIdfjka o we;eï tajd moH

wdldrfhka o bÈßm;a lr we;' t;=udf.a NdId {dkh yd NdId ffY,sh foi

n,kúg b;d .eUqqre foajO¾u Ydia;S%h lreKq isxyf,ka bÈßm;a lsÍfï§

ixialD; jpk /ila Ndú;d lr we;' W.;=ka i|yd ,shq fmd;aj, .eUqre

NdIdjla o" idukH ckhd i|yd ,shQ fmd;aj, ir, .eñ jyrla o olakg

,efí' thska fmkShkafka t;=uka i;=jQ mq¿,a NdId {dkhhs'

119

ix.S; l=i,;djlska o hqla; jQ f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud úiska ls;=kq ne;s .S

/ila o ks¾udKh lrk ,§' mika .S" ,f;daks .S" kdgH .S yd idudkH

.S;sldj,g mo ks¾udKh yd ;kq ksa¾udKh lrñka lf;da,sl isxy, ix.S;hg

kj mKla ,nd ÿkafkah' úúO wjia:dj,g Tìk f,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o

tu .S wo mjd Ndú;hg .efkhs'

isxy, lf;da,sl idys;Hfha mqfrda.dñhd f,i ye¢kafjk cdfldafï

f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud úiska rpkd lrk ,o m%Odk;u .%ka: lsysmhla

fufia h'

i foaj fõo mqrdKh

ii iqúfYaI úi¾ckh

iii {dkdxckh

iv iQlD; o¾mKh

v w{dk T!IOh

vi fõo ldjHh

vii mika fmd;

viii ux., .S;h

ix wdkkao l,smamqj

x ÿlam%dma;s m%ix.h

Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jrekaf.ka ,o fiajh

16 jk ishjfia § id' ms,sma fkaß ;=ud úiska frdaufha wdrïN lrk ,o

Trf;daßhdkq ksldh" meúÈ ksldhla fkdj moú mQcljrekag idx>slj

Ôj;aùug msysgqjk ,o ie,eiauls' tla tla ia:dkfha Trf;daßhdkq ksldh

iajdëkh' idudðlhska ;ekska ;ekg udre lsÍula ke;' iEu ksldhlgu

fmdÿ jkafka jHia:d ud,djh'

tu jHjia:d ud,dj hgf;a msysgqjd.;a f.dafõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldh

yd YS% ,xld lf;da,sl iNdj w;r we;af;a lsÜgq ine¢hdjls' furg

lf;da,slhskag mQcljrekaf.a fiajh fkd,en isàug isÿjQ ;;a;ajhla ;=<

´,kao md,k iuh wjika jk f;la o ì%;dkH hq.fha uq,a mkia jir

wjika ù hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka h<s Èjhskg meñfKk f;la o furg

lf;da,sl ck;djg fiajh lf<a f.daj Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl mshjreka h'

uvq m,a,sh" mq;a;,u" fld<U" fldÉÑlfâ" .,a.uqj yd .=reneú, jeks

m%foaYj, Trf;daßhdkq oyï fiajh jHdma; úh' ÿIalr iuhl§ furg ls;=

iiqkg woaú;Sh fiajhla bgql< cqfia jdia msh;=ud yd cdfldafï

f.dkaid,afjia msh;=ud we;=¿ Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jrekg wms

iod Kh.e;s fjuq'

120

ms,smamqia n,afoajqia foaj.e;s;=ud

,kafoais hq.fha§ frmrudÿ O¾u m%pdrh i|yd uy;a fiajhla bgq l< fu;=ud

1658 § ,xldjg meñKsfha yuqodj Ndrj lghq;= lsÍugh' m<uqj .d,af,a

´,kao fiakdxlfha mQcl fiajdj ndrj ls%hd l< w;r bka miqj hdmkfha

fiajh lf<a h' M,odhl fiajhla i|yd fjfyiqKq t;=ud wd.ñl fmd;a m;a

foaYSh NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh lr uqøKh lsÍug mshjr .kaf;ah'

l;slsia;jreka wd.ñl WmfoaYljreka & mqyqKq lf<a h' iEu foajia:dkhla

wdYs%;ju meßIa mdi,a wdrïN lr rdcH wkq.%yh we;sj ta ;=<ska O¾u m%pdr

lghq;= ixúOdkh lf<ah' miq lf,l ,kafoais md,lhska iu`. we;sjQ u;

.egqï fya;=fldg f.k furg fiajh ksudlr wdmiq ´,kaohg .sfhah'

8'1'4 ì%;dkH hq.h ls%'j' 1796 - 1948

ls%' j' 1789 § hqfrdamfha yg.;a m%xY úma,jh ksid ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõ rg jQ

´,kaofha ;;a;ajh wúksYaÑ; wählg m;aúh' ,kao rdcH kdhlhd ráka

msgù ì%;dkHhg f.dia ,kafoaiSka i;= hg;a úð; ish,a, ì%;dkHhg mjrd

ÿkafkah' ksfhda.h fkdms<s.;a fyhska 1795 § ì%;dkh bka§h fmrÈ. fj<|

iud.u ;s%l=Kdu,fha ,kafoais n,fldgqjg myr§ th hg;a lr .;af;ah'

bka miq 1796 § ,xldfõ ,kafoais md,khg hg;aj meje;s ish¨ m%foaaY

ì%;dkHhg Ndr §u;a iu. ,kafoais md,k iuh ksudjg m;aúh' th ì%;dkH

md,k iufha wdrïNh úh' uq,§ uqyqÿnv m<d;a muKla md,kh l< bx.S%iskag

1815 § uq¿ Èjhsfkau md,k n,h i;=lr .ekSug yels úh'

wd.ñl ksoyi

1796 È ,kafoaiSka i;= ,xldfõ ish¨ m%foaY bx.S%iSka fj; ndr§fuka miq

furg m%:u ì%;dkH rcfha kshuh wkqj 1799 iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk ,xld

jdiSka ieug ;uka leu;s wd.ula weoySfï ksoyi ,nd ÿkafkah' fufia

ì%;dkH hq.h wdrïNfha§u wd.ñl ksoyi Wodjkakg úh' tfy;a we;eï

lf;da,sl úfrdaë kS;s Í;s fmd;aj, ;ju;a mej;sKs'

lf;da,slhskag mQ¾K wd.ñl ksoyi ,ndÿka — ue.akd ld¾gdZ mK;

f*âßla fkda¾;a g miqj wdKavqldr OQrhg m;ajQfha f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ h'

Tyq rfÜ wd.ï fj; jvd idOdrK jQ;a" ldreKsl jQ;a" ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh

lf<ah' furg lf;da,slhskaf.a wd.ñl ksoyi iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ ielhlg

bv fkd;nkq i|yd b;d jeo.;a mshjrla .;af;ah' tkï lf;da,slhskag

úreoaOj mkjd ;snqKq ish¨ kS;s ksfhda. wfydais fldg Tjqkag iïmQ¾K

wd.ñl ksoyi ,ndfok fr.=,dishla kS;s.; lf<ah' th 1806 uehs 27 Èk

ksl=;ajq z ue.akd ld¾gdZ mK; hs'

121

fu;eka isg ì%;dkH md,khg hg;a ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhlu

lf;da,slhskg lsisu ndOdjlska f;drj ;u wd.u weoySug ksoyi ysñh'

ish¨ isú,a jrm%ido yd m;aùï Tjqkago w;aúh' lf;da,sl foajia:dkj,

mj;ajk ,o újdy j,x.= njg ms<s.kq ,eîh'

fuf,i Wodjq wd.ñl ksoyiska Wmßu f,i m%fhdack .kq i|yd

Trf;daßhdkq mshjre fkdmiqngj ls%hd l<y' iNdjg whs;s foam< kej;

b,a,d isàu" iNdfõ lghq;= mqkre;a:dmkh" leä ì£ .sh foõueÿre kej;

f.dvke.Su" ls;=kq j;ams<sfj;a ixúOdkh lsÍu yd furg ls;=kq ckhd

talrdYS lsÍu jeks ld¾hhka ish,a,u ì%;dkH md,k iufha§ uq,skau ixúOdkh

lf<a tu O¾u¥;jreka úiskah' Tjqkaf.a m%h;akh ksid ls;=kq iNdjg hï

ia:djr;ajhla ,enqKs'

úfoaYsh O¾u¥;hska furgg meñKSu

furg ls;=kqjkag mQ¾K wd.ñl ksoyi ysñùu;a iu`. furg fiajh i|yd

O¾u¥;hskag meñKSfï ksoyi o ysñúh' ta wkqj O¾u m%pdrh i|yd wex.a,sldkq

iy frmrudÿ O¾u¥; iud.ï ;u YdLd furg msysgqjdf.k oyï fiajh

wdrïN l<y' jeä jYfhka tu iud.ïj,g wh;a .syshka úiska O¾u¥;

fiajh bgqlrk ,§'

fufia 1805 È ,kavka O¾u¥; lKavdhu o

1812 § nemaáiaÜ O¾u¥; lKavdhu o

1814 § fjia,shka O¾u¥; lKavdhu o

1816 § weußldkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu o

1818 § iNd O¾u¥; ix.uh ^ iS'tï' tia & o

1883 § .e,ùfï yuqodfõ O¾u¥; lKavdhu o furg fiajh tlaúh'

fuu O¾u¥; lKavdhïj, idudðlfhda foaYSh NdId bf.k uy;a Wkkaÿfjka

O¾u¥; fiajdfõ fhÿKy' úfYaIfhka m%Odk k.rj, mdi,a msysgqjd bx.S%is

wOHdmkh i|yd fmruqK f.k ls%hd l<y' oyï m%pdrho ta Tiafia isÿúh'

tmuKla fkdj fi!LH fiajh" ¥.S ÿmam;=kag msysgùu jeks ohd fiajdjka

o Tjqka úiska bgqlrk ,§'

,kavka O¾u¥; lKavdhu

tx.,ka; iNdj ksfhdackh lrñka furgg meñKs m<uq O¾u¥;

lKavdhuh' furg Tjqkaf.a iNdj ,xld iNdj f,i ye¢kaúKs' foajia:dk

yd mdi,a f.dvk.df.k O¾u¥; fiajfha fhÿKq w;r 1840 È foaYSh mQclhka

mqyqKq lsÍfï uOHia:dkhla o wrUk ,§'

122

nemaáiaÜ O¾u¥; lKavdhu

fÊïia pdg¾ keue;a;d úiska furg fiajdj wrUk ,§' nemaáiaÜ iNdfõ

msh;=ul= jQ pd,aia ldg¾f.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka isxy, - bx.S%is " bx.S%is isxy,

Yío fldaI ìys úh'

fjia,shdkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu ^fuf;daÈia;&

Tjqyq úfYaIfhkau ngysr uqyqÿlrfha fiajh l<y' oyï m%pdrh" wOHdmkh

yd fi!LH fiajd flfrys Tjqkaf.a úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqúh'

weußldkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu

wOHdmkhg úfYaI ia:dkhla ÿka lKavdhuls' W;=f¾ hdmkh wdYs%;j O¾u¥;

jHdmD;s .Kkdjla weröh' fkajdisl" m%d:ñl " Wiia" .ïno" uOHu " Èjd "

nd,sld jYfhka úúO jQ mdi,a wdrïN l< w;r .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍug ukd

f,i ie,iqï.; fiajdjlao Èh;a lrk ,§' fuu O¾u¥; lKavdhug wh;a

ldka;d O¾u¥;jßhka úiska furg ldka;d wOHdmkh ckm%sh lsÍugo fjfyi

oeÍh'

iNd O¾u¥; ix.uh

O¾u m%pdrh yd wOHdmkh i|yd fndfyda fia fjfyiS lghq;= lf<a h'

fld<U ldka;d úoHd,h" uykqjr ys,ajqâ úoHd,h jeks úÿy,a iNd O¾u¥;

ix.uh u.ska wrUk ,§'

.e,ùfï yuqodfõ O¾u¥; lKavdhu

fuh fjkia wdldrhl O¾u¥; fiajdjla jQ w;r l=i.skak ksùu" msßisÿ

lsÍu" .e,ùu hk f;aud hgf;a ixúOdkh ù ÿ.S ÿmam;=kag msysgùfï fiajd

Èh;a l<y'

ì%;dkH hq.fha § YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdj

16 jk ishjfia mD;=.Siskaf.a meñKSfuka miqj lf;da,sl oyu ,xld jdiSkag

y÷kajd§u;a iu.u furfÜ Ydiksl lghq;= md,kh jQfha ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ

fldÑka ro.=re moúh hgf;ah' tfy;a 1834 È xvi jeks f.%.ß Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ud úiska ,xldj fldúka ro.=re moúfhka fjka lr wfmdaia;,sl

úldß jiula njg m;a lrk ,§' ta wkqj ,xldfõ m<uq ro.=re f,i

m;alrkq ,enqfõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldfha úkaika frdihsfrda W;=udKkah'

t;=ud 1842 È ij¾.ia: ùfuka miq 1843 § bka§h O¾u¥;jrhl= jQ wkaf;daksfhda

lhs;dfkda msh;=ud tu ;k;=rg m;alrkq ,eîh'

123

1833 È mD;=.d,fha rch u.ska .;a ;SrKhla wkqj f.dafõ

Trf;daßhdkq ksldh wfydais úh' tuksis furg fiajhg bkaÈh Trf;daßhdkq

O¾u¥;hska imhd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' tfia jqjo ta jk úg furg isá bka§h

O¾u¥;jre ;uka l< fiajh È.gu lrf.k .shy' hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka

meñK isáh§;a Tjqyq Tjqka iu. fiajh l<y' fuysu Ôú;h fl<jr l<y'

,laÈj fiajh i|yd hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka fidhd.eksu tl, Y=oaOdikhg

myiq fkdùh' tfia jqjo Y=oaOdikh ^fm%dm.kaodj& úiska tjk ,o m%:u

hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jrhd jQ b;d,s cd;sl yd Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl TrdIsfhda

neglskS msh;=ud 1842 È ,xldjg meñKsfhah' t;=ud ,xldfõ W;=re m%foaYh

Ndrj lghq;= lf<a h'

1845 § is,afjia;s%k fnkÈldk ksldfha fcdaima n%dú msh;=ud iy

isiag¾Ishdk ksldfha ;dmihka fofofkla o furgg meñKshy' fï ;dla

rgg tjk ,ofoa mejÈ ksldhj,g wh;a O¾u¥;jreka jqjo 1847 § Y=oaOdikh

úiska moú mQcljreka i;r fofkl=o tjk ,§'

fufia ,xldj ;=< bka§h O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ixLHdj wvqfjñka o"

hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ixLHdj jeäfjñka o meje;s fï ld,fha Y=oaOdikh

úiska hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;hl= jQ b;d,s cd;sl TrdIsfhda neglSkS msh;=ud furg

wfmdaia;,sl úldß ;ekf.a hqj ro.=re f,i m;alrk ,§' ta 1848 uehs 5

jeksodh' 1846 È t;=ud ro.=re wNsfIalh ,enqfõh' ,laìfï È ro.=rejrhl=

f,i wNsfIal ,;a m%:uhd jQfha t;=udh' ^Bg fmr ro.=rejreka wNsfIal

,enqfõ bkaÈhdfõ §h& fï ;dla tla wfmdaia;,sl úldß jiula jQ ,laÈj

1843 È W;=r yd ol=K f,i fldgia follg fjka lrk ,§' neglSks

ro.=re;=udg W;=re m%foaY Ndr úh' lhs;dfkda wkaf;daksfhda ro.=re ;=udg

ol=K Ndrúh' ta iu.u fcdaima n%dú msh;=ud ol=Kq úldß jifï hqj ro.=re

jYfhka m;aùï ,eîh' 1883 olajd jir 36 l ld,hla fufia úldß jiï

folla f,i Ydiksl lghq;= ls%hd;aul úh'

ks¾u, ußh ksldfha O¾u¥;jreka ,laÈjg meñKSu

W;=re úldß jifï lghq;= ndr.;a neglSks ro.=re ;=ud uqyqK ÿka m%Odk

.eg¨j jQfha O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ys.hhs' tksid O¾u¥;jreka fidhd hqfrdamhg

.sh t;=ud m%xYfha ks¾u, ußh ksldfha ks¾ud;D tõðka o ueikâ ro.=re;=uka

yuqù ,laÈjg tu ksldfha mshjreka tjk f,i b,a,d isáfhah' ta wkqj

iaàjka fifïßhd msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a i;r fofkl=f.ka hq;a

O¾u¥; lKavdhula 1847 È ,laÈjg meñKsfhda h' fï mshjre hdmkh m%foaYfha

O¾u¥; lghq;= b;d fõ.j;a f,i jHdma; l<y' l,ska l,g ;j;a mshjreka

124

ksu, ußh ksldh u.ska tjkq ,ÿj 1850 muK jkúg O¾u¥; jrekaf.a

ixLHdj 13 olajd jeäúh' 1856 È hdmkhg meñK tysÈ ks¾u, ußh ksldhg

tlajq ls%iafgda*¾ fndkaðka msh;=udo iqúfYaIS O¾u¥;hl= njg m;aúh' miq

lf,l t;=ud hdmkfha ro.=re f,io 1887 È fld<U moúfha m%:u w.ro.=re

ysñ f,io m;aùï ,enqfõh'

fufia ks'u'ks mshjre YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdjg b;d w.kd fiajhla bgq

l<y' úfYaIfhkau fld<U yd hdmkfha moú ;=< fuu mshjreka hgf;a

m%Odk fmf<a bx.S%is úoHd, lsysmhla ìysúh' 1900 ka miqj fld<U yd

hdmkfha moúj, fiajh i|yd úúO ;dmisl ksldh furgg le|jd .ekSu

i|yd o ks'u'ks mshjre ls%hd l<y' tfia meñKs ksldh lsysmhla f,i"

ußh;=ñhf.a m%ekaisialdk fidfydhqßfhda" Y=oaOjQ mjqf,a fidfydhqßfhda"

wfmdaia;,sl ld¾fu,a fidfydhqßfhda" foajdrCIdfõ fidfydhqßfhda" iodirK

fidfydhqßfhda yd fvdñksldk fidfydhqßfhda oelaúh yelsh'

is,afjiaf;%da fnkÈldk ksldfha O¾u¥;jre

fuu ksldfha fiajh YS% ,xldj ;=< wdrïN jQfha 1845 È fcdaYma n%dú msh;=ud

furgg meñKSu iu.u h' 1857 § t;=ud ol=Kq úldß jifï fld<U& md,l

OQrhg m;ajQ w;r tu m%foaYfha fiajh i|yd ;j;a fnkÈldk mshjre fuys

meñKshy' 1863 - 1878 ld,h ;=< úldß jiu md,kh lf<a ysf,aßhka

is,a,dks kï jQ fnkÈldk ro.=re ;=udh' t;=udf.a md,k iuh ol=Kq úldß

jifï ÈhqKqj i|yd úYd, fiajdjla bgqjq iuhla úh'

- Yd ¨ishd wdik foõueÿr bÈlsÍug wdrïN lsÍu

- Yd' fnkälaÜ úoHd,h we;=¿ mdi,a /ila we;s lsÍu

- hym;a tf`ârd fidfydhqßhka furg fiajhg f.kaùu

- fld<U wjg jk fudaor" .%Ekaâmdia jeks m%foaYj, úYd, foõueÿre

bÈlsÍu'

- lf;da,sl mqj;a m;a Ceylon Catholic Messenger 1869 È yd {kd¾:

m%§mh 1873 § wdrïN lsÍu'

- uykqjr m%foaYfha ;eka lSysmhl fiajhg fnkÈldk mshjre heùu

wd§ fiajdjka ta i|yd ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yelsh'

1878 ysf,aßhka is,a,dks ro.=re ;=udf.a ij¾.fha ùfuka miq tu OQrhg m;a

lrk ,oafoa laf,aukaÜ m[a[dks ro.=re ;=udh' t;=ud jir 4 la muK

fld<U m%foaYfha Ydik md,l f,i lghq;= lf<a h' tu ld,fha fnkÈldk

mshjrekaf.a meñKSu ys`. jQ ksid fld<U m%foaYfha fiajh ksudlr th ks'

125

u'ks mshjrekag ndr oSug isÿ jQ w;r fnkosldkqfjda ,xldfõ uOHu yd W!j

m<df;a fiajhg fhduq jQy'

1887 jk úg isrs,l lf;da,sl iNdj ro.=re moú ;=kla f,i ixúOdkh

úh' ta hdmkh" fld<U" uykqjr jYfhks' hdmkh yd fld<U ks' u' ks

mshjreka hgf;a o uykqjr fnkÈldk mshjreka hgf;a o md,kh úh'

fuf,i m%xYfha ks¾u, ußh ksldfha mshjreka yd b;d,sfha is,afjiaf;%da

fnkÈldk ksldhsl mshjreka fukau fn,aðhfï fÊiq ksldhsl mshjreka

o" udßiaÜ fidfydhqrka o" ,di,a fidfydhqrka o meúÈ fidfydhqßhka o

furgg fiajh i|yd tla jQ O¾u¥; O¾u¥;Sldfjda jQy' fudjqyq YS% ,xldfõ

wd.ñl" wOHdmksl iudcSh" fi!LHh hk ish¨ wxYj,u fiajfha fhfoñka

b;d w.kd odhl;ajhla iemhQy'

mejÈjßhkaf.a fiajdj

wd.ñl ksoyi iu. furg meñKs mejÈjßhkaf.a fiajdjo furg lf;da,sl

iiqfka m%.;shg u. ie,iSh' mD;=.Sis hq.h wdrïNfha isg 19 jk ishjfia

ueo Nd.h muK jk ;=re" tkï jir 350 la muK ld,hla ;=< furg

lf;da,slhskag O¾u¥;jrekaf.a fiajh ,nkakg yels úh' tfy;a tu

ld,h mqrd furg ckhdg meúÈjßhka oel.ekSug mjd wjia:djla Wod

fkdùh' m%:ufhka u mejÈjßhka ,xldjg meñKsfha 1862 jif¾ § h' ta"

hdmkfha wfmdaia;,sl úldÍ jQ iaàjka fifïßhd ro.=re ;=ud úiska

le|jdf.k tk ,o m%xYfha Y== mjqf,a ksldfha meúÈjßhka h' Tjqyq W;=re

úldÍ jifï ;u fiajh wdrïN l<y'

1869 § ol=Kq úldÍ jiugo m<uq jrg meúÈjßfhda meñKshy' ta fld<U

wfmdaia;,sl úldß is,a,dks ro.=re;=udf.a le|ùu wkqj meñKs m%xYfha

hym;a tfârd ksldfha mejÈjßhka h' Tjqyq fldgfyafka nd,sld wOHdmk

fiajdfõ fhÿKy''

fndkaðka w.ro.=re;=ud fld<U jifï md,lj isáh§ 1886 È ußh;=ñhf.a

m%ekaisialdk O¾u¥;jßfhda fudrgqj m%foaYfha nd,sld úÿy,la o

wkd:orejka i|yd ksjdihla o werUQy'

1888 § È<sÿkaf.a l=vd fidfydhqßfhda keue;s ksldh m%xYfhka meñK jhia.;

jQj;a i|yd fiajh weröh' jfhdajDoaO wh i|yd ksjdihla urodfka wdrïN

lrk ,§'

126

1896 § ohdfõ fidfydhqßhkaf.a ksldh meñKs w;r Tjqyq .d,af,a ÈjH

yDofha nd,sld úÿyf,a fiajdj wdrïN l<y'

1922 È wfmdaia;,sl ksldfha ;dmisldfjda furgg meñK Tjqkaf.a m<uq

ksjdih ;s%l=Kdu,fha msysgqjd .;ay'

1903 § .d,af,a ro.=rej isá fcdaima jekaÍ;a ysñhka úiska foaYSh mejÈ

ksldhla wdrïN lf<a h' ta iqr¥; fidfydhqßhkaf.a ksldh hs'

ì%;dkH hq.fha § YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmkh

ì%;dkH rch" uq,§ rfÜ wOHdmkh wx.a,sldkq foaj.e;sjreka w;g mjrd"

Tjqkag ta i|yd wdOdr uqo,a o ,nd ÿkafkah' jßka jr furgg meñKs

frmrudÿ O¾u¥; iud.ï o uqo,ska rcfha wdOdr ,ndf.k wOHdmk fiajfha

fhÿKy' Tjqka hgf;a bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ÈhqKq úh'

weußld O¾u¥;jre uq, isgu fkajdisl mdi,a werUQy' Tjqka wdrïN l<

hdmkfha m%d:ñl mdif,a oCI <uqka i|yd zfikag%,a˜ mdi,la o msysgqjk

,§' Wiia mdi,a wdrïN lr tajdfha bx.S%Sis" N+f.da,h" .Ks;h" ;¾l Ydia;%h"

hqfrdamd idys;Hh" hdka;s%l úoHdj hk úIhh W.kajk ,§' Bg wu;rj

nd,sld úÿy,ao weröu isÿúh' fufia W;=relrfha wOHdmkh ÈhqKqùug u.

ie,isKs'

ì%;dkH md,k iufha uq,a ld,fha § mdi,a iïnkaOfhka lf;da,sl iiqk

isáfha ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhlh' mSvk iuhl ksudj iu. lf;da,slhskaf.a

wjOdkh foõueÿre f.dvk`.d .ekSu fj; fhduq jQ ksido" wd¾Ól jYfhka

Yla;su;a fkdjQ ksido tjlg isá bka§h O¾u¥;hskag bx.S%is NdIdj .eg¨jla

jQ ksid o bx.S%is mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu myiq fkdùh' miq ld,Skj meñKs úúO

mejÈ ksldh ksid wOHdmkh ;=< uy;a m%.;shka w;a lr.; yelsúh'

1832 § flda,anDDla fldñiu l< fhdckd wkqj" bx.S%is NdIdj rcfha ish¨u

md,k wxYj, Ndú; lrkakg;a mdi,aj, W.kajkakg;a jQ úg

lf;da,slhskago bx.S%is mdi,a wjYH úh' bx.S%is oek isàu /ls rlaId ,nd

.ekSug o ud¾.hla úh' flda,anDDla fldñifï m%;sixialrK ksid k.rj,

wOHdmkh ÈhqKq úh' ,xldfõ wOHdmksl ixúOdkh 1841 § uOHu mdi,a

fldñiug mjrk ,§' fuu fldñiu ñIkdÍ yd meúÈ iud.ï u.ska msysgqjk

,o mdi,aj,g uqo,ska wdOdr imhk ,§' fufia ñIkdß wOHdmkh ÈhqKq jQ

w;r rch hgf;a mej;s wOHdmk wm%dKslj mej;sKs fï ;;a;ajh ;=<

ñIkdß wOHdmkhg ck;djf.a leue;a; m<úh'

127

1841 os msysgjq uOHu mdi,a fldñiu u.ska my; oelafjk oE bgqlr

.ekSug yelsúh'

- fiajd kshqla;shg jQ m%;s,dN ksid — fld<U welvñhZ iuDoaêu;a

úh'

- .=re mqyqKqj i|yd — fkdau,a mdi,a ˜ wdrïN úh'

- wOHdmkhg m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla ,nd§u i|yd .d,a," uykqjr yd

fld<U uOHu mdi,a ;=kla uOHu mdi,a fldñiu u.ska weröu'

- fld<U yd uykqjr Wiia nd,sld mdi,a weröu'

wdOdr ,nk mdi,a ^WmlD; mdi,a&

1869- 1896 olajd mej;s wOHdmk l%ufhka ,dxlsl <uqkag id¾:l wOHdmkhla

,nkakg yelsjQfha bx.S%is udOhfhka muKs' bx.S%is mdi,aj, YsIHhskag ;u

ujqni fyda rfÜ b;sydih yd mßirh .ek oekqula fkdfok ,§' iajNdId

wOHdmkh ksIaM, fohla f,i .Kskq ,eîh' ish¨u mdi,a fmd;a bx.S%is

NdIdfjka jQ w;r b.ekaùfï l%u yd úNd. meje;aùu ì%;dkHfha l%uhg

úh' fujka ;;a;ajhka ;=< iaj NdId wOHdmkh ms<sn|j rchg fhdackd

bÈßm;a lf<a ls%iafgdam¾ fndkaðka msh;=udh'

bx.S%is NdIdj fukau cd;sl NdIdjo mdi,a wOHdmkhg tl;= l< hq;=hehs

t;=ud rchg wjOdrKfhka lshd isáfhah' wOHdmkh i|yd ujqni

fhdod.ekSfï w;HjYH;dj fmkajd ÿkafkah' rcfha widOdrK wOHdmk

ms<sfj; o iEu ls;=kq iNdj,g u fmdÿ ls;= oyula W.kajk mdi,a l%uho

oeä fia úfõpkh lf<a h' t;=ud lshd isáfha f.or§ fukau mdif,a § o

orejdf.a wOHdmkh wd.u yd iïnkaO l< hq;= njh' tjeks wOHdmkhla

§u ta ta wd.ñl ixia:dj úiska l< hq;= nj;a" tneúka fldhs wd.ug;a mdi,a

mj;ajd .ekSug bv ;sìh hq;= nj yd rch tn÷ mdi,aj,g uqo,ska wdOdr Èh

hq;= nj;a h' fndkaðka msh;=udf.a fhdackd rcfha wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj

úiska ms<s.kakd ,ÿj wdOdr ,nk mdi,a fyj;a WmlD; mdi,a l%uh wdrïN

úh' tu.ska ls;=kq iNdj,g muKla fkdj fï ;dla rcfha ie<ls,a, fkd,o

fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï wd.ïj,g o fï wOHdmk l%uh uy;a rel=,la úh'

ls%iafgda*¾ fndkaðka msh;=ud

1823 iema 23 od Wm; ,enQ t;=ud 1847 § meßia O¾u¥; ksldfha iNslhl= f,i

bkaÈhdjg f.dia tys jir kjhla fiajh lf<a h' 1856 È ,xldjg meñK

hdmkfha § ^ks'u'ks& Tíf,aÜ ksldhg ne£ W;=f¾ fiajh lf<a h' ,laÈjg

wd ldf,ha mgkau jdf.a t;=ud ,la lf;da,sl iiqfka lgy`v úh' t;=ud

128

m%Odk jYfhka igka lf<a wOHdmk fCIa;%fha h' t;=ukaf.a W;aidyfha

m%;sM,h f,i furg WmlD; mdi,a l%uh ìysúh' tksid WmlD; mdi,a

l%ufha mS;Djrhd f,i t;=ukaj y÷kajkq ,efí' hdmkfha ro.=re ;k;=rg

m;ajq t;=ud miqj furg m%:u w.ro.=re f,i m;aùï ,eîh' foaYSh mQclhka

mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd ,xldfõ m%:u foaj Ydia;%d,h jQ Ydka; ud¾áka foõi;ay,

1869 § werUqfõo fndkaðka w.ro.=re ;=udh' fld<Ug meñKs miq 1883 §

idka; fn¾kd¾ÿ foõi;ay, o újD; lf<ah' fld<U idka; fcdaima úÿy,

yd fjk;a úÿy,a újD; lsÍug t;=ud odhl jqfKa h' fld<U uy frdayf,a

fiajh lsÍu i|yd lf;da,sl mejÈjßhka fhduq lsÍu o fndkaðka w.ro.=re

iufha § isÿ úh' tmuKla fkdj fkdfhla m<d;aj,ska jkaokdlrejka

f.kajk cq,s uvq ux.,Hh wdrïN lrk ,oafoa o 1870 È fndkaðka ro.=re

;=ud úiska h'

jir 69 la jQ ;u Ôú;fhka jir 36 la ,laÈj fiajh l< fndkaðka

w.ro.=re ysñ furg lf;da,slhskag muKla fkdj wkH wd.ñlhskaf.a o

whs;sjdislï ,nd§ug fkdìhj igka l< W;=fuls'

YS% ,xldjg ksoyi ,nd.ekSu i|yd ls;=kq odhl;ajh

ì%;dkH hq.fha § bx.S%is wOHdmkh ksid we;eï msßia úfoaYSh is;=ï me;=ï

yd ixialD;sh ngysr mkakhg wkqj yev.iajd .;a w;r we;eï msßia

foaYfha ksoyi fjkqfjka ixúOdkh jQy' ls;=kq mdi,a j, bx.S%is wOHdmkh

,enq t*a' wd¾' fiakdkhl" B'ví' fmf¾rd" ffj;H,sx.ï" rdukdoka yd ä'

tia' fiakdkhl jeks wh cd;s wd.ï l=< fNao fkd;ld fmruqK .;ay'

tfiau ls;=kq ne;su;=kao cd;sl ye`.Sfuka hq;=j ;u Èú mrÿjg ;nd ksoyia

igkg odhljQ nj b;sydih ;=<ska wkdjrKh fõ' Bg ksoiqkla jkafka B'

ví' fmf¾rd uy;dh'

1915 § furg we;sjQ fn!oaO uqia,sï flda,y,j,§ tjlg furg isá ì%;dkH

wdKavqldrhd furg fn!oaO m%N+kag úreoaOj .;a ;Skaÿj jydu wfydais lsßu

i|yd ls%hd lsÍug bÈßm;a jQfha ls;=kqfjl= jq B' ví' fmf¾rdh' ta i|yd

wjYH ksfhda. m;% ryfia ,ndf.k ;u im;a;=j ;=< i`.jdf.k t;=ud

ì%;dkHhg .sfhah'

YS%u;a fÊïia mSßia" we,anÜ ta' úl%uisxy" fÊ' ta' t,a l=f¾" iageka,s fidhsid

jeks ls;=kq m%N+jrekao ksoyi m;d odhl jQ wh fj;s'

129

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

• mD;=.SiSka meñKsug fmr hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

• mD;=.SiS hq.h ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak

• ,kafoais hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

• ì%;dkH hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

uQ,dY%

1' ,laÈj ls;=kq mqrdKh ^Ígd fj,a.ïm,&

2' isß,la ls;= iiqk ^;su;s fld<uqkafka msh;=ud&

3' iúia;r isß,la ls;= iiqk ^ - tu - &

4' ,laÈj lf;da,sl Wodj ^fodka mSg¾ msh;=ud&

5' ,laÈj lf;da,sl mSvkh^ - tu - &

6' ,laÈj lf;da,sl jHdma;s iuh ^ - tu &

7' ´,kao iuh ^tâukaâ mSßia ro.=re;=ud &

8' fndkaðka w.ro.=re ^wdpd¾h fodka mSg¾ msh;=ud&

9' ESP 1205 wOHdmk fudähq,h ^újD; úYaj úoHd,h&

130



ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 ( ksoyia YS% ,xldjla ;=< iNdj ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs


bf.kqï M, (

² ksoyia Y%S ,xlfõ foaYmd,k yd iudÔh miqìu ;=< ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK§ug

isÿjq .eg¨ yd tajdg ;=vq ÿka fya;= úuid wjfndaO lr.kshs'

² fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ oelau yd b.ekaùu ,xflah ls;=kq iNdjg

n,mE whqre yd tys n,mEu wOHhk lr kfjdaohla i|yd lghq;= lrhs'

² j¾;udk ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdfõ ¥; fiajdfõ iajNdjh yd iNdj uqyqK fok

wNsfhda. úuid ls;=kq wkkH;djg idlaIh orhs'

² YS% ,dxflah iudcfha úúO wxYj,g iNdfjka jQ odhl;ajh Wf.k ls;=kqjl=

f,i j;auka iudc ixj¾Okhg ;u odhl;ajh §ug lghq;= lrhs'


8'2'1 ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqKq ÿka .eg¨

,xldj Y%S ,xldj& ì%;dkH wêrdcHhg hg;aj bx.S%is wdKavqldrjrhl= hgf;a

md,kh ù' miqj foaYmd,k ksoyi ,enQfha 1948 fmnrjdß 04 §h' tjla mgka

rg;=< meje;s" foaYmd,k" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól miqìfï udxY.;ù

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a .e,ùuodhl iqndrxÑh furg m;< lrñka ¥; fiajdfõ

ksr;ùfï§ ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjq .eg¨ fndfydah' ta w;ßka m%Odk

.eg¨ lsysmhla muKla fuys,d úia;r flf¾'

wOHdmkh iy mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu

1960 § meje;s uydue;srKfhka n,hg meñKs rch wdOdr ,nk wd.ñl

mdi,a rchg mjrd.ekSu yd bka we;sjq m%;sM, uE; b;sydifha furg ls;=kq

iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjq .eg¨ w;r m%Odk ;ekla .kshs' tod tu ;SrKh

.ekSug rch fm<UqKq lreKq l=ula jqjo" t;eka isg .;jQ wv ishjila muK

jQ ld,h ;+< furg wOHdmkfha m%.;sh yd úkh ms<n| l;d lrk uOHia:

úpdrlhka tu ;SrKfha wksgq M, úmdl iuia; rggu n,mE wdldrh fy<s

lrkq úáka úg wefia'

131

miqld,Skj 1886 È fld<U w.%rdc.=re m%id§ka jykafia f,i m;ajQ .re ls%iafgdam¾

fndkacska msh;=ud furg lf;da,sl wOHdmkh yd mdi,a l%ufha Wkak;sh

i|yd m%cdm%idÈjrhl=j isá ld,fha isgu wem lemjqKq ta i|yd wä;d,u oeuq

Wodr pß;hls' wdOdr ,nk mdi,a l%uh fjkqfjka igka l<" bx.s%is NdIdj

fukau cd;sl NdIdjo wOHdmkhg tla l< hq;= hehs wjOdrKh lf<a fu;=udh'

t;=uka ms<sfh, l< wdOdr ,nk mdi,a ie,eiau 1867 § rcfha wOHdmk

fldñIka iNdj úiska ms<sf.k wd.ñl WmlD; mdGYd,d l%uh kñka Ndú;hg

meñKsfhah' fuu l%uh hgf;a iEu mqrjeishl=f.au wd.u weoySfï ksoyi

iy;sl l< w;r ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd ;ukag leue;s mdi,la

f;dard .ekSug foudmshkag we;s whs;jdislu ms<s.eksK' wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka

fNao fkdi<ld wdOdr§u rcfha hq;=lula njgo ms<s.eksKs'

tfiau" fuu l%uh hgf;a iEu wd.ulgu ;ukaf.a mdi,a bÈlsßugo mdi,a

mßmd,kh" kv;a;=j" l<ukdldß;ajh i|yd iïmQ¾K ksoyio mejeßKs'

lf;da,sl iNdj u.ska md,kh jqKq mdi,aj, meje;s úkh" ms<sfj, yd wOHdmk

l%ufõoh ksid tu mdi,a wkHd.ñlhka w;r mjd ckm%sh úh' wkHd.ñlhka

mjd ;u orejka lf;da,sl mdi,aj,g we;=¿ lsÍug W;aiql jQ neõ i|ykah'

lf;da,sl fkdjk isiq isiqúhkao fuu mdi,aj,g we;=¿ ùfï m%jK;djla

we;sjQfha fuu lf;da,sl mdi,a msysgqùfï wruqK lf;da,sl ore oeßhkag

wOHdmkh yd pß; yev.eiaùu ,nd§u m%uqL;dj ù ;sìh§ h'

fujeks iudÔh miqìula ìysfjñka ;sìh§ 1956 fn!oaO fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ

ks¾foaYhla jQ wdOdr ,nk wd.ñl mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu wkqj hñka 1960

§ lf;da,sl iNd fYa%IaGdhka yd ck;djf.a oeä úfrdaOh uOHfha wd.ñl

mdi,a rchg mjrd .eksKs'

fuu ;SrKh ls%hd;aul ùfuka mdi,aj, wOHdmk l%ufõoh" úkh yd wdpdr

O¾u pß; yev.eiaùug isÿjq n,mEï bka miq ,dxflah ck iudcfha isÿjQ

isÿùï úuid ne,Sfuka wjfndaO lr .; yels h'

ls%ia;shdks wd.ñlhka flfrys ks¾oh úfõpk

mD;=.Sis hq.fha§ we;eï mD;=.Sis fikam;shka yd fid,aodÿjka f.a lDDr ls%hd

biau;= lrñka tys jro j¾;udk lf;da,slhka u; mgjñka ks¾oh f,i

úfõpkh lsßu o lf;da,slhka jkdys mD;=.SiSkaf.ka mej; tk ck fldgila

f,i we;euqka úiska úúO wjia:dj,§ .erySug ,la lsÍu o fuys,d wjOdkhg

,la lsÍu jà' foaYSh isß;a úß;a j,g wd.ka;=lj isá by< iudc ia:rfha

ls;=kqjka úfõkh lrñka ls;=kqjka jkdys mr.e;s" foaYSh ixialD;sh" fkdi<lk

132

isß;a úß;a .re fkdlrk msßilehs jßka jr t,a,jQ mokï úrys;" wN+; fpdaokd

o iqndrxÑh m;< lsÍfï ¥; ld¾hhg ilS%hodhl jk ls;=kq j.lSu — lf;da,sl

wdl%uKh ˜ f,i jm/iska n,d ks¾oh úfõpkhg ,laùu o ksoyiska miq

ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqKq §ug isÿjQ wNsfhda.ldß ;;a;ajhls'

ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j iy idu ls%hdoduh

1970 oYlh w.Nd.fha§ Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha yg.;a isxy, - oñ, .egqï furg

uE; b;sydifha isÿ l< jHkikh iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' we;euqka úiska ckjd¾.sl

w¾nqohla f,iskao ;%ia;jdohla f,iskao w¾: oelajQ fuu .egqï yd ysxidldÍ

ls%hd yuqfõ ls%ia;= iqndrxÑhg wkqj lghq;= lrkakg furg ls;=kq iNdj orE

W;aidyh yd ia:djrh ndysr iudcfha jerÈ jegySulg fya;= jQ neõ ls;=kq

iNdjg t,a, jQ fpdaokdj,ska fmkS hhs' Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h Ñka;kh yd ls;=kq

oelau ysxidj yd hqoaO .egqï tlfy<d m%;sfCIm lrhs' udkj .re;ajh flf<ik

yd udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh jk ysxidjd§ ms<sfj;lg wdYs¾jdo lsÍug ls%ia;=ia

jykafia wkqhk ls;=kqjkg fyda ls;=kq iNdjg kqmq¿jk' tfiau" fï wr.,hg

uq,a jq isxy, oñ, focd;Skau W;=r yd ol=K hd lrñka tlu iNdjl tlu ore

le<la fia isàuo ls;=kqjka f,i tlu foúhka jykafiag jkaokd lrk tlu

orele,la ùuo fya;=fldg ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ysxidfjka f;drj" idlÉPdfjka

yd idul%shdoduhlska úi|df.k foaYmd,k úi÷ulg hkakehs ks;r wod<

md¾Yjj,g oekaùug o n,lsÍug o tu ia:djrh fjkqfjka fkdìhj fmkS

isáug o iNdjg isÿúh' fuu ia:djrh ksidu" ls;=kqjka furgg ys;e;s fkdjk"

