Chemistry11P2 Book

7/23/2019 Chemistry11P2 Book

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20/120

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21/120

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22/120

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23/120

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24/120

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25/120

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26/120

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27/120

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28/120

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29/120

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30/120

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31/120

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32/120

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33/120

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34/120

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35/120


36/120

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37/120

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38/120

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39/120

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40/120

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41/120

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42/120

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WuL dUE WFU u U jGC WO UKDBLU uBIL `{ UOKG XU

wQ U d d W fH bM wIM VcLK U jGC s q uKLK U jGC

dO qOUL UOK W w UH s d UL w WMQL qOUL UOK W w UH eOd fH vK UL w WMQL

UeL d KB WUL UOL ?W vK uKL bL S U r w Wc uuKG dJ s r vK uK u

urG [ U UL bL XU XLK dHB X [uuKG dJ WOuL WKJ V

WOe tGO b CH2Ow dJ cN WO_ WGOB XU

V U r[ w C2H

6O

2 wKO uJ U sr[ WS uK dOC r

uKL bL W UOK W

s r[ vK u wzU uKL uOOKO dH W bM uL jGC V

UL s b d w Uc C3H8O3 sdOK

U jGC u UL oz rK [ U WbM wIM ULK U jGC U U r [ w Wc C

6H

12O

6 uuKG s r [ vK uuKL


43/120

U jGC U UIz rK [ U W bM wIM ULK U jGC U U Wb fH vK U r w Wc dUD dO U s r[ vK u uKL

WcL ULK WOuL WKJ V UIz rK [

S U r [ w WcWMQ dO dUD dO U s r [ W s uJ uK V [ W vK wKG uKL c XLK

cLK WOuL WKJ uKL bL W


44/120

bu WK

wQ UL d UL w NaCluKL tM nB d d UL w CaCl2uK bL W w UH

eOd fH bMUO dF v b UN_ v WUD bOu UD s WMU UOL d R

dD v UNO WOzULwzUdNJ UO qu wzUL tuK sJ wzUdNJ UO qu UL sObON buK ?

WOuL Wb uKLK UOKG W w UH bL W w UH bI V WuL fO

wQ UL q w WOB WU d WuL UO b

WuL WM rG u UO b UN bu d u ?

WOuL UO b WuL WM du

UO b UN bu rGu ?

wuL dJ UO b rGu WuL WM

UO b UN bu d u ?

U r w c NaClr [ s uJ uK WOu rGu [ rGu [

UU sJL rGu [ ?

eOd S bzUL dJ s rGu [ eOd uK w UL WOL nB dO bM nFC bIL fO sJ e nUC

ld bIL qI

nBM bIL qI ?


45/120

uKL UuJ b_ wuL dJ WLO dH s d

s q [ ?

UuJ q uL u UIL uJ dC s WOKJ WuL WMU eOd U bM _ uKL

Ud{ fO UNK u cL WuL WM U v d_ uJL u VcL ?

uK dF WO jOUL b

UL Vc oze Vc WCH UOL UL UOL ?

WFU WOU XO WO u b WUJ UOKG W UH

uL jGC U jGC ?

U jG{ q pKL WO WOzUL qOUL b dJ du [ NaCl du [ dF dO K

2Sedu [ ?

jGC S UIz rK u W bM CH3COCH

3 uO U jGC U

du [ eOd uO_ w dJ uKL UUIz rK [ UIz rK [

WOU dO UODFL UIz rK [ ?

rK u wIM VcLK U jGC UIz rK u wzU uKL U jGC U U uKL w cLK wuL dJ S d W fH bM UIz

[ [ d UL w [ ?


46/120

qOU w WFAL u qOUL d W fH bM cL s bb WOL W UNMJL

d W fH bM cL s d UOL W W UNMJL

d W fH bM lAK eK UL d cL s UOL vK u ?UOJOUM We uJ

w WO{Ud WF s WuL UNH WFU WOU UOKL WUIL WFU WOU sO WM sQ W u XU qUF

uKLK UGC qUF

uKLK wL bL qUF ?vK bLF sOFK dD bu od s idLK vDF w WKzU WOD dCL iF eOd

uKL bL UOK W sOF qzU dL b UdJ uL jGC

WcL WOzb UL u ?

idL r d W

bb uKLK uL jGC S uKL w _ cL s UHK d Uc WU{ bM e r Wb w qI qI

dOG e ?

