China Debate Education Network

Constructing Arguments for the Prime Minister

首相的立论翻译：曾庆熹

Prior to Preparing the Speech: Analyze the Motion

• Most motions can be interpreted in a number of different ways.

• All debaters (Opposition as well as Government) need to focus some attention on what they expect will be the focus and direction of the debate given the motion.

• Is this motion about a particular value or value system? Does the motion advocate a change in policy or action?

准备陈词内容之前 : 分析辩题

• 大多数辩题都有很多种不同的阐释方式

• 所有辩手 ( 正反方皆是 ) 应当注意由辩题所设定的预期内容 * 和讨论方向。

• 这个辩题是否是关于一种特定的价值观或价值观体系 ? 这个辩题是否是主张政策或行动上的改变 ?

*译者注：意即人们看到该辩题时大都会想到的应该会被讨论的内容

Constructing the Case: Three Steps

• 1. Define and interpret the motion

• 2. Specify the position the Government Team will defend. Frequently, but not always, by presenting a model of the motion

• 3. Create a case for the motion (or model)

立论 : 三步• 1. 定义并阐释辩题

• 2. 明确正方要辩护的立场。 通常（但不是所有）情况下，通过设立一个讨论模型来做到这一点。

• 3. 为辩题（或讨论模型）立论

Step One: Defining And Interpreting the Motion

• The First Government Team has the right to define and interpret the motion. 正上队有权力定义和阐释辩题

• Parallel to this right is the responsibility to define and interpret the motion in a reasonable fashion. 与责任相对的，正上队有责任以合理的方式去定义和阐释辩题

第一步：定义并阐释辩题

Step One: Defining And Interpreting the Motion （ continued)

• Defining the motion includes defining any words or phrases that: – Are ambiguous– Might not be understood

• Interpreting the motion includes narrowing and focusing the topic for debate– focus on the issues debated in the public forum– Narrow and focus for the purpose of creating a

good debate, not just to help yourself win the debate.

第一步：定义并阐释辩题（续 )

• 定义辩题是对辩题中以下内容的定义 : – 模棱两可的– 可能不好理解的

• 阐释辩题是窄化和聚焦辩论讨论的对象：– 聚焦公众舆论关注并讨论的事项– 以创造一场有价值的辩论为目的去阐释，而不能仅仅

是以帮助你自己赢得比赛为目的。

Step Two: Presenting The Model• A model is specific illustration of the position the

Government team will defend. • Some motions may not require models:– Those that evaluate specific objects according to certain

values. (Capital punishment is unjust). – Those that evaluate rather specific policies. (The United

States should completely ban capital punishment).

• Models are needed when the interpretation of the government team needs to be more specific than the motion itself. (The people’s Republic of China should revise it’s one-child policy).

第二步 : 设立讨论模型• 讨论模型是正方将辩护的立场中的一个具体案例 • 有些辩题并不需要设立讨论模型 :– 对某一对象进行价值判断的 . ( 例如：死刑是非正义的 )– 本身已经给出相当具体的政策的 . ( 例如：美国应全面

禁止死刑 ).

• 什么时候需要设立讨论模型：正方对辩题的阐释需要比辩题本身更加具体化时 . ( 例如：中国应修订计划生育政策 ).

Step Two: Presenting The Model

• If the motion is about a policy or action, and if that policy or action needs further specification, then a model is appropriate. 如果辩题是有关政策或行动的，且有关政策或行动需要进一步具体化，那么设立讨论模型是适当的。

• In such a case, then model should probably contain at least three things: 这种情况下，模型应当至少包含以下三点– Who is the actor? 行为主体– What is the proposed action? 建议采取的行动– Are any other details of the proposal needed? 建议行动的有

关细节

第二步 : 设立讨论模型

Step Three: Creating a CaseConstructing Arguments

for the Motion

• Case Defined: A case consists of one or more arguments in support of the motion (or the model).

• 立论的定义：一个立论包含一个或多个支撑辩题（或讨论模型）的论点

第三步 : 立论为辩题建立诸论点

Two Examples 两例• Case for a policy motion 为政策性辩题立论• Case for a value motion 为价值性辩题立论

These examples are taken from a previous lesson on “Combining Arguments Coherently.) 下面的例子是从前一课程“论点的紧密组合”中选取的。In the following examples, the case consists of a single argument. In most cases, a case will consist of a series of arguments. 在下面的例子中，立论都是由一个论点组成的。事实上，在绝大多数情况下，立论都是由多个论点组成的。

Case for a Policy Motion

• Describe features of the current system and contrast those features with those of your policy proposal.

描述现状特点，通过对比现状来说明你所主张的政策。• Associate that feature to a consequence. Create a

cause and effect relationship between that feature of your policy proposal and a consequence. 联系政策与效果。在政策和效果间建立起因果关系。

• Evaluate the consequence of the policy. 评价政策效果。

为政策性辩题立论

Policy Motion Example: Nations of the world should provide a minimum

level of education to all their citizens.• Main argument: Increasing funding and

infrastructure for education will improve people’s lives by helping to alleviate poverty– (Describe) The Government proposal substantially changes

the funding and infrastructure of the present system– (Associate) Funding and infrastructure are causally related

to access to secondary education– (Evaluate) Increased access to secondary education will

help relieve poverty and improve people’s lives.

• Can have additional main arguments if desired

政策性辩题举例 : 世界各国应当为他们的人民提供最基本的教育

• 主论点 : 增加资金和基础设施的投入将有助于避免贫困，从而提高人民生活水平。– ( 描述 ) 正方政策主张将强有力地改变现有资金和基础

设施的状况– ( 联系 ) 资金和基础设施与中等教育入学情况有因果关

系– ( 评价 ) 增加中等教育入学将有助于缓解贫困和改善人

民生活。• 如有必要可增加新论点

Case for a Value Motion

• Describe a feature of the thing to be evaluated. 描述被评价对象的特征

• Associate that feature with some consequence. 将这些特征与某些效果联系起来

• Evaluate that consequence 评价这些效果

为价值性辩题立论

Value Motion Example ： Traditional Chinese medicine is a useful part of an overall health care system.

• Main Argument: TCM has advantages over surgery. • Describe a feature: Traditional Chinese medicine is non

invasive.• Associate with consequence

– Non-invasive techniques help patients– Non-invasive techniques prevent harm to the patient

• Evaluate the consequences– Positive evaluation of acupuncture– Negative evaluation of surgery

– Additional main argument if needed

价值性辩题举例： 中医是医疗保健体系中有用的一部分

• 主论点 : 中医较之于手术有自身优势• 描述特征 : 中医是非侵入性的。• 联系效果：

– 非侵入性技术能帮助病人– 非侵入性技术能避免对病人的伤害

• 评价效果：– 针灸等中医技术的积极作用– 手术的消极作用

– 如果需要可增加新论点

Role of the Deputy Prime Minister

• Refute the arguments introduced by the Leader of Opposition

• Rebuild the case offered by the Prime Minister – Refute any arguments raised against the case by

the Leader of Opposition– Add additional evidence and examples as needed

• Add one or more new arguments to the case as presented by the Prime Minister

副首相的职责• 反驳反方领袖的论点• 优化首相立论 – 反驳由反方领袖提出的攻击我方立论的论点– 如有需要可增加新证据或例子

• 为首相的立论增加一个或多个新论点