;%ia;jdohg Wvf.ä fok msßila f,i ckudOHh Tiafia widOdrK

úfõpkj,g ,laùu o iNdj uqyqK mE .eg¨jls' lreKq flfia jqjo" — iduh

we;s lrkafkda Nd.Hjka;fhda h''˜ hk ls;= iñodKkaf.a jok wkqj hñka

iduldñ foaYmd,k úi÷ula fjkqfjka fmkSisáñka ysxidj yd .egqï m%;sfCIm

lsÍfuka ienE ls;=kq idlaIHl ksr;ùu yd idOdrK whs;Ska .re lrñka ieug

idOdrK;ajh bgqúh hq;=h hk iNd b.ekaùu fjkqfjka fmkS isàu iudc

wNsfhda.hla jQ neõ meyeÈ,sh'

fn§.sh ls;=kq wd.ñl jHdmdr

uE; b;sydifha furg ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK §ug isÿjq nrm;, .eg¨jla jQfha

we;uqka úiska uq,O¾ujd§ka f,i y÷kajkq ,nk fnÈ.sh ls;=kq wd.ñl

jHdmdr yd tu wkq.dñlhka yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l< O¾um%pdrK l%u fõohhs'

iodpdr ùfrdaaë ls%hd u.ska wkHd.ñlhka ish wd.ug yrjd .ks;shs fpdaokd

lrñka th n,y;aldrfhka wd.u fjkia lrùula f,i w¾: l:khla o

we;súh' idïm%odhsl ms<s.;a ls;=kq iNd yd fuu ls;=kq wd.ñl jHdmdr w;r

we;s meyeÈ<s fjki oek fyda fkdoek fï ms<sn| wkHd.ñl kdhlhka yd

133

ixúOdkj, úfõpk t,a,jQfha lf;da,sl iNdj m%Odk ms<s.;a idïm%odhsl

ls;=kq iNdj,gh' fuu úfõpk yd uQ,O¾ujd§ wd.ñl jHdmdr j, iodpdr

fkdjk f,i y÷kajk ls%hd furg iNdjg .eg¨jla úh' fï ms<sn|j iudcfha

meje;s l;sldj fld;rï W.%ù o h;a n,y;aldrfhka wkHd.ïj,g yrjd

.ekSu ;ykï lsÍfï mK;a flgqïm;la o 2004 § md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a ú

ta ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a ixjdo we;s ù ;sfí' uQ,O¾ujd§ ls%hd fya;=fldg furg

lf;da,sl iNdjg o wkfmalaIs; m%;sM,j,g uqyqK§ug isÿùu nrm;, .eg¨jla

f,i Èiafõ'

8'2'2 fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdjj;auka hq.fha Y=oaO jQ iNdj ;=< isÿjq iqúYd,

fufyjrla fukau iNd b;sydifha kfjdaohlg ux fy<s l< ikaêia:dkhla

o fõ' m<uq fmka;fldia; Èkfha fmaÿre ;=uka u.ska l;d l< Y=oaOd;auhdKkag

ijka fokakg úúO cd;Ska meñK isáhdla fuka Y=oaOjq iNdfõ kj Wm;la

f,i ie<lsh yels fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNfõ § Y= fmaÿre ;=ukaf.a ;ekg

m;a wkqm%dma;sl úYaj tfârdKka jQ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka u.ska l;d l<

Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a yvg ijka fokakg o úúO uyoaùmj,g wh;a rgj,ska

ksfhdað;fhda meñK isáhy'

fuu uka;%K iNdjg fmr yd wdrïNfha§ meje;s oeä u;" oeä ia:djr ,sys,a

ù kuHYS,Sj l;sld lr ;SrKj,g t<U" kfjdaohlg wjYH újD;Ndjh lrd

.uka lsÍu u fuu uka;%K iNdj ;=< Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a fufyhùu yd

ls%hdldß;ajhg lÈu WodyrKhls' úúO rgj,a yd ixialD;Ska tlg tla lr

ixjdohlska hq;=j kj oelaula lrd Y=oaO jQ iNdj fufyh jQ uka;%K iNdjla

f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yelsh'

fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï wvx.= m%ldYk 16 la t<soelaúKs' 1965 isg

f.ù .sh oYl lsysmh ;=< tysÈ l;sld l< kfjdaoh yd ne¢ Ñka;kh fya;=fldg

Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿjq m%.;sh yd bÈß.uk úuid n,k l< th f.jqKq ld,

iSudjg idfmaCIj m%udKj;a fkdjk nj yef`.a' tfy;a l;sldjf;a we;eï

b.ekaùï yd m%.;sYS,s Ñka;kh Y%S ,dxflah lf;da,sl iNdfõ úúO wxYj,g

hï wdldrhlska l< n,mEï ksid we;sjQ idOkSh ,laIK .ek i;=gqúh yelsh'

ckjkaokdj

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ m%ldYk w;ßka m%:ufhka t<sÿgqfõ

ckjkaokdj ms<sn| fõo i;H jHjia:djhs' uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï yd

m%;sixúOdk blaukska yd fndfyda ÿrg n,mEula we;s lf<a ckjkaokdj

flfrys h'

134

fuu jHjia:djg wkqj"

ck jkaokdj foú ñksia ine¢hdj fmkakqï lrhs' Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ tlu ld¾h

jkafka ck;dj foúhka fj; o foúhka ck;dj fj; o f.k tauh' Y=oaOjQ

iNdfõ iEu wfhl=gu ;u m%ido ikdmkh ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a mQcl

ld¾hg ls%hdldÍj yjq,a úh yelsh' ukqIHhdf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh o foaj uysuh

o isÿjkafka ckjkaokdfjks'

Y=`Ojq iNdfõ ls%hdldß;ajfha — ysksfm;˜ iy Y=`Ojq iNdfõ uq¿ Yla;sh .,d

tk —W,am;˜ jkqfha ckjkaokdjhs ^SC 1O)

tfy;a ckjkaokdj i|yd ilS%h odhl;ajh b;d jeo.;a h'

ck jkaokdfõ m%Odk ks, NdIdj jQfha ,;ska NdIdjhs' tfy;a l;sldjg miqj

iajNdIdj,ska j;ams<sfj;a isÿ lrkakg wjirh ,eîu;a iu`. YS% ,xldfõ o

isxy, - fou< NdIdj,ska ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a isÿ lrkakg isÿ úh'

- ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a i|yd ls%hdldßj odhlùu uq,a;eka.;a fyhska ck;djf.a

ls%hdldÍ odhl;ajh jeä j¾Okh úh'

ckjkaokd ms<sfj;aj, kshñ; ld¾hhka i|yd ta ta f;ajdOQrj,g wod<

ld¾hhka w¾:dkaú;j isÿ lsÍug u`. ie,iSu

foaYSh NdIdj,ska .S;sld ilid .ekSug ,o wjirfhka foaYSh ix.S;hg" wdrg

wkqj ijfoaYSh .dhkhg yd ks¾udKj,g bvlv ,eîu'

ck jkaokdfõ Ndú; mQcd NdKav yd mQcd we÷ï foaYSh isß;g yd ,laIKj,g

wkql+,j ks¾Kh ùu'

foajia:dk f.dvke`.Sfï§ foaYSh l,djg yd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amhg wkl+,j

isÿùu'

újdy ux.,H yd fjk;a W;aij wdÈfha § foaYSh iïm%odhdkql+, ieris,s yd

l,d wx. tl;= ùu'

foaj jpkhg m%Odk ;ekla ,eîu yd ta flfrys Ôjudk fm%auhla yd f.!rjhla

we;sùu'

135

frdaudkq ms<sfjf;a wkkH;dj iq/flk fia ckjkaokd fmd;a foaYSh NdIdj,g

mßj¾;kh lsÍug ,o wjirfhka foaYSh NdIdj,ska hq;a ms<sfj;a Ndú;hg tau'

foaj ck;dj kï ixl,amh

fojk j;sldk l;sldj .ek i|yka lrk úg wksjd¾fhkau i|yka l< hq;=

jHjia:dj jkqfha — cd;skaf.a wdf,dalh˜ ^¨fuka fckaÜishqï& fyj;a ls%ia;=ia

jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn| fõo i;H jHjia:dj nj wújdofhka ms<s.efka'

fuu jHjia:dfõ iNdj .ek ,nd fok b;d flá yd w.kd ks¾jpkh jkafka

— iNdjZ z foaj ck;djZ hkakhs' fuu jpk fol Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fhka Wmqgdf.k

we;s ksid tys we;af;a úfYaI;ajhls' wdn%yï kï úYajdifha mshd u.ska fok

,o wdYs¾jdoh m%ldr f;dard.;a ck;dj foúhka jykafiaf.a ck;dj njg

m;aù miqj tu wdYs¾jdoh fjk;a cd;skag .,d hEu Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h weiqßka

wkdjrKh fõ' ls%ia;=ka jykfiaf.a mdial= wNsryi ;=<ska f.dvkef.k kj

foaj ck;dj Wkajykafia flakaøfldg iduqyslj ls%hd;aul jk whqre meyeÈ,s

flf¾'

fuu foaj ck;dj" iq¿ msßila fuka" uqyqka fuka f,dalh ;=< ls%hd;aul fj;s'

tfiau kj foaj ck;djg tu le|ùu ;+< Y=oaO jka;Nj lrd hdug werhqula

o we;' tu Y=oaO jka;Ndjh ,nd .kqfha foúhka jykafia iu`. we;s iïnkaO;dj

yd wka ck;dj iu. we;s ifydaor;ajfha ne£u lrK fldgf.kh' foaj

ck;dj hk ixl,amfhka cks;jk iduqysl ne£u ñka jvd meyeÈ,s fõ'

j¾;udkfha iNd Ôú;fha § o ls;=kq idlaIsh oeÍfï § o iduqysl;ajfhka

lghq;= lsÍu fyj;a idx>Sl nj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ' fojk j;sldk uka;%K

iNdj fuu iduqysl;ajh yd ls;=kq idx>sl;ajh .ek ks;r l;d lrk w;r

j¾;udk wNsfhda. ch.; yelafla tu idx>Sl;ajh ;=<ska nj wmg wjfndaO

fõ' ;jo lsisÿ Wia my;a fNaohlska f;drj ish¨ cd;Ska foaj ck;djg wh;a

jk fyhska ish¨ fokd w;r we;s iudk;ajh yd iu;=,s; nj Y%S ,dxlsl ck

iudcfha wmg o lÈu wdo¾Yhls'

.sys O¾u¥; fiajh

meúÈ jrh fyda mQcljrh fkd,enQ ish,af,da .sysfhda fj;s hk idïm%odhsl

w¾:l:kfhka Tíng f.dia m%ido ikdmkh ;=< foaj ck;djf.a idudðl;ajh

,nk .syshd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a mQcl" Èjeis" tfâßl hk ;s%úO ld¾hhkag

yjq,a fjñka f,dalh ;=,;a" iNdj ;=<;a fufyjrl fhfokakl= f,i .syshd

mss<sn| jákd ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍug l;sldj;g yelsúh'

136

m%ido iakdmkh u.ska foaj ck;djf.a iudðl;ajh ,nk .syshd Tyqg$ wehg

wdfõksl whqßka iNdj ;=< o f,dalh ;=< o fiajdfõ fhfohs" meúÈ yd mQcl

wh fuka f,dalfhka fjka fkdù iDcqju f,dalh $iudch ;=< ;u le|ùug

idlaIH orhs' .syshdf.a O¾u ¥;sl le|ùu yd fiajdj ms<sn| fojk j;sldk

l;sldjla .sys O¾u¥; fiajdj ms<sn| ksfhda.fha ukdj úia;r flf¾'

l;sldfjka miq f.ù .sh ld, mßÉfþofha YS% ,dxlsl ls;=kq iNdfõ .syshdf.a

odhl;ajh yd O¾u¥; fiajdj fmrg jvd i;=gqodhl neõ meyeÈ,sh' iNd

Ôú;fha fukau ndysr f,dalfha o .sys ls%hdldß;ajfha úúO fiajdjka yd

wjia:d oelsh yelsh' iNdfõ idudðlhka w;r jeä msßila .syshka jk neúka

iNd kfjdaohla i|yd lghq;= lsßfuys,d .sys O¾u¥; ld¾hhkays odhl;ajh

b;d jeo.;a h'

ls;=kq iNd tluq;=j yd ixjdoh

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ ls%ia;shdks iNd w;r tal;dj kexùu ms<sn|

m%ldYh ukdj f;areï.ekSug kï uq, isgu Y=oaO jQ iNdjg t,a, jQ wNsfhda."

fNao yd tu fNaoj,g ;=vq ÿka lreKq wjfndaO lr.ekSu w;HjYHh' iNd

fn§ï isÿjqfha b;sydifha ñksia ÿn,lï yd jer§ï ksid úkd foaj wNsm%dh

u; fkdfõ' fuu fNao yd iNd fn§ï foaj wNsu;hg mgyeksh' tfyhska

w;S;fha isÿ jQ w;ajerÈ yd ÿn,;d u; t,an fkdisg ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=<

tlu iNdjla f.dvk`.kakg iNd ixjdoh u.ska m%h;ak oeÍu o" ta fjkqfjka

hdÉ[d lsÍu o Od¾ñl lreKq wrnhd ixjdofha fhfoñka tlu ls%ia;=ia

jykafiag idlaIsh oeÍu ms<sn| fuu`.ska u`. fmkajhs'

j;auka YS% ,xldfõ o úúO ls;=kq iNdj,g wh;a ck;dj Ôj;a fj;s' Tjqka

w;r fukau ks, jYfhka iNd w;r o tluq;=lu i|yd uE; b;sydifha isÿ

jq m%h;akhla fuu uka;%K iNdj bÈßm;a l< iNd tluq;=j ms<sn| b.ekaùu

Tiafia f.dvke`.S we;'

wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh

YS% ,xldj f,dj m%Odk wd.ï woyk ck;djf.ka ieÿï ,;a nyq wd.ñl rgls'

tfyhska úúO wd.ñlhka w;r iyÔjkh b;d jeo.;a h' fojk j;sldk

uka;%K iNdfõ — ls%ia;shdks fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ in|lï

ms<sn| m%ldYkh furg úúO wd.ï w;r ixjdohla we;s lr,Sug lrk u`.

fmkaùu iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' Y= iNdj lsisÿ wd.ul hym;a oE neyer fkdlrhs'

ta ta wd.ïj, w;s jákdlï uy;a fia w.h lrhs' l;sldjg miq f.ú.sh

ld,h ;=<" úúO wd.ï iu. ixjdoh i|yd oeuq wä;d,u ksid wd.ï w;r ;snq

137

ÿrianj yd iel fndfyda ÿrg ñÈ wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍfï jd;djrKhla

ixjdohla wm ck iudcfha we;sù we;'

mQcl yd mejÈ Ôú;h

mQcl ðú;h yd meúÈ ðú;h iïnkaOfhka fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï

u.ska lrk ,o u`. fmkaùï u; foaYSh ixialD;sh yd YS% ,dxlsl iudc

h:d¾:hkag WÑ; jQ mQcl yd mejeÈ mqyqKqjla furg we;s lsÍug foõi;ay,a"

lkHdrdu yd mqyqKq wdh;kj, úúO fjkialï miq.sh oYl lsysmh uq¿,af,a

isÿúh' ck;d m%Yakj,g ixfõ§ jQ YS% ,dxlsl iudchg wdfõksl jQ O¾u¥;

ld¾hhl kshef,k mQcdm%idÈjreka ìyslsÍug úúO m%h;ak ord we;'

ck ikaksfõokh udOH

ck udOHhka ms<sn| meje;s mgq woyia uka;%K iNdfõ ta ms<sn| b.ekaùï

iu. fjkia úh' ckudOH ñksidf.a hym; yd j¾Okh msKsi fhoúh hq;=h'

ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug" b.ekaùug yd O¾uodkh lghq;= i|yd udOH fuj,ï

Ndú; lsÍug lrk ,o u`.fmkaùu ksid ,dxflah ck iudcfha o tu wruqKq

fjkqfjka udOH Ndú;fha j¾Okhla we;s úh'

.=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" mqj;a m;a" iskudj" mß.kl ;dlaIKh yd ne¢ úúO

ls%hdldrlï ls%ia;=jákdkï ck;dj fj; f.k hk iudcfha iodpdr j¾Okhg

fhdod.; hq;= h" hkak l;sld b.ekaùïj,ska meyeÈ,sh' fuys,d YS% ,dxflah

iudcfha j¾Okh m%udKj;a fkdjqjo ckudOH fuj,ï Ndú;fha,d ls;=kq

iNdfõ W;aidyh w.h l< hq;= h'

ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj" ñksidf.a whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï

foú÷kaf.a Wiia;u ueú,a, jk ñksidf.a iudÔh ðú;h .ek úfYaIfhka

ixialD;sl " wd¾Ól " foaYmd,ksl wd.ñl wdÈ úúO flaI;%j, ñksidf.a

odhl;ajh fukau f,dal iduh Wfoid ñksidf.a j.lSï yd hq;=lï .ek fuu

l;sldjl fjfiiska l;d lrhs' tfukau ñksil= ùu ksidu ysñjk fjkia

l< fkdyels uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j o tajd iq/lSug we;s j.lSu

.eko W.kajhs' j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=`Ojq iNdj hk l;sld jHjia:dj fuys,d

m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'

8'2'3 j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj

ksoyia YS% ,xldfõ f.ù .sh jir 60 lg wêl jQ ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< úúO

.eg¨" wNsfhda. yd ÿIalr;d miqlr ls;=kq iNdj" j¾;udkh olajd meñKs

.uka u`. ms<sn| wdj¾ckh lrk úg th lsisfia;a myiq i;=gqodlh ud¾.hla

138

fkdjk nj meyeÈ,sh' úúO jljdkqj, meje;s foaYmd,ksl iudðh" wd¾Ól

yd wd.ñl jd;djrKh ;=< wNsfhda. " .eg¨ yd .eryqï j,g uqyqK foñka

bka jv jvd Yla;su;a ù" mj;sk iudc h:d¾:h yuqfõ fkdie<S fkdìhj

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlaIsorñka meñKs fuu .uk iuia; ls;=kq

iNdfõ Nd.Hhla f,i ie<lsh yelsh' fuys,d lkao Wv foaYkfha ls;=

iñodKka mjik — ñksiqka ud ksid Tng kskaod mSvdfldg kdkdúO whq;=

fpdaokd k`.k l< Tn Nd.Hjka;fhdah˜ ^ uf;õ 5 $11& hk jpk ls;=kq

iNdfõ idudðl;ajhg uy;a Yla;shls' ffO¾hls'

j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdj .ek úuid ne,Sfï § by;

ksmqK;djl wOHhkh l< mßÈ lf;da,sl iNdj iy ms<s.;a fiiq ls%ia;shdks

iNd y; u`.ska isÿjk ¥; fiajdj iy ls;=kq idlaIH oeÍu .ek ie<lSu b;d

jeo.;a h'

fuu iNd ks,jYfhka o iNd idudðl;ajh fm!oa.,sljo ish ls;=kq le|ùu

;=< lghq;= lrñka furg Wmka iajfoaYSlhka f,i ;u uõ rgg wdorfhka

o rg ms<sn| ye`.Sulskao lghq;= lr we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' furg ls;=kqjka jkdys

úfoaY .;s mej;=ïj,ska fyì msßila fkdj furg ìysù " furg iudch ;=<

ye£ jefvñka ish yelshd olaI;d iudcfha j¾Okh yd Wkak;sh Wfoid

fhdojk msßila jkafkdah' ksoyia igk fjkqfjka Wrÿka" wemlemjqKq úúO

mß;dH. isÿ l< mqfrda.dóka w;r ls;=kqjka rdYshla o isg nj fkdryils'

tfukau" furg talShNdjh" fN!ñl wLKav;djh yd iduh fjkqfjka miq.sh

;siajirl muK ld,hla meje;s .egqï yd hqoaOfha § rg fjkqfjka Èú

leml<jqka w;r ls;=kqfjda o fndfyda jQy'

tfiau furg wOHdmkh" ixialD;sh" l,dj" kdgH" f,aLk l,dj" kdv.ï

l,dj" iudc iqn idOkh" ohd fiajdj hk úúO flaI;%j,g odhlfjñka

ls;=kq iNdj isÿ l< fiajdjo tys,d úúO yelshd olaI;dj,ska msßmqka ls;=kqjka

oelajQ odhl;ajh o w;s úYsIag neõ ueÈy;a úpdrlhskaf.a we.ehqug o ,la ù

we;' ñka we;eï fCIa;%j, mqfrda.dó;ajh ls;=kqjkaf.ka jQ nj b;sydih

;yjqre lrhs'

ksoyiska miq f.ú .sh ld, mßÉfþofha iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjQ .eg¨

wNsfhda. flf;la jqjo" l=uk iajrEmhla oerejo tajdg uqyqK foñka wvq yqvqq

u`.yrjd f.k ls;=kq iNdj wo o úúO flaI;%j,g ;u odhl;ajh olajhs'

139

,eî we;s iSñ; wjia:d ;=<" wOHdmkfhys ,d ls;=kq iNdfõ odhl;ajh b;d

jeo.;a h' ls;=kq ore oeßhka ls;=kq jákdlï ;=< yev.iajñka pß; j¾Okh

yd fm!reIh f.dvkexùï wruqKska ls;=kq iNdj uQ,sl ù mj;ajdf.k hk

mdi,a yd wOHdmk wdh;kj,g wkHd.ñlhskaf.ao we;af;a oeä leue;a;ls'

wOHdmkh" ck ikaksfõokh" ixialD;sh " iudc iqn idOkh" ohd fiajdj

hk l=uk flaI;%hl jqjo ls;=kq idCIH fmroeß lrf.k ls;=kq jákdlï ;=<

tajd fufyhjñka iudcfha uqyqka msvla fia fiiq whg o wdo¾Yhla fjñka

ls;= iñodKkaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlIH orkakg j¾;udk iudc miqìu ;=<

,dxflah ls;=kq iNdj lghq;= lrk whqre m%YxikShh'

ls%ia;=ia jykafia jkdys wmo wh;a wdishdfõ cks; jQ wfmau wdishd;sl ixialD;shg

wh;a jQ udxY.;jQ foaj mq;%hdfKah' tfyhska Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùïj, we;s

wmg ióm nj biau;= lrkakg úfYaIfhka ckjkaokd yd foajkuialdrfha

j;ams<sfj;aj,§ foaYdkqlrKh ;=< furg fmdÿ ck;djf.a yo.eiaug

iómjkakg ls;=kq iNdj uy;a m%h;akhla orkq fmfka'

w;S;fha fuka fkdj" wo furg ls;=kq iNdfõ fY%aIaGhka" meúÈ jreka yd

jßhka" .sys kdhl kdhsldjka fndfyda fofkl= ijfoaYSlhkah' tfyhska úfoaYSh

ñIkdßjreka furg iNdj fufyhjQ l,g jvd foaYSh ixialD;sl jákdlfï

foaYSh isß;a úß;a" .;s mej;=ï yd yo .eiau ;=< foaYSh wkkH;dfjka msß ls;=kq

iNdjla f.dvk`.kakg we;s bvlv fmrg jvd jeä neõ meyeÈ,s h' tjka

foaYSh wkkH;djla f.dvkexùu hq.fha ld¾hhla fukau wNsfhda.hla o neõ

jgyd.; hq;= h'

j¾;udkfha § o ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿ ù we;s wNsfhda.

fndfyda h' fiajdjka isÿ lsÍfï § uqyqK fok m%;sfCIm lsÍï " jerÈ jegySï"

.erySï yd wka;jd§kaf.a m%ydr yuqfõ furg iudcfha ienE ls;=kq j.lSu bgq

lrkakg yd ls;=kq mqrjeishkafia rg fjkqfjka ;u hq;=lï bgq lrkakg

ls;=kq iNdj lsisfia;a miqng fkdfõ' tfukau" furg mj;sk fn!oaO " yskaÿ"

bia,dï hk wkHd.ïj, kdhlhska yd idudðl;ajh iu. iyÔjkfhka lghq;=

lrñka ls;=kqjka Tjqfkdjqka w;r o wfkHkH fm%aufhka lghq;= lrñka ls;=

iñ÷kaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlaIsh oeÍu j¾;udk ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdfõ

,laIKhls'

140

tlu ls;=kq iNdjla f,i tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafiag idCIH oeÍugo tu`.ska Y%S

,dxflah ck iudchg ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ðjudk i<l=Kla jkakg o furg

ls;=kq iNdj o iNd idudðlhka o lghq;= l< hq;= h' ta i|yd fojk j;sldk

uka;%K iNd b.ekaùïj, we;s u`. fmkaùï iy bv m%ia:d Wmßufhka

fhdod.ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= h'


mshjr 1- ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ ms<sn|j l;sldj;la

f.dvk.kak'

mshjr 2 - fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfj n,mEï ms<sn| idlÉPd

lrkak'

mshjr 3 - j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj ms<sn|j l;sldj;la

f.dvk.kak'

uQ,dY% (-

i lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh

ii fojk j;sldk l;sld m%ldYk

iii fn§ .sh ls;=kq msßia yd kQ;k wd.ñl jHdmdr" 1986

iv isß,la ls;=iiqk" fojk ldKavh" .re ;su;s fld,uqkafka msh;=ud "

v oyï ÈhU" 6 jk l,dmh'

141



ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'3 ( YS% ,xflah iudchg iNdfjkajQ odhl;ajh yodrhs


bf.kqï M, (

² úfoaYSh md,k hq.fha oS YS% ,xldfõ meje;s wOHmk l%uj,g iNdfjka jq

odhl;ajh úuid n,hs'

² ksoyiska miq hq.fha YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha oshqKqj lf;da,sl wOHdmkh

flfrys we;sl< n,mEï uOHfha tys oshqKqj l;d ls%hd l< wOHdmk{hka

.ek oek .kshs'

² Ys% ,xflah iudcfha wd.ñl Wkak;sh fjkqfjka ls;=kq qjkaf.ka ,o yelshd

yd l=i,;d w.h lrhs'

² uq,a hq.fha O¾u¥;jrekaf.a wñ, lemùu u; ls;=kq l,djg w;a;sjdru jegqKq

nj ms<s.kshs'

² Y=oaO jq nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh yd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu wkqj ls;=kq ohdj

hkak ksjerosj jgydf.k tu oyu ksidu iudc iqnidOkhg odhl fjhs'

² YS% ,xflah ck iudcfha iqnidOkh Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh Wf.k ls;=kqq

le|ùu ;=< tu iqNidOkh i|yd yoj;skau bosßm;a fjhs'

² iudchSh j.lSï bgqlsßfuys ,d iqj fiajdj yd iqnidOkfha jeo.;alu wjfndaO

lrf.k ls;=kq ohdj fmroeß flg ta i|yd bosßm;a fjhs'


8'3'1 YS% ,dxflah wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ odhl;ajh

mD;=.Sis hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1505-1665&

• mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKsu;a iu`. m%ekaisialdk fÊiq" fodñksldk" wf.dia;Skq

hk wOHdmkfha ksmqK;ajhla ;snQ ñIkdÍ ksldhslhska YS% ,xldjg f.dv

neiSu;a iu`. foaYkh" "jkaokdj" mdi,a wOHdmkh idys;Hh" kdgHh" iudc

fiajdj wdosfhys Wkaÿjla oelajQy'

• fudjqkaf.a fï fiajdjka ish,a, o lf;da,sl j;a ms<sfj;a o ngysr rgj,

ixialD;sh uq,a lrf.k l< ksid fn!oaO" yskaÿ wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;a yd w;sYhskau

fjkiaj fmkqKs'

• mD;=.Sis hq.fha oS iajfoaYslhka w;r lf;da,sl oyu m;=rejd Tjqka lf;a,slhka

njg yerùfï wruqKska wOHdmkh fok ,oS'

142

• fudjqkaf.a ld,fha oS úúO ñIkdÍ ksldh j, mQcljre .=rejreka f,i o

fiajh l< neúka mdi,a j, wd.ñl wOHdmkhg u`.fmkaùula we;súh'

• fï ld,fha oS ngysr wOHdmk l%uh y÷kajdoSu" ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%ufha we;s

jq úYd, fjkila f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

,kafoais hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1658 - 1796&

• ,kafoaiSyq" mD;=.SiSka fuka wOHdmkh iïmQ¾Kfhka mQcljrekg Ndr fkdoS

rcq hgf;a ukd mßmd,khlsaka hq;=j wOdmkh oSug W;aidy l<y'

• wvq úhoulska Wiia wOdmkhla osh yels l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'

• ,kafoais hq.fha oS i;rdldr mdi,a l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hk ,oS'

• foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a

• foõi;ay,a ^fiufkaß&

• ,kafoais mdi,a

• wkd: ksjdi

• mD;=.SisSka mj;ajdf.k wd foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a ,kafoaiSyq mj;ajdf.k

.shy'

• rdcH jHjia:d u.ska mdi,a j, fiajh l< .=rjrekaf.a fiajd ld,h" mqyqKqùï"

Tjqkaf.a ld¾h Ndrh jßka jr meyeos,s lrk ,oS'

• mdi,a j, fiajh l< .=rejreka w;=frka ls;=kqjl=" jeäuy,a wfhl= Wiia m%N+

mjq,l flfkl= uq,a .=rejrhd f,i m;a lrk ,oS'

• uq,a .=re;=udg f;daïnq mj;ajdf.k hdu o Ndrúh ^;u md,k m%foaYh ;=<

,shdmosxÑ lsÍfï lghq;= & Wm;" úm;" újdy ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu" m%ido iakdmkh

,shd mosxÑ lsÍu wdosh uq,a .=re;=udg Ndrúh' iuyr wjia:dj,oS bvï ,shd mosxÑ

lsÍuo lf<a h' fï ksid uq,a .=rejrhdf.a jeo.;alu;a" f.!rjh;a iudcfha

lemS fmkqKs'

• ,kafoaiSyq wOHdmk i|yd jEhjk úhoï wvq lsÍug ´,kaofha isg .=rejreka

f.kaùu fjkqjg iajfoaYslhka .=rejreka f,i mqyqKq lr mdi,aj, fiajhg

fhdod .;ay'

• foaYSh .=rejreka fiajh l< foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,aj, isxy, yd fou<

NdIdb.ekaùu g o isÿúh' fudjqkaf.a b.ekaùï w;r m%Yafkda;a;r l%uh" lshùu"

,sùu" ls%ia;shdks kS;sÍ;s wdosh we;=,;a úh'

143

• jhi wjqreÿ 8 isg 15 lajd ish¨u <uqka mdi,a hdu wksjd¾h lrk ,oS' Bg

miqj;a jir 3 la fyda 4 la jdrhlg jrla oyï mdi,a hdu wksjd¾h lrk ,oS'

• ,kafoais mdi,a kf.kysr bk§h fj<| iud.ï md,kh hgf;a ;enq w;r

rdcH mßmd,kh l%uj;a lsÍug 1663 § ,xldfõ rdcH mßmd,k lKavdhula

we;s lrk ,§'

• fï mßmd,k lñgqfõ ,kafoais mQcljre uq,a;ek .;a w;r fï lñgqjg .=rejreka

m;a lsÍu" mÍlaId lsÍu" wëlaIKh lsÍu wdosh Ndrúh'

• isiqka lshùu" ,sùu" wd.ñl m%Yak W;a;r" oi mK;" úYajdi ,laIKh"

iajdñjdlaa wdrdOkdj wdosh lñgqj u.ska wëlaIKhg ,laúh' m<uqfjka m%Yak

wid miqj ;s<sK m%odkh lrk ,oS'

• ,kafoais hq.fha oS foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a j,g jvd foõi;ay,a fiufkaß

mdi, & bÈßhka ;snqKs' fiufkaß mdi,aj, ngysr wOHdmk l%u ls%hd;aul

úh'

• l=,j;a mjq,aj, l=,jka; orefjda rcfha úohñka ,kao úYajúoHd,j, bf.kqu

,enQy

• ´,kao md,k iufha§ ´,kao mdi,a iuyrla ,xlfõ mej;=Ks' fuys ´,kao

^,kafoais&" mrx.s mD;=.Sis& orefjda bf.kqu ,enQy' mQcljre yd f;ajdpd¾hjre

fuys b.ekajQy' ,sùu" lshùu" .Ks;h fuys W.kajk ,§'

• 1737 § ,xldfõ uqøKd, wdrïN úh' fï uqøKd,j, mdi,a wOHdmk lghq;=j,g

wjYH w;a m;s%ld" idys;H f,aLk uqøKh l<y'

bx.S%is hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1796- 1948&

• ,xldfõ nyq;rhla ck;dj bx.S%is ni W.;ay'

• 1798 § bx.S%iSka mdi,aj, Ndrldr;ajh ;ukag mjrdf.ka wex.a,slka& frmrudÿ"

nemaáiaÜ" fjia,shka" weußldkq ñIkdß wd§ mQcl ksldhj,a j,g Ndr ÿkay'

• bx.S%is md,k hq.fha § ;=ka wdldr mdi,a oelsh yels úh'

i rcfha mdi,a -

fïjdfha nyq;rhla fou<" isxy, NdIdj,ska b.ekaùï lghq;= isÿúh' fïjd

nyq;rhla frmrudÿ mQcljreka úiska md,kh lrk ,§'

144

ii ñIka mdi,a

fïjd fm%f;ia;ka; mQcljreka úiska md,kh lrk ,§'

iii msßfjka mdi,a

fïjd fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska md,kh lrk ,§'

• 1829- 1832 ld,h w;r;=r§ we;sjq flda,anDDla " leurka fldñiu u.ska fld<U

tla mdi,a mßmd,k fldñiula o wfkl=;a m%foaYj, mdi,a lñgq o we;s lrk

,§'

• fld<U wdrïN l< mdi,a mßmd,k fldñifï frmrudÿ iNd mQcljre

idudðl;ajh oerEy' fï fldñiu u.ska bx.S%is mdi,a iuyrla mj;af.k hk

,§' Wod - fld<U rdclSh úoHd,h

• fuu mdi,a b;d by< uÜgñka mj;ajdf.k .sh neúka fndfyda fokd fïjdg

we§ wdy' bx.S%iskaf.a ld,fha§ mdi,a wOHdmkh u.ska oyï oekqu fnodyßk

,§'

• bx.S%iskaf.a md,k iufha § fndfyda ls%ia;shdks mQcljre wOHdmk lafIa;%fha

kshe¨Ky'

i 1801 § nemaáiaÜ ñIkdß ix.uh ,xldjg meñK wOHdmk lafIa;%fha kshe¨K

y' fld<U rdclSh úoHd,h wdrïN lf,a fudjqkah'

ii 1815 § fjia,shka ñIkdÍ iNdj ,xldfõ iuyr m%foaYj, wOHdmk wdh;k

wdrïN l<y' fld<U fjia,s fuf;daÈia; úÿy," kqjr lsx.aiajqâ úÿy, "

.d,af,a ßÉukaâ úÿy, fudjqka wdrïN l< úÿy,a h'

iii wefußldk ñIkdß iNdj hdmkfha jÜgqfldaÜfghs m%foaYfha Wiia wOHdmk

mdi,a o hdmkh k.rfha fikag%,a fld,sðh" Wvqú,ays nd,sld úÿy, wdÈh

wdrïN lf<a h'

iv 1845 oS furg meñKs lf;da,sl iNdjg wh;a mQcljre" meúos ifydaorjre"

meúos ifydaorjßfhda úúO mdi,a ,xldfõ wdrïN l<y' fudaor o,di,a

úÿy," fldgfyak idka; fnkälaÜ úÿy," idka; fcdaYma úÿy," hym;a

tfârdf.a nd,sld úÿy," Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a nd,sld úÿy," hdmkfha idka;

meÜá%la úÿy, ñka m%Odk fõ' miq ld,fha § mdi,a 750 lg wêl ixLHdjla

lf;da,slhka i;=úh'

• fuf,i ksoyi ,nk f;la bx.S%is md,k iufha § mdi,a 235 lg wêl

ixLHdjla wdrïN lr isiq isiqúhka 10"000 lg wêl msßilg wOHdmkh ÿkay'

• bx.S%is hq.h ;=< cd;s wd.ï fNaofhka f;drj ish¨ fokd tlaj wOHdmkh

,eîu;a ldka;djka wOHdmkfha ÈhqKqj ,eîu yd wOHdmkh flfrys Wkkaÿjla

we;sùu;a isoqúh'

145

• fï ld,fha § hdmkfha fiajh lrñka isá ls%iafgdam¾ fndkaðka msh;=ud

,xldfõ wOHdmk ie,iqï .eUqßka fidhd n,d weka.a,slka" fm%df;ia;ka;l

l%ufõo tu wd.ïj,g wh;a ke;s whg n,mdk njg b;d jeo.;a ,sms 3 la

m<lf<a h' tajd kï

1' ,dxlSh lf;da,sl wOHdmkh ms<sn| joka iaj,amhla ^fuh 1860 §

m< lf<a h"

2' úúO wd.ï yd ñY% mdi,a hk uefhka ;j;a ,smshla 1861 § m< lf<a

h'

3' lf;da,sl iNdj iy kd.ÍlrKh uefhka f;jk ,smsh 1867 § m<

lf<a h'

• fu;=udf.a fï ,sms u.ska ,dxlSh wOHdmkh ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla ,enq

bx.S%is rch 1869 § wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j we;s lf<a h' th wo olajdu

mej; ths'

• fuu`.ska lf;da,sl iNdjg muKla fkdj fn!oaO" yskaÿ" bia,dï" ieug mdi,a

wdrïN lr ;u uõniska wOHdmkh §ug yels njg kS;suh wjirh ,enqKs'

• fuf,i úúO wd.ñlhkag mdi,a ,xldfõ weröug uq,a jqfha .re fndkaðka

msh;=uka ksidh'

ksoyiska miq YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl wOHdmk fiajh'

• 1969 § f.k wd kj wOHdmk pl%f,aLkh wkqj wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jla

wdrïN l< w;r lf;da,sl mdi,a jvd;a ÈhqKqjg m;aúh'

• k.rnoj Wiia mdi,a ish¨ myiqlï we;sj wdrïN lrk ,§' tajd rcfha

mÍlaIdj hgf;a úúO ls%ia;shdks iNd u.ska md,kh úh'

• lf;da,sl mdi,a wëlaIKh lsÍug tla tla m<d;aj, wOHlaIjrhl= ne.ska m;a

lrk ,§' óiï md,l msh;=uka,d m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ud fjkqfjka

fiajh l<y'

• lf;da,sl .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd .=re úÿy,a u.af.dk" fnda,j,dk"

fld¨ïnq;=frhs wd§ ia:dkj, we;s lrk ,§'

• lf;da,sl iNdjg wh;a mdi,a md,kh i|yd hï hï ia;S% yd mqreI mejÈ ksldh

bÈßm;a jQy'

146

♦ fnkÈldk ksldh Order of Sylvestro Bendeictine&

♦ ks¾u, ußh ksldh Oblates of Mary Immaculate&

♦ fÊiq ksldh Society of Jesus&

♦ o,di,a ifydaorjre Christian Brothers&

♦ udßiaÜ ifydaorjre Marist Brothers&

♦ Y=oaOjQ mjqf,a lkHd fidhqßhka Holy Family Sisters&

♦ hym;a tfârdf.a lkHd fidhqßfhda ^Good Shepherd Sisters&

♦ *%ekaisialka lkHd fidhqßfhda Franciscan Sisters&

♦ wfmdaia;,sl ld¾fï,a lkHd fidhqßfhda Apostolic Carmel Sisters&

♦ ohdfõ lkHd fidhqßfhda Charity Sisters&

• iajNdIdfj;a wOHdmk §u ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd u.af.dk yd ud;f,a *%kaisialdk

ksldfha ifydaorjre o hdmkh yd fld¨Uq;=frhs ys idka; fcdaYma ksldfha

ifydaorjre o *%ekaisialdk lkHd fidhqßhkaf.a ksldh wdÈh o ,xldfõ

ia:dms; lrk ,§'

• fuf,i ksoyia YS% ,xldfõ úúO ls;kq iNd ksid wOHdmkh iS>%fhka ÈhqKqúh'

• 1960 § YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh md,khg m;a jQ úg 750 lg jeä lf;da,sl

mdi,a rchg mjrd .kakd ,§' f.dvke.s,s" bvï" ,S nvq wdÈhg lsisÿ jkaÈhla

fkdf.jd ish,a, rdcika;l lr .kakd ,§'

• mdi,a muKla fkdj .=reúoHd,o" rchg mjrd .kakd ,§' lf;da,sl mdi,a 40

la muK rcfha wdOdr fkd,nd isiqkaf.ao lsisÿ Wmldrhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fkdù mj;ajdf.k hdug wkque;sh ,nd.;a;;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka wd¾Ól

wmyiq;d ksid tajdhska iuyrla l%u l%ufhka rchg Ndrfok ,§'

• 1980 § tjlg tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh rch fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok ckdêm;=udf.a

wkque;sh we;sj b;sßs mdi,aj, .=rejrekag rcfhka jegqma f.jk ,§'

• fï .eg¨ iNdjg úYd, n,mEula we;s lf<a h' lf;da,sl mdi,aj, lf;da,sl

isiq isiqúhkag wd.ñl wOHdmkh §u m%;slafIam l< w;r fndfyda mdi,aj,

lf;da,sl .=rejre" lf;da,sl úÿy,am;sjre fkdue;s ;;a;ajhla Wodúh'

• óiï uÜgñka oyï mdi,a Èfkka Èk ÈhqKq úh'

• lf;da,sl iNdj ;=< .syshka w;r msì§u;a we;sjqjd muKla fkdj óiï md,l

msh;=ud" foudmshka yd isiqka w;r ióm iqyo;djla we;súh'

147

8'3'2 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh l,dj Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh

Y%S ,dxflah l,dj ;=< ls;=kq wkkH;dj /l .ekSug ls;=kqjkag yelsù we;'

f,aLk l,dj" Ñ;% Ys,amh" ix.S;h" kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj hk lafIa;% ;=<

l,dj Wfoid odhlùug ls;=kqqjkag yelsù we;'

f,aLk l,dj

YS% ,xldfõ uq,a ls;=kqq f,aLk iïmdokh jQfha wd.ñl yd ck jkaokd;aul

mrud¾: fjkqfjkah' rfÜ ck Ôú;hg iómùug kï foaYSh NdId yeoEÍu

w;HjYH idOlhla úh' foaYSh ck;dj ish NdIdjg yd ixialD;shg oelajQ

,eÈhdj mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd ì%;dkH hq.j, isá úfoaYsl ls;=kq f,aLlfhda

oek isáfhda h'

mD;=.Sis hq.fha ls%ia;shdks f,aLk

- ls%'j 1645 § fÊiq ksldhsl .re mshf¾ fn¾.=úka msh;=ud ldKav 3 lska iukaú;

isxy, jHdlrK fmd;la ,shd we;' Arte E Grmmetica de Linguwa

Chingala

- u,ajdfka .re fmføda *%ekaisiaflda kï fÊiq ksldhsl msh;=ud ,shd we;s

idka;=jrhkaf.a Ôú; pß; 26 la yd O¾fudamfoaY .%ka:hlao iajdóka jykafiaf.a

ÿla m%dma;sh .ek .%ka:hlao ful, jeo.;a f,aLk jYfhka .; yels h'