S uL w sOU eOd w sOHK sOuK sO qBH cHM t UA b bM nHL uKL s vK B edL uKL u edL uKL s vK `B nHL uKL u

dOG sOuKL u ?WdF dO WOM


47/120


48/120

b???????u

Wd( UOLOJ


49/120

ThermochemistryWd UOLOJ w f_ qBH

dO UUB w dLL hUM WUD vK VKD U lUUB w UNUJ w WUD nK

UNM du u U N bOd UBL cN qzb s Y q s jAM U_ S bLbOu Wb q bb d U UNU w WUDK UOz bB tu nKL uu bFWUD S rH dU WuH_ uL d bM UdO UDI UO qOGA UdNJUNLOI RM sJL qWUD c bu nOJ sO_ l uu qUH s WU UNOK qB w

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ cWOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL WUD UJ bF

UNOK WK wDF Wd UOLOJ w WUF rOUHL iF dF f uUI UMOF UN qUH d dF

dK U d dK WU UH v WOzUOLOJ UH nMB

WOzUOLOJ UH w WUD UJ Ud Wd WL wN qG U vK bIL UNQ WUD dFWUD UL WOFOD duE s UdO e b u_ WduLM Wd q WuO UNHzUu uI w WO UMzUJK Wd{WOe qOGA w U UNb UL UdO i_ UOKL

v U w uL qIM qzU w WOUMB

WE

V???? W???U???D??? U???I???buK wLUF UEMs??? u?????????? b????u????u??K??O??J?? t??U??H??U??C?? r????

KJu

sOU dU WUD UJ s dP qJA WuB uJ U U WOzUOLOJ UHqK U uLF w b w UH UM w wzuC qOL bUI l iL qUHWUD q UNMO ULO quK WKU WUD s WHK UJ UNUB UH UNK uOUJ UudWUD UJ iF v qBH c w dFM UdO WOzuC WUD WOzUdNJ WUD Wd

WOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL


50/120

Wd( WUD

WuB uJ WOzUOLOJ UH iF WOzUOLOJ UH s dO w ULN e d bFb v d pKN d UNCF d S

qJA w sOL XUdO qUH s WUM d b Ll (Al) uOML_ qUH YO WKOI bFL Wbb pJ U wWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tMO UL Fe

2O

3III bb bO

WE

qUH d b qCHd????????L?? w??? X??U??d??O????

tuD V

2Al(s)

+ Fe2O

3(s)Al

2O

3(s)+2Fe

(l)+WU

XUdO qUH qJA

w UAM dS r dK UNUB w UH b dF

d oKD wzUOLO qUH UA

_ uL

WOU Q d eO wK pK wbF u du , pOO_ iL quI UD UN WOJO Q

qLF uD

qJA w UL ozU W b uIL UDG wJO Uu w d eO l{ sOIO b q vK u WOU Q w wbFL uB s WOL l{

bze iL s hKK OK tDG{ q s wbFL uB d WOzb eOL d q WOJO QJ s d eO d

d eO u u uD s wbFL uB WFD n sOIO b pO U v d eO b

w UH bI U WOzUNM bb d eO d q d W qJA


51/120

X d vK b UL eOL d W w UH XE pKF oU UAM pzd bFvL dK UNUB w UH s uM c q pOO_ iL l bb qUH s

dK U UH

w UAM dS r d pKN w UH b dF

d hL wzUOLO qUH UA

_ uL

WudNaHCO

3s r du uLOK `K pdO iL uK s r

pdK wU VOC d eO r WF WOU Q eO

qLF uD

WOU Q w pdOO iL uK s r l{ d eO ULFU WOzb uKL d W q

w QJ v WOMObON uuB Uud s r n{ wCL uKL vK u

wU VOC WUu ZeL d dH bI U qUH Wb s sOIO bF d W q

eOL d w

uuB Uud WU{ bF uKL d W w U{UH XE pKF oU UAM pzd bFd W w UH UNUB w UH c q pdO iL uK v WOMObON

dK WUUH vL

U d dK U qUH vK U j R?

WE

WOKLF UIOD s??U????L?? U???A???M??? v??K??b??d?????? U????O???? W???U???M???q??L??F?????? w?????? l???d??????