- bmerKsu fou< lf;da,sl fmd; jk — ika;sfhda.= udfhd¾ wïudffk˜ kue;s

.%ka:h ls%'j' 1647 § .re fcda wdâ l¾j,af,a fÊiq ksldhsl msh;=ud ;=<ska

ls;=oyu y÷kd.;a fma¾føda keue;s úh;a f,aLlhd ,shd we;'

- j¾I 1612 § ls;= oyu je<|.;a w,.shjkak uqlfjá lúhd fodka fcfrdksfuda

kñka m%ido iakdmhk ,eîh' iqNdIs;h" iejq,a ikafoaYh jeks ckm%sh ldjH

fmd;a rpkd l< fudyq l=kaia;ka;Skq ygk kï m%:u isxy, ls%ia;shdks ldjHh

ls%'j' 1620 § rpkd lr we;' fldkaiagkaghska o id keue;s mD;=.Sis fikam;shd

úiska wkaf;daksfhda nfr;a;= f.j;a l=reúg rd< mrojd ch.ekSu j¾Kkd

lsÍu i|yd rpkd lr we;s fuu ldjH merKs isxy, f,aLl mrmqr úiska

iïmdÈ; wjidk lD;sh o fõ'

,kafoais hq.fha ls%ia;shdks f,aLk

,kafoais jHdlrK .%ka:' joka mqia;l" Yío fldaI hkdÈh ,kafoais iy isxy,

NdIdj,ska iïmdokh lf<a h' .S;dj,sfha .S;" ne;s.S;" ckjkaokd mqia;l

,kafoais NdIdfjka isxy,g mßj¾;kh lrk ,§'

148

• ls%' j' 1755 § fld<U foõi;a yf,a wdpd¾h uKav,fha weka;kS fmf¾rd iy

¨ù o fiarï úiska mo rpkh l< uqøs; .S;sld fmd;la ks¾udKh úh' fuu

.S;sldj, ;kq hqfrdamSh l%uhg fhdod .eksKs'

• ,kafoais rcfhka ls;=kq idys;Hhg msßkeuqKq jeo.;au odhl;ajh jkafka

Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha iïmq¾K kj .súiquo merKs .súiqfï fldgila o isxy,

NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs'

• ls%'j 1705 uehs 09 Èk ,xldjg meñKs cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud

isxy, yd fou< ls;=kqq idys;Hhg l< fiajh jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhka

úia;r l< fkdyels h' fu;=ud m%;sNdmQ¾K idys;HOrfhls' fu;=udf.ka isÿjq

fiajh ms<sn|j 8'1 ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a yeoerE lreKq ms<sn|j wjOdkh

kej; fhduq lrkak'

19$20 fjk Y;j¾Ij, ls;=Kq f,aLljre

• fuu ishjfia § ls;=kq f,aLlhska /ila f,aLkh iïnkaOfhka odhl;ajh

,nd § we;' ls;=kq mQcljreka fukau ls;=kq .sys fldgia o fuu l¾;jH

fjkqfjka odhl ù we;s nj fmfka'

• ls%'j 1866 § cqks 07 Èk isg wo olajd ixialrKh jk YS% ,xldfõ bmerKsu

isxy, mqj;am; jk {dkd¾: m%§mh ;=<ska f,aLlhka /ila ìysù we;'

• furg foaYSh ls;=kq l,dj nen<jQ ñKsmyk f,i i<lkq ,nkafka 1902 cqks

03 od oxfldgqfõ § Wm; ,enQ .re u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=udh'

• 1949 w. Nd.fha § fu;=ud {dkd¾: m%§mh mqj;amf;a ixialdrl moúh ord

we;' lf;da,slhkaf.a yenE isxy,lu" uõ NdId oekqu" <neÈhdj Wlyd oelaùug

fu;=fuda {dkd¾: m%§mh wúhla lr .;ay'

• ls%'j 1889 È wdrïN lrk ,o YS% ,xldfõ bmerKsu i`.rdj jk ˜ Nla;s

m%fndaOkh˜ ks¾u, ußh ksldhsl mshjreka úiska j¾;udkfha § o mj;ajdf.k

hkq ,nhs'

• w;s W;=ï tâukaâ mSßia ro.=re ysñf.a yd .re weia' Ô' fmf¾rd" .re ví' t,a'

ta' fodka mSg¾ msh;=udf.a f,aLl odhl;ajho úfYaIs;h'

fou< ls;=kq f,aLl

• ngysr O¾u¥; lKavdhï furg fiajfha fhfok wjia:dj,§ ls;= oyu" Y=oaO

jQ ,shú,s " idka;=jr pß; ms<sn| ck;djg b.ekaùu i|yd myiqfjka

fhdodf.k we;af;a fou< ls;=kq f,aLkhkah'

149

• mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais hq.fha úúO fou< ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh jQ w;r th

wLKavj ks¾udKh ù we;'

mD;=.Sis hq.h

mD;=.Sis iufha furgg meñKs *%ekaisialdk yd fÊiq ksldfha O¾u¥;jre úúO

fou< ls;=Kq f,aLk ks¾udKh l< w;r foaYSh .;alrejka fou< f,aLK

l,djg fhduq l<y'

• fou< ls;=kq idys;Hfha mS;Djrhd f,i y÷kajkafka fykaß fykßliah' Tyq

ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fiajh l< iufha fou< niska úúO f,aLk mßj¾;kh lr

we;' fu;=ud f;jirla ukakdrfï fiajh l< w;r tys § úúO mßj¾;k

ks¾udK l< nj jdÑl iïm%odfha i|yka fõ' tfy;a fï f,aLK fidhd.;

fkdyel'

• ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ O¾u¥; fiajfha ksh¨Kq ä fkdaìf,a msh;=ud úúO fou<

ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh lf<a h' fu;=ud ;u uy¿ jhfia § hdmkfha

f;,a,smff, m%foaYfha jir 2 la mÈxÑj úúO ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh l< nj

iïm%odfha mj;S'

• zikaÈfhda.= ufhdaß wïufkZ fou< ls;=kq kdgd¾ f,aLk w;r uq,skau lshjqKq

fuu f,aLkh wo olajd mjj;s'

• hdmkfha fk,a,sfmff, m%foaYfha fiajh l< fÊiq ksldfha iqjx l¾jd¨

msh;=udf.a iyh we;sj fk,a,smff, ys§ lf;da,sl O¾uh je<|.;a fmaÿre

mQ,j¾ úiska tu f,aLkh ks¾udKh lf<a h'

• {dkmam,a¨ kue;s f,aLkh flá fou< f,aLk 96 w;ßka m%Odk fõ' fuu

f,aLkh wkqj ks¾udKh jQ ls;=kq f,aLk {dkmam,a¨ f,i ye¢kafõ'

• lf;da,sl O¾uh je<|.;a yskaÿ wd.ñlhka l=Uqf¾ jevmf<ys fhfok

wjia:dj,§ O¾uh b.ekaùug fuu f,aLkh fhdod .kakd ,§'

• mkaff;laldrka ^foúhka jykafia& m,a,ka ^ls%ia;=ia jykafia& "uq;a; m,a,s

^fcrei,ï&" bff,hm,a,s ^frdauh& hk pß; 4 la flakaø fldg fuu f,aLk

ks¾udKh úh'

• ls%'j 1645- 1650 olajd ld,h ;=< fuu f,aLkh f;,a,smamff, fmaÿre mq,j¾

úiska rÑ; ks¾udKhla úh yels nj w;s W;=ï Èfhda.=ms,af,a ro.=re;=ud ish

m¾fhaIK u.ska i|yka fldg we;'

150

,kafoais hq.h

• ,kafoais md,k iuh ;=< le,aúka o¾Ykh jHdma; lsÍug ms,sma m,afoajqia

kue;s mqoa.,hd uQ,sl ù we;'

• m¾isj,a whsh¾ keue;s mqoa.,hd wd¾uq.kdj,¾ f.a iyh we;sj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h

fou< NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lf<a h'

19$20 jk ishjia j, fou< ls;=kq f,aLk

• 20 jk ishjfia fou< ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍug úúO mqoa.,hka odhl

ù we;'

• — k,a¨¾ iajdñZ kñka y÷kajk f,aLkh {dk m%ldY¾ ks' u' ks msh;=ud

úiska ks¾udKh lf<a h'

• fuu msh;=ud YS% ,dxlSh iNd b;sydih" cdfldfï f.dkai,afõia msh pß;h"

fudaÉpmdffo" fimÜfpkavq" Nla;s fmdalslsIï" fudagv" lmdvï" ;s;a;sh

wdrdOffk wd`vj¾ wdhskao l;s" hk .%ka: ks¾udKh lf<a h' ixjdoYS,S

foaYk fu;=ud úiska rpkdfldg we;'

• ls%'j' 1877 isg wï, WÜmj bgdlalsks;a l+o¾ hk udisl i`.rdj m%ldYkh

lf<a h'

Woh ldrffl

YS% ,xldfõ merKs;u yd m<uq ls%ia;shdks i`.rdj f,i fuh ye¢kafõ' j¾I

1841 § weußldkq O¾u¥;jreka úiska hdmkfha § fuu i`.rdj wdrïN lrk

,§'

mdÿldj,k

hdmkfha ro.=re moúfha m%ldYkhla jk fuh YS% ,xldfõ m<uq lf;da,sl

fou< i`.rdjhs' j¾I 1876 § wdrïN lrk ,§' lf;da,sl ne;su;=kaf.a úYajdih

keUqre lsÍu fuys mrud¾:h úh'

Ñ;% Ys,amh

wOHhkfha myiqj i|yd m%d.a mD;=.Sis hq.h" ,kafoais hq.h" ì%;dkH hq.h iy

ksoyiska miq Wodjq hq.h ;=< fidhd.kakd ,o ls;=kq ,dxck iy Ñ;% flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

151

m%d.a mD;=.SiS hq.h

I. wkqrdOmqr l=reish

ls%'j 1912 § B' wd¾' wh¾gka keue;s mqrdúoHd{hd úiska wkqrdOmqrfha ueo

k.rfha ;sî .,ska ksujq miq;,hl fldgk ,o úfYaI yevhlska hq;= l=reishla

fidhdf.k we;' fuu l=reish l¿.,a l=¿kl fldgd we;s w;r fuu l=rei

,dxckh tys bÈlr ;snqKq foõ ueÿrl lKqjla nj ms<s.kq ,efí'

• fuu l=rei ,dxckh ls%'j' 2000 § wkqu; lrk ,o nyq,j Ndú; flfrk YS%

,xld lf;da,sl Ocfha fhdod ;sfí'

• l,lg by; § fuu wkqrdOmqr l=rei ,dxckh fõofNao ls;=kq ksldhlaj

fkiafgdaßhdkqjkaf.a l=reishla nj jrojd úYajdi lrk ,§' tfy;a miql,

,eî we;s o;a; wkqj fuh meyeÈ,sju tl, fmrÈ. lf;da,sl msßia w;r

ckms%h jq l=reisfha i<l=Kla nj wjfndaO ù we;' fuh Y=oaO jQ f;dauia

wfmdaia;= jrhdKka úiskau ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=reishl wkqlrKhla nj wo

fmdÿ ms<s.ekSuhs'

II fn!;siau fmdl=Kq

jjqkshdfõ fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;s .f,ka ksuejq m%ido iakdmk c,

n÷k'

fuys jg m%udKh fi'ñ' 300 ls' úYalïNh fi'ñ' 118 ls' .eUqr fi'ñ' 35 ls'

>klu fi'ñ'7 ls'

fuu fíiu ksujd we;af;a tlu .,lska h fuh yuqù we;af;a udf;dg jrdh

wi, ;sîh§ h'

III le<Ks .`. uqjfodr Y=oaO jQ f;dauia uqks÷ka isysùu i|yd l=reishla iys;

l=¿KÄ yuqù we;' kQ;kfha tx.,ka; iNdfõ f.dvke.s,a,la jk ðka;=msáfha

Ydka; f;dauia foajia:dkh ;kd we;af;a fuu ia:dkffha hehs b;sydi{fhda

iel lr;s'

mD;=.Sia hq.h

I .,l flgQ mD;=.SiSkaf.a ks, ,dxckh fuh ckdêm;s ukaÈrh my<ska we;s

bvul we;'

II idka; wdkd ;sr froao

1666 § idka; wdkd ueKshkaf.a kj.uqj foajia:kfha we;s ;srh i|yd Ndú;

lr we;s fuu Ñ;%h wo f;aj;a; fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;'

152

,kafoais hq.h

I l=reKE., ß§ úydrfha u,a wdikfhys ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% weo we;s ghs,a /ila

mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska fidhdf.k we;' my; i|yka ls%ia;shdks

f;aud tu ghs,aj, wvx.= lr we;'

• ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a iaj¾.dfrdayKh" l=vd úfha § Wkajykafiaj Tmamq lsÍu"

fÊqiqia jykafia uqyqou; weú§u" wkH rEm úm¾hdih" ud¾;d yd ußhd hk

kj.súiqfï l:d fuu Ñ;%j,g f;aud ù we;'

• fuu Ñ;%j, úfYaI;ajh jkafka ls%ia;=ka jykafiag ,kafoais we÷ï wkaojd

;sîuh' t;=udf.a ysi jgd /ia j,,a,la ks¾udKh lr we;'

ì%;dkH hq.h

• fnfI,a kjr;ak fkdfyd;a uqykaÈrï uqÈhkafia kjr;ak kï olaI leghï

lrejd mkai,aj, leghï ks¾udKh l< mqoa.,fhls' fudyq nõ;Siauh ,nd

fnfI,a kjr;ak kñka ;u kduh fjkialf<ah'

• fmardfoaKsh .=re mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha ,S leghï j,ska foajia:dkhla fudyq

úiska ks¾udKh lr we;'

ksoyiska miq hq.h

fmda,a kjr;ak

1939-1940 ld,fha § ls;= Wm; ms<sn| fudyq Ñ;%Kh lr we;'

fykaßlia

• fudaor idka; fÊïia foõueÿf¾ Ñ;% we| we;' fudyq we| we;s wka;su rd;S%

fNdackh Ñ;%fha fudyq ;udju f.da,fhla jYfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'

tka' weia' f.ddvudkak'

• ó.uqj uyd ú§h Ydka; ußhd foõueÿf¾ jD;a;dldr isú,sula ks¾udKh lf<a

h' fudyq fn!oaOfhls' Tyq nhsn,fha iq,n wjia:d Ñ;%hg k.d we;'

ix.S;h

fy< ls;=kq lafIa;%h YS% ,xldfõ ix.S; lafIa;%h ;=< b;d jeo.;a wxYhls'

• isxy, ix.S;hg ls;=Kq ix.S;h odhl;ajh ,nd § we;af;a flfia o @

• .re cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a bmerKs ks¾udK u.ska

• jyfldaÜfÜ" ¥fõ" fnda,j;af;a .ehqKq mika" ,f;daks" ú,dm u.ska

• k;a;,a lefrd,a .S; iïm%odh u.ska

153

fy< ls;=kq ix.S;fha wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka odhljQfjda

1' .re cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud

;S% tl iqr fÊiqks" kfuda kfuda ußh" wyi fmdf<dj ksfodiskafka wdrïfNka

fmr" foú÷ Wmkafkah i;=ks wd§ ls;=kq .S;sld ;ju;a wm w;r Ndú; fõ'

• ne;s .S muKla fkdj kdv.ï ."S ffY,s.; kdgH wdÈh i|yd o .re cfdldafï

f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a ks¾udK n,md ;sfí' —ukfï˜ kdgHfha tk

fm%aufhka ukrxð; fõ .S;fha ;kqj f.dkaid,afjia msh;=udf.a .Shl

wkqlrKhls'

• t;=udf.a .S;sldjg ßoauh ;kqj fidhd t;=ud lkao Wvrg" my;rg inr.uqj

lrd .sfhah' tys ojq, " ;ïueÜgu" .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" fydrKEj"

;d,ïmg tkï mxp;+¾h kdo rgd fidhd .sfha h' fy< ck;djf.a .S; ßoauh"

;u yo .eiaug tl;=lr.;a fu;=ud fy<fha kdgl" kegqï iu`. ;uka Wmka

foaYfha ÿgq kdv.ï l,djka w;aoelSug .ksñka lf;da,sl ix.S;hg mK

fmjqfõ h'

• fu;=ud ,shd we;s .S; m%nkaO 5 ls'

• fõo ldjHh

• mika fmd;

• wdkkao l,smamqj

• ux., .S;h

• ,f;daks fmd;

• foaj O¾udpd¾h w;s W;=ï tâukaâ mSÍia ^ks'uks& ro.=re;=ud .re fudieisa

fmf¾rd udysñ" iqks,a Ydka;" fÊ' fla' tia fmf¾rd .re u¾i,Ska chfldä

^ks'u'ks& msh;=ud isß,l ix.S;h Tmïgï l< ls;= úrejka h'

kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj

• ls;=kq m%Odk ux.,H meje;s wjia:dj, tu ux.,H W;aijhg fya;= jk

m%Odk lreKq ne;su;=kg w¾:dkaú;j moyod§u wruqKq lrf.k foõueÿre

wdYs%;j ta mqj;a kdgHdkqidrfhka r`. oelaùfï isß;la mej;=Ks'

kdgH r`. oelaùu i|yd u foõueÿre wdYs%;j r`. uv,la bÈlrk ,§' n,a

fojqia kï ´,kao foaj.e;s ;=ud 1656-1665 ld,fha § l< ksÍlaIKhla wkqj

t;=ud merKs lf;da,sl foõueÿre .ek fufia ,shd we;' fuys fndfyda foajia:dk

wi, wÜgd, fyj;a r`. u`vq¨ bÈlr ;sfí' tajdfha fÊiq ksldfha md;=.Sis

msh;=uka,d ux., Èkhka ys nhsn,h r`. oelajQy'

154

mD;=.Sis hq.fha O¾u¥;jre ls%ia;shdks kdgH r`. oelajQ wjia:d

fÊiq ksldh

• ls%'j' 1604 § fld<U fÊiq ksldhg wh;a foaõ ueÿf¾ ux.,Hfha § .súiqï od .en

yd foaj ud;djka hk f;audj ms<sn|j lreKq we;=,;a kdgHhla fõÈld .; úh'

• ls%'j' 1617 § y,dj; wNskj foõ ueÿr wdisß .ekaùfï § l=kaia;ka;Skqq w.

rcqf.a ys;a yeÍu r`. olajd we;'

m%ekaisialdk ksldh

• ud;r O¾u fiajfha ksr;j isá wkaf;daksfhda fmfYdajda ;=ud jeo.;a fõ' 1636

§ ,shd we;s .%ka:hl ls%ia;=ka jykafia o" wdoï iy taj hk fofokdf.a pß;dmodk

jia;= fldg f.k oDYH ldjH lSmhla ,shd fõÈld.; lr we;s nj i|ykah''

mdial= kdgH iïm%odh

• p;dß; ld,h iy Y=oaOjQ i;sh wdYs%;j ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh

kdgHdkqidrfhka r`. oelaùu b;d iq,N oiqkls'

• ls%'j 1706 § by; lS mßirh ;=< f.dafõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldfhka f.kajd .;a

m<okd Ndú; lrñka mdial= m%o¾Ykhla fõÈld .; l< nj Trf;daßhdkq

jd¾;djl i|yka ù we;'

• 16 jk ishjfia isg fujeks kdgH m%o¾Yk f.daj k.rfha ckm%sh l,djlaj

mej;Kq w;r furg oyï fufyjr i|yd meñKs mshjre kdgH l,dj ms<sn|

m%.=K;ajhla ,nd isáfhdah' cqfia jdia msh;=ud iy cdfldafï f.dkaid,afõia

msh;=ud o tjlg f.dafõ m%p,s;j ;snQ mdial= kdgH l,dj ms<sn|j m%ùK;ajhla

,en isáfha h'

mdial= kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh

• idïm%odhsl isxy, kdgH l,djl ft;sydisl f;dr;=re fkdue;s w;r foaYSh

kdgH l,djla ìyslsÍfï m%n, odhl;ajhla ÿka mdial= kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh

we;sjQfha mD;=.d,fha iy iamd[a[fha meje;s wd.ñl kdgHhla wkqidrfhks'

YS% ,xldfõ mdial= kdgH l,dfõ úldYkh

• fÊidff," ¥j" msámk" muqKq.u" fndr,eiai hk m%foaYj, uq¿ukskau Ôjudk

k¿ msßila úiska ls;= iñ|dKkaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh r`. olajkq ,eîh'

155

isxy, kdv.ï l,dj

• kdv.ï jvd;a m%p,s; jQfha ngysr uqyqÿnv fjr< wdYs%; y,dj; isg ;x.,a,

olajd jQ m%foaYj,hs'

• kdv.ï jQ l,S wjfYaI .eñ kdgl úfYaIhlg jvd wx. iïmq¾K oDYH ldjH

f,i ie<lsh yelsh' fidlß" fldfydUd lxldß" lú" kdv.ï wdÈhg jvd

ldjH ,laIK j,ska o rx. ffY,fhkaa o hqla; jQ kdgH úfYaI jQfha kdv.ïh'

tajd m%Njh ,oafoa olaIK Ndr;fha f;rl=l= kue;s ù§ kdgH úfYaIfhkah'

cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud iy isxy, kdgH l,dj

• isxy, idys;H b;sydifha kdgH idys;Hdx.h oDYH udk fkdjq wjêfhl

isxy, ls%ia;shdks idys;Hhla iy kdgH l,djla ìysùug rel=,la jQfha cdfldfï

f.dkaid,afjia msh;=udf.a idys;Hdj,sh nj lsj hq;=uh'

• foaj kS;s úi¾ckh kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djkaf.ka msßmqka oDYH jQ ldjH

m%nkaOhla jQ w;r kvqfmd; hkqfjkao we;eïyq fuh y÷kaj;s'

• isxy, kdv.ï .S rplhskag f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a ks¾udK a mq¾jdo¾Yhla

yd wuqøjH imhd we;' ux., .S;fhka" mika fmd;ska" kdv.ï rplhska t;=udf.a

m%nkaOhla Wmqgd.;a nj tï' tÉ' tï' .=K;s,l uy;d ish wdpd¾h Wmdêh

i|yd iïmdokh l< kdv.ï kï ksnkaOfha i|yka lr we;'

Wod - mqrdK rc;=ka lÜgqj kdv.u rpkfha § l;=jrhd f.dkaid,afõia msh;=uka

rpkd l< foajfõo mqrdKh u; hemqKq nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfukau ÿla m%dma;s

m%ix.fhka iqúfYaI úi¾ckfhka .;a fhÿï o fn!oaO rplhska úiska m%nkaO

lrk ,o kdv.ï j, úoHdudk fõ'

fou< kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj

kÜgd¾ kdv.ï l,dj

• kdv.ï" kdÜgd¾ kdv.ï" .%dóh kdv.ï" kdÜgql=;a;= l=ka;= hk wx. tlu

w¾:hla fohs' fï kegqï yd .ehqï taldnoaOj krUkakkag mKsjqvhla f.k

fok udOHhla fõ' fou< ck;djf.a mdrïmßl l,dj ;=< kdÜgql+lal= l,dj

idudkH ck;dj w;r ckm%sh jQ w;r wdrlaId lr .ekSuo isÿúh'

• YS% ,xldfõ fou< ck;dj Ôj;a jQ hdmkh" uvl,mqj" ukakdru" udf;daâvï"

jkaks mq;a;,u" y,dj; hk m%foaYj, kdv.ï l,dj mej;=Ks' fou< kdv.ï

l,dj " yskaÿ wd.fu mqrdK b;sydifha ;snq Nla;s fma%uh" ù¾hh" hqoaOh jeks

f;aud Tiafia mej;=Ks'

156

• lf;da,sl O¾ufha b.ekaùï yd jákdlï ck;djg f.khdfï udOHhla

f,i mD;=.SiSka md,kh l< hq.fha furg fiajdfõ kshe¨Kq *%ekaisialka yd

fÊiq ksldhsl mshjre kdÜgql=;a;= l,dj fhdod f.k we;' fuys m%Odk f;aud

f,i idka;=jr pß; yd hqfrdamSh l:d mokï lrf.k we;' lf;da,sl

kdv.ï l,dj furg ìysjk wjia:dfõ ,kafoais mSvkhg uqyqK foñka isá

ksid kdÜgql+;a;= ys ÿlaù§u uQ,sl f;audj úh'

• lf;da,sl kdÜgql+;a;= fndfydaúg idka;=jr pß;j, wdNdIh ,nd we;'

idka;=jr ne;sh yd f.!rjh m%ldY lrk udOHhla f,i fuu kdgHh

fhdodf.k we;' tu ksid idka;=jr pß;h r`. oelajqfha ke;' ta fjkqjg

.S;sld .dhkd l<y' tf,i lsÍug fya;=j jQfha idka;=jr f.!rjh f.k

§uh'

idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl kdgH l,dfõ wdrïNh

• idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl kdÜgql+;a;= ukakdru" hdmkh m%foaYj, wdrïN ù

j¾Okh úh'

• f,dafrkaiq ms,af,a mq,j¾ uy;df.a uqKqmqrd jk lSkdïms,af,a úiska treffu"

fkdkaä" tkaßla tïmrdfoda" mqrsiSk lka;s hk kdv.ï .dhkd lrk ,§'

fuys§ jvmdx.=^ hdmkfha ffY,h & ffY,h fhdod f.k ;sfí'

ì%;dkH hq.fha kdÜgql+;a;=

• ì%;dkH hq.fha lf;da,sl kdgh i|yd m%n, úfrdaO;d we;súh' u;ameka Ndú;h

yd ia;S% mqreI ish,af,da ñY%j lghq;= lsÍu u.ska ipdodrhg ndOdjla úh yels

ksid kdv.ï ;ykï lrk ,§'

isxy, kdv.ï l,djg odhlùu

• isxy, kdgH kdv.ï iïm%odh ìysù j¾Okh ùug fou< kdÜgql+;a;= uQ,sl

ù we;' úfYaIhlaj iuyr isxy, kdÜgql+;a;= fou< kdÜgql+;a;sj,ska iDcqj

mßj¾;kh fldg we;'

Wod - tia;dls ys fcdaimd;a" ika;sls,d¾" {dk fi!kaoß hk kdv.ï i|yka

fõ'

157

8'3'3' ls;=kq ohdj yd iudc iqnidOkh

Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh

merKs .súiqu

ish¨ ueù,s w;r Wiia;u ueú,a, ñksid nj;a" ñksid ;kj úiSu foúhka

jykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdjq nj;a W;am;a;s fmd; wdrïNfha§ u i|yka lrhs'

^W;am;a;s 2$18& tfyhska " ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajfhls' foúhka jykafia ñksid

mjq,a Ôú;hg" mjq,a Ôú;hlg fyj;a iudÔh ðú;hlg le|jk nj ñka

meyeÈ,sh' iudÔh Ôú;fha id¾:l;ajh i|yd wd;aud¾:h ì| yer mß;Hd.YS,S

njlska Ôj;aùu w;HjYH fõ' ta i|yd foaj fm%auh yd ohdj ;=< Ôú; f.dvk.d

.ekSug wjYHh ohdj fmroeß lrf.k idOdrK;ajfhka lghq;= lsÍfuka

iudcfha fmdÿ hym; yd ienE iduh f.dvkef.k nj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh

Ñka;kh wmg mjihs'

fudafiia ;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a Bðma;=fõ jy,alñka ñ÷Kq BYardfh,a

ckhd fmdfrdkaÿ foaYhg hk .ufka §" foú iñ|dKka jykafia Tjqkg ÿka

kS;s ksfhda. yd b.ekaùïj, yrh jQfha ifydaor ohdfjka tlsfkldg hqla;sh

yd idOdrK;ajh bIaG lsÍuhs' úfYaIfhka tu iudcfha ðj;a jQ ÿ.S ÿmam;=kag"

wirKhkag" jekaoUqjkag yd orejkag ohdj oelaùu yd irKh mEu fuu

wKmK;a yd ksfhda.j,ska jvd biau;= fjhs'

- f,õ jHjia:dj 19$9" 10" 13" 15" 17" 18

- f,ú jHjia:dj 25$35 " 38

- kslauhdu 22$21-27

weig weio" o;g o; o kslauhdu 21$24& hk kS;sfhka ms<sìUq jkafka o iudc

idOdrK;ajhhs' th" neÆ ne,aug ms<s.ekSula fia Èiajqj o tl< iudc ikao¾Nh

;=< ;udg isÿjq ydksh blaujd hk ydkshlg lsisfi;a wjirhla fkdfok

idOdrK;ajhla bka .uH fõ'

kj .súiqu

weig weio" o;g o; o hk mqrdK .súiqfï kS;sh" bka Tíng f.dia ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï yd ðú;do¾Yh u.ska Wvqhál=re ù Tfí i;=rkag fma%u

lrkak' Tng mSvd lrkakka Wfodid hdÉ[dlrkak'˜ ^uf;õ 5$43& f,i

ifydaor fm%auh kj oelaulska hq;=j t<solsk whqre ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a lkao

Wv foaYkfha oelafõ'

158

Wka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï yd foaYkd ;=<ska m%lg jQ fuu fma%ufha kj wNsO¾uh

l=reisfha Ôú; mQcdj u.ska ;yjqre ù i;=rkag mjd iudj fok iSudjlska

f;dr fm%auhla Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;fha wms olskafkuq' ls;=kq ohdj yd

tlsfkldf.a iqnidOkh i|yd moku yd cjh jkafka ls;=kq wkq.dñlhkaf.a

ðú;j, o ;sìh hq;= fuu fm%auhhs'

cd;Skaf.a úksYaph ojfia § tf`ärl= t¿jkaf.ka neg¨jka fjka lrkakdla

fuka foúhka jykafia ck;dj fomig fjkalr mjik — uuid.sksj isáfhñ'

Tn ug lkak ÿkakdyqh' msmdij ú isáfhñ" Tn ug fndkak ÿkakdyqh' uf;õ

25$31-46& hk b.ekaùfuka Wkajykafia mila lrkafka fm%aufha ðú;h yd

ohdj oelaùu ls%ia;= Y%djlhl=" wkq.dñlhl= ùu ksid Wreu jk " fjkal<

fkdyels" neyer l< fkdyels j.lSula yd hq;=lula njhs' iudcfha fjfik

ldyg jqj o hym;la lf<a kï ta lf<a Wka jykafiagu nj o ñka meyeÈ<sh'

—ieneúka u uu Tng lshñ' udf.a fï ifydaorhkaf.ka b;du iq¿ ;eke;a;dg

jqj o Tn tfia l<d kï th lf<a ugehe'˜ ^uf;õ 25$40& tfia fkdl<d kï

fkdlf<a o Wka jykafiagu h' ^uf;aõ 25$45&

tu kid" ls;=kq ohdj hkq ls;=kq Y%djlhl=g neydr l< fkdyels Y%djl;ajfhau

hq;=luls' ;ud ðj;ajk lskï ðú; ;;a;ajhl" /lshdjl jqj o Ôj;ajk

ia:dkh" iudc mßirh ;=< iudc iqnidOkh yd fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka

wemlem ù ohdfõ mqKH ls%hdj, fh§ug ish iajdñhdKka jQ fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.ka kshujqKq fm%aufha muKla ls;=kqjkg ,eî we;' ls;=kqjdg bka

neyerùug fkdyelsfia u lsisjl=g th k;r lsÍug fkdyels h'

nhsn,Sh oelaug wkqj f.dvke`.=Kq ls;=kq Ñka;kh" wi,ajeishdg fm%au lsÍfï

Kh hqla;sh wmg isys.kajhs' ;jo ;udg fuka u wi,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu foaj

fm%auh ksidu isÿjkakls' ^ 1 fcdyka 4$7-19& ls%ia;shdks ohdfõ wruqK"

wia,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu u.ska foúhka jykafiag fm%au lsÍu nj ñka b;d

meyeÈ<s h'

ish¨ O¾u;d w;r fYa%IaG;u jkafka fma%uhhs' fma%uh fkdue;s ;ek we;af;a

ysianjls' mqyq f>daIdjla muKs' ^ 1 fldßka;s 13$1-13& tfyhska" fma%uh" ohdj

fkdue;s ;eke;a;d ienE ls;kqjl= o fkdjk nj meyeÈ<s h'

foúhka jykafiag yd wi,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu yer fYa%IaG wka lsis w{djla

ke;' udla 12$29-31& ud Tng fma%u l<dla fuka Tn;a tlsfkldg fma%u lrkak

hkq fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykfia ish Y%djlhkag ÿka w¨;a w{djhs' fcdyka 13$34&

159

wm Wka jykafiaf.a f.da,hka nj ish,a,ka oek.kafka fuu fm%au lsÍu ksid

nj o Wkajykafia mji;s'

lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^fkd' 1889" 2196&

YS% ,xldj ;=< iudc iqnidOk lghq;=

ls;=Kq ohdj fmroeß lrf.k iudcfha fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu

iy iudc iqnidOkhg odhlùu ls;=kq j.lSuhs' iudc iqnidOkfhys,d jeo.;a

jkqfha fN!;sl ÈhqKqj muKla fkdj ñksid mQ¾K ukqIHhl= f,i iudcfha

Ôj;aùug wjYH miqìu ilia lsßuhs' foaj iudklulg ujk ,o ñksidf.a

tu ñksia .re;ajh Tmakexfjk f,i lghq;= lsÍug iydh ùuhs'

YS% ,dxflah b;sydih ;=< § fuka úfYaIfhka j¾;udkfha o fuu oelau wkqj

ls;=kq ohdj fmroeß lrf.k cd;s" wd.ï" l=," mx;s wdÈ fNao fkd;ld iudc

iqnidOkh yd udkj ixj¾Okhg wod, ls%hdj,iNdjla f,i o úúO iñ;s yd

ixúOdk f,i o fm!oa.,sl jYfhka o ls;=kqfjda ksr;j isá;s'

16 Y; j¾Ifha furgg meñKs ls;=kq ñIkdß ksldhj, fiajdj ms<sn| msßlaik

l< Tjqkaf.a ¥; fiajdfõ wruqK jQfha wd;au .,jd .ekSu nj ft;sydisl

f,aLkj, i|yka fõ tfy;a ñksid wd;auhlska muKla fyì mqoa.hl= fkdj

YÍrhlska o fyì h' tu ksid wd;añl wjYH;d fuka u YdÍßl wjHY;d o

ukqIH;ajhg ks.rejla fkdjk f,i Ôú;h f.khdug wjYH uQ,sl myiqlï

fjkqfjka o Tjqka lghq;= l< neõ meyeÈ<s j fmfka' wdrïNfha isgu iNdj

ñksia wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd ohdfõ mqKH ls%hdj, fhfoñka fiajdfõ

kshe¨qKq nj fmkS hhs' j¾;udkfha § fkdfhl=;a YdÍßl yd fN!;sl ñksia

wjYH;d i|yd ck;dj ls;=kq foajia:dk" wdh;k yd ixúOdk fj; Èj tkafka

fuu ls;=kq ohd irK fiajd ms<sn| iudc.; ù we;s wdl,am fya;=fldg nj

meyeÈ<s h'

mD;=.Sis wd.ukfha isg fï olajd f.ù .sh ld,jljdkqj ;=< isÿ jQ ls;=kq ohd

fiajdj ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh lrk l< úúO ia;%S meúÈ ksldh meñKsu fyj;a

lre lkHd fidfydhqßhkaf.a ¥; fiajdj jeo.;a idOlhla fia biau;= fjhs'

fuh ,xld b;sydifha hg;a úð; hq.fha isÿj jeo.;a úuqla;sodhl isoaêhlehs

ye¢kajqjdg jrola ke;' msßñ meúÈ ksldhj,ska isÿjq fiajdj o fï yd nef|a'

tu ksldhj,ska isÿjq fiajdj yd b;sydih ms<sn| iajhx wOHhkhl fh§u b;d

fhda.H h'

160

by; i|yka l< úfoaYj,ska meñKs meúÈ ksldha fuka u Bg mßndysrj furg

wdrïN ù ls%hd;aul jk meúÈ ksldh ;ukag wdfõksl jq lßiaudj Tiafia

fiajdfõ ksr; jqj o ta iEu fiajdjlg u moku jkafka ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a

b.ekaùï u; mokï jQ ls;=kq ohdjhs'

fuu meúÈ ksldhj,ska isÿjq yd oekgu;a isÿjk fiajd w;r frda.Skag Wmia:dk

lsÍu" wkd: <uqka yd yxidjg" w;rj,g ,lajQ wújdyl uõjreka /ln,d

.ekSu" wkaO" f.d¿" ìysß yd fjk;a wdndOhkag ,lajQ orejka /ln,d .ekSu"

Tjqkg iß,k wOHdmkhla" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd §u" uy¨ yd jeäysáhka

úfYaI ksjdij, /ln,d .ekSu" úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmkh" ùÒ orejkaf.a

fkdúêu;a wOHdmkh" isr.; jQjkag yd udkisl wdndOj,g ,lajQjkag irKh"

WmfoaYk fiajd" frday,a fyo fiajdj" ukao udkisl orejka n,d .ekSu" mjq,a

wfmdaia;,sl fiajd yd hqoaOfhka wj;eka jQ orejka iy irKd.; l|jqrej,

isákakkag fiajd iemhSu i|yka l< yelsh' fuu fiajdj újO lafIa;%j,

úisÍ mej;=K o tys wruqK yd moku ls;=kq ohdj ñi wfklla fkdjk neõ

meyeÈ<s h'

j¾;udkfha iNdj ;=< óiï yd ls;skq foajia:dk uÜgñka o" meúÈ ksldh yd

mQcd m%idÈ;=uka,df.a yd rdc.=re m%idÈ ;=uka,df.a Woõfjka fujeks fndfyda

ohdfõ fiajdjka ls%hd;aul fõ' tajd úúO wdh;k" iñ;s iud.ï" ixúOdk

iajrEmfhka o ls%hd;aul fõ'

ls;=kq iudc iqnidOk ohd fiajd wdh;k

lßgdia ^YS% ,xld& fifvla

uE; b;sydifha furg lf;da,sl ohd irK fiajd yd iudc ixj¾Ok" iqnidOk

lghq;= ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § YS% ,xld lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h hgf;a ls%hd;aul

furg lf;da,sl iNdfõ iudc fiajd wxYh jk lßgdia ^YS% ,xld& - fifvla

wdh;kh jeo.;a ;ekla .kS'

1968 § ia:dms;" oekg YS% ,xldfõ iEu ro.=re jiulu úúO kïu,ska ohd

fiajdfõ yd iudc iqnidOkfha fhfok lÍgdia ^YS% ,xld& fifvla wdh;kh

úfYaIfhka ñksiqkaf.a uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï iq/lSu" iudÔh wjYH;d

imqrd,Su" udkj ixj¾Okh yd idOdrK;ajfhka fyì iudchla f.dvk.kakg

úúO jHdmD;s yd ls%hd ud¾. Tiafia odhl fjhs'

161

idka; úkaika o mdjq,d ohd fiajdj

cd;Hka;r uÜgñka ls%hd;aul fuu lf;da,sl ohd fiajdj YS% ,xldfõ úúO

ro.=re jiïj, ia:dms; uOH uKav, uq,a lrf.k óiï uÜgñka ls%hd;aul

fõ' foajdia:dk uÜgfï .sys ieoeyej;=ka tlg tlaù mß;Hd.YS,Skaf.a wdOdr

u.ska ohd irK fiajdfõ kshe,Su olakg ,efí'

;reK ls%ia;shdks ix.uh ^YMCA&

úúO ls;=kq iNd idudðlhskaf.a tl;=jlska ieÈ cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,hg

wkqnoaê; iudc fiajd yd ohd fiajdjkays ksr; wdh;khls'

;reK ldka;d ls%ia;shdks ix.uh ^YWCA&

úúO iudc fiajd yd ohd fiajd jHdmD;sj, ksr;jk úúO ls;=kq iNd

idudðldjka ldka;d& f.a tluq;=jlska ieÈ cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,hg wkqnoaê;

wdh;khls'

udkj ysñlï yd iudc ixj¾Okh

´kEu iudchl Wkak;sh yd ixj¾Okh r|d mj;skqfha tu iudcfha

f.dvkef.k iduh yd ixys¢hdj u; h' tu iduh yd ixysÈhdj we;sùu i|yd

úfYaIfhka fya;= jkqfha iudcfha mqrjeishkaf.a udkj ysñlï /l§u fyj;a

iq/lSuhs' ish¨ ukqIHhkaf.a ukqIHNdjhg Wreu jQ .re;ajh /flk fia

idOdrK;ajfhka ie<lSuhs'

udkj b;sydih mqrd fuka u j¾;udkfha o udkj ysñlï flf<iSï" W,a,x>kh

lsÍï" udkj .re;ajhg fkd.efmk isÿùï ckudOH Tiafia jd¾;d fõ' tfia

jqj o" ñksia whs;sjdislï lvjqKq w÷re w;S;hla iu`. ìysjqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha udkj ysñlï m%{ma;sh ñksia mjqf,a iEu flfkl=gu ysñúh hq;=

wka i;= l< fkdyels' W,a,x>kh fkdl< hq;= udkj ysñlï j.ka;s 30 lska

m%ldY lrhs' c.;a ixúOdkhg wh;a rgj,a úiska ms<sme|Sug ne£ isák fuu

m%{ma;sh i|yd moku jQ lreKq w;r udkj .re;ajh ms<sn| Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh

Ñka;kh" ls;=kq oelau yd uE; b;sydifha iNd b.ekaùï o fya;= ù we;ehs

lsjfyd;a ksjerÈ h'

Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj ukqIHhl= f,i ìysùfï úfYaI jákdlula

we;' ñksid foú÷kaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudk;ajhg ujk ,oaols' W;am;a;s 1$26&

ish¨ ueú,s w;r w.%ia:dkh o ñksid h ^.S;dj,sh 8$4-6&

162

fuu ls;=kq Ñka;khg wkqj cd;s" wd.ï" l=, mx;s wdÈ fNaoj,ska f;drj YS%

,dxflah ck iudcfha ñksia nfõ .re;ajh /lSug yd udkj ysñlï iq/lSug

úúO hq.j, È o úfYaIfhka j¾;udkfha § o iNdj úúO m%h;ak ord we;' YS%

,xldj jeks úúO cd;Ska yd úúO wd.ñlhka fjfik iudc mßirhl" udkj

ysñlï w;ska flfkl= by<skq;a" flfkl= my<skq;a isák fia ie<lSï yd

fn§ï lsisfia;a idOdrK fkdjk nj;a" th ienE iduldó ck iudchla

f.dkexùug o" iudc ixj¾Okhg uy;a ndOdjla nj;a iNdj wjOdrKfhka

fmkajd fokakSh' udkj ysñlï iq/lSu iy ieug iudk;ajfhka ie<lSfuka

iduhg yd ixj¾Okhg wj;SrK úh yels nj ls;=kq iNdfõ úúO m%fõY u.ska

fmkajd § we;'

uE; b;sydifha wm YS% ,xld foaYh ;=< udkj .re;ajh flf<iqKq yd udkj

ysñlï lvjqKq wjia:dj, § Bg oeä úfrdaOh olajñka iduh yd iudk;aj;dj

fjkqfjka iNdj iuia; cd;shgu wkqYdikd l< wjia:d fndfyda h' ta w;ßka

lsysmhla muKla fuys oelafõ'

úúO cd;Skaf.a yd wd.ñlhkaf.a iudc lKavdhïj, iudk whs;sjdislï yd

hqla;sh fjkqfjka y`vke`.Su'

• 1983 cq,s ui isÿjq cd;sjdÈ .egqïj,ska miq ,dxlsl ck iudcfha we;sjqKq fNao

Nskak;d" ysxikh" .egqï yuqfõ iduh i|yd jq wNsfhda. ms<sn| 1984 cqks 10 Èk

YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h ksl=;a l< YS% ,dxlsl cd;sh kej;

f.dvkexùu lrd hk wkqYdikd m;%h'

• 1983 cq,s udifha isÿjq m%pKav ls%hd .ek úuiñka weilg weila h" o;lg o;la

h hk f.da;%sl m<s.eksug;a jvd my< uÜgfï iodpdrhlg wm m;a ù we;s nj

mjiñka wysxil oñ, jeishka fj; t,a, lrk ,o m%ydr .ek lïmd fjñka

ls;=kq fma%ufha oelau ;=< iudc idOdrK;ajh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrkakg

wdrdOkd lrñka iNd idudðlhka yd YS% ,dxlsl ck;dj fj; l=reKE.,

ÈfhdalsiSfha w;sW;=ï ,laIauka úl%uisxy ro.=re;=uka ksl=;a l< t;=ukaf.a

wjidk mKsúvh'

• jir ;syl muK ld,hla weÈ.sh hqoaOfha Èfkka Èk isÿjq m%pKav ls%hd" ìysiqKq

>d;k" fndaïn msmsÍï wdÈfha § m%pKav ls%hd ;rfha fy<d olsñka" idlÉPd

ud¾.fhka iduldñ úi÷ulg tk f,i wod< md¾Yj,g n,lrñka iNd

ksfõok yd wkqYdikd u.ska b,a,Su'

• hqoaOfha § isÿjq udkj ysñlï lvùïj,g úreoaOj y`vke`.Su" widOdrK

w;awvx.=jg .ekSï" r|jd ;nd.ekSïj,g úreoaOj y`v ke.Su'

163

• jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka jev j¾ckfha kshe,Sfï fya;=fjka /lshd

wysñ jQ 1980 cQ,s j¾clhkaf.a /lshd wjia:d kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd y`vke`.Su

iy Tjqkg irK ùu'

• 1988- 1989 NSIK iufha isÿjQ meyerf.k hdï" >d;k" kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk

w;awvx.=jg .ekSï" r|jd ;eîï" w;=reoyka lsÍï" ysxid iy jonkaOkj,g

tfrysùï yd tu mSvdjkag f.dÿrejQjkag yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g wdOdr lsÍu'

• ksoyia fj<| l,dmfha fiajdfõ ksr;jQjkaf.a lïlre Y%ufha jákdlu mila

lr fiajl whs;sjdislï md,lhkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la lsÍu" fiajl whs;sjdislï

fjkqfjka fmkS isàu'

• mßirhg yd ck;djg ydkslr úúO fhdaO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, wkqgq M,úmdl

ms<sn| ish,a,ka oekqj;a lr wúysxidjd§ úfrdaO;d" idlÉPd u.ska n,Odßkaf.a

wjOdkh fhduqlr ck;d iqnisoaêh fjkqfjka y`v ke`.Su'

• Y%u ixl%udKslhka yd úfoaY.; ,dxlslhka.a iqnisoaêh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu

wdfrda.HYd,d fiajh

ffjoH lafIa;%h yd wdfrda.HYd,d fiajh .ek i<lk l< mD;+.SiS iufha o

furg wdfrda.HYd,d mej;s nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ' mD;=.SiS fid,aodÿjkag

m%;sldr lsÍu i|yd uQ,ls jQ wdfrda.HYd,djla fld<U fldgqfõ werôKs' th

mj;ajdf.k .sfha *%ekaisialdk ñIkdßjreka úisks' y,dj; iy hdmkfha

wdfrda.HYd,d folla úh' tlla fid,aodÿjkag yd wfkl lf;da,sl " lf;da,sl

fkdjk ieug újD; jQ wdfrda.HYd,d folla ukakdrï ¥mf;a we;s úh' fcrñfhda

msh;=ud úiska ks,OdÍka i|yd jQ wdfrd.HYd,djla ukakdrï n,fldgqfõ

újD; lrk ,È' ls;=kqjka tys iafõÉPdfjka fiajh l< neõ i|yka h'

jiQßh" fld<rdj" uef,arshdj wdoS jix.; frda. je<÷Kq úg .ïìï" f.j,a

fodrj,a yerhdu fjk;a úl,amhla" fi!LH fiajdjka t;rï ÈhqKq fkdjq

tl, fkdùh' 1612 § hejQ ,smshlg wkqj fÊiq ksldhsl ñIkdÍjreka o jiQßh

jix.;hg uqyqKmEu .ek lshefõ' frdnÜ fkdlaia o ish f,aLkj, i|yka

lrk mßÈ foudmshka frda. je<÷Kq orejkao ieñhka ìßkaoEjreka o " .ïìï

o oud m,d.sfha iqÿiq fi!LH fiajdjka fkdue;s ksid h' tfy;a ls%ia;shdks

ñIkdÍjre frda.Ska w;yer m,d fkd.shy' ieufok Tjqkaf.a fuu i;al%shdj

yd mß;Hd.h w.h l< neõ i|yka h' 1609 § fudrgqj yd lïu, m%foaYj,

jiQßh me;sreKq nj o lïu, § ls%ia;shdkSka 70 la muK ñh.sh nj o ie<hs'

164

,kafoaiS md,k iufha § 1697 wjidkfha uykqjrg jiQßh jix.;h me;sreKq

wjia:dfõ Nd.Hj;a cqfia jdia msh;=ud m%uqL;ajh f.k frda.Skag Wjgeka

lsÍfï ohd fiajdjka weröu b;sydifha i|yka fõ' tjlg jix.;h fya;=fjka

{d;Ska úiska .ïìï o frda.Skaf.a u< isrereo oud m<dhdu isÿúh' fojk

úu,O¾uiqßh rcq o uykqjr yer oud m<d .sfha h' tfy;a cqqfia jdia msh;=ud

;ukag frda.h je<§fï wjodku ;sìhoS th fkd;ls ish iydhl fcdaima

l¾j,af,da msh;=ud iu. f.hska f.g f.dia frda.Skag wem Wmia:dk lsÍu "

uD; YÍr N+uodk lsÍu isÿlf<a lf;da,sl" wlf;da,sl fNaohlska f;drjh' rcq

yd ck;dj o fuu ohdfõ irK fiajdj .ek uú; jQ neõ i|yka h' ukqIHhd

wd;auhlska muKla fkdj YÍrhlska o fyì fyhska YdÍßl iqj;dj fjkqfjka

cqfia jdia msh;=uka l< fuu lemùfï ohd fiajdj furg wdfrda.HYd,d fiajd

yd YÍr iqj;dj fjkqfjka isÿjq ls;=kq odhl;ajh yeroEÍfï § lsisfia;a iq¿fjka

;elsh fkdyels h'

ì%;dkH hq.fha § o fuu frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍfï ohd fiajdj ls%hd;aul úKs'

ks¾u, ußh ksldfha mshjre ,xldjg meñK jir 3 la .;jk úg 1850 § oreKq

fld<rdj jix.;hla m%foaY mqrd me;sreKq neõ i|yka h' tu ñIkdÍjre oeä

fjfyildÍ ;;a;ajhl frda.Skag Wmia:dk l<y' tu ksldfha *S,slaia

wef,laiekav¾ yd úlag¾ hk mshjre ish ¥; fiajdj wdrïNfha § u frda.hg

f.dÿre ù ñh.sh nj i|yka h' oreKq jix.;hla mj;soaÈ wm ñIkdßjre

ohdfõ m%d;syd¾hhka isÿ lr;shs ueikâ ro.=re;=ud tu ksldhg hejq ,smshl o

i|yka lr we;'

*%ekaisialdk ñIkdß fidhqßhka 1886 § rcfha b,a,Su mßÈ fyÈ mqyqKq mdi,la

fld<U wrUd miqj tu fiajdj ukakdrug o jHdma; lr we;' ye|, iy

udka;sõ ys ,dÿre frday,a folla wdrïN l< tu ksldh" tys frda.Ska i|yd

lemfjñka fiajh lf<a h' fuu ksldfha lkHd fidfydhqßfhda u|l,la

fld<U cd;sl frdyf,a fyo fiajdfõ ksr; jQy'


mshjr 1- YS% ,dxflah iudchg iNdfjka jQ odhl;ajh .ek my; ud;Dld

Tiafia l;sldjla f.dvk.kak'

1' wOHdmkh

2' ixialD;sh yd l,dj

3' iudc fiajdj

165

uQ,dY% (-

i ikd;k ksuejqï" pkaølS¾;s l=,r;ak

ii YS% ,xldfõ ls;=kq odhl;ajh" w;s W;=ï Tiaj,aâ f.daïia ysñmdfKda

iii ls%ia;shdksfha b;sydih" idys;Hh yd l,dj" wdpd¾h weka;ks m%kdkaÿ

iv fy, l,dfõ ls;=kq i<l=K" f.dkaid,afõia isxy, wdh;kh" ohd je,slv

wdrÉÑ msh;=ud

v Y=`Ojq nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh" 1990

vi lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh

166

ksmqK;dj 9'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h

jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ( ls;=kq úYajdih f.dvke`.Sug ckjkaokdj odhl jQ

wdldrh fidhd n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² uq,a iNdfõ ckjkaokdj wOHhkh lrhs'

² fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u wOHhkh lrhs'

² ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u wOHhkh lrhs'


9'1'1 uq,a ls;=kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj

Y =OjQ iNdj wdrïNfha isgu hï wdldrhlska fuu ckjkaokd;aul ls%hdjkays

kshe¨Ks' fufia wdrïN jQ fndfyduhla jeÿï ms`ÿï l%u cQod" .S%l" frdau

ixialD;Skaf.ka wNdIh ,nd we;s nj fkdryils' Y=`O nhsn,fha

wfmdaia;= jrekaf.a ls%hd fmd; yd mdjq ;=udf.a ixfoaY fï i|yd WodyrK

f,i .; yelsh' tkï wfmdaia;=¨jre yd cqod ls;=kqfjda cqod foaj ud<s.hg

.shy'

— ;jo Tjqyq Èkm;d fkdlvjdu" tlais;aj" foajud,s.dfõ /iafjñkao f.hska

f.g hñkao l,a hejqy˜ ^ls%hd 2 ( 46&

— Èkla fmaÿre yd fcdyka hdÉ[d fõ,dj jQ iji 3'00 g muK foaj ud,s.hg

.shy' ls%hd 3 ( 1& fudjqyq cqod isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh lrñka fudafiiaf.a kS;sh

ms,smeoafodah cqod fkdjk ls;=kqjkg cqod isß;a úß;a nf,kau ms<sme§ug

ie,eiaùu ms<sn|j mdjq¨;=ud m%Yak lrhs ^.,d;s 2 ( 14&

uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ckjkaokdj m%;sNd iïmkak jQfha w,am jYfhks' tjl

meje;s n,j;a je÷ï ms÷ï ixialD;Ska ksrdhdifhkau ls;=kqlrKh úh' fï

i|yd m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a uq,dY% fol cqod uq,dY%h yd .S%l uq,dY%hhs'

cqod uq,dY%j,ska ,o wNdIh -

y;a Èk i;sh" bre Èkhg yrjk ,o in;" úYajdiSkaf.a heÿu" foaj jdlH

ms<sfj;" mQm leãfï ms<sfj;" mdial=j iy fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh hdu

heÿfï fõ,djka" uyd idOqldrh jeks foa .; yel'

167

.S%l uq,dY% j,ska ,o wdNdIh -

ckjkaokdfõ Ndú; lrk fndfyda fjpk Liturgy, Eucharist. Mystery& jeäysá

m%ido iakdmk ms<sfj;aj,g tl;= jq wdf,am lsÍï iy hl=ka ÿre lsÍï" i¾j

rd;s%l fn!;Siauh" fn!;Siauh mQ¾j rd;%shg f.k tau iy m%d¾:kd ffY,sh

heÿï .; yels h'

miq ld,Skj frdau ixialD;sl uQ,dY%j, wdNdIho wjfYaIKh úh' mQcd we÷ï

" myka iy ¥ï mqcd" ckjkaokd heÿï" ,;ska NdIdj" f.%f.daßhdkq .dhk

iïm%odh we;eï újdy yd wjux.,H isß;a úß;a ta w;r fõ'

flf,i fyda ÈjH m%cdfõ m%Odk fldgia 2 jk foaj jdlHh ms<sfj; yd ÈjH

i;am%ido ms<sfj; cqod wdNdIh ;=<ska ,o odhdohkah'

wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha ÈjH i;am%ido ms<sfj; tkï m<uq Y; j¾Ifha§ ÈjH

hd.h isÿ lr we;af;a fNdack ix.%yhla o we;=<;ajh' tfiau ls%ia;=ka jykafia

isÿ l<d jQ m%:u mqm leãfï fufyho mdial= fNdack ix.%yh yd iïnkaO

jQjls' .S%l NdIdfjka — w.fma Agape& hk ku fuu mQm leãu yd iïnkaOj

meje;s fNdack ix.%yhg fokq ,eîh fuys w¾:h jqfha — fma%ufha ˜ fNdack

ix.%yh hkqhs' mryg ohd lsÍu;a" tluq;=j Ôj;a ùu;a foúhka jykafiag mqokq

,nk jkaokdfõ ,laIK fia ie,el+ w;r fuu fNdack ix.%yh jkaokd

l%ufha wx.hla f,i i,lk ,È'

wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha ckjkaokdj fldgia 3 lska iukaú; úh'

1' foaj jdlH fufyh

2' —w.fma˜ fNdack ix.%yh yd

3' mQm leãfï ms<sfj;g uq,a ls;=kq ck;dj ;u ;ukaf.a wdydrmdk

/f.k tla ksjilg /iajQy' ;u ;uka f.kd wdydrmdk tlsfkld iu`.

fnodf.k wkqNj l<y' bkamiq mjqf,a isák jeäuy,a,d mQmh yd ñosri f.k

tu iaf;da;%h mjid mqm yd ñÈri ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a Y%S Yßrh yd YS% reêrh

njg mßj¾;kh lf<ah' miqj YS% mqmh lvd /iaù isákakjqkg wkqNjh i|yd

fnod ÿKs' /iaj isá msßi Y%S l=i,dkfhka mdkh l< miq msßfia kdhlhd

foaYkhla meje;aùh' foaYkh wjidk fha§ .Shla .hd fufyh wjika lf<ah'

fufyhg meñKs wh úiska fm%aufha fNdack ix.%yfhka fldgila fufyhg

fkdmeñKs ls;=kqjka i|yd ;u ;ukaf.a f.j,aj,g f.k hk ,oafoah' fuf,i

f.k hkq ,enqfha wdydr mdk ñi mqm yd ñÈri fkdfõ'

168

m%ido ksOdk

m%ido iakdmkh

wo fuka tod Y=`O jQ iNdjg we;=¿jk fodrgqj jQfha m%ido iakdmkhhs'

j¾;udkfha§ fuka tl, ne;s ms<sfj;a úldYh ù fkd;snqKq ksid m%ido

iakdmkh odkh lsÍfï ms<sfj< ir, úh' m%ido iakdmkh odkh lsÍfï n,h

wfmdaia;=¨jrekg muKla fkdj wka whgo ;snqKs'

WodyrK -

t;sfhdamshdkq kmqxilhdg m%ido iakdmkh odkh lf<a Wmia:dhl ms,smah'

Y=' mdjq¨;=ud m%ido iakdmkh ,enqfha wkkshia kï f.da,hl= w;sks'

- ls%hd 19 ( 48 ^fldfrfka,shia ''''&

- ls%'j' 30 - 70 muK w;r ld,h ;=< § m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk ,oafoa

fÊiqia jykfiaf.a kdufhks'

Wod - ls%hd 2 ( 38 " ls%hd 10 ( 48 " fldf,diais 2 ( 12

fojeks ishji wdrïNfha § m%ido iakdmkh

— wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï ˜ kï .%ka:fhys olajd we;' fuys§ m%ido

iakdmkh ,eîug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq ish¨ fokdgu iEfyk ld,hla hym;a

ud¾.h yd whym;a ud¾.h W.kajk ,§'

- m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk .ekSug fmr tlajre YS,h /lsh hq;=h'

- m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk ,oafoa — mshdKka" mq;%hdKka yd

Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a kdufhks

- Èfhys .s,ajd m%ido iakdmkh lsÍu idudkH isß; jQfha h'

- c,h ysi u; j;a lsÍuo Ndú; úh'

tkï wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § m%ido iakdmk ms<sfj; m%:u Nd.fha ;snqKdg jvd

miq Nd.fha fjkialïj,g Ndckh úh'

wNsjDoaê wdf,amh fyj;a yia; ;eîfï ms<sfj;'

wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § m%ido iakdmkh u.ska Y=`OjQ iNdjg we;=<;a lrkq ,enQ

kjlhka u; wfmdaia;¨jre ;u yia; ;nd Y=oaOd;auhdKka odkh l<y'

idudkHfhka fuu ms<sfj; m%ido iakdmkh isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ§ u isÿ lrkq

,enqy' fuh — w;a;eîfï ms<sfj; ˜ kñka o ye¢kaúh' miajk ishjfia §

fuhg wNsjDoaê wdf,amh hk ku Ndú; úh' fuys úfYaI ,laIKh kï fuu

ms<sfj; isÿ l< yels jQfha" tkï n,h i;= jQfha wfmdaia;=¨jrekag yd

wfmdaia;,sl n,h ,enQ whg muKs'

169

mYap;a;dmfha m%idO ksOdkh -

mõ lud lsÍfï n,h yd fkdlsÍfï n,h fÊiqia iajdóka jykafia úiskau

Y%djlhkag odkh lrk ,§' ^fcdyka 20 (23&

- uq, isgu Y=`O jQ iNdj fuu n,h ls%hdfõ fho jQ nj fmfka'

Wod - wkkshia yd imsrd isoaêh ^ls%hd 5 mß(&

- Y=oaOd;au n,h uqo,g .ekSug is;+ ihsukag fmaÿre ;rjgq lsÍu

^ls%hd 8 ( 9-24&

- Y=' cdfldí ;=udf.a ixfoaYfha mõlrejkg ;u yia; msßisÿ lrf.k

yDohka mú;%lr .kakg wK lr ;sfí'

- wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § mõ ludj ,nd .ekSu i|yd yDohdx.u mYap;a;dmh

muKla fkdj ;uka l< mdmhka WÉPdrKh lsÍuo wjYH úh' fcdyka 8 ( 10

cdfldí 5 ( 6& uq,a hq.fha § fndre foújreka weoySu" ñks ueÍu" ldu ñ;Hdpdrh

jeks mdmh lud lsÍug iNdj ue,s jQ kuqÿ fojk ishjfia § tu oeä Nla;sh

,sys,a lrkq ,eîh'

frda.Skaf.a wdf,amh

ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a ld,fha § o frda.Ska wdf,am lsÍfï isß;la ;snQ nj

iqúfYaIfhka wkdjrKh fõ' ;jo Tjqyq fndfyda hlaIhka ÿre fldg fndfyda

frda.Ska o f;,ska wdf,am fldg iqjm;a l< fial'˜ ^udla 6 ( 13&

wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § fuu isß; Y= iNdfõ m%p,s;j ;snQ nj Y= cdfldí

;=udf.a ixfoaYfhka m%;HlaI fõ'

cdfldí ^ 5$14&

mQcljrh

wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § mqcljrh keue;s m%ido ksOdkh yd iïnkaO ne;s

ms<sfj; b;d ir, úh' tys úfYaI wx.hka jQfha wdOqkslhka u; wfmdaia;= jreka

fyda wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a iïm%odh hk fmdf;a úia;r lrhs'

9'1'2 fmrÈ. lf;da,sl ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a

ls%'j' 395 § 1 fjks ;shfvdaishia kï wêrdchdf.a ld,fhka miq mßmd,kuh

fjkia lula frdau rdcHh ;=< we;súh' ls%' j' 4 ka miq fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h

^;=¾lSh - ia;dkanq,a & cks;j jHdma;jQ ms<sfj;a fmrÈ. ms<sfj;a f,i ye¢kafõ'

ld,hdf.a wejEfuka ;j ;j;a fmrÈ. uOHia:dk ìysúh'

170

fmrÈ. lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h wef,laiekaä%hdj wka;sfhdalsh wd¾fïkshdj

^;=¾lsh& ^Bðma;=j-W' wms%ldj& ^isßhdj&

fuu ms<sfjf;ys m%Odk ,laIKh jkafka idïm%odhsl njhs' fmrÈ. mQcdjka

i|yd .;jk ld,h meh 3 1$2 hs' ^fldama;sl mQcdj& fuys ÈjH mQcdfõ we;=¨

ù ;sfnkafka tlu foa kej; kej; isÿ lsÍu u`.ska tlu foa kej; kej; isys

lsßuhs' ÈjH mQcdj mj;ajk wdldrh fjkia h' fuhg fya;=j ixialD;sl .;s

mej;=ï j, n,mEuh'

fmrÈ. lshùï .%ka:dldrhg lshjkq ,nhs' fuys NdId ffY,h jHla; neúka

fmr wOHhkhla wjYH fõ' fmrÈ. ms<sfj;a j, wjOdkh 100] lau ;sìh

hq;=h' fmrÈ. ixl,amh wkqj fõ,djg u hkq m%cdjg fmr meñKSuhs' fï ksid

úúO ld¾Hhka bIaG lrk f;ajdOrhska úiska ;ukaf.a ld¾Hhka by< .=Kd;aul

Ndjhla mj;ajd .; hq;= h'

ks;r iSkq kdo lsÍu ckjkaokdfõ wêl iïm%odhsl nj fmkajhs' .dhkfha

lemS fmfkk úfYaI ,laIKh jkqfha iÊCdhkdhs' fñ ms<sfj;ys úfYaI

ixfla; Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' nyq, f,i ÿï mQcd Ndú;h" oe,ajq myk fmryer

iu`. w,xldr fmryero fuys lemS fmfkhs'

Ñ;% l,dj fuys jQ úfYaI;ajhls ^icons& fuu Ñ;% l,dfõ ;s%udk rEm oelSu

wmyiqh' tajd iu;, Ñ;% f,i bÈßm;a lr we;' cHdñ;sl yev f,i jl% iy

b,smaidldr yev fndfyda úg Ndú; fõ' Ñ;% ;=< iu;=,s; Ndjh .=ma; njo

úkhdkql+, j¾K ixl,hla o we;' rEm we§fï § weia b;d f,dl=jg bÈßm;a

lr we;s w;r lg iy kdih b;d l=vdjg bÈßm;a lr we;'

YÍrh iy we`.s,s isyskaj ks¾udKh fldg we;' weiaj, úfYaI kdNs.; ùula

o ke;'

fïjdhska woyia flfrk m%Odk mKsúv lsysmhla o we;' .e,ùfï wNsryi

.=ma; iy wNsryiauh nj bka m%Odk fõ' iu;, Ñ;% ks¾udKfhka fïjd úksúo

hd hq;= nj woyia flf¾' j¾K ixl,kh ;=< fndfyda úg ;U meyeh" rkajka

meyeh" Ndú; lsÍfuka foaj;ajh ksrEmKh flf¾' weiaj,ska Ndjd;aul

wdl,amhka o fndfyda foa wjOdkhg k;= lr .ekSfï yelshdjla o biau;=

flf¾'

171

fuys wd.ñl mska;+r yd foajud;d m%;sud nyq,j oelsh yel'

fuu ms<sfj;ys ixialD;sl wx.hka we;=<;a ù we;' foajia:dkj, .Dy ks¾udK

Ys,amh b;d merKsh' merKs we÷ï me<÷ï oelsh yel'

9'1'3 wmrÈ. lf;da,sl ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a -

wmrÈ. ngysr& lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a j, m%Odk uOHia:dkh f,i ie,flkafka

frdauhhs'

wmrÈ. lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a

frdauh

frdauh ñ,dkh iamd[a[h m%xYh wh¾,ka;h

frdaudkq wïfn%daishdkq ysiamdksl .,sldkq fi,a;sl

iuia;hla f,i ndysr lf;da,sl ckjkaokdjg ld,h jeh jkafka wvq jYfhks'

Bg fya;= jkafka ngysr udkisl;ajh ;=< iDcqj iy fláfhka woyia m%ldY

lsÍfï ixialD;suh ,laIKhhs'

frdaudkq ms<sfj;aj, úfYaI ,laIK -

1' .ïNSr nj - fuys m%Odk ldrKd folla we;'

1 ukd fmr iqodku

2' idudkH ;;a;ajhg jvd Wiia .=Kd;aul nj

Wod - mQcdfõ§ msh;=udg iy f;ajdorhskag úúO we÷ï we;' f;ajd we÷ï& fuu

we÷ï we£fuka .ïNSr Ndjhla we;' NdKav yd isß;a úß;a ;=< .ïNSr nj m%ldY

ùu úfYaIs;h'

2' ixhufhka hqla;hs'

NdIdj" we÷ï" me<÷ï" weú§u" l:d lsÍu fï iEu fohlau ixhufhka hqla;h'

fuh fndfydu ;ekam;a ms<sfj;ls' l:d lsÍfï§ jpkj, ixhuhla ;sìh hq;=

h'

Wod - .dhkd lKavdhfï .dhkhka ^f.%f.daßhdkq ix.S;h&

172

3' nqoaêf.daprh

wfma hdÉ[d yd mqcdj f.dapr jkafka nqoaêhghs' ye`.Sï nr iajNdjh wvqh'

4' fláh -

wmrÈ. rgj, ÈjH mqcdfõ ^frdaudkq ms<sfjf;ys & wvx.= jkafka w;HjYH

foah'

kshñ; fõ,djg mQcdjg meñKSu fuys oelsh yels úfYaI;ajhls' frdaudkq

ms<sfj; ,shejqfKa 4 jk iy 7 jk Y; j¾I w;r b;d W.;a m`äjre úiska

h' tajd ldjHu yd jHla; NdId j,ska ,shejqKs' uE; ld,j,§ foaYSh

NdIdjkaj,g mßj¾;kh ùfï§o tajdfha jHla; nj fndfyda ÿrg r|jd

.kakd ,§'


mshjr 1 1' uq,a ls;=Kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj ms<sn|j l;sldj;la

f.dvk.kak'

mshjr 2 2' fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'

mshjr 3 3' ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

173



ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 ( ls;=kq ðú;h ;=< m%ido ksOdk ,nd.ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s

lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² ish¿ m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flakaøSh nj wjfndaO lr .kshs'

² ls;=kqjl= f,i m%ido iakdmkSh le|ùug idlaIs oeÍug m%h;ak orhs'

² ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j nj oek .kshs'


9'2'1 m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flakaøSh nj

ye¢kaùu

iEu foaj m%ido ksOdkhlau ls%ia;= flakaøshj mj;sk nj ls;=kq wm wjfndaO

lr .; hq;= i;H;djhls' foaj m%ido ksOdk fyj;a il%fïka;= fÊiqia ls%ia;=iaa

jykafiaf.a kdufhka m%odkh lrkq ,nk w;r ta Tiafia m%n, f,i ls%hdldÍ

jkafkao Wkajykafiauh' tfukau foaj m%ido ksOdk k;= lr .ekSug ls;=kqjka

yg udj; újD;j mj;shs' fuf,i l;sld lsÍfï § il%fïka;= m%odkh lsÍfï

mrud¾: foio wm wjOdkh fhduq lr,Su b;d jeo.;ah'

idka; iNd ud;djf.a idudðl;ajh ,nd fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag wkqnoaO

ùu ;=< wm wd;añl j¾Okh kxjd,kakgo tfukau mQ¾K;ajhla lrd fhduq

jkakgo wmg fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ'

— tneúka Tfí iaj¾.Sh mshdKka jykafia i¾j iïmQ¾K j isákakdla fuka

Tno i¾j iïmQ¾Kj isákak˜ ^uf;õ 5$48&

;jo fuu mQ¾K;ajh k;= lr .ekSug ks;e;skau Wkajykafiag wm iïnkaO

úh hq;= h' — mqkremaðjkho" Ôjkho uu fjñ' ud woyd .kakd uereK;a ðj;a

jkafkah˜ fcdyka 11$25& — uu hym;a tfârd fjñ" hym;a tfârd ;u Ôú;h

neg¿jka Wfoid mQcd lrkafka h ˜ ^fcdyka 10$11&

174

ls%ia;= flakaøsh iajNdjh wrNhd u ñksia meje;au Y=oaOjka; fjhs' fï i|yd

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ls %hdldß;ajh ;=< Y=oaOd;au n,h fyj;a foaj

jrm%idohkaf.ka fmdfydks jkakg úYajdilhskag wjia:dj Wod fjhs'

ls%ia;= foayh kxjd,Sfï j.lSug wkqnoaO jkakg o bvlv ie,fik nj wm

wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' ;jo fuh fn!;siauh ;=<ska k;=lr .kakd le|ùula

f,io úia;r l< yels h' ðú; mßj¾;khla i|yd werhqï lrk foaj m%ido

ksOdk ls;=;=uka ;=< th jv jvd ;yjqre lr .kakg werhqï lrhs' iflajqiaf.a

ðú; mßj¾;kh" lkdkSh ia;S%h k;= jQ ðú; fjkia ùu ksoiqka f,i bÈßm;a

l< yels h'

iflajQia ke`.sg — iajdñks ud ika;l fohska foflka fldgila È<s÷kag foñ"

hful=f.ka whq;= f,i hula f.k ;sfí kï" Tyqg i;r .=Khla wdmiq foñ

Z hs iajdñka jykafiag lsy' ^¨la 19$8-9& ia;S%h ;u j;=r l<h t;k ;nd

kqjrg f.dia — tkak weú;a n,kak' ud l< ish,a, ug lS ukqIHfhla isáhs'

t;=ud ls%ia;=ia úh fkdyels oehs fik`.g lSjdh' Tõyq kqjßka kslau fÊiqia

jykafia fj; tkakg mgka .;ay ^ cqjdï 4 $28 - 30&

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia uQ,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i

ls%ia;=ia jykafia foúhka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;=j f,i jgyd .ekSug ;e;a

lsÍfï § wm wjOdkhg ks;e;skau fhduqjkqfha kj .súiqu fj;h' kj

.súiqu ;=< wmg uqK .efik Wkajykafiaf.a jpk iy ls%hd foúhka jykafia

iy Wkajykafiaf.a n,mrdl%uh" úoHduk lrjk m%n, ixfla;hla f,i

wjfndaO lr .kakg wdrdOkd lrhs' ;jo foúhka jykafiaf.a wiSñ; wdorh

lreKdj iy ixrlaIKh úoydmdk oDIHudk i<l=Kla f,ig o fÊiqia

ls%ia;=ia jykafia j ie<lsh yel' tfukau Wkajykafiaf.a uq¿ Ôú;h fukau

O¾u¥; ld¾hho foúhka jykafiaf.a m%n, ls%hd ;j ÿrg;a úia;r lrhs' fï

;< fÊiqia jykafiaf.a il%fïka;= meje;au flfryso wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq

ùu jeo.;a lreKls" ^ 2 fldßka;s 4" fldf,diais" 1 ( 1-5 " fyafn%õ 1(1-2" 1

fcdyka 1 ( 1&

tfukau uxY.;ùu ;=< uq¿ ñksia j¾.hdgu ;u iajlSh foaj wdorh wkdjrKh

lrùu i|yd fhduq jQ foúhka jykafia uq¿ ñksia j¾.hd iu.u fuf,i

;d;aúl f,i iïnkaO jQ nj Y=' nhsn,h wmg mila lrhs' foú ñksia

iïnkaO;djh ;j ;j;a iaÓr lsÍug fukau ikd: lsÍugo fuh iqúfYaI

wjia:djla úh'

175

fÊiqia jykafia foúhka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;=j f,i wjfndaO lr .kakg

;j ÿrg;a W;aiql ùfï§ kj .súiqï foaj Od¾ñl m%jK;djhka jk — wNsryiaHuhZ

ixl,am foigo wm wjOdkh fhduq lrùu;a jeo.;a h' Mystery& wE; w;S;fha

isg fuu ixl,am t<sorõ fkdjq iy wkdjrKh jkakdjQ i;H;djhka wre;a

.ekajqjo" kj .súiqu ;=< fuh ;j ÿg;a wNsryila j mj;sk i;H;djla fkdj

uq¨ukskau fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< wkdjrKh jQ foaj wdorh fj; wm

wjOdkh fhduq lrkakls' ^fyfn%õ 1 ( 1 -2 & Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska rÑ;" tmSi

iy fldf,diais ix. j,g hjk ,o yiqka fï i|yd lÈu ksoiqkah' ^fydishd

1(9-10" 2(11" 3(13" fldf,diais 1(20-27" 2(2&' foaj wdorh iy n,mrdl%uh ;d;aúl

f,i wkdjrKh ùu fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< isÿ úh'

fuf,i ks¾jpkh lsÍug m%jK;djhla ;snQ njg iNd mshjrekaf.a ld,

mrdih wmg b`.s lrhs' id' f;dauia welajhskia kue;s uyd foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd

úgl fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia — uQ,sl m%d:ñl il%fïka;=j ˜ f,i kï lr

we;' ^Fundamental Sacrament& ;jo Wkajykafiaf.a udkqIsl iajNdjhh

foaj;ajfha i<l=Kla jk w;r th .e,ùu i|yd u`.mdok njo oelaúh'

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;= iajNdjh iy idka; iNd ud;djf.a

il%fïka;= iajNdjh w;r mj;sk ióm iïnkaO;dj foi wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍfï § 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha § muK wjOdkhg ,la jQ iNd úoHdfõ m%fndaOh

foio wm wjOdkh fhduq fõ' fuf,i fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia W;=ï

il%fïka;=j˜ njg o m%p,s; jkakg o jk ls%ia;=ka fÊiqia jykafiag — uq,drïNl

il%fïka;=j˜ f,io úreodj,sh ysñ jQfha 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha§ muK Carl

Feckes keue;a;df.a odhl iyfhda.fhks' ;jo uq¿ uy;a il%fïka;= lafIa;%hu

Wkajykafia u; mj;sk nj ;jÿrg;a ikd: l< yel' tla tla foaj m%ido

ksOdk m%Odkh o fï wä;d,u u; iúu;a jk nj wm wjfndaO lr hq;=

i;H;djls' ;jo Wkajykafiau uQ,sl moku f,i wjOdrKfhka isysm;a lr

we;s w;r iqúfYaI fldg foaj wdorh .,d tk m%Odk udj; f,ig o Wkajykafia

m;aj we;s njo is;ays ;nd .; hq;= h'

tâjâ ials,fnlaia hk foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia bÈßm;a

lr we;af;a — foúhka jykafia yd iu`. iïnkaO jk il%fïka;=j f,igh˜

fÊiqia jykafiaj y÷kajd we;af;a f,dalfha mj;sk úch.%dys hq.dka;jdÈ foaj

wdorfha ft;sydisl jHqyh ;=< ðjudk jeä isàu hkqfjks' fï khska n,k

l< ñksia b;sydih ;=< mj;sk il%fïka;=uh uQ,drïNh foaj jpkh f,ig

ú.%y l< yel' fuhska .uH jkqfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a widyh" woaú;Sh iy

176

wiuiu meje;auhs' ;jo Wkajykafia ;=< iukaú; jQ foaj n,mrdl%uh Èiajq

wêldß n,h iïnkaOj fhduq l< tla b.shla f,ig o ks¾jpkh lsÍu

idOdrKh' fuf,i l;sld lsßfï § ls%ia;= jykafia uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j

f,i ms<s.ekSu fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj mjd bÈßm;a lsÍug mdol fldg

f.k we;af;a ls%ia;= foaj O¾uh iïnkaOj meje;s uka;%K iNdj iy Y='

f;dauia welajhskia uyd foaj O¾udpd¾h m`äjrhdf.a odhl;ajh u; nj

fkdryils'

idka; iNdj - fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl" m%d:ñl il%fïka;=j f,i

foúhka jykafiaf.a wmsßñ; ueúu iïmQ¾K jk úgu Y=oaOd;audkqNdjh ;=<

ñksia j¾.hdf.a meje;au hym;a lrùfï ls%hdj,sh keue;s O¾u¥;sl ld¾hNdrh

W;a:dk jq iajdñka jykafia bgq lrk fial' fï iEu fohlau foúhka jykafiaf.a

uysuh wrnhd isÿjk ls%hdj,shls'

iNdj hkq uq,a Y%djl ix>h f,i y÷kajk ,§' fuu uQ,sl ix>fha lemS

fmfkk úfYaI;ajh jkafka" ls%ia;= flakaøShùuhs' ;jo Wkajykafia u; f.dvke.S

mj;sk fiau" Wkajykafia ;=<u fmdaIKh fjñka Wkajykafiaf.a ld¾hNdrh

bÈßhg f.k hduhs' fuu ls%ia;= ld¾hh ;u Y%djlhka ;=<ska ls%hdYS,s f,i

bÈßhg Èh;a lrkq ,nkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a u`. fmkaùu Tiafia

njo lsis úgl wu;l l< fkdyel' fÊiqia ls%ia;=iajykafiaf.a jev isàu

;d;aúlj ms<sônq jk fia fuu ix>h Y=oaOd;au n,h ;=< kj mkakrhla ,enq

njo lemS fmfkk i;H;djhls'

Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud tmSis iy ms,smams hk ix>j,g hk ,o yiqkaj, i|yka jk mßÈ

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia iNdfõ ysi jk fial' fuu woyi kj .súiqug

iqúfYaIdldÍj wdfõksl jk w;r iNdj ls%ia;=ka jykafia u; ksrka;rfhkau

hefmk njo wjOdrKh lrkqfha Wkajykafia hym;a tfârdKkao" ukd,hdo

jk neúks' ;jo iNdfõ n,fldgqj f,io wre;a .ekaúh yel' ls%ia;=ka jykafia

iy iNdj w;r mj;sk ne£u Wkajykafia u; f.dvkef`.hs' — hemSuZZ iïnkaOj

isysm;a lrkq ,nhs' tfukau mj;sk ióm iïnkaO;djfha hemSu iy moku

ls%ia;=ka jykfia njo ukd f,i wkdjrKh fõ' fuu hemSu ieoEyej;=kg

.e,ùu w;am;a lr .kq ,nkakg kshu O¾u¥; ld¾hhka njgo fnfyúka

bjy,a fõ' ;jo iNdj iy idka; iNdjo fï ld¾hh i|yd iïnkaO jkqfha

foaj jpkh m%ldY lsÍu iy il%fïka;= fyj;a foaj m%ido ksOdk odkh lsÍu

Tiafia ls%ia;= flakaøSh ðú; .; lsÍug ieoeyej;=kag wdrdOkd lrñks' foaj

m%ido ksOdk Tiafia .eUqre ióm iy ;d;aúl f,i t<sorõ jk foaj wdorh

iy iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;jÿrg;a biau;= fjhs'

177

foaj jpkhg uq,a;ek §ug fukau foaj jpkh ;=< mkakrhla ,nkakg

ieoeyej;=ka u; idka; iNdj tf,i ls%hdldÍ jkakg iúu;a jkqfha ls%ia;=ka

jykafia ;=< nj wm is;ays r|jd .ekSu jeo.;a h' Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk jev

isàu úoHdudk jkakg fhda.H f;da;ekakla fukau ls%hd lsÍfï Nd.Hh weh

ysñ lr .kakSh' tfukau" úYajdis ieoeyej;a ix>hla f,i ;u j.lSï

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< iM,j;a lr .kakg W;aiql jk w;r b;d .eUqre

in|;djhlg Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wkqyi ;=< fhduqjkakSh'

foúhka jykafia yia;fha we;s i<l=Kla f,i w;s iqúfYaIs ld¾hNdrhl weh

kshe,s isák w;r ieoeyej;a ck;djf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh wrnhdo uy;a mßY%uhla

weh ork njg fkdryils' ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=' iNdj keue;s jHjia:dj