UF UL

ld bd fO


52/120

WOzUdNJ WUD

w UAM dS r WOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL WUDK d UJ dF

WOzUdNJ WUDK ZM qUH UA_ uL

eOd sOU Ud uK q du eOd II UM Ud uK qq tF UOU UQ sOdD s uH U d qJ vK wU udu

r x r U WOH WOU qOu dOLudu NaCl uKrxr sOU WOH

qLF uDq WF WOU Q w II UM Ud uK s r l{ q WF WOU Q w sOU Ud uK s r l{

sD WFD WF q WUN w l{ NaCluKL Ud qJ vK wUe u_ uKL UJ lML

qJA w UL UN V

dOLuHK VU dDU sOU VD q dOLuHK VuL dDU UM VD q dOLuH dR vK k U

qUH WUF V

bFBL jNLwK d

v

Zn 2+

SO42-

Zn Cu

Cu 2+

SO4

2-

WOUHK WOK qJA


53/120

vK qOb dOLuH dR Wd XE pKF oU UAM pzd bFWOzUdNJ WUDK UU wMF c pK w wzUdN UO Ud

WE

U??A??M?? U?????? s??J??L??WDO U qLF oU`??O??d?? U??L??F????U??w U??L?? d???

w qJA

Cu

Zn

qK qOUL_

V

WO UH s qJ WIdL WUD qJ U R?CH

4(g)+ 2O

2(g)CO

2(g)+2H

2O

(g)+WU

6CO2(g)

+6H2O

(g)+ WUC

6H

12O

6(aq)+6O

2(g)

jd WU

H2

sObON e w UL UNMO ULO j u V WOzUOLOJ UdL w c pULUdO KCluOUu buK NaCluuB buK Cl

2uKJ e N

2sOdOM e

w UAM dS r jd WU qOL

jd WU UA

bb sUKUL UFD nOF{ fOUMG u fOUMG_ uLqLF uD

UU v uI fOUMGL s bb wFD b d UU v nOFC fOUMGL s d_ bb WFD d

uI fOUMGL s bb WFD qB nOFC fOUMGL s bb WFD qB


54/120

WO WK_ s V UAM d bFnOFC fOUMGL s uI fOUMGL s bb WFD qB bM d WU v U WU w

WOd l{ w q fOUMGL s UNdI bM bb WFD UNJKL w WUD u U

YO s fOUMGL bb WFD sO UU UdL w c sO jd tOA sJL o ULWOzUOLOJ WDd dJ pc fOUMGL s bb WFD qBH WU v WU

UC c pKL pc fOUMGL v UNc UM WMOF l{ WU pKL bb WFD u UNDd WMOF l{ WU

dJ WKUHL uL w jd iF lOL S bb u suJ UNCF l uL qUH UbM

UL WU UNM ZM WUM uL w bb j uJ UL WU v U c jd dOJ WOKLWO WUFLU jd dOJ qOL sJL

WU+ H-HH+HWO WUFLU qLO WDd uJ U

H+HH-H +WU

w bb j uJ WKUHL uL jd pJH b wzUOLOJ qUH w t uI UMMJLqJA w dNE UL WUM uL

WUD

qUH dOH

E

a

WKUH u

WU u

wzUOLOJ qUH b WO qJA

W???U??? w???M???F??? U???? ????EajOAM

R???


55/120


56/120

jOL l UL UIU `L UE u ClosedoKGL UEM qJA dE WUD UIS `L sJ

U????L UIU `L UE u Isolatede?? ?? ?? ?FL U? ?? ?EM

qJA dE qGA d

uH UE oKG UE eF UEWLE_ u iF qJA

UEM u d eO u w uuL oze d vK UUEM b u U

uH oKG UEM c q eF UEM c q ?

eF UE v UEM u nO

qUEM b uN jOL UEM sO b qL d eO u b oKG UE uN c UL UIU `L eOL u b

eF dO UE uN d UIU `L eOL u b ?WU UL d eO n od s eF UE v UEM qu sJL

c?? UE?M u?? U??d tKL

R???

WE

uJ b?? U??E??M?? b?? b????? w????? U???L??? U???O???I???O???I??? d???? e??O?? uqUH w UL UuB uJ

wzU uK w wzUOLO


57/120

R?Wb w UEM bb WOL U

WO WLE_ s q vK b U j

eF oKG uH dOu wU

State of SystemUEM WU

UdO WOzUeOH WU d W jGC qLA dOGL s WuLL U UE u bb sJLUMF{ UL s sOIKG sOQ Uc S UEM WU`KDB dOGL c uL vK oKD YOULUMF{ W w uuL QJ UMd sOU bF r WUD vK d_ W w ULb

sO odH sJL tS WdG d W c v v_ QJ UNOK uuL WUD fH vKdOG WU u t WdG d W bM u jG{ X wIMUL sOQJ w UL UHWU Ww d W uI WU c w WIU tKUF WId XHK

s XOL d `D iHM ULMO wu d u s lHd bI U rKF ULiG XU ULNMO UH w dH S bI v U s dHU X S wu d uUNO dOG bI bLF UL WU W UH w dH uI sJL c tJK c UL s dEM

vK d_ WK_ s dOG c tO r c UL vK bLF jI WOzUNM WOzb UNU vKUEM tO qI c UL vK bLF UEMK hzUB iF UM sO w r jGC WU WWOzUNM WU v WOzb WU s

U ] l tJK c UL vK bLF bI v U s pK w UNFDI w WUL LdF w U WUUO UNOK oKD q WU W XO WUL ] uI sJL c XU UHqGA UL W vK WK_ s dOG tO r c UL vK UNO dOG bLF w WOLJ UNQ

d WOL

UL W WU W s q vK sOU j R?