.eUqre f,i fuh mila lrhs& foaj wKil me;srùfuys,d odhl jk iNd

ud;dj ksrka;rfhkau ;u ¥; ld¾hh ;=< M, oeÍu i|yd Y=oaOd;au n,h i|yd

o ks;ru újD;j isákakSh' fuh tâjâ ials,fnlaia keue;s foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd

m%ldY lr we;' iNdfõ il%fïka;= iajNdjh iïnkaO úúO woyia m, ù we;s

w;r *sõrdka 1968& keue;a;d iNdj jkaokd .ukl ksr; jk nj mjid we;'

idka; ism%shka uqks;=udo iNdj il%fukagqï hqksgdÜia hkqfjka y÷kajd we;'

id' wf.daia;skQ uqks;=udo iNdj y÷kajd we;af;a uy;a .e,ùfï ls%hdoduhg iDcq

f,iu iïnkaO jk tallhla f,isks' fojk j;sldk l;sldjo fï yd iïnkaO

woyia f.kyer olajd we;' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia Y=' iNdj iy tla tla

il%fïka;= iïnkaOj wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia

uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i i,lkafka kï iNdj W;=ï il%fïka;=j f,i

ie,lsh yel' uq,drïN il%fïka;= hk kduh m%:ufhkau odho ù we;af;a

T;af;da fifu,afrdka iy ld,a rdk¾ hk foaj O¾udpd¾hjreka fj;sks' tkuq;a

hï wmyeÈ,s ;;ajhla fuys i|ykaj we;' uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i iNdj

ye¢kaúfï § Root Sacrament hk kduh T;af;da fifu,afrdkao Fundamental

Sacrament& hk kHdh ld,a rdk¾ o mjid we;'

iNdj ls%ia;=ka jykafia fj;ska kslafuk w;r kej; Wkajykafia fj;gu

fhduq jk nj i;H;djhls' ;jo ta Tiafia uq¿ ñksia ixy;sh i|yd o odho ù

we;s wdorh fiajfha i,l=Kla njg iNdj m;a ù we;' ndysr f,i úoHdudk

jk moaO;shla f,i mej;=ko wdOHd;añl mkakrhlska fyì njo oksuq' ;j

ÿrg;a foaj jpkfha ¥; fiajh i|yd fhduq jk Y=' iNd ud;dj ta Tiafia

ls%ia;=ka jykafia f.a ¥; ld¾hh i|yd iDcq f,iu iïnkaO jk nj meyeÈ,shg'

foúhka jykafiaf.a mS;Dl fifkyi ;=< wef.a mõldß iajrEmh fkdi,ld

178

.e,ùfï ld¾hNdrh i|yd iïnkaO lrk fial' fuh foúhka jykafia odhdo

lr we;s ud¾.hls' fuh ish¨ fokdf.au .e,ùu i|yd nj wmg mila lr fohs'

foúhka jykafiaf.a .e,ùfï ls%hdodufha l¾;D f,i fmkS isáfuka th

mßmQ¾K lrk ;ekajykafia ta hq.fhka hq.hg iïnkaO lrkqfha ;uka jykafia

b;sydih ;=< ikaksfõokh lrjñka h'

udxY.;ùu wNsryi ;=< ÈjHuh ikaksfõokh b;d .eUqre udkqIsl uqyqKq jrla

we;s l< fial' iNdj iy tla tla il%fïka;=j msgia;r isák foúhka jykafiaf.a

T!I§h ueÈy;a ùul fkdj ñksia ft;sydisl jHqyh ;=< Wkajykafiaf.a wiSñ;

wdorh úoHdudk lsÍuls' fuhska Wkajykafia i;=j mj;sk ðjudk iajNdjh

ms<sìUq fõ'

9'2'2 m%ido iakdmkSh le|ùu'

ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fn!;siau iakdmkh

ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;uka jykafiau fn!;siau iakdmkh ,nd .;a nj wmg

meyeÈ<sj olakg ,efí' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a fn!;siauh ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj

iuo¾Yl iqúfYaIhka ;=<ska wmg uqK .efia' ^uf;õ 3(13 -17&

—tiufhys fÊiqia jykafia .,S,fhys kdifr;ays isg jevu lr fcdyka úiska

fcd¾odka .f`.ys fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,enQ fial' Wkajykafia Èfhka

f.dv kef`.;au iaj¾.h úúr ù wd;auhdKka jykafia mrúfhl= fuka ;uka

msg nei tkq ÿgq fial' ;jo iaj¾.fhka kslauqKq y`vla Tn udf.a ms%hdor

mq;%hdfKdah' Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isàñhs mejiSh˜ ^udla 1(9- 11&

—;jo uq¿ fik`. fn!;siau iakdmkh ,enQ úg fÊiqia jykafia fn!;siau

iakdmk ,nd hdÉ[d lrñka isáh§ iaj¾.h újr ù Y=oaOd;auhdfKda mrúfhl=f.a

rEmdldrfhka Wkajykafia flfrys my< jQ fial' túg Tn udf.a ms%hdor

mq;%hdfKdah" Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isáñ˜ hs wyiska y`vla kslañKs' ^Æla

3 (21-22&

i;rjk iqúfYaIljrhd fuu isoaêh ms<sn| i|yka fkdl<o th wkshï f,i

wjfndaO lrjhs' — uu Wkajykafia fkdye¢k isáfhñ( tfy;a" j;=frka fn!;siau

iakdmkh lrñka" ud meñKsfha Wkajykafia bY%rdfh,ajrekag m%ldY jk msKsih˜

hs

lSh' ;jo fcdyka idlaIs orñka wd;auhdKka mfrfúhl= fuka wyiska nei

Wkajykafia u; jev ys÷kq uu Èáñ˜ ^cqjï 1(31-32&

179

udla 1(9-11 fuu fÊofha jd¾;d lr we;af;a fÊiqia jykafia fcd¾odka kÈfha

fcdyka úiska fn!;siau lrkq ,enQ isoaêhhs' fuu wjia:dfõÈ iaj¾.fhka

kslauqKq — Tn udf.a ms%hdor mq;%hdfKdah˜ hk y`v Yíoh u.ska ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

le|ùu m%ldY lrkq ,nhs'

ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fuu le|ùu mss<sn| jpk WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nkafka

merKs .súiqfï NdIdfjks ' fuu jpkj,ska wmg fokq ,nk woyi l=ula o@

— Tn udf.a ms%hdor mq;%hdfKda h'˜ ^.s;dj,sh2(7& uu fï foaj ksfhda.h m%ldY

lrkafkñ' t;=udfKda ug l:d fldg"Z kqU udf.a mq;a l=ureh" wo uu Tfí msh

rcq jqfhñ'˜ — Tn flfrys uu b;d m%ikak fjñ˜ ud iydh fok udf.a fiajlhd

fukak' ug ms%h jQ udf.a f;dard .;a ;eke;a;d fukak' udf.a wd;audkqNdjh ud

t;=udg m%odkh lr we;' ish¨ cd;Skag t;=ud hqla;sh f.k fokq we;'˜ fhidhd

42(1& le|ùu m%ldY lsÍu i|yd ^.S;dj,sh 2(3& — wm ysr lr we;s ú,x.= ì|

ouñka hoï lvd ouñka — wms ksoyi ,nuq˜ hs Tjqyq mjikafkdah' foúhka

jykafia iïnkaO lr .kq ,enqfha ukao @ .s;dj,sh wxl 2 jkdys wNsfIal

lsÍfï .S;hls' th rdclSh .S;hls& we;eï úg rfcl= wNsfIal lsÍfï § .dhkd

flf¾' kdifr;ays fÊiqia jykafia merKs bY%drfh,a rcqka jeks rcl= fkdjk

nj foúhka jykafia m%ldY lrk fial' fiajl rc flkl= fkdfyd;a ÿla

ú¢k rc flfkl= jk nj Wkajykafia mjik fial' — Tn udf.a ms%hdor

mq;%hdfKdah''''' hkak iy ÿla ú¢k fiajlhd ys wvx.= uu Tn flfrys m%ikak

fjñ˜ hk fldgfiys iïnkaO;djhg fya;=j fuh fõ'

fÊiqia jykafia nõ;siauh ,eîu;a iu.u Wkajykafia miqmi mßlaIdjka yUd

tkakg úh' wksl=;a iqúfYaIhkaf.a oelafjk mßÈ fÊiqia jykafiaf.a n,h

Ndú; lrñka .,a f.ä mdka njg m;a lsÍugo" iaj¾.Sh ¥;hkaf.a iydh ,nd

.ksñka uysu;djhg meñKSu yd jia;= iïm;a bÈßfha oK keùugo id;kag

wjYH jq nj wms oksuq' jia;= iïm;a n,h yd uysu;djh hkq rfcl=g wh;a

,laIKhka fõ' fïjdhska rcl=f.a wkkH;djh m%ldY lrkq ,nhs' fï whqßka

n,h" jia;=j yd uysu;djh ;=<ska rclï l< bY%rdfh,a rcjreka jeks rcl=

jkakg fÊiqia jykafiao mßlaIdjg ,lajQ nj wmg is;sh yelsh' kuq;a fÊiqia

jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a fn!;siauh le|ùu jQ fiajl rcl= ùfï le|ùug

úYajdijka; ùu ;=<ska tjeks rdclsh;ajhla m%;slafIam l< fial'

— tiufhys fÊiqia jykafia .,S,fhys kdifr;ays isg jevu lr fcdyka úiska

fcda¾odka .f`.ys fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,enQ fial' Wkajykafia Èfhka

f.dv kef.;au iajr.h újr ú wd;auhdKka jykafia mrúhl= fuka ;uka msg

nei tkq ÿgq fial' ;jo iaj¾.fhka kslauqKa y`vla " ˜ Tn udf.a ms%hdor

180

mq;%hdfKdah' Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isáñ˜ hs mejiSh˜ ^udla 1(9-11&

fin¢f.a mq;a cdfldío" fcdykao Wkajykafia fj; wjq;a — .=re foajfhks' wm

b,a,k foa Tn wmg fok fiala kï wms leue;af;uqhs˜ lSy' ud Tng l=ula lr

fokjdg Tn leue;a;yqoehs Wkajykafia Tjqkaf.ka weiQ fial' — Tnf.a

f;acYS%Sfha§" wfmka tla flfkl=g Tnf.a ol=Kq mio tlaflfkl=g jï mio

ys| .kakg jr ÿk uekjehs˜ Tjqyq Wkajykafiag lSy' tfy;a fÊiqia jykafia

— Tn b,a,kafka l=ula oehs Tnu fkdokakyqh' ud fndk ÿla fõokd kue;s

l=i,dfkka fndkak fyda ud ,nk nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nkakg fyda Tng

yels oe hs Tjqkaf.ka weiQ fial' wmg yels hehs Tjqyq Wkajykafiag lSy' fÊiqia

jykafiao ud fndk l=i,dfkka Tn;a fndkq we;' ud ,nk nõ;siau

iakdmkfhka Tn;a nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nkq we;' tfy;a udf.a ol=Kq mio"

jï mio b|.kak §u ud i;= fohla fkdfõ' hï wh i|yd th kshulr we;ao"

th whs;sjkafka Tjqkag hehs jod< fial' túg wks;a oifokd ta wid cdfldí

iy fcdyka iu. w;sYhska fldam jQy' fÊiqia jykafia Tjqka ;uka fj;g

le|jd fufia jod< fial' úcd;Ska w;r wdKavqldrhka jYfhka jQjka Tjqka

flfrys wdêm;H mj;ajk nj;a" Tjqkaf.a m%OdkSka Tjqka flfrys n,h mdk

nj;a Tn okakdyqh' tfy;a Tn w;r tfia fkdfõ Tn w;r m%Odkshd jkak

leu;s hfula we;ao Tyq Tfí fiajlhd úh hq;= h'˜ ^udla 10(35-43&

ls;=kq wkkH;dj .ek is;d ne,Sfï È — nõ;siau le|ùuZ fj; wjOdkh fhduq

fkdlrkafka kï jerÈ iy.;h' ls;=kq Èúfha îch nõ;siauhh úldYkh

jkakdjQ o Yla;su;a jkakdjQ o ls;=kq wkkH;djh uq¿ukskau mokï jkqfha

fuys§ nj wms oksuq' tu ksid fn!;siaufha le|ùug idlaIs oeÍu i|yd .kq

,nk wjxl m%h;akho wdor foú mshdKka jykafia wìhi m%ikak jkq we;'

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag jvd wkqrEms jkakg wm ;=< we;s Êj,s;Ndjh

iúu;a jkqfha wka wh iu`. wm we;s lrkakdjq — wdor - ine¢hdj˜ u; nj

wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' fn!;siau le|ùu u; mQcl" tfâßl iy Èjeisjr

ld¾hhka wm ðj;a jk mßirh ;=< Ôj;a lrùu wrnhd W;aiql ùu wmf.a

m%Odk;u j.lSuhs'

ls;=kq wmf.a mQcl ld¾hNdrh

fyfn%jrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha l;=jrhd ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a mQcl ld¾hh

.ek wmg u;l lrkq ,nhs' mQcl me,eka;sfhka fkdmeñKsho Tjqka jykafia

mQclfhl= nj ikd: lrhs' mQclhd hkq ueÈy;alrejls' foú- ñksia in|;djfha

wiydh uOHia:Ndjh Tjqka jykafiaf.a O¾u¥; ld¾hh ;=< lemS fmfkkakls'

wm ðú; ;=<o fuu uOHia:Ndjh Ôj;a lrùug W;aiql úh hq;af;uq' tfukau

wNsjDoaê wdf,amh Tiafia m%ido iakdmkh odhdo lrk — mQcl le|ùu˜ M,oeßh

hq;=h'

181

iudch ;=< foúhka jykafia iy ukqIHhd w;r ueÈy;alrejka jkakg

W;aidy lsßu wm i;= m%Odk j.lSuls' fuh idlaIs oeÍfï j.lSula f,i

ie,lsh yels h'

ls;=kq wmf.a tfâßl ld¾hNdrh ^rdclSh&

fuh yqfola Y%djl;ajh u; rdclSh& mokï jQ ¥; fufyjrls' — l=ula fyhskao

ukqIH mq;%hdKka jqjo jeäfha fiajh ,eîug fkdj fiajh lsÍugh' fndfyda

fokdf.a ñ§u msKsi ish Èú ms§ugh'˜ ^udla 10$45& ls;=kqjka f,i wmg ysñj

we;s kdhl;ajh w;aoelSu i|yd ,efnk werhqula f,i ie,lsh yelsh' —

ls;=kq kdhl;ajh˜ hkak kshu f,i jgyd .; hq;=j we;' fuh f,!lsl

jákdlï iu`. mg,jd .ekSu w{dk ls%hdjls' ;u kug msgqmiska wl=re

lSmhla oud .ekSu kdhl;ajh fkdfõ' ;jo taldêldß ls%hdud¾.hlg msúiSu

o kdhl;ajh fkdjk nj is;ays ;nd .; hq;=h' fcdyka ;=udf.a iqndrxÑfha

oi jk mßÉfþoh wdYs%;j fuh jgyd .ekSug h;a; oeßu ldf,daÑ;h' kshu

kdhl;ajh l=ulaoehs iajdñka jykafiaf.a wka;su rd;s% fNdack wjia:dfõ§

wmg ;j ÿrg;a jgyd .ekSug werhqula ,efí'

ls;=kq wmf.a Èjeisjr ld¾hNdrh

foúhka jykafia fjkqfjka l;d lrk mqoa.,hd Èjeisjrfhls' iñ|dKka

jykafiaf.ka fcrñhd fj; meñK mKsjqvh fufiah' kj .súiqfï kshuhkag

lka fokak' cqodys ñksiqkag fcrei,fuys jeishkag l;d lrkak'˜ ^fcrñhd

11$1-2&

— WYaYShd" fcda;dï" wdydia iy fyilshd ms<sfj,ska cqodys rcjrekaj isá

ld,fha § o" fcdaiqjdiaf.a mq;a fcfrdfndajï bYardfh,a rcj isá ld,fha § o

fnfhaßf.a mq;a fydishdg iñ|dKka jykfia ÿka mKsjqvh fufia h' iñodKka

jykafia fydishd u.ska m<uq jrg bY%rdfh,a fik`.g l:d l< úg fufia

jod< fial' — kqU f.dia fji`.kl újdy lr f.k wef.a ffjYHdlñka ore

M, ,nd .kak' ukao fï rg iñ|dKkaf.ka fjka ù hdfuka fji`.klg

iudk ù we;' túg fydishd f.dia Èí,hsïf.a ÿj jq f.dafu¾ irK mjd

.;af;ah' wE Tyqg odj .eí f.k orejl= ,enqjdh˜ ^fydishd 1(1-3&

foúhka jykafiaf.a mKsjqvh /f.k hdu fuu miq;,fha flakaøhhs' mqrdK

.súiqu úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ — mKsjqvh˜ iy — m%ldY lrkakd˜ fofofkl=

f,i meyeÈ,s jk kuq;a ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< fuh mQ¾K;ajh lrd fhduq úh'

yqfola mKsjqvh fukau m%ldY lrkakdo Tjqka jykafiau úh' fuh iqúfYaI jq

;;ajhls'

182

wmsÿ i;Hhg idlaIs orkafka kï hqla;sh fjkqfjka idmsmdi jkafka kï"

idOdrKh wrnhd ls%hd lrkafka kï foúhka jykafiaf.a jpkfha fuj,ï

njg m;a fjuq'

ls;=kq wkkH;dj mßK; jkakg kï fuu j.lSï ksis f,i bgq lr,Su

w;HjYHhhs' nõ;siauh Tiafia wmg odhdo jk mQcl ld¾hh wka wh fjkqfjka

hdÉ[d lsÍu ;=< w;aoelsh yels nj .uH jk lreKls' wmg hdÉ[dj Tiafia

foú mshdKka iu`. iïnkaO ùfï § ksrka;rfhkau wka whjo isysm;a lr

Tjqka fjkqfjka o foaj wdYs¾jdoh b,a,d isàu jeo.;a fõ'

wNsjDoaê wdf,amh keue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh ud¾.fhka fï whqßka lghq;=

lsÍu i|yd wmj iqo;=ï jrñka fmdfydks lrk nj úYajdifhka hq;=j ms<s

.ksuq' wêl f,i ld¾hh nyq,j mj;sk j;auka iudc jHqyhka ;=, Ôj;ajk

wmg fuh wk.s w;aoelSula jkq we;' wd;aud¾:ldñ .;s.=K ;=< uxuq,d ù

isák wmg iuyr úg fuh l< fkdyels fukau fkd is;sh fkdyels iDKd;aul

wNsfhda.hla jkq we;'

foúhka jykafia fjkqfjka l;d lsÍug" ls%hd lsÍug wmg wjia:djla Wod

fkdjkafka o hkak wmu wmf.ka wid oek .; hq;=h' fujeks wjia:djla

;=<§ wm fm!oa.,sl ,dNh biau;= ùu wrnhd foúhka jykafiaj iq¿

fudfyd;lg fyda wu;l lrkakg wm fm<fUkafka keoao hkak o weish hq;=

m%Yakhls'

fujeks m%Yak yuqfõ wm wNshi mj;sk Èjeisjr ld¾hh l%udkql+,j Tma

kexjk nj isf;a ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h'

—kdhlhd - fiajlhd˜ ixl,amh kdhl;ajh fiajh ,nkakg fkdj fiajh

lsÍu i|yd h' wisiSfha idka; m%ekaisia uqks;=udf.a ðú;do¾Yh fuh wmg jv

jvd ;yjqre lrjk lreKls' — wdorh iy mß;Hd.h˜ u; f.dv ke`.=Kq

fiajfha fuj,ula njg iEu ls;=kq ðú;hlau mßj¾;kh úh hq;=h' ta Tiafia

nõ;siau le|ùula jk tf`âßl ld¾hNdrh bgqjk nj wms oksuq'

— ukao fcdyka j;=frka nõ;siau iakdmkh lf<a h' tfy;a ñka fkdfnda

ojilska Tn Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,nkafka h˜ hs

jod< fial ls%hd 1$5& Y=oaO Q ,sheú,a, wmg wjOdrKfhka isysm;a lrkqfha o

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< wm ,nk mkakrhhs'

Yla;shhs' ls;=kq wmf.a wkkH;dj kshdudldr f,i Tmakexfjkafkao"

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=<h' tu ksid Y=oaOd;au n,h fodajkh ùu wrnhd

wm ;=, újD; Ndjhla — fufia whym;a jQ Tn" Tfí orejkag hym;a foa

183

fokakg okakdyq kï" Bg fldmuK jeäfhka Tfí iaj¾.sh mshdKka jykafia

;uka jykafiaf.ka b,a,kakkag Y=oaOd;auhdKka fkdfok fialao@˜ ¨la 11$13&

;sîu w;sYhskau jeo.;a h' tfukau" Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag úreoaOj ls%hd

lsÍu wmg úkdYhlg fhduq lrkq ,nhs ^¨la 12$8-12&

fuys ks.ukh f,i wmg jgyd .; yels jkqfha ls;=kq wkkH;dj hkq —

fm%aufha - ne¢hdj˜ i|yd oukq ,nk iúu;a wä;d,ula f,igh'

9'2'3 iajdñka jykafiaf.a hd.sl fndÿk iy iyÔjkh

ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia jgd wm tla /ia jk úg

— /f.k j<|kak " fï udf.a YÍrhhs ''' Tn ish,a,kau fuhska f.k mdkh

lrkak' fuh ' ' ' ' .súiqï reêrhfõ˜ ûf;õ 26(26-29& — ud isys lsÍu msKsi

fuh isÿ lrkak˜ ^Æla 22(19 1 fldßka;s 11(23-25&

ÈjH i;am%idoh flkaøSh jkaokd ms<sfj;a moku jkafka fuu wNsryiHuh YS%

joka fm<hs' ls;= iñ|dKka jgd tla /ia jQ Y%djl ix>h kj ux fm;a .ekajQ

fNdack ms<sfjf;a kj iïm%odhla we;s l< fuu ldreKsl n,j;a ksfhda.h

lf;da,sl idka; iNdj ;=< muKla fkdj fjk;a ls;=kq iNdjka ;=<o wo

fkdlvjd ls%hd;aul fõ

— uu o l,amdka;h olajd ioygu Tn yd iu`. isáñ˜ ûf;õ 28(20&

ls%ia;=ka jykfiaf.a fuu m%;s{dj;a by; ksfhda.h;a taldnoaO jk uyd

wN sryiHuh il%fïka; =j ÈjH i;am %idohh s ' Tj qk a jykafi af. a

iaj¾.dfrdayKfhka miq Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka mQ¾K lrkq ,enQ Y%djlhka jgd

f.dvke.=Kq fcreif,fu ys uQ,sl ls;=kq ix>h ;=< fuh idïm%odhsl ms<sfj;la

úh' — Tjqyq fma%ß;jrekaf.a b.ekaùfuys o iyNd.slfuys o mqm leãfuys o

hdÉ[dfjyso ksr;j l,a .; l<y' ^ls%hd 2(42&

ckjkaokdj ;=< ÈjH i;am%ido jkaokd;aul fufyh ye¢kajQfha —mqm leãuZ

hkqfjks f.hska f.g hñka mqm lvñkao ;uka w;f¾ ms%;sfhkq;a ;Hd.sjka;

is;skq;a wdydr fnod .ksñkao ''''˜ ^ls%hd 2(46& uQ,sl ls%ia;shdks ix>fha ÈjH

i;am%didoh flakaø lr .;a uQ,sl wruqK jQfha foaj m%Yxidj;a ta yd iïnkaO

jk ifydaor fma%uh;a h' ix>fha yoj; yd flakaøh jQfha o fuhhs' fï wkqj

mqm leãu fYa%IaG;u ls%ia;= wd{dj ls%hdjg kexùula úh' — kqfò foú iajdóka

jykafiag m%Yxid lrkak' kqU kqUg fm%au lrkakdla fuka kqfò wi,a jeishdg;a

fma%u lrkak'˜ ûf;õ 22(36 - 40&

184

uq,a ls;=kq iNdj wkqjo idka; iNdjo osjH hd.h ;=< W;a;u foaj jkaokdj

mj;ajñka wka;su rd;s% fNdack ms<sfj;g yjq,a jkakg ;u foaj ck;dj

le|jkakSh' fuhg wr:j;aj iyNd.s ùu i|yd ÈjH i;am%idÈh weoeys,a,

;yjqre lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

merKs .súiqu ;=< foaj ck;dj

ñirfha jy,a núka uqod.;a r;= uqyqÈka tf;r lrkq ,enQ ck;dj iSkdhs lkao

mduq, § foaj ck;djla njg m;a jQy' —kqU,d ug mQcl rdcHhla o lemjQ

cd;shla o jkakyqh˜ ^kslauhdu 19(8& fuh oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqula úh' fuu

.súiqug wkqj iajdóka jykafia Tjqka — ukakd˜ fndÿfkka fmdaIKh lrñka

o úúOdldr úm;ska wdrlaId lr .ksñka o r;= uqyqÈka tf;r lr Tjqkag u`.

fmkajñka o wdn%yïg fmdfrdkaÿ jQ foaYh lrd f.k .sh fial' fuishdk

ixl,amh ;=< jßka jr Èjeisjreka u`.ska .e,ùfï wfmalaIdjka mK.kajñka

Tjqka Yla;su;a l< fial' ck;djo oi mK; ms<smÈñka " hd. mQcdjka mj;ajñka"

úmf;a§ lkak,õ lrñka iy úgl ueisú,s lshñka yd fld÷rñka o iajdóka

jykfia jgd tlafrdla ù isáhy' fuu tf;r ùu isysm;a lrñka mdia;= ux.,

fndÿka fïih jgd jirla mdid fuu foaj ck;dj tla/ia jQy'

kj .súiqu ;=< foaj ck;dj

.súiqï ck;djla jYfhka tf;r ùfï ux.,Hh ieure cqod ck;djf.a hd.sl

fndÿk jQfha l=¿ÿ,a" msßisÿ neg¿ megfjls' fcdyka iqúfYaIhg wkqj" ksidïa

ui 13 jk Èk tkï kquqyqka mqm ux.,Hfha m<uqjk Èk fÊiqia jykafia o

;u Y%djlhka iu`. fcrei,ug meñKs mdial= hd.hg iqodkï ùu i|yd

Wvquy,g /ia jQ fial' Tjqka tu rd;s%fha fndÿka fïih jgd rla/ia jQfha

frdá wkqNj lr ñÈ ri mdkh lsÍughs' fÊiqia jykafia ;u lKavdhfï

m%Odkshd f,i frdá lvd fnod yod je<£u tÈk isÿ úh' kuq;a " fjkod whqßka

fkdfõ' ;uka jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrh yd reêrh YS% f,ighs'

ÈjH mqcdj .ek idlÉPd lsÍfï § fjkia l< fkdyels i;H;djhka lsysmhla

we;s nj is;ays ;nd .; hq;= h' ÈjH mqcdfõ Ndú; lrk mQm yd ñÈhqI fjkqjg

fjk lsisu úl,amhla fhdod.;a fkdyel' ;jo ñÈri iajNdúl úh hq;= nj;a

lsisu fohla ñY% fkdl< hq;= nj;a wms oksuq'

ÈjH mqcdj fNdackhla f,io jgyd .; yels nj wms oksuq' ck;djf.a ls%hdldÍ

iNNd.S;ajh fuys § b;du;a jeo.;a nj ms<sìUq ù we;' we;eï úg ieoeyej;a

ck;dj w;r fï iïnkaOfhka úúO u; fNaohka mj;sk nj o fkdryils'

uq¿ukskau mqcdjg iyNd.s fkdù ÈjH i;am%idoh ,nd .ekSug fmf<fUk

185

who isák w;r i;am%ido jykafia ,nd fkd.;af;d;a th uÈlula f,i

l,amkd lrk who isáhs' fuys§ ÈjH i;am%idoh ;=< jev isák ðjudk

fÊiqiñ|dkaj ,nd .ekSfï§ w;am;a jk wdOHd;añl mkakrh Tjqka

fkdi,lhs' wdOHd;añl mkakrh ,eìh hq;af;a mqcdjg fmrd;=j fukau

mqcdj wjia:dfõ§ o ksis f,i iqodkï ùfuks' ;jo fï iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dj

fufia mjihs' — nõ;siauh ,o ls;=kqjkg oK.id fyda isg .ksñka fÊiqj

,nd .ekSug wjia:dj we;' ;jo ;u iqr;g ÈjH i;am%odo jykafia b;du;a

Nla;sfhka ,nd .; yel'

ls;=kqjka f,i wmg wiSñ; foaj wdorh ;=< odhdo ù we;s iEu fohla

fjkqfjkau ;=;s mqokakg we;s m%Odk;u ud¾.h f,i ÈjH i;am%idoh ye¢kaúh

yel' tfukau ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ;=< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia m%n,

f,i ðjudk jk nj wms oksuq' fï ksidu ck;dj ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia

jgd tla frdla fjhs' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia fNdackhla f,i meje;ajQ

wjia:djka b;sydih wmg u;la lr fohs'

—ñÈhdf;da¾ foahs foúhka jykafiaf.a uHia:lhdfKda & keue;s úYaj f,aLkh

ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiag lrk ,o jkaokdpd¾hhka fukau thg iïnkaOj

mj;sk úúO Nla;s wNHdihka foi wm wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' ;jo" frda.s wh

.ek fukau urK fudfyd;g m;aj we;s wh flfryso úfYaI wjOdkhla

fhduq lrkqfha ta wh i|yd ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiaf.a fmdaIKh iy mkakrh

,nd §u ;=<sks' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia i;am%ido ksjyfka ;ekam;a lr

;eîfï uQ,sl woyi jQfha fuh úh' miqj th ck;djf.a jkaokdjg" f.!rjhg

iy m%Yxidjg ,la úh'

iaj¾.ia: jQ fojk cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;u msh;=uka úiska 2003 jif¾ wfma%,a

ui 17 jk Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o úYaj f,aLkh jk — ÈjH i;am%idofha idka;

iNdj˜ ^tlaf,aishd os thqlßia;shd& g wkqj ÈjH i;am%idoh b;d W;alDIaG

jkqfha Y=oaO jQ iNdj Y=oaOj;a lrk m%Odk ud¾.h ksidh' tfukau tys

hemSuo tys meje;au fukau j¾Okho ls;=kqjkaf.a m%n, jev isàu l%udkQl+,j

wkdjrKh jk njo fuu wkdjrKfha uqÿkau,lv jk ÈjH i;am%ido

jykafia .eko buy;a Nla;s wdorfhka hqla;j l:d lrhs'

— ñiafÜßhqï *sfohs˜ ^úYajdifha wNsryi& keue;s úYaj f,aLkh ÈjH mQcdj

ls;=kq ðú;fha flakaøsh ;;a;ajh .ek idlÉPd lrk w;r tu f,aLkh

iqúfYaIdldrfhka i;am%id§h wNsryi wm iyNd.S jk ck jkaokdfõ

yoj; njg ikd: lrhs' wm úYajdih ;=< foúhka jykafiag jkaokd lrkakg

we;s m%Odk;u iy jeo.;au ud¾.h ÈjH mQcdjhs' ckjkaokdj iïnkaO

186

jHjia:dfõ wxl 10 o óg ;jÿrg;a idlaIs orhs' —ÈjH i;am%idofha úYajdislfhda

ls%ia;=ka jykafia fj; n,j;a fm%auhlska wefo;s' ta fm%au .skafkka weúf,;s'

tneúka foaj ck;dj ck jkaokdfjka" úfYaIfldg ÈjH i;am%idÈ W,am;lska

fuka foaj jrm%ido wm fj; .,d tk w;r Y=oaO jq iNdfõ ish¨u jev

lghq;=j, mrud¾:h jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< foaj ck;djf.a wdOHd;auh

foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuho iM,j;a f,i k;=lr .; yels fjhs˜

;jo ÈjH i;am%idoh ia:dms; l< uy n%%yiam;skaod wka;su rd;s% fNdackh

iïnkaOj mj;sk jd¾;djka foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍuo fuys§ jeo.;a f,i

ie,lsh yel'

uf;õ ;=udf.a jd¾;dj

Tjqka lEu lñka isáhos" fÊiqia jykafia frdà f.k wdYs¾jdoh mjid tajd

lvd Y%djlhkag § — /f.k j<okak' fï udf.a YÍrh˜ hs jod< fial' Tjqka

jykafia l=i,dkhlao f.k ;=;s mqod Tjqkag § Z Tn ish,af,dau fuhska mdkh

lrkak' fuh mõ ludj msKsi fndfyda fofkl= Wfoid j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a

.súiqï reêrh hs mejiQ fial˜ uf;õ 26(26-28& fÊiqia jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a

reêrh .súiqï reêrhla f,i fuys§ y÷kajk fial' merKs .súiqfï hd.sl

mqcdjlÈ i;l= urd f,h mQcdikh u; o ck;dj u;o biSfuka .súiqfï

fldkafoais rlsk njg Èjqreï §ula isÿ úh' fuf,i foú mshdKka úiska

f,dalfha .e,ùu i|yd tjk ,o mõ ludj i|yd mQcd lrkq ,nk neg¿jd

;ukajykafia nj ikd: flßKs'

udla ;=udf.a jd¾;dj

Tjqka wdydr j<|ñka isáh§ Tjqka jykafia frdà f.k wdYs¾jdoh mjid" tajd

lvd Y%djlhkag § — .kak fï udf.a YÍrh hs˜ jod< fial' Tjqka jykafia

l=i,dkhlao f.k ;=;s mqod Tjqkag ÿka fial' —fuh fndfyda fokd fjkqfjka

j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a .súiqï reêrh fõ˜ udla 14(22-24&

merKs .súiqfï foaj ck;dj oaú md¾Yúl .súiqu lv l<y' kuq;a iajdóka

jykafia ;u .súiqu fkdlvd wjidkfha § ;u tl cks; mq;%hdKka" tkï

fuishia ;=uka fuf,djg tjQ fial' Tjqka jykafia ;ukajykafiaf.a Y%S reêrh

je.srùfuka fuu .súiqu mQ¾K;ajhg m;a l< fial'

¨la ;=udf.a jd¾;dj

—frdá f.k ;=;s mqod" tajd lvd Tjqkag § Tn Wfoid fokq ,nk udf.a YÍrh

fïh' ud isysslsÍu msKsi fuh lrkak˜ fNdackfhka miq — ta l=i,dk o Tn

187

Wfoid j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a reêrfhka l< kj .súiquh˜ ^Æla 22(19-20&'

fÊiqia jykafia reêrh j.=rjkq ,nkafka ñksid Wfoidu nj;a" ta ;=<ska kj

.súiqula f.dv k`.kq ,nk nj;a iy fuu .súiqï ms<sfj; fkdlvjd f.k

hñka u;= u;=o Wkajykafiaf.a ðú; mQcdj ieußh hq;= nj;a fmkajd fohs'

mdjq¨ ;=udf.a jd¾;dj

iajdóka jk fÊiqia jykafia mdjd fokq ,enq rd;s%fha§ frdáhla /f.k ia;=;s

fldg lvd fuh Tn Wfoid fok" udf.a YÍrhh ud isys lsÍu msKsi fuh

lrkak˜ hs jod< fial' tf,i rd;s% lEfuka miq l=i,dko /f.k fï udf.a

reêrfhka msysgqjk kj .súiquh' hï muK jr Tn fuhska mdkh lrkakyq o@

tmuK jr ud isys lrk msKsi fuh lrkak˜ jod< fial ^1 fldßka;s 11( 23-

25&

iuyr ls;=kq ix>hka ys mQm leãug fmr fNdack ix.%yhla meje;aúKs' fuh

fm%au ux.,Hh fyj;a —w.dfma˜ hkqfjka ye¢kaúK' fuhska woyia lrkafka

fÊiqia jykafiaf.a a ðú; mQcdj u`.ska kj .súiqula msysgqjkq ,enq njhs'

l=i,dfkka mdkh lrk iEu jrl§u rd;s% fNdack wji:dj ieußh hq;= njhs'

udla" uf;õ iqúfYaIhka ys fÊiq iñ÷ frdá yd l=i,dk u;=msg wdYs¾jdoh

mjihs' fuh wef,laiekaä%hdkq iïm%odhhs' Æla ;=ud yd mdjq ;=ud mjikafka

mQmh yd md;%h u;=msg ;=;s msÿ njhs' fuh m,ia;sk iïm%odhhs' wdYs¾jdoh yd

;=;s §u tlu wre;la f.k fokakls' fuh iïm%odhka foll ,laIKhka fõ'

tfy;a ms<sfj; tllauh' fuh .súiqï iïm%odhg wkqj Èjeis jelshla bgqùulao

fõ'

—bYardfh,a fik`. yd cqod fik`. iu.o ud w¨;a .súiqula lrk ld,h

meñfKkafkah' w¨;a .súiqu Tjqyq lv fkdlrkafkdah' .súiqï mK;a Tjqkaf.aa

is;aj, ,shkq ,nkafkah fï .súiqu ;=< Tjqkaf.a wmrdO lud lrkafkah'

Tjqkaf.a mdm ;j;a isys fkdlrkafkah˜ ^fcrñhd 31(31-40&

fcdyka iqúfYaIh ;=<ska wmg yuqjkafka ðjk odhl fNdackh uuh fcdyka

6(35-38& hs jod< .=refoajhdKka o kdhlhdKkao jk fÊiqia jykafia a fïifha§

foiQ iuq .ekSfï ^wjika & foiqï h'

fuu Y=oaO ,shú,s mdGhkaf.ka fmkS hkafka tod Y%djlhka fndÿka fïih

jgd tla/ia jQfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a iu`. foúmshdKkag ;=;s ms§ug njhs'

ñksidf.a mdmh fjkqfjka reêrh je.srE l=reisfha ðú; mQcdjg yd W;a:dkhg;a

188

-mõ ludfõ hd.hg;a - YS% reêrfhka msysgqjkq ,nk kj .súiqug;a - ifydaor;ajh

fnod yod .ekSug iyNd.s ùugla njhs' wkd.; iNdj foig fhduq ùug;a -

neyem;a lfï kdhl;ajhg yqre ùug;a - fï fudfydf;a Tjqkag wjia:dj

ie,iqKq nj fmkS hhs'

fï wkqj yev .eiqK Y%djl ix>h Y=oaOd;au n,fhka mQ¾K lrkq ,enq miq

fÊiqia jykafiaf.a ¥; ld¾hh oi; Èh;a lrkq ,enqfha — mqm leãu˜ uq,afldg

f.kh' tu mqm leãu ÈjH hd.h ;=<ska isÿ lrk idka; iNdj mQmh iy

ñÈri ;=< jev isák ÈjH i;am%idoh jgd ;u foaj ck;dj tla/ia lrkafkao

uq,a Y%djl ix>hka mqm leäu u.ska w;alr .;a Nd.H Wodlr Èugh'

úfYaIfhkau uOH;k hq.fha iNd mshjreka u`.ska ÈjH i;am%idofha i;H;djg

úfrdaë wNsfhda.hkag ms<s;=re fokq ,enq w;r uka;%K iNd u`.skao idka;

iNdj ;u úYajdih iDcqj m%ldY l<dh' tkï ls;= iñodKka ;u Y%S YÍrh o

reêrh o hd.sl mQcdj u`.ska ÈjH i;am%ido hd.h ia:dms; lrk ,o nj;a" tu

i;H;djh Tjqkajykafia iu`. ne¢ mj;sk nj;a h' fojk j;sldk l;sldfõ

O¾u m%pdrl ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| m%ldYkfhys i|yka jkafka tmSis 4(13 wkqj&

ls%ia;=ka jykafia f.a ðjudk wjhjhka jYfhka ixhqla; ùu kï ÈjH

i;am%idoh u.ska Tjqkajykafiaf.a wdldrhg ^iajrEmhg& fjkia lrkq ,eìh

hq;= njhs' ˜ Æfuka fckaishqï˜ fyj;a cd;Skaf.a wdf,dalh keue;s O¾u

m%ldYkfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj wNsryila f,i y÷kajd fok w;r fÊiqia iñodKka

yd iNdj w;r ne£u .ek o Tjqkajykafiaf.a hd.h yd ÈjH i;am%idoh .eko

úia;r lrñka i;am%idoh ls;=kq ðú;fha W,am; yd WÉpia:dkh jYfhka

y÷kajd fohs' ^Æ' fc' wxl 37&

tïudjqia k.rhg hk Y%djlhka fofokdf.a wdrdOkh jQ — wm iu`. k;r jqj

uekj iajdñks˜ hk jelshg wkqj fojk cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka

úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o wfmdaia;,sl ,smsfha i|yka jkafka f,dalfha wdf,dalho

Ôjudk fÊiqia jykafiao jk ÈjH i;am%idoh wúYajdifha w÷r my lrk

wdf,dalhla fjñka foaj wNsryi y÷kajd fok njhs'

tfyhska ls;=kqjka jYfhka ÈjH hd.hg iyNd.S fjñkao foaj jpkhg ijka

foñka o Èj fndÿk je<§u i|yd ÈjH i;am%idoh jgd wm tla /ia úh hq;af;a

ksis iqodkulska hq;=jhs' —kqiqÿiq f,i YS% mQmh j<|k - l=i,dfkka mdkh

lrk wh iajdñka jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrhg yd reêrhg úreoaOj jrolrejka

jkafkah˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 11(28& fuh Y= iNdjgo ifydaor ck;djgo úreoaOj

lrk jrols' fuu il%fïka;=j ixfla;d;aulj wkqiaurK isoaêhlg muKla

189

iSud fkdjkakls' tu ksid foaj fndÿk j<|k wms' wm iu`. fjfik

ifydaor ck;djgo ksis f.!rjh oelaúh hq;af;uq' Y%uh jeh lrñka iudc

hym; i|yd uu;ajh ;Hdc l< hq;af;uq' hym;a iuß;dkqjrhdf.a Wmudj

mßÈ wmf.a wi,ajeishd flfrys ifydaor ohdfjka lghq;= lrñka i;am%id§h

ðú;h iudch ;=< iðù lsßu kj .súiqfï foaj ck;djla jk wmf.a j.lSuhs'

wmg we;s buy;a fm%auh ksid wm fjkqfjka ;u Ôú;h l=rei .il mqo l<

Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk YÍrh f,i iNdj ye¢kaúh yelsh' Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud

úiska fldßka;s ix>h fj;g hjk ,o ,smsh msßlaid ne,sfï§ meyeÈ,s f,i

fmfkk lreKla kï tu ls;=kq ck;dj tu fNdackh i;=j Èh hq;= wjOdkh

l%ufhka ySk l< njhs' ;jo iajóka jykafia ;=< —isyslrk msKsi˜ isÿ lrk

fuu ms<sfj; ;=< wksjd¾fhkau iukaúh hq;= wdorh" fm%auh oelaùu l<

njhs' wdorfhka f;drj mj;ajk ,o fujeks fNdack wjia:djka fÊiqia

ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fNdackh wd;aud¾:ldó;ajhg fhduq l< wjia:djka

f,i ie,lsh yel' ^1 fldßka;s 11(17-37&

fuh idlaIs oeßh yels wjia:djla jk w;r th wjudkhg ,la lsÍu iqÿiq

ke;' tfukau ix>hla f,i iajdóka jykafia ;=< idufhka tluq;= ùfï§

Tjqka ;=< wksjd¾hfhkau iy Ôjkfha mkakrh úoHdudk úh hq;= w;r

Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk m%n, jevisàuo Èiaúh hq;=h' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia

fNdackhla whqßka wka whj Wkajykafia jgd tla /ia lrjk fial' ls;=kq

meje;afï flakøSh jk ÈjH hd.h Tiafia foúhka jykafia iy ck;dj

w;r mj;sk .eUqre iïnkaO;dj ;j ÿrg;a iúu;a f,i bÈßhg .uka lrjñkaa

iEu ÈjH hd.hl§u iajdñka jykafia ;=<ska kslafuk wdoHd;añl;ajh

ieoeyej;a ck;djf.a ðú; m%;srEmh njg m;a lr .kakg wdrdOkd ,efí'

fuf,i idlÉPd lrk l< wmg fmkS hkqfha Y=oaO jQ' iNdj ÈjH i;am%ido

jykafiau ;s<sKhla f,i odhdo lr f.k we;s njh' ^1 fldßka;s 11(23&

^uf;õ 26(19" udla 14(22-23 iy Æla 14 (20& Wkajykafiaf.a ðú; ld,h ;=<§

mej;s iEu fNdack ix.%yhlskau hï whqrlska foaj rdcHfha ióm nj ms<sìUq

úh' fNdackh iy fj<s mj;sk ñ;%;ajh foaj rdcHh yd iïnkaO jQ nj wmg

mila lr fok w;ru .e,ùfï wNsryig wmjo fhduq lrkq ,nhs'

mQm leãu ;=<ska ms<sìUq jQ Wkajykafiaf.a jev isàu ;u Y%djlhkag w;a

olskakg u`. ie,iqks' fuf,i wjidk rd;s% fNdackh iajdóka jykafiaf.a

jpk iy ls%hd Tiafia m%Odk il%fïka;=j njg m;aù we;' ÈjH i;am%ido

jykafia keue;s il%fïka;=j" i<l=K yd ixfla; Tiafia fÊiqia jykafia

;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a wmsßñ; fm%auh ieoeyej;=kag fhduq lrk .eUqre

iïnkaO;djhls'

190

1 fldßka;s 11(24 ls%hd 2(42 Y=oaO ,shú,a, i|yka lrk wdldrhg ÈjH i;am%ido

ms<sfj; ye¢kaùu i|yd kdu folla i|yka lr we;' ta mQm leäu iy iajdóka

jykafiaf.a wka;su rd;s% fNdackh hs' uq,a ls;=kq ix>fha ,laIK lsysmhla

oelsh yel' b.ekaùu" iyNd.slu iy hdÉ[dj hkq tajdh ;jo iajdóka

jykafia ;u Y%djlhska iu`. mj;ajk wka;su rd;s% fNdackh ;=< ÈjH i;am%ido

jykafia ia:dms; lsÍu ms<sn| úia;rh Wmqgd oelaúh yel' ^1 fldßka;s 15(26"

uf;õ 26(30"udla 14(22-26 Æla 22(14-20& mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ðú; mßj¾;khg

wkqj t;=ud wka;sfhdalsfha ix>h iu`. b;d ióm iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .;a

nj meyeÈ<sh' ta ;=< biau;= jk oE wka;sfhdalshdkq iNd iïm%odh iy ck

jkaokd ls%hd ud¾. ;=<ska .;a nj nhsn,a úYdrohkaf.a u;hhs'

wka;su rd;s% fNdack ix.%yh iïnkaOj i,ld ne,sfï§ th fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh yd urKh wdYs%;j isÿ jQ nj fkdryils' fï ksid

foúhka jykafia fj;ska wm ,o uy`.= ;s<sKh f,i ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia

ye¢kaúh yel' ÈjH mqcdjg iyNd.s ùu iy ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ,nd

.ekSu ks;e;skau úYajdihka yg wka whg fma%u lrkakg iy Tjqka fjkqfjka

mß;Hd.S ðú; miqìula cks; lr.kakg fnfyúka Wmldß fõ' breÈk ÈjH

mqcd hd.hg iïnkaO jk wm W;aiql úh hq;af;a wka wh fjkqfjka jeh

jkakg iy Tjqkaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd lemùugh' wka;su rd;s% fNdackfha§ isÿ

jQ mQm leãfï ls%hdj wmgo werhqï lrkqfha l=reisfha ;u ðú;h mQcd l<

ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid wm Èúo tf,iu ilia lr .ekSu i|ydh' ÈjH i;am%ido

ksjykfha jev isák fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag ,nd Èh hq;= ksis f.!rjh

iy Nla;sh wms ,nd fokafkuq' tkuq;a tu iajdóka jykafiaj ÈjH mQcdj

;=<§ ,nd .kakd wmg ksis ye`.Sula iy wjfndaOhla we;soehs hkak i,ld

ne,sh hq;= lreKls' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia fyj;a fm%aufha m%ido ksOdkhg

k;= ùfuka .e,ùu odhl ðú;hla i|yd wmgo uq, msßh yel'

iajdóka jykafiaf.a YÍrh iy reêrh iu`. iïnkaO jk .e,ùfï ;s<sKh

f,io ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ye¢kaúh yel' fuu ;s<sKh odhdo lrkq jia

m%n, f,i odhl jk Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh lsisúgl;a wu;l l< fkdyels'

fuu ;s<sKh Tiafia wm uejqïlrejdKka jk ufyda;a;u jQ foúhka jykafia

iu`. ksrka;rfhkau .eUqre iïnkaO;djhla we;sj ðj;a jkakg wmj fhduq

lrhs' ta ;=< wm mdmsIaG m%jK;dj,g iudj ,nd .; yel' ^uf;õ 26(28&

tfukau foúhka jykafiag ;=;s m%Yxid lsÍug fukau Wkajykafia ;=< wmg

odhdo jk ksula fkdue;s iudj" lreKdj iy fifkyi flfryso wm is;a

fhduq lr,Su u`. i,ihs'

191

ñksia mdms;r ,eÈhdj fkdi,ld wm fjkqfjka odhdo lrk jrm%ido Wfoid

ÈjH i;am %ido jykafi a jgd t alrdY S jk ieoEyej; a ck;dj

Wkajykafiag ;=;s mqo l< hq;=h'

tlu mQmhla tlu YÍrhla

ÈjH i;am%ido idx>sl;ajh ;=<ska we;sjk fuu úfYaI ne£u idka; iNdfõ

idx>Sl;ajhg iïnkaOj ñi fjk whqrlska m%udKj;a f,i wjfndaO lr

.ekSug fyda uq¿ukskau w;a oelSug fyda fkdyelsh' Y=OjQ' iNdj hkq ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a YÍrhhs' wms ls%ia;=ka jykafia iu`Õ .uka lrkafka Tjqkajykafiaf.a

YÍrh iu`ÕZ iïnkaOj bkakd ;rug muKs' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia j.=rjkq

,eîfuka ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuu idx>Sl;ajh cks; lsÍug iy th j¾Okh

lsÍug wjeis foa imhd ÿka fial' ;ukajykafiaf.a ÈjH i;am%idÈh jev isàu

u`.ska ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuu idx>sl;ajh ksrka;rfhkau f.dv k`.k fial'

wmj tlu YÍrhla njg m;a lrkafka fuu tlu ÈjH i;am%id§h mQmhhs'

mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud i|yka lrkafka fuf,ih'

— ud fï wkqYdikd lrk úg uu Tng m%Yxid fkdlrñ' ukao Tfí /

iaùïj,§ hym;g jvd whym; isÿ jk neúks ˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 10"17&

;ukajykafiaf.a W;a;u mQcl heÿfuka biau;= jq W;a;ß;r wdo¾Yhg wkqj

ÈjH i;am%id§h wNsryi ;=< fÊiqia jykafia idka; iNdj idx>sl;ajhla

f,i j¾Okh lrk fial'


mshjr 1 m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flaka§%h jkafka flfiaoehs idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 2 ls;=kq Ôú;h ;=< m%ido iakdmkh le|ùu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 3 iajdóka jykafiaf.a hd.sl fndÿk yd iy Ôjkh ms<sn|j

l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'

uQ,dY% -

uQ,drïNl foaj m%ido ksOdk " bkaød r;akisß msh;=ud

192



ksmqK;dj uÜgu 9 3 ( kj ls;=kq oelaula i|yd Y=Od;aj ls%hdldß;ajfha wjYH;dj

úia;r lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² f,dalh ;=, Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr.kshs'

² ;u ðú;fhka Y=Od;auhdKka jykafiag idlaIs orhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lroSug w;aje,la (

9'3'1 f,dalh ;=, Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh

— mshdfKks" ud fufia hÉ[d lrkafka Tn ud ;=<o ud Tn ;=<o isákakdla

fuka Tjqkao wm ;=< tl;ajhla jk msKsi;a" Tn ud tajd jod< nj f,dalhd

úYajdi lrk msKsi;ah˜ ^fcdyka 17"21&

ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia idka; iNd idx>sl;ajfha uQ,dY%ho tys m%n,;u m%ldY

ùuo fjhs' ÈjH i;am%idoh idx>sl;ajfha ÈjHuh m%ldY ùuls' fï fya;=j

ksid ÈjH mQcdj meje;aùfï § tys mQ¾K iyNd.s;ajh iïnkaOfhka Y=oaO jQ

iNdj fldkafoais mkjkakSh' fuu úúO iSudjka ÈjH i;am%id§h idx>sl;ajh

iïnkaOfhka fÊiqia jykafia wmf.ka b,a,k úfYaIs; ;;ajhka ms<sn|j

fmrg;a jvd wjOdkhlska lghq;= lsÍug wm fhduq l< hq;=h' ÈjH mQcdfõ

iaf;da;% hd.sl heÿfï yuqjk Y=oafOda;;u msh;=uka iy moúfha ro.=re ;=uka

i|yka lsßïj,ska .uH jk mßÈ fuu idx>sla;jh úúO N+ñldjka iy f;ajdOQr

u; mokï jQ Oqrdj,suh idx>sl;ajhls' th" wfkdHdakH újD; nj" ohdj"

wjfndaOh iy iudj §u ms<soe.=ï lrk — idx>sl wdOHd;añl;ajhlska j¾Okh

flfrk iyDo idx>sl;ajhls'

úYajdih ;=< m%ido iakdmkh keue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh wmg ohdo l< kj

ðú;h iúu;a lr .ekSug fukau úúO m%Yak yuqfõ ðj;a ùu wrnhd Y=oaOd;au

n,h ,nd .ekSu wjYH nj Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ,sms msßlaid ne,sfï§ wmg

meyeÈ,s jk i;H;djls frdau 8(1-18& tfy;a wd;auhdKka jykafia lrKfldg

f.k we;s jk m%;sM, kï fm%auh" mS%;sh" iduh bjiSu" lreKdj hym;alu"

úYajdilu" uDÿlu yd wd;au oukh hk fïjdh .,d;s 5(22& — Y=oaOd;auhdKka

193

jykafiag ÿla fkdfokak" ukao ñÈfï ojig iqodkula jYfhka th ,nd we;s

iy;slfha uqødj Tjqka jykafiah˜ ^tmSi 4(30&

;jo Y=oaOd;au wdf,amh ;=<ska wmg odhdo jk j.lSï fkdmsßfy,du bgq lsÍug

fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a —wd;auh " f,ig Y=oaOd;auhdKka

jykafiaj Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨;=ud w¾:lkh lrhs' ;jo Tjqka jykafiag idlaIs

orkakg iúh ,efnkafkao Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ks' tfukau ls%ia;= wdl,am

cks; lr .kakgo" ta ;=<ska ls;=kq m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+,j ieoEyej;a ck;djg

ðj;ajkakg o u`. i,id fokafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia nj wms oksuq'

Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh Tiafia uejqïldr wm wdor foúhka jykafia iy wm

w;r mej;sh hq;= —fm%aufha ine¢;djh˜ ;j ÿrg;a ikd: lrñka th m%n,

Ôjudk iod;ksl w;aoelSula njg m;a lrhs' tu.ska wruKSh jQ meje;aula

wrnhd fhduq lrkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' wm Ôú;ho ls%ia;=ka

jykafiaf.a W;a:dkhg wkqnoaO lrñka W;a:dkfha iy wdf,dalfha ore oeßhka

f,i ðj;a ùfï udj; újD; lrkafka o ta Tiafia wm Èú j,g kejqïNdjh

uqiq lrkqfha o Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah'

iqmeyeÈ<s f,i biau;= jk ;j;a lreKla kï fÊiqia jykafiaf.au Y%djlhkag

mjd ks¾Nhjh iqndrxÑhg idlaIs oeÍfï Yla;sh Wod jqfha Y=oaOd;au wd.ukfhka

wk;=rej njh' fmka;fldia; we;aoelSu hkq Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag wm

Èú ;=< mQ¾K f,i ls%hd;aul ùug bv ie,iSuhs' ta Tiafia .e,ùfï wNsryig

m%n, f,i wmgo iïnkaO úh yel' fuu woyi Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨;=udf.a fndfyd

,sms ;=< biau;= jk nj meyeÈ<s h'

ls;=kq j.lSu

iEu m%ido ksOdkhla ;=<skau W;a:dk jQ ls%ia;=ka jykafiaj uqK .efik nj

wmf.a úYajdihhs' tu ksid Tjqka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkh m%n, f,i wm ðú;

j,g iïnkaO lr .kakg W;aiql ùu ls;=kq wmf.a mru j.lSu fõ' m%ido

iakdmkh Tiafia wm odho lr .;a le|ùï mQcl" Èjeisjr iy tfvßl ld¾hhka&

wìjDoaê wdf,amh Tiafia ;jÿrg;a mßK; úh hq;= nj wm jgyd .; hq;= h'

—iNdfõ jeäysá˜ uqyql=rd .sh idudðl idudðldjka f,i lghq;= lrkakg

ud¾.h újD; jk w;r fuu le|ùï m%n, f,i ðj;a lrùu i|yd wjia:djka

Wod fõ' tkuq;a fuysÈ wm is;ays ;nd .; hq;= ;j;a lreKla jkafka iqo;=ï

jrï ,enqKo wm ;=< wjxl m%h;akhla u; mokï jQ .=Kdx. fkdue;s kï

Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh wvmK jk njhs' wdOHd;añl m%fndaOhla we;s lr .ksñka

194

foaj rdcHh f.dv ke`.Sfï ld¾hNdrh ks;e;skau wm is;ays OdrKh lr .;

hq;= h' ta ;=<ska wm ,o m%ido iakdmksh le|ùï jk mQcl" Èjeisjr iy

tfâßl ld¾hhka mK .ekaúh hq;=h'

foaj wKmk;a wkqidr lrñka ðj;a ùu — ls;=kq wkkH;djh˜ f,i b;d

ir, f,i w¾:l:kh l< yel' foaj mK;a hkqfjka w¾:j;a jkafka

l=ulaoehs m%:ufhkau jgyd .ekSu fhda.Hhh' foúhka jykafiaf.ka kslafuk

iEu mK;lau fm%auh nj wm u;l ;nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' fuu mK;a wm

w;r ðjudk l< W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafia iu. oeä iïnkaO;djhla we;s

lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu biau;= fõ'

ls;=kq wkkH;djfha flakaøia:dkh W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiah' fuu

wkkH;dj kshu wdldrhg jgyd .ekSu i|yd iqo;=ï n,h wjYH nj m%;H

jk lreKls' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag wm Èú ;=< we;s újD;Ndjh —ls%ia;=

flakaøSh ðú;hlg˜ wmj fhduq lrkq ,nhs' ls;= oyï iqúfYaIl;ajh uq¿ukskau

f.dkq ù w;af;a fï moku u; nj i;H;djhls' W;a:dk jQ ;ekkaa jykafia

wm iu`. Ôj;a ùu wm k;= lr hq;= w;aoelSuhs' ;u Y%djlhskaj Yla;sula l<

Tjqka jykafia — blaì;s Tjqkaf.ka fofofkl= msáirg hk l, Tjqka jykafia

wka ú,ilska Tjqkag o¾Ykh jQ fial˜ udla 16(22&" j;auka iudch ;=< úúO

mSvdldß ;;a;jhka wNshi Èú f.jk wmjo Wkajykafia iúu;a lrk nj

fkdryils' fuh wm i;= m%n, w;aoelSuh' — ud¾.ho i;Hho ðjkho uu

fjñ ˜ ^fcdyka 14(6&" w;S;h ;=< muKla fkdj j¾;udkfha fukau

wkd.;fhao wmg m%odkh jk iEu foaj m%ido ksOdkhla u.ska o W;a:dk jQ

iajdñka jykafiaj wms m%n, f,i w;a olsuq' Tjqka jykafia wm iu`. we;s

lr.kakd — ióm- wdor˜ ine¢hdj˜ wka wh iu.o fnod .ekSu ls;=kq

wkkH;dj ;j ;j;a ;yjqre lsÍuls' fuh wmf.a ffoksl ðú; rduqj ;=<

isÿ fõ'

bYardfh,a ck;djg foúhka jykafia wiSñ; f,i wdorh l< nj i;Hhls'

— ujlg yelso l=fia oere ì<s|d wu;l lrkak @ yelso wEg wef.Au lsß

orejdg fmï fkdlrkak @ ujl wef.a orejd wu;l l<;a uu kï lsisod kqU

wu;l fkdlrñ ^fhidhd 49(15& kj bYardfh,a ck;dj jk wmgo tf,iu

foaj wdorh Wreu j mj;sk nj i;Hhls' fuys§ wm jgyd .; hq;=j ;sfnk

;j;a lreKla kï fuu ixrlaIKh wm Èú ;=< kj fjkila cks; lrk

njhs' iajdóka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu wm Èú ;j ;j;a ls%hdldÍ ðú; njg

mßj¾;kh lrk nj wmf.a oeä úYajdihhs' Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a,o fuu i;H;djh

;j ÿrg;a ikd: lrhs'

195

fufia Tyq .uka lrñka ouialhg <x jQ l," yÈiaisfhka wyiska wdf,dalhla

Tyq wjg neì<sKs' Tyq N%dka; ú ìu jegqfKah' túg ˜ idjq,a idjq,a" Tn ug

mSvd lrkafka ukaoe hs lshk yvla Tyqg weisK' — iajdóks " Tn ljfrla o@

hs Tyq weiSh' — uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq ,nk fÊiqiah' ke`.sg kqjrg we;=¿

jkak' Tn l< hq;= foa Tng lshkq ,nkafkah' ˜ hs ta y`v mejiSh' Tyq iu`.

.uka l< ñksiqkag ta y`v weiqKq kuq;a" Tjqyq lsisfjl= fkdoel ;=IaKSïN+;j

isáfhdah' idjq,a ke.sg weia weßh l<" Tyqg lsisfjla fmkqfKa ke;' Tyqjq

w;ska w,a,df.k ouialhg f.k .shy' Tyq ;=ka ojila weia fkdfmkS"

fkdld fkdî isáfhah˜ ^ls%hd 9(3-9&

idjq,af.a ðú; fjkilg Ndckh jQ W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiaj w;aoelSfï

isoaêh fuys§ biau;= jk nj wms oksuq' tu m%n, w;aoelSu ðú; mßj¾;khlg

muKla fkdj úkdYldÍ fhduqjla ;snQ ðú;h foaj rdcHh f.dv ke`.Sfï

fuj,ula njg m;a jkakgo uq,a jQ nj i;H;djls'

;jo iajdóka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu Tiafia ðú; m%n, f,i ls%hdYS,s jk

wdldrho wmg meyeÈ<s h' iajdóka jykafia iu`. we;s lr .kakdjQ

iïnkaO;djh wm i;= jákdlï fukau j.lSï foio keUqre ùulg fhduq

lrkq ,nhs'

ia;%Sh Tjqka jykafia wu;ñka" — uy;dfKks" Tn Èjeisjrfhl= nj ug

fmfka' wfma mshjre fï lkao u; kuialdr l<y' tfy;a" ñksiqka kuialdr

l< hq;= fcrei,fuys hhs Tn lshkakyqh˜ hs lSjdh' fÊiqia jykafia ms<s;=re

foñka" — ia;%sh ud úYajdi lrkak' fï lkafoa§j;a" fcrei,fïÈj;a" Tn

mshdKka jykfiag kuialdr fkdlrk ld,hla meñfKkafkah' Tn kuialdr

lrkafka Tn yßhgu fkdokakd flfkl=gh' wm kuialdr lrkafka wm

okakd flfkl=gh ukao .e,ùu meñfKfkkafka cqfoõjrekaf.kah' tfy;a"

kuialdr lrkakka" wd;audkqNdjfhkao wjxl is;ska o" mshdKka jykfiag

kuialdr lrk ld,hla ieneúkau meñfKkafkah' oekgu;a meñK we;'

;uka jykfiaj kuÈk msKsi mshdKka jykafia fidhkafka tjekakkah'

foúhka jykafia wd;auhhs' Tjqka jykafiag kuialdr lrkakka

wd;audkqNdjfhkao wjxl is;skao kuialdr l< hq;=hZZhs' jod< fial' ia;s%h

ms<s;=re foñka — ls%ia;=ka jykafia hhs lshk fuishia ;=udKka tk nj oksñ'

Tjqka jykafia meñKs l, ish,a, wmg okajd jodrK fiale hs lSjdh' — fï

Tn iu`. l;d lrk uu" ta ;eke;a;d fjñZ hs fÊiqia jykafia jod< fial

^fcdyka 4 ( 19-26&

196

W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiag iïnkaO ùfuka wmgo wkdjrKh jk wiSñ;

foaj wdorh iy foaj wNsm%dh l%udkql+,j úysÈ mj;shs' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a—

uu fjñ m%ldYk msßlaid ne,Sfï § fuys r`od mj;sk jeo.;alu meyeÈ<sh' —

Tn ud f;dard.;af;a ke;' uu Tn f;dard f.k m;a lf<ñ' tfia lf<a Tn

f.dia M, ork msKsi;a" Tfí M, mj;sk msKsi;a" udf.a kdufhka Tn mshdKka

jykafiaf.ka b,a,k ljr fohla jqjo Tjqka jykafia Tng fok msKsi;a hZz

^fcdyka 15(16&

9'3'2 Y=oaOd;auhkag yd idlaIs oeßu

idlaIs oeÍu ls;=kq Èúfha me;slvls (

ls;=kq wkkH;djh ks;e;skau ieoeyej;a ck;dj fhduq lrkqfha úYajdi

lrk ,o idlaIs oeÍulg mßj¾;kh lsÍug nj wms oksuq' idlaIs oeÍu yqfola

jpkhg jvd ls%hdjg keUqrejkakls'

túg fmaÿre — ud Èú we;s f;la ljodj;a uf.a mdo fidaokakg kï bv

fkdfoñ˜ hs lSh' fÊiqia jykfia ms<s;=re foñka ud Tn fkdfiaÿfjd;a ud

iu`. iïnkaOlula Tng ke;e˜ hs Tyqg jod< fial^fcdyka 13(8& wiSñ;

f,i iudj §ug Y%djlhka yg W.kajd jod< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia l=rei

.fia § ;u ls%hdj ;=< th ikd: l< nj wms oksuq' úYajdi lrk foa i|yd

idlaIs oer§ug wm iúu;a lrkqfha Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' Y%djlhka iajdóka

jykafia l< lS oE kshudldrfhka jgydf.k ta i|yd idlaIs oeÍug fhduq

lrk ,oafoa Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia nj wms úYajdi lruq' ;u ðú; mjd

iajdóka jykafia fjkqfjka mß;Hd. lsÍug mkakrh Tjqka k;= lr .;af;a

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia úiska nj Y=oaO ,shú,a, wmg u;la lrhs'

iqo;=ï mkakrh (

Y=oaO jq mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska frdaujrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha 8 ( 1 - 17 Tiafia

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a n,h iïnkaOj iqúfYaIs; jQ úia;rhla bÈßm;a

jk nj wms oksuq'

— fufia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< Ôj;a fjkakjqkg úreoaOj kvq ;Skaÿjla ke;'

ls%ia;=ka fÊiqia jykafia ;=< jQ ðjk odhl wd;auhdKkaf.a wdOHd;añl m%;sm;a;s

mdmfha iy urKfha kshufhka Tn ksoyia lr we;' ñksia ÿ¾j,;d ksid

jHjia:djg bgq l< fkdyels foa foúhka jykafia bgq l< fial' tfia

flf<a mdmfha n,h ì¢k msKsi" iajlSh mq;%hdKkag wfma mdmsjQ ñksia lhg

iudk lhla § tùfuka ta ñksia lfha isáh§ foúhka jykafia úiska mdmhg

úreoaOj ;Skaÿj §fuks' Tjqka jykafia tfia lf<a udxYh wkqj fkdj

197

wd;auhdKka wkqj yeisfrk wm ;=< kS;sfha kshuhka bgq jk msKsih' udxYsl

f,i Ôj;a jkafkda udxYsl f,i foaj,go wd;auhdKka wkqj Ôj;a jkafkda

wdOHd;añl foaj,go uq¿ is;ska ms%h lrhs' udxYsl fÉ;kdfõ úmdlh urKh

fõ' wdOHd;añl fÉ;kdfõ úmdlh ðjkh yd Ydka;sh fõ' udxYsl fÉ;kdj

foaj úfrdaOluls' th foúhka jykafiaf.a wd{djg hg;a fkdjQjls' tfiau

hg;a fkdjkakls' udxYsl ;DIaKdj,g ji`. jQjkag foúhka jykfia i;=gq

l< fkdyelsh' wms orefjda kï Wreulaldrfhdao jïy' foúhka jykafiaf.a

Wreulaldrfhda o ls%ia;=ka jykafia yd iu`. yjq,a Wreulaldrfhda o jïy' ukao"

oeka Tjqka jykafiaf.a ÿla ú£fï mx.=ldrhka ùfuka wkd.;fha § Tjqka

jykafiaf.a uysufha mx.=ldrfhda o jïy˜ ^frdau 8(1-17&

fuys§ ls;=kq wm úYajdihgo jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ jk w;r m%ido iakdmkh

kue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh Tiafia werfUk — kj Ôú;hla ˜ wrnhd

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a n,h wjYH nj isysm;a lrkq ,nhs' tfukau

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia iïnkaOj ukd wjfndaOhla we;sj ðj;a ùu foúhka

jykafia iu. .eUqre iïnkaO;djhlg k;= ùu i|yd u`. myod fohs'

—tneúka fï b.ekaùu m%;slafIam lrkakd úiska m%;slafIam lrkq ,nkafka

ukqIHd fkdj" iajlSh Y=oaOd;auhdKka Tng m%odkh lrk foúhka jykafiah'

tfy;a ifydaor fm%auh .ek Tng ,shd tùu jqjukd ke;' l=ula fyhskao"

tlsfldg fm%au lsÍug Tn foúhka jykafiaf.ka bf.k f.k isákakyqh˜ ^

^1 f;if,dakls 4 (8 -9&

foúhka jykafia iu. wm f.dv k`.d .kakd .eUqre" ióm iïnkaO;djh

i|yd Y=oaOd;au n,h iDcq f,iu n,mdk nj lsj hq;=h' fmr i|yka l< mßÈ

fn!;siauh ;=<ska w;am;a jk — kj ðú;h˜ wurKSh ;;a;ajh i|yd Tijd,kq

,nkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia u`.ska h'

tu ksid nõ;siauh ,o ls;=kqjka f,i wm Ôj;a ùfï § Y=oaOd;auhdKka

jykafiaf.a ksrka;r jev isàu iy Y=oaOj;a lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh flfrys úYajdih

;nd lghq;= lsÍu jvd {dkdkaú;h' ls;=kq ðú; iajdñka jykafiaf.a .e<ùfï

wNsryig idlaIs oeÍfï ðú; mßj¾;kh lr,Sfuys,d W;aiql ùfï §

Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< wm ,nk mkakrh lsisfia;au wu;l l< fkdyel'

iqo;=ï jrï $§ukd$M, keue;s udj; Tiafia újD; jk uu — Y=oaOd;au mkakrh

foio wm wjOdkh fufia fhduq lruq˜

Y=oaOjQ mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska fldßka;s ix>h fj; hjk ,o m<uq yiqk Tiafia wm

idlÉPdj weröu b;du;a M,odhlh'

198

fldßka;s ,smsh ^12-14 mßÉfþo&

— úúOdldr §ukd we;;a" isákafka tlu Y=oaOd;auhdfKdah' úúOdldr fiajd

we;;a" isákafka tlu iajdóka jykafiah' úúOdldr foaj n, ls%hd lr;;a

isákafka ish,a,ka ;=< ls%hd lrk tlu foúhka jykafiah' wfkHdkHj

tlsfkldg wd;auhdKkaf.a m%ldY ùula § we;' flfkl=g wd;auhdKka u.ska

Wmfoia §fï m%{djo" ;j;a flfkl=g tu wd;auhdKka u.skau O¾uh myod

§fï {dkho § we;' wka flfkl=g wd;auhdKka ;=< úYajdiho" tu wd;auhdKka

;=< ;j;a flfkl=g iqj lsÍfï jruo § we;' ;j;a flfkl=g ydia lï lsÍfï

n,ho ;j;a flfkl=g Èjeis jels lssfï n,ho" ;j;a flfkl=g wd;au úi£fï

yelshdjo" ;j;a flfkl=g úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍfï mq¿jkaluo" ;j;a

flfkl=g tu Yío myod §fï Yla;sho § we;' fï ish¨ §ukd ;uka leu;s

mßÈ fjka fjka jYfhka tlsfkldg fnod fokafka tlu wd;auhdKka

jykafiah' ta fyhska Tn ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a YÍrho fjka fjka jYfhka tys

wjhjfhdao jkakdyqh' fufia foúhka jykafia m<uq fldg fm%aß;hkao"

fojkqj Èjeisjrhkao" ;=kajkqj .=rejrekao" bkamiq ydialï lrk who iqj

lsÍfï jru ,;a who" Wmldr lrkakkao" mßmd,kh lrkakkao" úúO Yío

jHjydr lrkakkao iNdfõ msysgqjd jod< fial' ish,af,dau fm%aß;fhdao@

ish,af,dau Èjeisjrfhdao@ ish,af,dau .=rejreo @ ish,af,dau ydialï lrkafkdao@

iqj lsÍfï jru ish,a,kagu ;sfí o@ ish,af,dau úúO Yío jHjydr lr;a o@

ish,af,dau Yío myod fokafkdao@ fïjdg jvd W;=ï §ukd flfrys w;sYhska

wdYdjkak' oeka uu Tng jvd;a úYsIaG ud¾.hla fmkajñ˜ ^1 fldßka;s 12(1-

31&

§ukd úúOdldr jqjo Y=oaOd;au n,h iïnkaOj fuhska wre;a .ekafjk w;r

Tjqka jykafia lrKfldg f.k wm Ôú; Y=oaOd;au n,fhka fmdfydks fjk

njo isysm;a lrkq ,nhs'

— Tn tl is;ska" tl uqúka Tnf.a iajdóka jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a msh

jq foúhka jykafiag f.!rj lrk msKsi" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a wdo¾Yh f,i

Tn tlsfkld iu. tlais;aj úiSug" bjis,af,a yd ffO¾hfha W,am; jQ foúhka

jykafia Tng jrï fok fialajd˜ ^frdau 15(5-6&

wm ,nk wOHd;añl §ukd j, úúO;ajh fukau tal;ajh iïnkaOjo meyeÈ,ss

jd¾;djla f,i bÈßm;a ù we;' ;jo §ukd u; ls;=kq ðú; wj;lafiare

fkdúh hq;= njo ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,sh' Y=oaOd;au §ukd j,g k;=jk wh ;=<

lsisfia;au wka whj fy<d oelSfï m%jK;djhla cks; úh fkdyel'

199

—ta ksid kqU ug kE ke;ehs w; wu;d weig j;a" kqU,d ug kE ke;ehs md

wu;d ysig j;a lsßug fkdyelsh˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 12(21&

wei - ixfla;j;a jkqfha o¾Yk olsk ls%ia;shdks ck;dj úh yel'

w; - tÈfkod ðú; .uk ;=< hï fiajhla lrk wh f,i w¾:l:kh

l< yel'

ysi- kdhl;ajh ;=< isák fyda kdhl;ajh orkakg iqÿiq wh f,i

ú.%y l< yel'

mdoh - iqúfYaI §ukd fkd,en isák idudkHh lf;da,sl ck;dj hhs

is;sh yel' ;jo 12(22" ÿ¾j, hehs y÷kajkq ,enqfõ ix>h ;=<

Ôj;ajk jvd;a ÿ¾j, ieoeyej;=ka f,i kï l< yel'

wfmdaia;=¿jre (

W;a:dkjq ls;= iñ÷kag idlaIs orK Tjqka jykafia úiskau hjkq ,enQ wh h'

— bkamiq Wkaa jykafia cdfldígo wk;=rej ish¨ fm%aß;hkago o¾Ykh jQ

fial˜ ^1 fldßka;s 15(7&

Èjeisjre (

Èjeisjrekaj ñka wk;=rej fm< .iajd we;s nj wms oksuq — Èjeisjr

wdkqNdiïmkak Ndjh˜ .eko uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ wjOdkh fhduq jQ njo

fkdryils'

.=rejre (

— wka;sfhdalsfha msysá iNdfjys Èjeisjreo .=rejreo isáhy' tkï" nd¾Knia

iy ks.¾ kï isñfhdkao" isf¾ksfha ishiao hqj rc jQ fyfrdaoa iu. we;s oeä

jQ udkhskao idjq,a o hk fudyq h ˜ ^ls%hd 13 (1&

—túg Wka jykafia Tjqkag l:d fldg" tfyhska iaj¾. rdcHfhys f.da,hl=

njg m;ajk hï úkhOrfhla fõo" Tyq ish .nvdfjka kúk foa;a merKs

foa;a msg;g f.fkk .Dy uQ,slfhl=g iudk hehs jod< fial˜ uf;õ 13(52&

— ud ñksiqkaf.a o foaj ¥;hkaf.ao NdIdj,ska l;d lr;;a fma%uh ug ke;akï

uu f>daId lrk >KaGdrhlg fyda lgql rdjh fok ffl;d,ulg fyda

iudk fjñ' Èjeis jels foiSfï jru ug ;snqK;a" ish¨ wNsryia ork wjfndaOho

il, {dkho ug we;;a' l÷ fi,ùug ;rï n,j;a úYajdihla ug ;snqK;a

fm%auh ug ke;akï uu ysia ;eke;af;lañ' fm%auh bjis,sjka;h' lreKdjka;h'

fm%auh B¾IHd jkafka ke;' mdrÜgq lr.kafka ke;' W`v.= jkafka ke;'

fm%auh wúkS; fkdfõ' wd;aud¾:ldó fkdfõ' yksl fkdlsfma' kmqr isf;a

200

OdrKh lr fkd.kshs' fm%auh wkqkaf.a jro .ek mS%;s fkdù" yß foa .ek ms%S;s

fjhs' fm%auh ish,a, Wiq,hs' fm%aufha úYajdihg bula ke;' n,dfmdfrd;a;=jg

ksula ke;' bjiSug w.la ke;' fma%uh iod;kslh' Èjeisjels jqjo myj

hkafkah' úúO Yío yd foiqï jqjo ksu jkafkah' {dkh jqjo ke;s jkafkah'

ukao wfma {dkh wiïmQ¾Kh' Èjeis jels foiSuo wiïmQ¾Kh' iïmQ¾K foa

meñKs úg wiïmQ¾K foa myj hkafkah' weoys,a, n,dfmdfrd;a;=j yd fm%auh

ioygu mj;sk O¾u;d ;=kls' fuhska fYa%IaG;u jkafka fm%auhhs 1 fldßka;s

13(1-13&

fuys § fma%ufha woaù;sh iajrEmh biau;= fõ' fm%auh rys; lsisÿ Èukdjl

m%fhdackhla fkdue;s nj wjOdrKfhka u;la lrhs'

— fm%auh Tfí mrud¾:h lr .kak' wdOHd;añl §ukd m%Odk fldg Èjeis jels

foiSu" w;alr .ekSug ù¾h lrkak' wka NdId l:kh lrkakd ñksiqkag

fkdj foúhka jykafiag l:d lrhs' Tyq wd;auhdKka lrK fldgf.k

wNsryia l;d lrk neúka" lsisfjl=g Tyq f;areï .; fkdyel' tfy;a Èjeia

jels foikakd" wNsjDoaêh o ffO¾hh yd iekiSu o fok jpk ñksiqkag l:d

lrhs' wka NdId l:kh lrkakd ;udf.au wNsjDoaêh i,id .kS' foúhka

jykafiaf.a jpkh kslau .sfha Tn flfrkao @ fkdfyd;a th meñKsfha Tn

fj; muKla o @ hfula Èjeia jels foikafkl= fyda wOHd;añl l=i,;d

we;af;l= fyda hehs is;kafka kï Tng ,shk lreKq iajdóka jykafiaf.ka

tk wd{djla nj Tyq ta;a;= .kSjdæ hfula fï lreK fkdi,lafka kï Tno

Tyq fkdi,ld yeßh hq;=h' tneúka ifydaorjreks" Èjeia jels foiSug ;Èka

wdid jkak wka NdId l:kh wdid fkdlrkak' ish,a, úkS;j o úêu;ajo

l< hq;=h ^1 fldßka;s 14 (1-40&

Èjeisjr ld¾hh fukau wkH NdIdj,ska l;d lsÍu wrnhd fhduq jQ idlÉPdjla

f,i kï l< yel' fuys § jvd;a jeo.;a jkqfha Èjeisjr ld¾hho" tfia;a

ke;akï wkH NdIdj,ska l;d lsÍuo hkak fldßka;s ix>fha biau;= jk ,o

m%Yakhla jq neúka Y=oaOjq mdjq¨ ;=udf.a wkqYdil;ajh wkqj fuu §ukdjka

^Y=oaOd;au §ukd ksid& k;= lr,Sfï wjeis;djh fmkajd fok ,§'


mshjr 1 - f,dalh ;=< Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la

f.dvk.kak'

- Y=oaOd;auhdkka yd idlaIs oeÍu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak

uQ,dY%h - uQ,drïNl foaj m%ido ksOdk" bkaød r;akisß msh;=ud

201



ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( ñksid .ek yd iudch ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh


bf.kqï M, (

² ñksil= ù fuf,dj Wm; ,eîu foú iñodKkaf.ka ,o W;=ï ;s<sKhla nj

oek" ñksialfï Wodr;ajh /flk whqßka lghq;= lrhs'

² f,dalfha meje;au yd iudch f.dvke`.sfuys,d ldka;djkaf.a N+ñldj yd

odhl;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k ldka;djka .re;ajfhka i<lhs ^ldka;djl ùu

.re;ajfhka i<lhs&

² ñksid ;ks ;ksj Ôj;a jkakl= fkdjk nj jgyd f.k iuia; iudc jgmsgdj

iu`. iqyo in|;d f.dvk`.d .kshs'

² iudcfha j¾Okh yd ÈhqKqj msKsi lghq;= lsÍug ñksidg foaj le|ùula ,eî

we;s nj jgydf.k ;u Ôú; ;;a;ajh yd iudc mßirh ;=< fmdÿ hym;a iy

Wkak;sh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrhs'

² udkj ixj¾Okh " hymeje;au" iudc Wkak;sh hk fCI;% flfrys oekqïj;a

ù ls;=kqjl= f,i ta i|yd ;u Wmßu odhl;ajh iy iyNd.s;ajh ,nd fohs'


10'1'1 ñksia nfõ .re;ajh

iEu ukqIHhl=gu" ñksil= f,i fuf,dj ìysùu lreKfldg ijNdjfhkau

úfYaIs; .re;ajhla iy W;a;ß;r njla ysñfõ' f,dj mj;sk iEu m%Odk

wd.ulu mdfya ukqIh;ajh ,en fuf,djg ìysùfï ÿ¾,N jákdlu iy

Wodr;ajh .ek úúO oDIaÀfldaK j,ska f.k yer oelafõ'

ukqIHdf.a meje;au" j¾Okh iy iudc ls%hdldÍ;ajh .ek úuis,af,ka n,k

l<" f,da my< jk ish¨ i;a;ajhka" Ôúka w;r nqoaêfhka yd m%{dfjka wkQk"

;shqKq l,amkd Yla;shlska yd ukd ikaksfõok rgdjlska msßmqka Wiia;u

i;a;ajhd ñksid nj ;yjqre fõ'

Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh

Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj ukqIHhl= f,i fuf,dj ìysùfï úfYaIs;

jákdlula yd f.!rjhla we;' foú÷kaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudklug ujk ,o

ukqIH;ajfha Wodr;ajh iy W;a;Í;r nj iuia; Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h mqrd mqk mqkd

202

.,d hhs' ñksia nfõ W;a;Í;r nj ms<sn| ls;=kq oelaug o Y=oaO jQ iNd

b.ekaùïj,go mdol jkafka fuu Y=oaO nhsn,Sh Ñka;khhs'

Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg o ls;=kq weoys,a,g o wkqj" ñksid foúhka

jykfiaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudk;ajhg ujk ,o ueú,a,ls' — wmf.a iajrEmh

wkqj" wmf.a iudk;ajh f,i ukqIHd ujuq˜ ^W;am;a;s 1(26& — foúhka

jykafia ;u ijrEmh wkqj ñksid uejQ fial ( foúhka jykafiaf.au ijrEmh

wkqj Tjqka ujd jod< fial˜ ^W;am;a;s 1(27& tfyhska" foúhka jykafiaf.a

ish¨ ueú,a w;r w.% ia:dkh o lsre< o ysñ jkafka ukqIHdgh'

— ñksid .ek is;kakg ;rï Tyq ljfrla o @ ñksid .ek i<lkakg ;rï

Tyq i;= jákdlu l=ulaoehs ug isf;kafkah' tfy;a" Tn ñksid ujd we;af;a

foú÷kag muKla fojeks jk f,iskah' f;o hi lsre<la Tyq ysi m<ok

,oafoah' uejq yeu foa Tyqg hg;a l< fial˜ ^.S;dj,sh 8(4-6&

foú iñ|dKka jykafia ukqIhd ueùfï§ nqoaêh" ksoyia leue;a; iy wurKSh

wd;auh hk ;s<sKh ukqIHdg ÿka fial' fjk;a ueú,sj,g fkd,enqKq"

ukqIHdg muKla ,enqKq fuu W;a;Í;r nj ukqIH;ajfha jákdlu iy

Wodr;ajh biau;= ùug fya;= jk nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh

wkqj ish¨ ueú,s ^ðùka& w;r fYa%IaG;u jkafka o nqoaêfhka yd m%{dfjka

wkQk jkafka o ;shqKq l,amkd Yla;shlska yd ukd ikaksfõok rgdjlska

msßmqka jkafkao ukqIHhhd' hkak ls;=kq wmg wreuhla fkdfõ' — f;o hi

lsre<la Tyq ysi m<ok ,oafoah' uejq yeu foa Tyqg hg;a l< fial˜ hkqfjka

.S;dj,sfha ix.S;lrejd ukqIH;ajfha Wodr;ajh .ek Woka wkñka foú

iñ|dKka miikafka tfyhsks'

nqoaêh

nqoaêh iy m%{dj" ukqIHd fj; .,d tkafka ish¨ m%{dfõ W,am; yd mQ¾K;ajh

jk foú iñodKkaf.ks' fjk;a ueú,s j,g fkdue;s" ñksid ,nd we;s fuu

nqoaêh foaj iudk lfï ,laIKhls' nqoaêh kï foaj ;s<sKh Ndú; lrñka

ukqIHd kj ks¾udK ìys lrhs' tu`.ska ks¾udKlrejl= f,i foú÷kaf.a

ueùfï ld¾hhg o yjq,a fjhs' i;H iy hym; jk foú iñ|dKka fidhd

hdugo m%{dj úiska ukqIH nqoaêh fufyhjhs' tu m%{dfjka msfrkakg"

m%{dfõ W,am; yd mQ¾K;ajh jk foú÷ka heÈh hq;=h — m%{dj;a " oek.ekau;a

(Wisdom & knowledge) b,a,d i,fuka rc foú iñ÷kag lkak<õ l< whqre

lÈu ksoiqkls' 2 jxYdj,sh 1(10& nqoaêu;aj lghq;= lsÍug kï m%{dj wjYHh'

tu m%{dj Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk §ukdjla nj Y=oaO jQ

nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wmg W.kajhs'