58/120

dK WU* UH UD UH

v UN WUBL dK WMU WOzUOLOJ UH nMB

Exothermic ReactionsdK U UH jOL v qUH UEM s d qIM YO qUH Zu b d UNO uJ UH w

UNOK WK_ s dO_ d W lHd uN w UOL U d

CH4(g)

+2O2(g)CO

2(g)+2H

2O

(g)+890kJ

sO_ U l sObON U qUH s UL suJ H

2(g)+1/2O

2(g)H

2O

(g)+286 kJ

qJA w sO u UL UH s uM c qOL sJL

qUH dO WUM uL

WKUHL uLWUD

jOL v vDF d

WUH

dK U qUH qJA

Endothermic ReactionsdK WU UH

W iHM jOL s Wd WU UBU WuB UH wwQ U UH c vK WK_ s jOL d

WOU d U vK II oze bO pJH

HgO(s)

+90.7KJHg(l)+1/2O

2(g)

dK UD qUHuBL q??U??H???? u??W???d??? W??U?? ??D??U??WUM UL WU uJu??L?? W??U?? s?? q??? t??O??

WKUHL

dK UL qUHuBL qUH uuJ W??U?? NS

d tO WUM UL WUWKUHL uL WU s


59/120

WO WUFL w sO u UL sOdOM bO suJ sO_ sOdOM qUH

1/2N2(g)

+O2(g)

+ 33.9kJNO2(g)

qJA w sO u UL dK WUL UH qOL sJL

qUH dO

WUDjOL s hL d

WKUHL uL

WUM uL

WuH

dK U qUH qJ

dK UL qUH w WUM WKUHL uL d tU ULN R?

H d( u; w dOG

UEMK d uL w dOGUXU jG{ X U qUH WUBL d WOL vK `KDUE w b qUH pc UOL U d UH c vK WK_ s HedU UN ed

dL q uH

WUM uL WU sO dH UN vK U qUH WIdL d WOL v dEM sJLUU qUH uJ WKUHL uL WU s d WUM uL WU XU S WKUHL uLqUH uJ WUM uL WU s d WKUHL uL WU XU UWu HWLO uJdK

w UL sFLWU t HWLO uJ dK U


60/120

sObON s jOK suJ UL U l udJ qUH WO WUFL qL UudJ bO

C(s)

+H2O

(g)+ 131.3kJCO

(g)+H

2(g)

dK U U qUH q WUM uL WKUHL uL d t Hd uL ULN UNU UH bI U

q

dK U qUH c S pc WKUHL uL l d WOL UL WKUHL uLK d uL U CO

(g)+H

2(g)WUM uLK d uL

d WUM uLK HuJ pc u uKO [ v WU{UC(s)+H2O(g)u uKO [ UNLO dK U qUH _ Wu qUHKH

Thermochemical EquationWd WOzUOLOJ WUFL

wzUOLOJ qUHK WUBL d WOL v UNO U r w WuL WOzUOLOJ WUFL vL sOO sOUFL w UL Wd WUFLU

H2(q)

+1/2O2(g)H

2O

(l) H = -285.8 kJ

HgO(s)Hg

(l)+ 1/2O

2(g)H= +90.7 kJ

qUH w WbL uL UOL l Ud Wd WOzUOLOJ WUFL w HWLO VUMw UL sFL bF fHM qUH pc HWLO d{ V U bF WOzUOLO WUF d{ bM t


61/120

WO WUFL w UL (H2O

2 sObON bO u qK U

H2O

2(l)H

2O

(l)+ 1/2O

2(g)H=-98.2 kJ

qK bM WIKDML d WOL V.H

2O

2 s u

.H2O

2s r

q

c u uKO [ S UuB uJ H2O

2s b u qK ZM WUFL s

bFU WUFL d{ wMFH

2

O2s u qK S

2H2O

2(l)2H

2O

(l)+O

2(g) H = 2 X-98.2 kJ = -196.4 kJ

u uKO [ WIKDML d WOL uLU UNKUI U v WKJ qu V H

2O

2s r qK s WIKDML d U

uu rr WOuL WKJ dGU WKJ H

2O

2u b

qUFLU WUFL dC UM

1/2H2O2(s)1/2H2O(s)+1/4O2 H =1/2X-98.2 kJ= -49.1 kJ

u uKO[ H2O

2r qK s WIKDML d WOL S c

uKO H WLO uJ UOL d qUH w LtJ bM qUHK H U UC dOGWO WUFL w sO u UL u

CH4(g)