203

ksoyia leue;a;

ukqIHhd ,o ksoyia leue;a; fyj;a ksoyia yDoh idlaIsh Tyq ;=< jq foúhka

jykafiaf.a iudklfï i<l=Kls' ukqIHhd ksoyia leue;af;ka ls%hd lsÍu

foúhka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h úh' yDoh idCIHfha y`vg ijka§ hym; yd

i;Hh wjfndaO lrf.k foú÷ka lrd .uka lsÍu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsm%dh úh'

— wdrïNfha § Wkajykafia ñksid uejQ fial' Tyqf.au ;SrKj,g bv ÿka

fial' yeisÍug Tn ;=< n,hla we;af;ah' Tn bÈßfhys Wka jykafia .skak o

c,ho ;enq fial' w; È.= lr Tn jvd leu;s foa f;dard .kak' ñksid wìuqj

Ôú;ho urKho we;af;ah' fuhska ñksidg Tyq jvd leu;s foa fokq ,nkafkah˜

^WmfoaYlhd 15(15-17&

wurKSh wd;auh

ñksid ujkq ,enqfõ YÍrhla muKla fkdj wd;auhla o we;sjh' tu`.ska

ukqIH;ajfha foaj ms<sônqj ukdj m%lg fõ˜ Zzfoú iñ|dKka jykafia

fmdf<dfõ ÿù,af,ka ukqIHHd ujd Tyqf.a kdiamq`vq ;=<g Ôjk yqiau

fy¿Efial˜ W;am;a;s 2(7& YÍrhg wd;auho tlaúh' YÍrh urKfhka miq Èrd

.sho wd;auh wurKShh' tu wd;auh" urKska miq" kej; foú iñ|dKka yd

tlaùu foaj wNsm%dhhs' ukqIHdf.a iod;k wdkkaoh o thh' — foú÷ka flfrys"

Ôjudk foú÷ka flfrys udf.a is; msmdid jkafkah' uu ljod wjq;a foú÷ka

bÈßfha fmkS isàï o@ ^.S;dj,sh 42(2&

Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨;=ukaf.a foaj Od¾ñl Ñka;kh ukqIHhd ;=< we;s

wurKSh wd;auh ms<sn| jvd meyeÈ,s lrhs' ukqIHhd ;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a

wd;auhdKka jev jik fyhska ñksia isrer foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhh'

tfyhska th úY=oaOh' — Tn foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrh nj;a" Tn ;=< foúhka

jykafiaf.a wd;auhdKka jev jik nj;a fkdokakyqo @ lsisjl= foaj ukaÈrh

jekiqfjd;a foúhka jykafia ta ;eke;a;d jkik fial' foúhka jykfiaf.a

ukaÈrh úY=oaOh' ta ukaÈrh kï Tnh 1 fldßka;s 3(16& tfukau" ukqIHhdf.a

YÍrh jkdys Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhhs' — Tnf.a YÍrh Tng foúhka

jykafia fojd jod< " Tn ;=< jev jik Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a ukaÈrh nj Tn

fkdokakyq o @ Tn Tngu whs;s ke;' Tn ñ,hg .;a wh jkakyqh' tneúka

Tnf.a YÍr foaj uysuh i|yd fhdojkak' ^1 fldßka;s 6(9&

wlSlreùfï mdmh ksid foaj jrm%idofhka wE;aj mdmhg jegqKq ÿn, ukqIHhdg

.e,ùu fok msKsi foú iñ|dfKda ñksia nj f.k ukqIH lhla ord fuf,djg

jeähy' — wm iu`. o jdih lf<a h˜ fyj;a — O¾uhdfKda ñksi;a nj /f.k

wm w;r jev úiQ fial˜ fcdyka 1(14& hk Y=oaO jQ ,shú,s mdGh mila lrkqfha

204

udxY.;ùfï wNsryi u.ska ukqIH;ajh W;a;ß;r njg m;alsÍuhs' tfia

ukqIH;ajh ;j;a W;a;Í;r njg m;a l< iñ|dfKda ish fik`. iu`. jdih

lrkakdy' — wms Ôjudk foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈr fjuq' ta nj foúhka

jykafia fufia jod< fial˜ — uu fudjqka iu`. jdih lrkafkñ'

.ejfikafkñ" uu Tjqkaf.a foúhka jykafia fjñ' Tõyq udf.a fik`.

jkafkdah˜ ^2 fldßka;s 6(16&

ÿn," ÿ¾j, mõldr ukqIHhdg .e,ùu f.k § mdßY=oaO;ajhg m;a lf<a' foaj

mQ;%hdKka jq ls;= iñ|dKkaf.a YS% reêrfhkauh — Wkajykafia t¿jkaf.;a"

jiaikaf.;a f,hska fkdj" ;ukaf.au f,hska wm Wfoid iod;k úuqla;sh

,nd ioygu tla jrla Y=oaOdia:dkhg we;=¿ jQ fial˜ ^ fyfn%õ 9 (12&

fï wkqj n,k l<" Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj" ukqIHhdf.a W;a;Í;r

nj" ish¨ ueú,s w;r w.% ia:dkh orñka foú iñ÷ka bÈßfha orkakdjQ jákdlu

uekúka meyeÈ<s fõ'

Y=oaO jQ iNd b.ekaùï

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ z j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdjZ jHjia:dj

wdrïNfha §u" tys m<uq mßÑfþofha 12-18& ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj .ek yd tu

Wiia nj /lsh hq;= wdldrh .ek wjOdrKh lrhs'

ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj

- foúhka jykafiaf.a iudk lug ujk ,o fyhska ish¨ ueú,s w;frka ñksid

W;=ï fõ'

- ñksid foúhka jykafiaf.au ijrEmhh'

- ñksid m%Odk jYfhka YÍrhlska yd wd;auhlska hq;=h'

- ñksid wNHka;r ijNdjfhkau iudÔh i;a;ajfhls'

- nqoaêh yd m%{dj ksid ñksid foú÷kaf.a is;=ï me;=ï hkdÈhg mx.=ldrfhla

fjhs' Tyqf.a nqoaêuh iajNdjh msßmqka jkafka m%{dfjks'

- ñksidf.a W;=ïlu rodmj;skqfha Tyqgu úfYaIs; yDoh idlaIH ksidh' th

fya;=fldg foajdOdrfhka hym;g yd i;Hhg we£ hhs' whym;ska yd wi;Hfhka

je<lS isáhs'

- ksoyia leue;a; foaj iudk lfï úfYaI i<l=Kls' th Ndú; l< hq;af;a

foú\qka fidhd f.dia ;u mQ¾K;ajh t;=uka u`.ska ,nd .ekSugh'

- nqoaêh ñksid ,o foaj §ukdjls' th ks¾udKlrKhg fhoùfuka ñksid

205

ueùfï ld¾hhg odhl ù ueú,a, mQ¾K;ajh lrd f.k hdug iyh fõ'

- YÍrhlska iy wd;auhlska fyì ukqIHhd mdmfha jy,a nfõ neñ j,ska uqod

.kakd msKsi ls%ia;=ka jykafia l=reisfha ðú;h mQcd l< fial'

- Yßrh foúhka jykafia úiska uejq fyhska o wka;su ojfia§ th kej;

ke`.sgjkq ,nk fyhskao" th hym;a jQo" f.!rjh ,eîug fhda.HjQo fohla

jYfhka ie<lSu Tyqf.a hq;=luls' YdÍßl Ôú;h my;a fldg ie<lSu hq;=

fkdfõ' tfyhska ukqIHhd ;u YÍrfha foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuh k`.d,sh

hq;=h'

lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O $c.c.c.&

- uejqïldrhdKka jykafiaf.a ueú,af,a w.%ia:dkh jkafka ukqIHhdh ^343&

- oEig fmfkk ish¨ ueú,s w;frka — uejqïldrhdKka oekf.k Wkajykafiag

fma%au l< yelafla — GS 23(3& ukqIHdhdg muKs' tfukau" — foúhka jykafiaf.a

ueú,s w;frka Wkajykafia Tyq ksidu wêIaGdk l< ñysmsg tlu ueú,a,˜ o

ukqIHhd h ^356&

- foaj iudklug ujk ,o ksidu" ukqIHhd W;a;ß;r nj orhs' Tyq — fohla

Z fkdj z flfklsZ fyj;a Z mqoa.,fhlsZ ij wjfndaOfhka fyì" fiiq

mqoa.,hka iu. in|;d meje;aúh yels Tyqj" uejqïlrejdKkayg úYajdifha

yd wdorfha m%;spdrhka oelaùug .súiqfï ðú;hlgo le|jd we;' Tyqg yer

fjk;a lsisÿ ueú,a,lg tfia .súiqfï ðú;hg m%;spdr oelaúh fkdyelsh ^

357&

- foúhka jykafia ish,a, ujd jodf<a ukqIHhd i|yd h' ^GS 12(1& tfy;a

ukqIHhd ujd jodf<a Wkajykafiag fiajh lsÍug yd wdorh lsÍug yd ish¨

ueú,a, kej; Wkajykafiag Tmamq lsÍug;a h' ^358&

- foaj iudklug ujk ,o ukqIHhd" tlúg YÍrhlska o wd;auhlskao fyìh

— Tyqf.a kdiamqvq ;=<g ðjkfha yqiau fy¿E W;am;a;s 2$7& fyhska ukqIHhd

iïmQ¾Kfhka iy uq¿ukska foú iñ÷ka wNsu;hls' ^362&

- ukqIH YÍrh — foúhka jykafiaf.a iajrEmhg ˜ mx.=ldr fjhs' tfy;a th

;ju;a ukqIH YÍrrhls' ukao wd;aufhka m%dKj;a ù" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a

YÍrh ;=< Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhla ùug iïmQ¾K mqoa.,hd

le|jd we;s fyhsks ^364&

- Y=oaO jQ iNdj W.kajk mßÈ iEu wd;auhlau foúhka jykafia úiska ujkqq

úkd th foudmshkaf.a — ksIamdokhla˜ fkdfõ' tu wd;auh iodld,slh'

urKfha§ YÍrfhka fjka jqjo th úkdY fkdfõ' wjidk udxfYda;a:dkfha§

tu wd;auh YÍrh iu. kej; tla fõ' ^366&

206

10'1'2 ldka;djka ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh

merKs .súiqu

Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha i|yka mßÈ foúhka jykafia m%:ufhka ñksid ujd" miqj Tyq

nr kskaolg m;a lr — Tyq ksod isáh§ Wkajykafia Tyqf.a b, weg j,ska tlla

f.k ˜ tu b, wegfhka —ia;S%hl ujd Tyq fj; f.kd fial˜ ^W;am;a;s 2(21&

ueùfï ls%hdj,sfha § ñksidg miq ia;S%h ujkq ,enqjo ia;S%h lsisfia;a mqreIhdg

fojeks fkdfõ' fofokdu ujkq ,enqfõ foaj iudklulgh' ^W;am;a;s 1(27&

tfyhska mqreIhdo ia;S%h o w;r we;af;a iudk;ajhls' tfll= wfkldg jvd

Wiia fkdfõ'

miqj foúhka jykafia wdYs¾jdoh odkh lf<a;a" ore iïm;a ,nd jeä j¾Okh

ù fmdf<dj hg;a lrf.k ueú,a, u; n,h mj;ajkakehs jodf<a;a mqreIhd yd

ia;S%h hk fofokdguh' ^W;am;a;s 1(28&

— ñksid ;ksj isàu iqÿiq ke;' Tyqg iqÿiq iyldßhl ujd fokafkñ W;am;a;s

1 (18&

fyfn%õ msgmf;a — ñksid ;ksj isàu iqÿiq ke; ˜ hk uq,a jpkd¾:fhka

woyia jkqfha iudÔh jYfhka ;ksùu yd wirKùu fyj;a wiïmQ¾Knjhs'

tu wiïmQ¾K nj yd ;ks nj msrùu i|yd — iqÿiq iyldßhlZ f,i foúhka

jykafia ia;S%h mqreIhdg ,nd ÿka fial' tfyhska" ia;S%h jkdys mqreIhdg ne,

fufyjrlï lrk fiaúldjl fkdj mqreIhd iu.u ðú; .ufka kshef,k

iudk;ajfha iyldÍhls' fyfn%õ w¾:h b`.s lrk mrÈ — iyldßhZ hkq hï

fohla iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrkakshls' ;ksj isák mqreIhdf.a ;ks nj

ueflkafka" iïmQ¾K;ajh we;s jkafka i;=kaf.ka " .ia fld<ka j,ska fkdj

z iyldÍh Z jk ia;S%hf.ks'

—ñksid nr kskaolg m;a l< fial ˜ ^W;am;a;s 2 (21&

ñksid nr kskaolg m;a lr Tyqf.ka .;a b, weghlska ia;S%h ueùfuka woyia

lrkqfha iudÔh jYfhka wiïmQ¾K ñksid ia;S%h u.ska iïmq¾K;ajhg m;a

lsÍuls' újdyfha il%fïka;= iajNdjho ñka jvd meyeÈ,s h'

zz Tyqf.ka .;a b, weghlska ia;S%hl ujd Zz

nhsn,a úYdrohkaf.a u;h wkqj b, wegh ixfla;j;a lrkqfha f,a keoElula

yd ì¢h fkdyels ióm iïnkaO;djls' ñksidf.au b, weghlska ujk ,o

iaA;S%h ñksidf.au udxYhhs" Tyqgu ne£ mj;shs' m<uqjrg ia;S%h olsk ñksid

wehg olajk m%;spdrfhka th jvd meyeÈ<s fõ ^W;am;a;sh 2 ( 23&

207

—wEg —ia;S%˜ hhs lshkq we;'

ueùfï ls%hdj,sfhka miq ujk ,o ish¨ i;=kao wfkla ish¨ mCISka o u; kï

;nk msKsi foúhka jykafia ñksidg ndr l<fial' kï ;eîu" tu ueú,s u;

n,h yd wdêm;H meje;aSfï ixfla;hls' tfy;a ñksid fiiq ueú,j,g kï

;eîu isÿ l< wdldrfha kï ;eîula ia;S%h iïnkaOfhka olakg ke;' ta

fjkqjg —wehg ia;S% Z hhs lshkq we;' hk l¾u ldrl i|ykla we;' Y=oaO jq

nhsn,fha l¾uldrlh b`.s lrkqfha foúhka jykafiaf.a l¾;D;ajhhs' tneúka

ia;S%h mqreIhdf.a wdêm;Hhg hg;a odishl fkdj mqreIhdf.a iïmQ¾K;ajhg

bjy,a jk iyldßhk hk nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wjOdrKh lrhs'

kj .súiqu

.e,ùfï b;sydih ;=< .e,ùfï ld¾hhg úúOdldrfhka odhl jQ ldka;djka

rdYshlf.a Wodr pß; olakg ,efí' ta w;r mõldr ukqIH ixy;sh mdmfhka

uqod .e,ùu f.k §ug fuf,djg jeä fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ìysùu

i|yd f;dard.kq ,enQ Nd.Hj;a ks;H lkHdußh ud;djkaf.a pß;h iqúfYaISh'

´ f;dfuda jkdys — ld,h iïmQ¾K jQ l, foúhka jykafia úiska f;dard.;a

— ia;S%hls˜ ^.,d;s 4 ( 4&

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ¥; fiajdfõ § Wkajykafia wkq.dñjQ" iyh jQ wem

Wmia:dk l<" iómj isá iqjh iykh w;a ÿgq l=reish mduq, isá wd§ fndfyda

ldka;djka .ek iqndrxÑ fmd;aj, i|yka fõ' tfukau W;a:dkfha iqmqj;

wfmdaia;=¨jreka fj; f.k hdug f;dard .kq ,enqfha o ldka;djls'

uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ" O¾u¥; fiajdfõ§ wfmdaia;=¨jrekag iyh jQ ldka;djka

.ek o ls%hd fmdf;a yd ixfoaYj, i|yka h'

Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨;=uka mjik mßÈ ish,a,ka ls%ia;=ia fÊiqia jykafia

;=< tla flfkl= fuka isák ksid lsisÿ fNaohla ke;˜ ia;S% mqreI fNaohj;a

ke;' .,d;s 3(28&

fï wkqj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha i|yka oelau u; f.dv ke`.=Kq ls;=kq Ñka;kh

ia;S%ho" mqreIhd fuka .re;ajfhka yd iudk;ajfhka i<lhs'

208

iNd b.ekaùï

—iuia; iudc Ôú;fhys ,d wo jks;dfjda b;d Woafhda.Su;a whqßka iyNd.s

fj;s' tu ksid Tjqka iNdfõ wfmdaia;,sl fiajdfjys o kshe,S úúO fiajdjkays

mx.=ldr ùu jeo.;a fjhs ˜ ^.sys O¾u¥; fiajdj 09.fojk jls;dk l;sldj )

.

—il< ukqIHhka ;=< Èf,k foaj iajrEmhg ksis .re;ajh ,efnk msKsi

jks;djka ish¨ fjkialï yd m%fNaolrKSh n,mEï j,ska uqod.ekSu i|yd"

fhda.H foaj fufyjr fiajdj Èh;a lsÍu wm ldf.a;a hq;=lu fjhs *ñ,shdßia

fldkafid¾;aisT 24" &

—ñksid yd ia;S%h ueùu foaj wNsu;h úh' ukqIHhka jYfhka iïmq¾K

iudk;ajfhkao —mqreIhd˜ — ia;S%h˜ f,i ;ukag wdfõksl ijNdjfhkao

fofokdgu uejqïldrhdKka jk foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk Wiia nj;a

.re;ajh;a ysñfõ' fofokdgu tl iudk W;a;Í;r njla ysñ h' th — foaj

iudklu fõ ˜ l'i'O 369

10'1'3 ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h

foúhka jykafiaf.a ish¨ ueú,s w;r foaj iudklug ujk ,o" W;a;Í;r

ueú,a, jk ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajhl= nj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h wmg mjihs' — ñksid

;ksj úiSu iqÿiq ke;˜ W;am;a;s 2-18& ueùfï ls%hdj,sfhA § uejqïldr foúhka

jykafiaf.a wNsu;h jQfha ñksid ;ksj" yqol,dj Ôj;aùu fkdj ia;S%h yd

mqreIhd f,i mjq,la j Ôj;aùuh" in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSuh'

´kEu ñksia iudchl l=vdu tallh jkqfha mjq,hs' ñksil= yd ia;S%hl w;r

isÿjk újdyh mjq,a ixia:dfõ moku fõ' Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj "

wdoï taj" hk wd§ uõmshka jQ m<uq ñksid iy ia;S%h iudÔh jYfhka mjq,la

f,i Ôj;aùu foaj wNsu;h úh' ;ksj isá ñksidg iyldßhl ,nd ÿkafka tu

iudÔh Ôú;fha w¾:h iïmQ¾K ùugh' ;ksj isá ñksid - wdoï iïmQ¾K;ajh

,enQfõ ;uka yd iudk jQ ia;S%h - taj ksidh'

.e,ùfï b;sydih mqrd È. yefrk udkj ixy;sfha l;d mqj; ;=< ukqIHhdf.a

iudc ðú;h yd ne÷Kq" ta u; f.dvke.=Kq úúO w;aoelSï yd isoaê úia;r

flf¾' ta yeu w;aoelSulu fmkS hk iqúfYaIS ,l=Kla jkqfha ukqIHhd iudchla

f,i foúhka jykafia w;aoelSu yd iudÔh jYfhka isÿjk foaj wkdjrKhhs"

foúhka jykafia ujd jod< ñksid ;ks ñksfil= jqjo iA;S%h ksid iïmq¾K;ajh

,nd mjq,la njg m;aù mjq," ore mrmqrlao" f.da;%hla o" miqj f.da;% fod<ilska

209

f;dard.;a ck;djla o ù th ish¨ fNao blaujd tla udkj mjq,la olajd

f.dvkef`.k whqre b;d wisßu;a ft;sydisl w;aoelSuls'

tfyhska udkj iudcfha ;ks ;ksj " fjka ù yqol,dj Ôj;aùug ukqIHhdg

kqmq¿jk' udkj Wodr;ajh jvd ;Sj% jkqfha ñksid iudÔh ùu u;h' tu ksid

ñksid foaj fm%aufhka fukau .eUqre ifydaor fm%auhlska o fj<S Ôj;a úh hq;=

h'

ñksid iïmQ¾Kjkafka foú÷ka yd wkHhka iu`. in|;d f.dvk`.d .kakd

;rugh' ñksid W;a;Í;r ueú,a, jk fyhska iodpdrh yd jákdlï u;

Ôj;aúh yelafla Tyqg$wehg muKs' ukao znqoaêh" ksoyia leue;a; yd wurKSh

wd;auh Z keue;s ;s<sKh ñksid ,nd we;'

ksoyia leue;a; foaj §ukdjla jqjo ;uka leu;s kEu fohla is;+ is;+ f,i

lsÍug n,m;%hla bka fkd,efí' tfyhska iudcfha hym; fjkqfjka lghq;=

lsÍu" iodpdrd;aul Ôú; ms<sfj;l kshe,Su iajNdjfhkau ukqIhhdg mejfrk

j.lSuls" hq;=luls' bka ñksid ;=< we;s foaj iudklu yd iajrEmh ms<sônq

fjhs'

fï wkqj n,k l<" iudÔh Ôú;hla i|yd tlsfkld fhduq lrkakdjQ zfma%uhZ

kï O¾u.=Kh W;=ï jkafka h' foúhka jykafia fj; fm%auh o iudcfha

wi,ajeishka fj; fm%auh o fjka l< fkdyels h' — ud Tng fma%u l<dlaa

fuka Tn;a tlsfkldg fma%au lrkak˜ ish¨ ukqIHhka iudÔh jYfhka

tldjkaj Ôj;a ù foúhka jykafia yd tal;ajfhka ne£ug ñksidg werhqula

,eî we;' — Tn ud ;=< o ud Tn ;=< o isákakdla fuka Tjqka o wm ;=<

tal;ajhla jk msKsi '' ˜ ^fcdyka 17-20&

iudÔh Ôú;fha § iyðjkh j¾Okh ù iEu flfklau wfkldf.a udkj

.re;ajh ie<lSu" ñksia whs;sjdislï iq/lSu" fmdÿ hym; uq,a lrf.k lghq;=

lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

ñksid ;ksj úiSu foaj wNsu;h fkdjk ksid" iudÔh ðú;h j¾Okh

lrf.k tu.ska ;uka ;=< we;s foaj iudk;ajh yd iajrEmh f,djg m< lsÍu

o wkHhkag .re lrñka fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍuo Tyq $weh

úiska l< hq;= h'

210

iNd b.ekaùï

— ukqIHhd ijNdjfhkau iudÔh jk fyhska Tyq wkqka iu`. tl;= ù Ôj;a

ùu o tlsfkldf.a Y=N isoaêh i|yd jev lsÍu o wjYH jkafka h' ^f,dal

iduh Pacem in Terris)

— '''' tfyhska" ukqIHhd Tyqf.a wNHka;r iajNdjfhkau iudÔh i;a;ajfhls'

wjfYaI wh iu`. iïnkaOlï fkdue;sj Ôj;a ùug fyda ;udf.a Yla;Ska

j¾Okh lr .ekSug fyda Tyqg kqmq¿jk' ' ' ˜ ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ

iNdj" 12&

— '''' ukqIHhdf.a le|ùu mQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrkq i|yd iudÔh Ôú;h w;HjYH

idOlhla jkafkah'''˜ ^l'i'O 1886 &

10'1'4 udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq iyNd.s;ajh

foúhka jykafia úiska ujk ,o ñksid" ;ksj úiSu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsu;h

fkdúh' tneúka ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajfhls' fuu Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh oelaug

wkqj lghq;= lsÍug ne¢ isák ñksidg ^ls;=kqjdg& iuia; udkj mjqf,a

j¾Okh yd Wkak;sh Wfoid lghq;= lsÍug j.lSula iy hq;=lula ñksil=

ùfï ls;=kqjl= ùfï& ijNdjfhkau ysñfõ' tu.ska Tyq weh foaj ueú,a, jeä

j¾Okh lsÍug odhl fjhs' iudcfha fmdÿ hym; yd udkj ixj¾Okh

fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu ls;=kq j.lSula nj bka meyeÈ,sh'

fmdÿ hym;

iudcfha mru hq;=lu yd wruqK úh hq;af;a tu iudcfha mqrjeishkaf.a fmdÿ

hym; ie,iSuhs' fmdÿ hym; hkq — iuia;hla jYfhka iudcfha hym; iy

wfkHkH jYfhka tlsfkld yd iudch flfrys ne£ isák ;ks ;ks

mqoa.,hkaf.a hym; ie,iSuhs˜ l'i'O 1906& fmdÿ hym; i<iñka iudcfha

Wkak;sh i|yd o mqoa.,hkaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd o lghq;= lsÍug ls;=kqjdg

we;s j.lSu Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh oelau wmg bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh

ujk ,o ñksidg wdisß m;ñka" uq¿ ueú,a, j¾Okh lsÍug o md,kh lsÍug

o n,h Tyqg$ wehg ÿka fial' — kqU,d ore iïm;a ,nd jeä j¾Okh ù "

fmdf<dj mqrd me;sr '''˜ ^W;am;a;s 1-28&

211

iudcfha fjfik ifydaor mqrjeishkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsßu -

hym;a iudßshhdf.a Wmudj ^¨la 10(25-37& Okm;shd yd ,diria ms<sn|

Wmudj ^Æla 16-19-31&

— fmfkk ifydaorhdg fm%au fkdlrkakdg" fkdfmfkk foúhka jykafiag

fm%au l< fkdyels h' foúhka jykafiag fm%au lrk ;eke;a;d ;u

ifydaorhdg;a fm%au l< hq;=h hk wd{dj wms Wkajykafiaf.ka ,enqfjuq 1

fcdyka 4(20-21&

by; i|yka Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh meyeÈ<s lrkqfha foaj ueú,a, j¾Okh

lsÍu fyj;a udkj mjqf,a ixj¾Okh iy fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka wemlemùu

foúhka jykafia úiska ukqIHhdg mjrk ,o le|ùfï iajNdjhgu wdfõksl

jQjla njhs'

iNd b.ekaùï

ukqIHhd ;udf.a hq;=lï wkqoek wfkdHkH iyfhda.fhka tlsfkldf.a iqn

isoaêh fjkqfjka jev l< hq;= h'

— ukqIHhka iajNdjfhkau iudÔh jk fyhska Tjqka wkqka iu`. tl;= ù

Ôj;aùuo tlsfkldf.a Y=N isoêh i|yd jev lsÍuo wjYH jkafkah'

tlsfkldf.a wfkdHkH whs;sjdislï ms<sf.k tajdg .re lsÍuo" hq;=lï

oekf.k tajd bgq lsÍu o l%uj;a ukqIH iudchl úfYaI ,laIKhla úh

hq;=hs˜ ^f,dal iduh 31-33&

ñksid j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu iudcfha hy meje;au yd iqn isoaêh

i|yd wjYH jkafkah'

— ksoyiska yd j.lSfuka hqla;j ls%hd lsÍug yelsùu ukqIH mqoa.,hdf.a

.re;ajhg WÑ; wx.hls' tfyhska iudc iïnkaOlïj,§ whs;sjdislï

ls%hd;aul lrkúg o hql=lï bgq lrk úg o m%Odk jYfhka ksoyia j.lSu yd

uq,a msÍfï Yla;sh wkqj ls%hd lsÍug Tyqg wjldYhla ;sìh hq;= hs''˜ ^f,dal

iduh 34&

— tl tl ukqIHhdf.a ÈhqKqj yd ukqIH iudcfha m%.;sh w;f¾ wfkdHkH

iïnkaO;djla we;s nj ukqIHhdf.a iudÔh iajNdjfhka fmkS hhs'''˜ j¾;udk

f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj 25&

212

— fmdÿ hym; hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iudc lKavdhïj,g yd ta lKavdhïj,

ish¨ idudðlhkg ;uka iïmQ¾Klr .ekSug bv i,ik kshukays uq¿

tl;=jh'''˜ ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj 26&

— iudch jQ l,S" tluq;=lu mrud¾:h lrf.k tlg ne÷Kq " mqoa.,hka

iuQyhhs' w;S;fhka bf.k wkd.;h ie<iqï lrk iduqysl;ajfhls' iudch

ud¾.fhka iEu ukqIHhl=u tys — Wreulrejl= ˜ o fjhs' tfukau Tyqf.a —

;f,ka;= u.ska ;u wkd.;h ÈhqKq lrf.k tajd j¾Okh lr.kshss'''˜ l'i'O

1880 &

— udkj ixj¾Okh — iyNd.S;ajh˜ f,i y÷kajkqfha tlsfkld " iudc

hymeje;au yd fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka iafõÉPdfjka yd mß;Hd.YS,sj bÈßm;a

ùuhs' fmdÿ hym; i|yd tlsfkld ;udf.a ;;a;ajh yd N+ñldj wkqj odhl

úh hq;=h' fuu wksjd¾h hq;=lu ukqI;ajh yd ijNdjfhka ne£ mj;S'''˜

^l'i'O 1913 &

udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq odhl;ajh .ek l;d lsÍfï§ iudcfha fmdÿ

hym; yd ck;d wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka wemlemùu w;HjYH lreKls' iudÔh"

wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl wxY' ls;=kq odhl;ajh ;=, foaj rdcHfha

jákdlï j,ska fmdaIKh jk l< ñksia iudch ñysmsg — foaj rdcH ˜ njg

m;ajkq we;' ls;=kq le|ùu jkafkao foaj rdcHfha Wodj fjkqfjka lghq;=

lsÍuhs' fuys,d m<uqj mqoa.,hdg .re;ajh oelaùu" fojkqj iudc iqn isoaêh

yd ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu ;=kajkqj iudcfha iduh yd iyÔjkh

fjkqfjka fjfyiSu hk wx. ;=k b;d jeo.;a h'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

mshjr 1 ñksia nfõ .re;ajh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 2 ldka;djka ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'

mshjr 3 ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 4 udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq iNd.S;ajh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la lr

f.dvk.kak'

uQ,dY% - Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialarKh 1990

- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj (LG)

- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjq iNdj (G S)

- f,dalfha iduh" 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh1963

- .sysfhda" II cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a wfmdaia;,sl wkqYdik

m;%h" 1988

- oyï ÈhU" oy;=ka jeks l,dmh" ls;=kq újdyh

213



ksmqK;dj uÜgu 10'2 ( j;auka iudc .eg¨ ms<sn|j ls;=kq j.lSu f.kyer olajhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² iuia; ueú,a," ;s<sKhla f,i ñksidg ndr l< foúhka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h

jkqfha ñksid m%pKav;ajfhka iy ysxidfjka je<lS" ish¨ ueú,s iu. idufhka

yd ixysÈhdfjka Ôj;aùu nj jgyd .kshs'

² nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh yd ls;=kq oelau wkqj" iduh hkq m%pKav;ajh yd hqoaO .egqï

fkdue;sùu muKlau fkdj" tlsfkldf.a idOdrK wfmalaIdfjka y"whs;Ska

bgq lr,Su u.ska Tjqka ;=< we;sjk ;Dma;su;a ùfï i;=g yd mq¾K;ajfha

w;aoelSu nj wjfndaO lr .kshs'

² foúhka jykafiaf.a iudk;ajhg yd iajrEmhg ujk ,o ñksid" iajNdj

O¾ufha " mßirfha Ndrlre yd kshuqjd nj jgydf.k mßirh ixrlaIKh

lsÍu yd ;j;a ,iaik lsÍug ;uka i;= j.lSu ukdj wjfndaO lr.kshs'

² iajNdj O¾uh ;=<ska wkdjrKh jk foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuh yd n,h

wjfndaO lrf.k fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia fuka oeä mdßißl ne£ulska fj,s

iajNdj O¾uhg yd mßirhg jv jvd iómj lghq;= lsÍug is;g .kshs'


10'2'1 .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k`.d,Su

ziduhZ ms<sn| Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh

Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj n,k l, ziduhZ hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha

hqoaOh fkdue;s" .egqï"ysxid fkdue;s mßirhla ìysùu muKla fkdfõ' Bg

tyd Èfjk .eUqre w¾:hla bka èjks; lrjhs'

merKs .súiqfï — iduhZ i|yd Ndú; z If,dï Shalom& hk fyfn%õ jpkfha

mq¿,a w¾:h jkqfha hul=f.a idOdrK wfmaCIdjka" is;=ï me;=ï bgqùu fya;=fldg

Tyq weh ;=< we;sjk iEysulg m;aùu fyda ;Dma;su;a ùfuka cks;jk

ika;=Iaáhhs' th mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk mQ¾K;ajfha w;aoelSula f,i o ye£kaùu

ksjerÈh' z iduhZ hk ixl,amh iEu úglu flfkl=f.a idOdrK b,a,Sï"

whs;sjdislï yd hqla;siy.; wfmaCIdjka yd tlg ne£ mj;S' tajd bIaG jk úg

iduh Wodùu fyj;a mQ¾K;ajh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj Wodfõ' .egqula we;sjkafka

hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh wysñ jk úg§h" hqla;sh bgqjk úg .egqulg hdug

214

wjYH fkdfõ' tneúka .egqï ksrdlrKh i|yd hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh bgq

lsÍfuka iduh k`.d,sh hq;= h'

iuia; ueú,a," foaj ;s<sKhla f,i ñksidg ndr l< foúhka jykafiaf.a

wNsu;h jkqfha ñksid ish¨ ueú,s iu`. idufhka yd ixys¢hdfjka Ôj;aùuhs'

tu ksid m%pKav;ajh" .egqï" ysxidj yd hqoaOh lsisfia;a foaj wNsu;h fkdjk

nj Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wmg lshhs'

mqrdK .súiqfï ziduhZ yqfola mqoa.,hl=f.a yDo wNHka;rfha cks;jk ye`.Sulg

jvd lKavdhula ck iuQyhla ;=< idx>Slj" iduqyslj ,nk w;aolSula f,i

úia;r flf¾' ix>fha ish¨ fokdf.a wjYH;d bgqùu" iudk whs;sjdislï

,eîu" fnod yod .ekSu u.ska idOdrK;ajh bgqùu u`.ska cks;jk iïmq¾K;ajh"

ixys¢hdj iduh f,i ye¢kafõ'

fuishia;=udKka idufha l=udrhdfKa h ^fhidhd 9(6&

idufha Wodj .ek fhidhd Èjeisjrhd wmQ¾j w¾:l:khla bÈßm;a lrhs' —

jDlhd neg¿ megjd iu`. jdih lrkafka h'''˜ ^fhidhd 11(6-9&

ish¨ cd;Ska tlaj úkdYldÍ wdhqO Ndú;h yd ieyeislï kj;d f,dj

ixj¾Okh yd hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= l< hq;=h' — ;ukaf.a lvqj,ska k.=,a

o fy,a, j,ska oEle;so idod .kafkdah''˜ ^fhidhd 2(1-5&

fuishdkq rdcH idufha rdcHhls ^óld 5(4&

fuishdkq b.ekaùu wkqj iduh ia:dms; ùug kï wksjd¾h fldkafoais folla

bgqúh hq;=h' tkï hqla;sh yd O¾ñIaGluhs'

hqla;sh - flfkl=g ysñúh hq;= idOdrK whs;sjdislï Tyqg$wehg

,nd §uhs'

O¾ñIaGlu - foaj wNsu;h úuid n,d thg wjk;j ta Tiafia ls%hdlsÍuhs"

ðj;aùuhs' ^fhidhd 9(7-11&

fï wkqj" iduh hkq bfí my<jkakla fkdfõ' iduh k`.d,Su hkq hqla;sh"

idOdrK;ajh bgq lsÍuhs' idOdrK;ajh bgq jkafka fld;eko" t;ek iduh

Wodfõ" hkak Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh oelau wmg mjihs' whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh

lsÍfï § mSä;hka iqrdlEfï§ " ks¾oh fy<d oelSïj,§ iduh lvù wfydais ù

hk njo th wmg mjihs' ^wdfudia 4(1-2& ^fcrñhd 22(13-14& iduh wfydais ù

215

hk ;ek .egqï ieyeislï biau;= jk w;r iudch ;j ;j;a w.dOh lrd we£

hdug ta fya;= fõ'

kj .súiqfï oDIaÀ fldaKh

kj .súiqu ;=< iduh hk ixl,amh .ek l;d lsÍfï § mqrdK .súiqfï

zIf,dïZ hk jokg iudk w¾:h Ndú; jqjo mqrdK .súiqfï b.ekaùïj,g

wu;rj wdOHd;añl iajrEmhla bka .uH fõ'

Èjeisjreka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fuishia ;=udfKa z idufha l=udrhdfKa h' tfyhska

t;=udKkaf.a Wm; iqndrxÑhls' th —il, ckhd yg wdkkao ckl ux.,

mqj;la o fjhs' tu idufha §ukdj Wka jykafiaf.ka ,nkafkda — foaj m%idoh,;a

Z fyj;a iqis;a ckfhdah (Men of goodwill) foaj m%idoh ,;a ckhd jkdys foaj

wNsu;h y÷kdf.k ta Tiafia Ôj;a jk ck;djh ^Æla 2(10-14& foú÷kaf.ka

,efnk iduh w;aoelsh yelafla o iduh Wodl< yelafla o Tjqkg muKs'

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.ka ,efnk iduh f,dalhdf.ka ,efnk iduhg

jvd w;s fjkia h' ^fcdyka 14 (27& ukqIHhdf.a wjYH;d" wfmalaId fldf;la

bgqjqjo yDo wNHka;rfha iduh we;aoelSug fkdyelsjqjfyd;a wiykhg"

le<öug m;afõ' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia wmg fokafka f,dalhdg Èh fkdyels

fujka W;a;Í;r iduhls' Wka jykafia wkHhka Wfoid ysiaù ish ðú;h mqcd

lr iduhg u`.mE¥ fial' ^tmSi 2( 14-16& iajlSh W;a:dkfhka miq o¾Ykh jQ

iEu wjia:djlu — Tng iduh fõjd˜ hs Æla 24(36& mjid Wkajykafia odkh

lf<a fuu uy`.= idufha ;s<sKhhs' f,dalhd iduh hkafkka woyia lrk foa

yd Wka jykafia wmg fok iduh w;r we;s mriamrh ñka wmg jegfya'

ls;=kq wkq.dñlhl= f,i iduh WodlsÍu fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍfï §

mß;Hd.YS,Súu w;HjYHh' mß;Hd.hlska f;drj iduhla kQm§hs' ^fcdyka

15(12-13& iduh yd fm%aufhka mß;Hd.ùu w;r we;af;a oeä iïnkaOhls'

lkao Wv foaYkfha wm olsk Wka jykafiaf.a wúysxidjd§ m%;sm;a;sh b;d

jeo.;a h' — hfula Tnf.a ol=Kq lïuq,g .eiqfjd;a Tyqg wfkla lïuq, o

yrjkak' ˜ ^uf;õ 5 (9&

ls;= oyu ;=< ieyeislï" m%pKav;ajh yd hqoaO .egqïj,g bvla ke;s nj ñka

ikd: fjhs' ysxidjg wúysxidfjka ms<s;=re § ysxidj" m%pKav;ajh mrdch lsÍu

ls;=kqjl=f.a mru hq;=luls'

216

;jo Ôj;ajk iudcfha iduh WodlsÍug ls;=kqjl=g j.lSula mejf¾' lkao

Wv foaYkfha ux., jdlHj, —iduh we;s lrkafkda Nd.Hjka;fhdah' Tõyq

foúhka jykafiaf.a mq;%fhda hhs lshkq ,nkafkda h''˜ uf;õ 5 (9& hk iñ÷kaf.a

ux., jdlH wkqj iduh fjkqfjka mß;Hd.fhka wemlemùu ls;=kqjl=f.a

mru j.lSuls' ^1 -fldßka;s 1(10&

iNd b.ekaùï

- —f,dal iduh (Pacem in Terris) 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh

- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj G.S 5 jk mßÉfþoh - iduh k`.d,Su yd

cd;Skaf.a iudcfha ÈhqKqj i|yd ls%hd lsÍu fkd 77-82

- lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O&

2302 -2306 - iduh iq/lSu

2307 - 2330 hqoaOh je<elaùu

10'2'2 mßirh iqrlSfï ls;=kq j.lSu

ueùfï l;dfõ mdßißl ine¢hdj

ueùu ms<sn| m<uq l;dj ^W;am;a;s 1$1-2" 4 w&

ueùfï l;dj rplhdf.a uqLH mrud¾:h " úYajfha ish¨ foag by<ska foúhka

jykafiaf.a mrudêm;H yd n,h ;yjqre lsÍuhs' tfyhska úYajfha wms<sfj,"

wixúOdkh" ysianj" foúhka jykafiaf.a ueùfï ls%hdj,sh ;=< mQ¾K f,i

zms<sfj,Z zixúOdkhZ njg m;aù ukyr jk wdldrh rplhd fmkajd fohs'

— wdrïNfha § foúhka jykafia wyi;a fmdf<dj;a uejQ fial' fmdf<dj ysiaj

md¿j ;sìKs''''˜ W;am;a;s 1(11&

iuia; ueú,a," iajNdj O¾uhd fyj;a mßirh we;sjkafka foúhka jykafiaf.a

wdêm;Hfhks' tys wdrïNh we;sjkqfha ñksidg fmrh' miqj wjidkfha§ foúhka

jykafiaf.a iudk;ajhg yd iajrEmhg ujk ,o ñksid mßirfha Ndrlre yd

kshuqjd njg m;afõ' ueú,a, iq/lSug ñksid foaj kshufhka ne£ isáhs' uq¿

uy;a fidnd oyu" mßirh mqrd ms<sônq jkafka" foajd;audkqNdjhhs' Wkajykafia

uejq ish,a, — b;d ukyr nj˜ foúhka jykafia ÿgq fial' ^W;am;a;s 1(31&tu

ukyr nj" o¾YkSh nj" iajNdúl fi!kao¾H ¥IKh fkdfldg" úlD;s fkdlr

iq/lSu yd ;j ;j;a ,iaik lsÍu ukqIHhd i;= j.lSuls' uq¿ uy;a ueú,a,

ñksidg ndr È th iq/lSug foúhka jykafia Tyq $weh yd .súiqula we;s lr

.;a fial' W;am;a;s 2(15& tneúka mßirfha Ndrldr;ajh oeÍu muKla fkdj"

th j¾Okh lsÍu yd iq/lSu ñksidf.a mru j.lSuls'

217

ueùu ms<sn| fojk l;dj ^W;am;a;s 2(4wd - 3 (24&

foúhka jykafia taoka ys Whkla ;kd tys oel=ïl¨ m%KS; wdydrhg .; yels

ish¨ .ia j¾. o jefvkakg i,id ñksid tys mÈxÑ lrjQ fial' W;am;a;s 2(19&

fuu rplhdf.a f,aLkfha — wdoïZ hk jpkh ÿú,a,g o ukqIHhdgo Ndú;

lsÍfuka ukqIHhd fmdf<djg fl;rï iómoehs yef`.a' ukqIHhd ujkq ,nkafka

fmdf<dfõ ¥ú,af,ks ^W;am;a;s 2(7& fmf<dj ireidrh" ireM,f.k fohs'

tuksid th wiajeoaÈh hq;=h' fmdf<dj wiaje§ug kï th wdrlaId l< hq;=h'

th wdrlaId l< hq;af;a ukqIHhdh' Y=oaOjq nhsn,Sh oelaug wkqj fmdf<dj

wiajeoa§uu foaj kuialdrfha ls%hdjls" foú iñ÷kag m%Yxid lsÍuls" foaj

jkaokdjls" mßirh fidnd oyu j¾Okh yd iq/lSu foaj jkaokdjla ùfukau

tu j.lSfï ne?reï nj jgyd .; yels h'

ñksid yd mßirh w;r fukau ñksid yd i;=ka w;f¾ o we;af;a oeä ine¢hdjls'

ñksid ujkq ,nkafka o ¥ú,af,ks W;am;a;s 2(7& i;=ka ujkq ,nkafka N+ñfhks

^W;am;a;s 2(19&

we;eï nhsn,a úYdrohka mjikqfha W;am;a;s fmdf;a yuqjk ueùfï l;dj

W;am;a;s 9 mßÉfþofha tk fkdajd iu. we;slr.;a foaj .súiqu iu. iïnkaO

lr wjfndaO lr.; hq;= njhs'

— ud yd kqU,d o kqU,d iu. isák ish¨ Ôjudk i;=kao w;r u;= ish¨

mrïmrdjla i|yd ud msysgqjk .súiqï ,l=K kï fuhhs ˜ ^W;am;a;s 9(12&

fuu .súiqu foúhka jykafia yd ukqIHhka w;r muKla fkdj uq¿ uy;a

ueú,a,o iu`.h' mßirho" fidndoyu o tys fldgialrejka jk neúka ñksia

wm ieu foaj ueú,af,a Ndrlrejka jkafkuq'

.S;dj,sh ;=< mdßißl wdOHd;añl;ajh

foaj ueú,af, w.%ia:dkh ñksid nj .S;dj,sh ;yjqre lrhs — ''' f;o hi

lsre<la Tyq msg m<ok ,oafoah' Tn uejQ yeufoa Tyqg hg;a l< fial' Tn Tyq

uq¿ ilaj<g wêm;s l< fial'''˜ ^.S;dj,sh 8(4-7& fï uq¿ uy;a ueú,a, iu`.

ñksid foúhka jykafiag m%Yxid lrhs' f.d¿ mßirhg jkkakg fkdyels

m%Yxidj" ia;=;sh ;u jkaokdfjka" m%Yxidfjka iÔù lrk ñksid iuia;

ueú,af,a w.%mQclhdKka nj .S;dj,sh fmkakqï lrhs' .S;dj,sfha tk m%Yxidfõ

ia;=;sfha .S;sldj, wf,dalh" wyia;,h" fmdf<dj" .ia fld<ka" ysre rdchd"i|

u`v," uiqka" mCISka" m¾j;" l÷ YsLr" uy ihqr" fmdf<dj" m;a," w.dOh" ksïk"

218

l÷lrh" ñksid hk fidnd oyfï iuia; ueú,a, ks;r ks;r isys lsÍu

uejqïlrejdKka miik .eUqre mdßißl wdOHd;añl;ajhla biau;= lr olajhs'

fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd mdßißl ne£u

- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ¥; fiajdj m,ia;Skfha mdßißl fi!kao¾h yd

iïnkaOj jk whqre iqndrxÑ fmd;aj, ukdj Èiafõ'

- m,ia;Skfha ìysiqKq ldka;dr" l÷jeá " ìhlre m%md;" f.dhu .ia fld<ka"

i;=ka " mCISka" u,a m<;=re" we<fod<" .x.d ksïk" uqyqo" fmdl=Kq" wyia l=i" ysre

i÷" iq<`." m¾j;" wdÈh Wkajykafiag lsisfia;a wd.ka;=l fkdùh'

- Wka jykafia iajNdj O¾uhg " mßirhg" wêm;shdfKdah" fidnd oyuo Wka

jykafiaf.a wKg lSlreh' ûdla 4(35-41& uf;õ 14(22-23&

- mßirh" fidndoyu ;=<ska foaj wkdjrKh isÿfõ' ta ;=<ska foaj n,h w;aoelsh

yelsh' uf;õ 24(29-31&

- Ôú;h yd fyg oji .ek lkiai¨ fkdjk f,i l< foaYkh fidnd oyu yd

wmQrE f,i iïnkaOfõ' ûf;õ 6(26-31" Æla 12(22-29&

- Wkajykfiaf.a Wmf;a§ iaj¾.ho" ñys;,ho wdkkaofhka bms,S .sfhah' ^Æla

2(14& ;drldjla wyfia mEhQy' ûf;õ 2(2" 9-10&

- Wka jykafia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,enQfha fcda¾odka k§fhah' udla 1(9 -11& tys

§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jeäfha mfrú ú,dihlsks'

- mdial= wNsryigo " T,sõ lkao" u,a Whk" f.d,af.d;dj" lsføka we," l=reisfha

urKfha § ;o wkaOldrhla my<ùu" fmdf<dj lïmd ùu" .sßl=¿ fooÍu"

fidfydka f.j,a újrùu uf;õ 27(45-46& wd§ fidnd oyfï ls%hd iy mßirh

oeä fia iïnkaOh'

by; i|yka Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh oelau yd fidndoyu kï foaj ;s<sKh .ek fufkys

lrk úg mßirh iq/lSfï" iajNdjO¾uh wdrlaId lsÍfï yd j¾Okh lsÍfï

ls;=kq j.lSu uekúka meyeÈ,s fjhs'

tfyhska mßir ¥IKh" lsÍu" flf<iSu" ls;=kq oelaug úreoaOh' tfyhska ;ud

Ôj;ajk mßirfha msú;=re nj /l.ekSu" mßir ixrlaIKh yd mßirfha

ukyr nj /l.ekSug ls;=kqjd ne£ isáhs' th fidnd oyug hqla;sh bgq lsßuls'

tkï ridhksl f,dalh" jdlaI,;d f,dalh" i;a;aj f,dalh yd ukqIH f,dalh

iqrlsñka th j¾Okh msKsi wemlem ùuhs'

ñksid foúhka jykafia iu`. o fiiq ñksiqka iu.o iajNdj O¾uhd iu.o

ióm iene¢hdjla f.dv k`.d .;hq;= nj ñka jvd meyeÈ,s fjhs'

219

iNd b.ekaùï

j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj" 69

l'i'O 299 - foúhka jykafia ukyr f,dalhla ñksidg ;s<sK l< fial'

338 - ish,af,a ks¾ud;DjrhdfKda foúhka jykafiah'

347 - ish¨ ueú,s foúhka jykfiag m%Yxid l< hq;=h'

341 - ueú,a, b;d ukyrh

2415-2418 ueú,a,g" mßirhg" wdorh lsÍu yd ixrlaIKh

668 - ls%ia;=ia jykafia ueú,af,a iajdñhdfKda h'

bf.kï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

mshjr 1- .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k.d,Su ms,sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 2- mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kq j.lSï ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'

uQ,dY%h- Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh 1990

ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj LG

j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjq iNdj G S

f,dal iduh" 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh 1963

.sysfhda" II cqjdï mdjq Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a wfmdaia;,sl wkqYdik

m;%h" 1988

220



ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( ls;=kq tluq;=j yd úúO wd.ï j. iyÔjkh i|yd jvd;a

j.lSulska ls%hd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd ms<sn| lreKq oek úúO;ajh ;=< tlu ls%ia;=ia

jykafiag idlaIh orñka iqn jofka O¾u¥; j.lSu wjfndaO lr.kshs'

² b;sydifha isÿ jQ ñksia ÿ¾j,lï ksid" iNd fnÈï iy fjkaùï isÿ jqjo th

ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdjk fyhska tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla

fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr ta fjkqfjka lemfjhs'

² wkHd.ï ms<sn| ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wdl,am yd iNd b.ekaùï oekf.k

wka;¾ iduhsl iu.sh u.ska wd.ñl iyÔjkh Wod lsÍug odhl fjhs'

² ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï ;=< olsk hym;a ,laIK jákdlï iy yrj;a b.ekaùï

f.!rjfhka w.hñka fyd| ys; m< lr ¥; fiajdfõ kshef,ñka Tjqkgo

.e,ùfï mKsjqvh m%ldY lrhs'


YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd

* lf;da,sl iNdj

* ,xld iNdj

* fuf;dÈia; iNdj

* fm%iafífÜßhka iNdj

* nemaáiaÜ iNdj

* ls%ia;shdks frmrudÿ iNdj

* .e,ùfï yuqodj

* ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iNdj

lf;da,sl iNdj

idudkH jyf¾ § frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdj hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fuu

iNdj ls%ia;=ia jykfia úiskau ia:dms; uf;õ 16$18-19& wfmdia;= jrekaf.ka

mej; tk APOSTOLIC & tlu ONE & Y=oaO jq HOLY& ldf;da,sl CATHOLIC&

hk ,laIK iys; iNdj f,i b;sydih mqrd w¾: .ekafõ' Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre

wfmdaia;=¨;=ukfa.a wkqm%dma;slhdKka f,i frdaufha rdc.=rem%idÈ ;k;=rg

221

m;ajk Y=oafOda;a;u mdmajykafia fuu iNdfõ úYaj kdhl tfârdKka f,i

kdhl;ajh Wiq,hs' Wka jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a úúO rc.=re moúj,

rd.=re m%id§ka jykafia,d iduqysl ne£fuka fiajfha ksr; fj;s'

YS% ,xldfõ nyq;r ls;=kq ck;djla wh;ajk lf;da,sl iNdj rdc.=re moú 11

lska hq;=j rdc.=rem%id§ka jykafiaf.a tfârsl;ajh hgf;a ¥; fiajdfõ ksr;

fjhs'

,xld iNdj

weka.a,sldk ifydaor;ajh yd ne¢ ls%hd;aul jk ,xld iNdj fld<U iy

l=reKE., hk ÈfhdlsiSs fyj;a rdc.=re moú folla hgf;a fiajdfõ ksr; fõ'

ta ta ÈfhdalsiS iajdëkj ls%hd;aul fõ' ro.=re ysñ meúÈ mCIh yd .sys

ieoeyej;=kaf.ka iukaú; Èfhdlsis uka;%K iNdj u.ska wod< Èfhdalsisfha

fiajdjkag wod, ;Skaÿ" m%;sm;a;s wdÈh ilia flf¾'

fuf;daÈia; iNdj

weka.,sldk iNdfõ f.!rjkSh fcdaka fjia,sf.a iqndrxÑ fiajdfõ mqkreohlaa

f,i fuf;daÈia; iNdfõ uq,drïNh ie<lsh yels h' fuu iNdjg wh;a mi

fofkl=f.ka hq;a uq,au lKavdhula m%:u jrg 1814 cqks 29 od .d,a, g <`.d

ùfuka fuu iNdfõ furg wdrïNh isÿ ù we;'

fm%iafífÜßhka iNdj

fuu iNdj 1742 § .d,a, k.rfha § wrUk ,§' tjlg ,kao iNdfõ iyfhda.h

yd ms<sirK ,en fuh iS>%fhka jHdma; úh' fuys O¾u ÿ; fiajdj fld<U yd

uykqjr m%foaYj, isÿ fõ'

nemaáiaÜ iNdj

fuu iNdfõ .re fÊïia ldg¾ 1812 È ,kavkfha isg YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha h'

tjlg bx.S%is rcfha iyfhda.h u; t;=udf.a wd.ñl fiajdj wdrïN jqfha

.%Ekamdia m%foaYfhks' wdrïNfha isg u fuu iNdfõ fiajdj niakdysr jhU yd

uOHu hk m<d;a olajd úysÈ .sfha h'

ls%ia;shdks frmrudÿ iNdj

uE;la jk;=re ^2007& ´,kao frmrudÿ iNdj jYfhka o ye¢kajqKq fuu

iNdfõ furg ¥; fiajdj werUqfha 1647 §h' wdrïNfha § ´,kao cd;slhkg

iSud jqjo miqj isxy, ck;dj w;r o me;sßKs' ,kafoais wd.ukhla iu. werô

fuu iNdj YS% ,xldfõ merKs;u fm%df;ia;ka; iNdj fõ'

222

ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iNdj

weka.a,sldk" fuf;daÈia;" fldka.%sf.aIk,a yd fm%iafífÜßhka hk úúO wd.ñl

iïm%odhkaf.ka fyì iNd lsysmhl tluq;=jl m%;sM,hla f,i 1947 iema;eïnr

ui fuu iNdj bkaÈhdfõ § ìysúh' ro.=re ysñhkaf.a wdOHd;añl u`. fmkaùu

hgf;a ls%hd;aul fõ' rdc.=re moúh md,kh jkafka ixiohlsks' ^Synod& tu

ixioh u.ska ro.=re ysñm;a flf¾'

10'3'2 ls;=kq iNd ixjdoh

.e,ùfï ie,eiau udkj ixys;sh mqrd hq.dka;h olajd isÿjk msKsi ñysmsg

.e,ùfï i<l=Kla f,i" fÊiqia ls%ia;ia jykafia úiska Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre

wfmdaia;=¨;=ukaf.a kdhl;ajh u; Y=oaO jq iNdj i:dmkh l< fial' Wka

jykafia ia:dmkh lf<a tla Y=oaO jQ iNdjls" iNd lsysmhla fkdfõ' fuu

iNdfõ fn§ï fjkaùï we;sùu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdùh'

b;sydih uq¿,af,a isÿjqKq iNd fn§ï wOHhkh lrk l<" úúO fya;= u; tu

fnoSï isÿjqKq nj mila jqjo Bg wod< fmdÿ idOlh jkafka ukqIHhkaf.a

ÿ¾j,lï yd mõldÍ iajNdjhh' tu ksid fuu iNd fn§ï" úisrhEï iNd

b;sydifha b;d wjdikdjka; isoaëka f,i Èiafõ'

b;sydifha we;sjqKq fn§ï" úisÍï j,g fya;= jQ lreKq l=ula jqjo tajd ls%ia;=ia

jykafiaf.a wNsu;hg mgyeksh' ish W;a;u mQcl hdÉ[dfõ § Wka jykafia

mshdKka jykafiag hd[a[d lf<a wkq.dñlhka ieuf.a tluq;=lu yd tal;ajh

fjkqfjks' ^fcdyka 17$11& tfiakï j¾;udkfha úúO iNdj,g yd

lKavdhïj,g fn§fjkaù tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafia woyñka iqndrxÑhg idCIH

orK ls%ia;= wkq.dñl wm ieuf.a j.lSu jkafka tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla˜

u.ska Wkajykafia wNsu; jQ tal;ajh k`.d,Suhs' tal;ajfhka Wka jykafiag

idCIH oeÍuhs' tfiakï iNd b;sydifha isÿjq ñksia ÿn,lï" w;ajerÈ" fn§ï"

fjkaùï l=ula jqjo ta ish,a, wlduld tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a tlu

iNdjla fjkqfjka wem lemùu fyj;a ta fjkqfjka orK m%h;akh jkqfha —

˜ls;=kq iNd ixjdohhs Ecumenism&

tfyhska fuu fn§ï" fjkaùï ;=< ;jÿrg;a iNd tal;ajh yd iu.sh fjkqfjka

lghq;= l< fkdyels nj ish¨ ls;=kqjka jgyd.; hq;= h' b;sydifha mgq iSud

yd jerÈj, t,an fkdisg iNd iu.sh" iNd tal;ajh fjkqfjka l< yels iEu

fohla u.ska" ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wNs,dIh mßÈ tlu iNdjl ls%ia;= m%;srEmh

olskakg wmg yelsjkq we;'

223

iNd b.ekaùï

b;sydih foi yeß ne,Sfï § lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ks,jYfhka iNd iu.sh

Wfoid oeuq m%:u yd m%n, wä;d,u f,i fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj

ye¢kaúh yelsh ' 1962-1965& l%sia;=ia jykafia iNd lsysmhla ia:dms; fkdl<

fial' tlu Y=oaO jQ iNdjla muKla msysg jQ fial' ˜ fufia tl /<la o tl

tfâfrla o jkakd y' ˜ ^fcdyka 10$16& hk tal;ajfha iNdjla i|yd mshjr

k`.kakg fuu uka;%K iNdj uy;a msájy,a úh' fuu uka;%K iNdfõ m%ldYk

16 ka follau fjkajkqfha ls%ia;shdks iNd ixjdoh iy iNd iu.sh ms<sn|

lf;da,sl iNdfõ b.ekaùu m%ldY lsÍuh'

fmrÈ. lf;da,sl iNd ms<sn| ksfhda.h

ls;=kq iNd tal;ajh k`.d,Sfï ksfhda.h

fuhg wu;rj" j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ" ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn|

cd;Skaf.a wdf,dalh kï jHjia:dfõ wxl 15 fjk;a ls;=kq iNd ;=< we;s

idOkSh hym;a ,laIK f.k yer olajñka ls;=kq iNd iu.sh b; is;ska

m%d¾:kd lrhs'

II cqjdï mdjq Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a — tal;ajhla jk msKsi˜ Utunum sinct&

ls%ia;= Y%djlhkaf.a ukqIH ÿn,lu ksid w;S;fha isÿj jer§ yd wkjfndaOh

u;iNd fn§ï" fjkaùï isÿjqjo tajd ;j ;j;a fn§ fjkaùulg fya;= fkdfldg"

mYapd;a;dmfhkao ifydaor ye`.Sfuka o foaj wNsuhg iy Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajhg

újD; ù lghq;= l<fyd;a foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h wkqj

iqÿiq fhda.H wjia:dfõ§ ls;=kq iNd iu.sh yd tal;ajh kue;s f,daflda;a;r

;s<sKh wmyg odkh lrk neõ ksielh'

tfyhska ls;=kq iNd w;r foaj Od¾ñl jYfhka o iudðlhka w;aolsk tl`.;d

uq,a lrf.k ixjdohl fhduqq ù iNd iu.sh Wfoid hdÉ[d lsÍu;a ta fjkqfjka

fjfyiSu;a ls;=kq wm ieuf.a hq;=luls' ukao — tlu tfâfrla hgf;a tlu

/<la ˜ùug iñodfKda wm le|jd we;'

iNd ixjdofha m%;sM,

ls;=kq iNd ixjdofha m%ÓM,hla f,i YS% ,xld ls;=kq iNdfõ uE; ld,fha §

we;sjQ idOkSh ,laIK lsysmhla i|yka lrkq jà'

224

- YS% ,xld lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h iy fiiq ls;=kq iNd tl`.;ajfhka 1983

§ fodrg jeä kj isxy, Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h'

- úYaj iNdj yd iïnkaO ù" iEu jirlu ckjdß udifha iy iu.sh Wfoid

flfrk heÿï i;sh'

- wd.ñl " iudÔh lghq;=j,§ iqyo;djfhka lghq;= lsÍu'

- foajOd¾ñl tl`.;d uq,alrf.k isÿjk Ydia;S%h yd Od¾ñl idlÉPd yd ixjdo'

- wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^W$fm& úNd.h i|yd iEu ls;=kq iNdjlgu fmdÿ

jQ úIh ks¾foaYhla ieliSug yels ùu'

10'3'3 úúO wd.ï iu`. iyÔjkh

úúO wd.ï u`. iyÔjkfhka lghq;= lsÍu fyj;a — wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh˜

f,i ye¢kafjkqfha iudcfha mj;sk úúO wd.ï iy wd.ñl ck fldgia

iu`. tluq;= fjñka fj<s Ôj;aùug orK iNd m%h;akhhs'

f,dalfha úúO wd.ï iy o¾Yk ta ta b.ekaùï wkqj hñka i;Hh fidhdhk

.ukl ksr;fj;s' wm YS% ,xldj o f,dj m%Odk wd.ï y;f¾ wkq.dñlhkaf.ka

fyì nyq wd.ñl rgls' tfyhska" fn!oaO" yskaÿ" bia,dï hk fiiq wd.ñl

ieoeyej;=ka yd ixjdohl fhfoñka iyÔjkfhka lghq;= lsÍu ls;=kq wmg

b;d jeo.;a h'

wka wd.ï ms<sn| nhsn,Sh miqìu

Y=oaOjQ ,shú,a, rpkd l< l;=jrekaf.a oelau yd wruqK jQfha tl< jQ wka

wd.ï ms<sn| b.ekaùï fkdj" udkj b;sydih ;=< ;uka w;aÿgq" wkdjrKh jQ

tlu foúhka jykafia .ek ish w;aoelSï fnod.ekSuh' tfyhska f;dard.;a

ck;djf.a weiska cqod fkdjk wka wd.ï foi újD;j ne,Sula fndfyda úg

olakg fkd,eìKs'

tfy;a kslauhdu isoaêhg m%:ufhka meje;s .súiqu u.ska foúhka jykafiaf.a

.e,ùu ieugu újD;j ;snq nj fmkajd fohs' ^W;am;a;s 1$11& iuia; ñksia

j¾.hd i|ydu we;af;a tlu .e,ùfï b;sydihla nj ñka ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'

fkdajd iu. we;s lr.;a .súiqu udkj b;sydifha foaj ueÈy;aùuls' tfyhska

bYardfh,fha foúhka jykafiaf.a leu;a; jkqfha iaj,am fofkl=f.a .e,ùu

fkdj ish¨ fokdu Wka jykafiaf.a .e,ùu w;aoelSuh' tkï foúhka

jykafiaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh fNaohlska iSudjlska f;drj iEu cd;shlgu" wd.ulg

o¾Ykhlgu újD;j mj;S'

225

wkHwd.ï ms<sn| ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a wdo¾Yh

ls%ia;=ia jykafia wkHd.ï yd wkHd.ñlhka m%;sfCIam fkdfldg wka u;

bjiñka ixjdofha kshe¨Kq wjia:d lsysmhla iqndrxÑ fmd;a weiqfrka oelaúh

yels h'

1' iudßfha ia;S%h iu`. ,s| <`.§ lrk ixjdoh ^fcdyka 4^1-22&

2' lkdkSh ia;S%h yuqùu ûdla 7$24-30&

3' Y;dêm;shdf.a odihd iqj lsÍu ûf;ï 8$5-13" Æla 7$1-10&

tfukau foaj rdcH ms<sn| Wka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu tla ckfldgilg

muKla iSudjQjla fkdj iEug újD; mKsjqvhls' .e,ùu cqod cd;slhkag

muKla fkdj udkj mjqf,a ish¨ fokdg nj Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùu yd

Wmud rEml u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs' ûf;õ 8$10-11" 20- 24" 25^31-32" 43&

Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ ;=ud yd úúO wd.ï

kd÷kk foúhka ms<sn| wßfhdam.fha foaYkh ^ls%hd 17(&

YS% ,dxlslhka jk ls;=kq wms nyq wd.ñl iudchl Ôj;afjñka wmf.a ls;=kq

úYajdih m%ldY lrñka foú iñ÷ka jkaokd lrkafkuq' tjeks nyq wd.ñl

iudchl § wd.ñl iyÔjkh fyj;a wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh wmg fnfyúka

jeo.;ah' th iduldñ Ôú; rgdjlgo fya; fjhs' foú iñ÷kaf.a .e,ùfï

;s<sKh wmg w;aoelsh yels jkafka ish¨ wd.ï iu`. we;sjk ixjdoh fya;=fjka

WmÈk wfkHkH f;areï.ekSu" iqyo;dj" iyfhda.h uq,alrf.k f.dvkef.k

fm%aufhka msreKq iudchla ;=<sks'

iNd b.ekaùï

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ fndfyda m%ldYk j,ska ls;=kq fkdjk wkH

wd.ï flfrys Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ oelau yd wdl,am fukau in|;d ms<sn| wjOdkh

fhduq lr;s' fï iïnkaOfhka tu l;sldfjka miq ksl=;ajqKq b.ekaùï o

nyq,h' fuu uka;%K iNd oelau h:d¾:hla njg m;alr.kakg 1964 § vi jk

mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud úiska f,alï ld¾hdxYhlao ia:dms; lsÍu lemS

fmfka'

226

ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ in|;d ms<sn| j;sldk uka;%K

iNd m%ldYh ^NA& úYaj wd.ïj, we;s i;H;djka olshs' tajd w.h lrhs' ta

i;H;d fidhdn,d f;areï .ekSug iNd ud;djg wdrdOkd lrhs' yskaÿ" bia,dï"

fn!oaO" cqod hk wd.ïj, .eíj we;s i;H;djkao b;d ixCIsma;j fuu m%ldYkfha

igyka lrñka ta i;H;d olskak ieuf.a yoj;a újr lrhs'

— fuu wd.ïj, we;s Y=oaOjQ o i;HjQ o lsisjla lf;da,sl iNdj m%;sfCIam

fkdlrkakSh' ;u wd.ñl b.ekaùïj,g fndfyda foa fjkia jqj;a fuu wd.ïj,

Ôú; m%;smodjka" O¾u b.ekaùï iy O¾u YsCIK b;d by,ska w.h lrhs' NAA

2" 3&

ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï woyk who úfYaIdldrhlska foaj ck;djg noaOfj;s'

tu ksid Tjqkago fyd| ys; md ¥; fiajdjka bgq lsÍug iNdjg le|ùula we;'

^ LG 16, 17&

tmuKla fkdj iNdjg ysßyer lrkakjqka flfrys fyd|ys; md .e,ùu m%ldY

lsÍug iNdjg le|ùula we;s nj fuu uka;%K iNdj fmkajd fohs' ^G S 92&

wm wkHd.ïj, mj;sk hym;a" id¾O¾u yd jákdlï f.!rjfhka i<lk

w;ru wmf.a úYajdih wkqj fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia" foúhka jykafiaf.a

fYa%IaG;u wkdjrKh nj;a — ud¾.h o i;Hho ðjkho ˜ (fcdyka 1(^6& nj;a

jgydf.k Wka jykafia y÷kdf.k taldnoaO jkakg ,eîu .ek i;=gq fjñka

tu w;aoelSu wkHhka yd fnod .ekSug o W;aiql úh hq;af;uq' tfia lsÍu

wmf.a hq;=lula yd j.lSuls' tfy;a" wm tfia l< hq;af;a wkHhkaf.a wd.ñl

ksoyig ndOd fkdjk fia" tu ksoyig uy;a fia .re lrñkah' tfiau

wkHd.ñlhkaf.a wdOHd;añl yd YS,Od¾ñl i;H;d Tjqkaf.a iudÔh ðú;h

yd ixialD;sh iqrlsñka yd w.h lrñka h ^NA 2 &

wkHd.ïj, w;s jákdlï" i;H;d iNd ud;dj w.h lr .re lrkakSh hkqfjka

woyia lrkafka tu O¾uhka ;=< ÿ¾j,;d" wiïmQ¾K;d ke;ehs lshd is;Su

fkdfõ' — ixjdoh iy m%ldYkhZ wxl 30" 31" 32 i|yka lrkafka f,dalh ;=<

mdmh" whym; mj;skakdfia wd.ñl iïm%odhka ;=< wiïmQ¾K;d yd wys;lr

wx. ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sìh yels njhs'

fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ukqIHdhg ;ukag leuels wd.ula weoySug

we;s ksoyi ms<s.kshs' fuu ksoyi ;ks mqoa.,hka" lKavdhï wdÈ ish,a, fj;

;sìh hq;= w;r lsisjl= úiska ;j;a wd.ula ms<s.ekSu flfrys ;jfll=g

n,mEula fkdl< hq;= nj okajhs' ^DH2 &

227

fuf;la iqndrxÑh fkdms<s.;a ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ïj,g whs;s wh o

úúOdldrfhka foaj ck;djg noaO jk nj fuu uka;%K iNdj W.kajhs LG

16" 17&

lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O&

- 839 - 848

ixjdoh iy m%ldYkh

Y=oaOdikfha wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh ms<sn| f,alï ld¾hdxYfha m%ldYkhls'

we;eï m%foaYj, ls;=kq ck;dj b;d iq¿;rhls' wkHd.ñl nyq;rhla ueo

ðj;ajk úg ls;=kq wm o Tjqka yd Ôú; ixjdofha fhÈh hq;= h' — Tjqka fuu

ukqIHhkag f.!rjfhka yd fm%aufhka iïnkaO ù ;uka o ta lKavdhïjj,

idudðlhka nj ms<s.;hq;= jkafka h' Tjqya ta ukqIHhkaf.a iudÔh jq o

ixialD;sljQ o Ôú;hg fkdfhla wdldr yqjudrej,ska yd jHdmdrj,ska mx.=ldr

fj;ajd ˜ ^AG 11&

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh -

mshjr 1( YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNdj, ,ehsia;=jla f.dvke.Sug Wmfoia

§u'

mshjr 2 ( YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 3 ( tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu ms<sn|

idlÉPd lrkak'

mshjr 4 ( wkHd.ï ms<sn|j ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wdl,am yd b.ekaùï u.skaa

wka;¾ wd.ñl iu.sh wd.ñl iyðjkh Wodlrk wdldrh

ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'

uQ,dY% (- - Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh 1990

- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a Y=oaOjQ iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj ^L G&

- ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=Ojq iNdfõ iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| m%ldYkh

^NA &

- wd.ñl ksoyi ms<sn| m%ldYh ^DHe&

- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=Ojq iNdj ^ GS&

- fmrÈ. lf;da,sl iNd ms<sn| ksfhda. (OE)

- ls;=kq iNd tl;ajh k.d,Sfï ksfhda. (UR)

- ixjdoh yd m%ldYkh

- oyï ÈhU" f;jeks l,dmh 2004 cqks iuhdka;r ixjdoh

- isß,la ls;= iiqk" .re ;su;s fld,uqkafka me;=ks'msh;=ud

228

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh

ye|skaùu

bf.kqu - b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a"

bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .; hq;= nj;a iEu

.=rejrfhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeos,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdkH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shd lrk

nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s'

ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd

b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r oS h' fuh bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha oS fyda ueo oS

fyda w. oS fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl oS isÿúh yels nj f;areï .ekSu .=rejrfhl=g wjYH

h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmalaId lrk .=rejrfhl= bf.kqu -

b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍlaIK meje;aùula

fyda fkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä oshqKq

lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk ueosy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag iómj isáñka Tjqkaf.a

m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <`.d lr

.ekSug fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï - b.ekaúï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk

w;r" .=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾hh ksßlaIKh lrñka

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul

lsÍfï oS wfmalaId flf¾' fuysoS YsIHhd ksr;=rej we.hSug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd

ixj¾Okh wfmalaIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka

úiska ksis mßos w;am;a lr f.k ;sfí oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh

iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fhoS isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd osh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh

(Feed Back) yd bosß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd

wkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u`.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a" isiq yelshd

iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä oshqKq lsÍug bosß fmdaIKh;a ,nd oSu .=re

ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljr

wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag wjYH fjhs'

we.hSï jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj

.=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r" isiqka yd fouõmshka we;=`M fjk;a wod< md¾Yjj,g

isiq m%.;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fï i|yd

fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka ika;;slj isiqka we.hSug md;% lsÍug bv m%ia:d i,ik

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'

229

hf:dla; wruqK iys;j l%shd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a"

isiqkaf.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fyd| ld¾hlaIu;dfjka

hqla; bf.kqï - b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy

.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda

l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o"

f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha

.=rejreka fyd|ska oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufia h (

01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s

03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK

05' ksÍlaIK 06' m%o¾Yk$bosßm;a lsÍï

07' lafIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK

09' jHQy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK

11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍlaIK

13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh

15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï

17' ixl,am is;shu 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h

19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka

21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo

23' idlÉPd uKav, 24' iïuka;%K

25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.k

y÷kajd oS we;s fuu bf.kqï - b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u iEu tlla iïnkaOfhka iEu

úIhh tallhlg u fhdod .;hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg

.e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;= h' j.n,d .; hq;= h'

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare

lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí'

tajd .=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßos ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod.;

hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%Sh yelshd fuka u wdfõoksl .;s

,laIK;a" ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <`.d lr .ekSu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a ms<sn|

wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'

230

mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej

1' mdi,a jdrh - 01

WmlrK wxlh - 01

2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 6'1

3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h - Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh

mdjq¨;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka

mdjq¨;=udf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - ì;a;s mqj;a m; - 18

5' wruqKq -

• Y=oaOd;aud.ukh ;=< isÿjQ Y=oaO iNdfõ wdrïNh ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrhs'

• uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ úfYaI ,laIK f.k yer olajhs

• mdjq ;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka yd Tyqf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,shd

olajhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg we;s iïnkaO;dj$ tys WÑ; nj 04

2' ixúOdka;ul nj yd m%udKd;aul nj 04

3' w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod we;s lreKq yd tajdfha fhda.H nj 04

4' wka;¾.;fha we;s ks¾udKYS,S nj yd ;¾ldkQl+, nj 04

5' ì;a;s mqj;am;la jYfhka ksuejqfuys id¾:l nj 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

231


1' mdi,a jdrh - 01

WmlrK wxlh - 02


3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h - • m%Odk uka;%K iNd

• iNdmshjre

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - laIKsl l:d

5' wruqKq -

• m%Odk uka;%K iNd ms<sn|j úfõpkd;aulj lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

• iNd mshjrekaf.a Èúh ;u Èúhg wdo¾Yhla jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' m%fõYh" ud;Dldj meyeÈ<sj ye¢kaùu yd tys WÑ; nj 04

2' ixúOdkd;aul nj" ud;Dldjg wod< lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu

ksjerÈ ni 04

3' úfYaI fhÿï" mqoa., m%ldY wdÈh fhdod .ekSu yd

ks¾udKYS,S nj 04

4' meyeÈ,s nj" ksjerÈ lgy`v md,kh" wx. p,kh"

ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh 04

5' ks.ukj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lsÍu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

232


1' mdi,a jdrh - 01

WmlrK wxlh - 03


3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -

• 5-9 Y; j¾Ij, hqfrdamfha ls;=kq jHdma;sh

• uOH;k hq.h

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - jHqy.; rpkd

5' wruqKq -

• uq,a Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj jHdma; jQ wdldrh wOHhkh lrhs'

• uOH;k hq.h ;=< isÿjQ úfYaIs; isoaëka f.kyer olajhs'

• b;sydih ;=< iNdfõ jeàï yd ke.sàï meyeÈ,s lrhs

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' ud;Dldj ye¢kaùu 04

2' úIh lreKqj, jeo.;alu$ud;Dldjg wod< nj 04

3' ixúOdkh" fþo fn§u" wkqms<sfj," úúO Wml%u Ndú;h 04

4' NdIdfõ ksjerÈ nj" ksjerÈ jHdlrK" úrdu ,laIK WÑ; fhÿï

meyeÈ,s nj yd ks¾udKYS,S nj 04

5' ks.ukj,g t<öu" idOdrKSlrKh" ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq

bÈßm;a lsÍu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

233


1' mdi,a jdrh - 02

WmlrK wxlh - 01



• mqkreoh yd iNd m%;sixialrKh

• kQ;k hq.h

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - mejreu

5' wruqKq -

• mqkreoh we;sùug n,mE idOl y÷kd .kshs

• mqkreoh ksid we;sjQ iNd m%;sixialrK úia;r lrhs

• kQ;k hq.h ;=< olakg ,efnk iNd ls%hdldÍ;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' úIh flaI;%hg $bf.kqï wruqKqj,g we;s iïnkaO;djh wod<

nj yd kj;djhlska hq;=ùu 04

2' ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod .kakd úúO l%uj, yd udOHfha WÑ; nj 04

3' ixúOdkh" bÈßm;a lsÍu" ks¾udKYS,S nj 04

4' wruqKq bgqjk wdldrhg f.dvke`.S ;sîu 04

5' w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%u yd tajdfha id¾:l;ajh 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

234


1' mdi,a jdrh - 02

WmlrK wxlh - 02



• ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqKq ÿka .eg¨

• fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï

• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - jHdmD;s

5' wruqKq -

• ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

• fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'

• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdfõ .uka u`. úia;r lrhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' ud;Dldj$.eg¨j wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd w¾: oelaùu" úIh flaI;%hg

tys we;s iïnkaO;djh wjfndaO lr.ekSu yd wruqKq f.dvke.Su 04

2' ie,iqï lsÍu" ld, rduqjla ieliSu" f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh

lrk ls%hdud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu iy tajd ixúOdkh lr .eksu 04

3' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd tajdfha ksjerÈ nj 04

4' ie,eiau wkqj kshñ; ld,h ;=< jev wjika lsÍu" /ia lr .kakd

f;dr;=re wdY%fhka ks.ukj,g t<öu yd fya;= oelaùu 04

5' .eg¨j yd wruqKqj,g wod<j t<ö ks.uk weiqßka woyia oelaùu" jd¾;d

,sùu" úIh lafIa;%hg tys we;s in|;dj meyeÈ,s lsÍu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

235


1' mdi,a jdrh - 02

WmlrK wxlh - 03



• wOHdmkh

• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh

• l,dj

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - újdo

5' wruqKq -

• f,dalhg iNdfjka ,enqKq odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'

• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh iNdfõ Wkak;shg fhdod.;a wdldrh ú.%y lrhs

• l,dj ;=<ska ìysjQ ks¾udKhka fya;=fldg f.k iNdj uqyqK ÿka

wNsfhda.hka úfõpkd;aulj ú.%y lrhs

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' m%fõYh" ud;Dldj meyeÈ,sj ye¢kaùu yd tys WÑ; nj 04

2' ud;Dldj,g wod<j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ixúOdkd;aul nj 04

3' woyia ks¾udKYS,Sj yd ;¾ldkql+,j bÈßm;a lsÍu 04

4' WÑ; f,i wx. p,kh yd ld, l<ukdlrKh 04

5' iïmsKavkh" ks.uk yd ks.ukj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lsßu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

236


1' mdi,a jdrh - 03

WmlrK wxlh - 01



• uq,a ls;=kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj

• fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u

• ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - m%o¾Ykh

5' wruqKq -

• uq,a ls;=kq iNdj ;=< meje;s ckjkaokdj f.kyer olajhs

• fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u Ñ;% u.ska ksrEmkh lrhs

• ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u fmdaiagrhla u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' m%o¾Yk f;audj WÑ; nj yd úIh CIa;%hg we;s iïnkaO;dj

wruqKq f.dv ke`.Su 04

2' wruqKq wkqj fhdod.kakd úúO øjHj, yd udOHfha WÑ; nj

ixúOdkh lsÍu 04

3' m%foaYSh iïm;a fhdod .ekSu" iliqrejï f,i øjH mßyrKh" w,xlrKh

i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%u yd tajdfha id¾:l;ajh ^wruqKq wkqj& 04

4' bÈßm;a lsÍu" ks¾udKYS,S nj" wruqKq m%;HlaIjk whqßka bÈßm;a lsÍu 04

5' m%o¾Ykh M,odhs f,i bf.kqï ld¾hhg iïnkaO lsÍu" isiqka

fhdod.;a wruqKqj,g <`.dù ;sîu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

237


1' mdi,a jdrh - 03

WmlrK wxlh - 02



• .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k`.d,Su

• mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kq j.lSu

• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igyka

5' wruqKq -

• ñksid m%pKav;ajfhka yd ysxidfjka je<lS ish¨ ueú,s iu`. idufhka yd

ixysÈhdfjka Ôj;aùu foaj wNsu;h jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kqq j.lSï nhsn,Sh mdG weiqßka f.k yer olajhs'

• .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k.d,Su iïnkaOj iNdj m%ldYhg m;afldg

we;s úYajf,aLkj, wka;¾.;h bÈßm;a lrhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' úIhg wod<jk mßÈ m%Yak ilialr .ekSu 04

2' WÑ; mßÈ lKavdhï ixúOdkh lr .eksu 04

3' m%Yak bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;dj 04

4' ms<s;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug olajk odhl;ajh 04

5' ,l=Kq jd¾;d lsÍu yd iuia; odhl;ajh 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

238


1' mdi,a jdrh - 03

WmlrK wxlh - 03



• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd

• ls;=kq iNd ixjdoh

• úúO wd.ï iu`. iyÔjkh

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - .fõIKh - 4

5' wruqKq -

• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNdjka ms<sn|j kdudj,shla ilia lrhs'

• tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu f.k yer

olajhs

• ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï ,íêlhka iu. iyðjkfhka Ôj;a jk wdldrh

ksrEmkh lsÍug jevms<sfj,la ilia lrhs'

6 we.hSï l%uh -

ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq

1' .eg¨j $ úIh ud;Dldj wjfndaOlr .ekSu yd wruqKq f.dvk`.d

.ekSu" wruqKq yd úIhhg we;s in|;djh ms<sn| oekSu 04

2' ls%hdj,sh - ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh yd o;a; /ialr.ekSug .kakd

ls%hd ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu 04

3' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd tajdfha ksjerÈ nj 04

4' o;a; úYaf,aIKh iy j.= yd m%ia;dr u.ska tajd ksrEmkh lsÍu 04

5' ks.ukj,g t<öu" fya;= oelaùu" jd¾;d ilia lsÍu 04

uq¿ ,l=Kq 20

Christianity, Grade 13, TIM, Sinhala,FP.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim9.pdf² uq,a iNdj b;d...

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Transcript of Christianity, Grade 13, TIM, Sinhala,FP.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim9.pdf² uq,a iNdj b;d...