+2O2(g)CO

2(g)+2H

2O

(g)H= -890.0 kJ

HWLO X dK UU ` qUH k WIU qUH WUF fJ bMWO WUFL w sO u UL u uKO

CO2(g)

+2H2O

(g)CH

4(g)+2O

2(g) H=+890.0 kJ


62/120

uKDL s V w qUH R?Sn

(s)+2Cl

2(g) SnCl

4(s) H=544.6 kJ

qUH fJ bMHWLO U

bF w wK_ qUH d{ bM

H WLO U

(Hiss's Law)f uU

c UL vK bLF uN State function WU W u Hd uL w dOG rKFd dOG cQ p `O{u wzUNM l{u v uuK UN dL w uD qUH tJKd W bM U v qzU UL s b u u bMF UOKG W bM UL d VUBL

WO WUFL w sO u UL u uKO v U WOKLF c S b u jG{ H

2O

(l)+44 kJH

2O

(g)

fH bb dA u uKO ULz hL U ULU u v qzU UL s u u t WOzUNM WU fH UEMK WOzb WU

H2O

(l)H

2O

(g) H=+44 kJ

sOO sOKUH s ZU u qUH c w d W s oU qUH v dEM sJL

H2O

(l)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g) H=+286 kJ

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)

H2

O(g)

H=-242 kJ

WUG tUuJ v qzU UL s b u qOK u uKO eK t v_ WUFL s UM sOsObO b u sO u

b u l sO u qUH bM ZM u uKO WUD WOL sO WOU WUFL UUL U s b u suJ sObO


63/120

wQ ULHUNO UL sOIU sOUFL lL bMH

2O

(l)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2 H=+286 kJ

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)H

2O

(g) H=-242 kJ

H2O

(l)+H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g)+H

2O

(g) H=+44 kJ

vK qB WKULL UuJL cbF

H2O

(l)H

2O

(g)H=+44 kJ

UNJK w odD s dEM iG WU dE fH X wzUOLOJ qUHKH o UL ZMtLU wL UuU l{ c f rUF tO qu U c qUH

d uL w dOG S UH s WuLL wzUOLO qUH s dOF r f uU

f uU VJ UH cN d uL w dOGK d uLL U qUH cNWO{U uB

.....+H3+H

2+H

1= qUHKH

w UL sFL U qUH d U f uU oOD dF

w qUHKH

V U

N2(g)

+2O2(g)2NO

2(g)

sOO sOUFLbU

2NO(g)N

2(g)+ O

2(g) H= -180 kJ

2NO(g)

+O22NO

2(g) H= -112 kJ


64/120

q

p WuKDL WUFL U ULNFL ZU uJ YO UDFL UFL VJHUw UL WOU WUFL UI v_ WUFL fJF

N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) H1= 180 kJ

2NO(g)

+O2(g)2NO

2(g) H

2= -112 kJ

N2(g)

+ 2O2(g)2NO

2(g) H= H

1+H

2= 68 kJ

wQ UL Wd WOzUOLOJ WUFL VJ

N2(g)+2O2(g)

2NO2(g) H = 68 kJ

w qUHKHV R?

2Al(s)

+Fe2O

3(s)2Fe

(s)+Al

2O

3(s)

sOO sOUFL bU

2Al(s)

+ 3/2O2(g)Al

2O

3(s) H= -1676 kJ

2Fe(s)

+ 3/2O2 (g)Fe

2O

3(s) H= -822.2 kJ


65/120

qBH WK

WO UKDBLU uBIL { dK UL qUH WU W UEM f uU Hd uL w dOG

dK U UN dK U WO UH d 2C

(graphite)+2H

2(g)C

2H

4(g) H=+52.0 kJ

H2(g)

+Cl2(g)2HCl

(g) H=-185 kJ

2H2S

(g)+3O

2(g)2H

2O

(g)+2SO

2(g) H=+1125 kJ

uKDL s V w qUH 2CH

3

OH(l)

+3O2(g)

4H2

O(g)

+2CO2(g)

H=-1453 kJ

sO_ s WOU WOL l uUOL s u qUH bMHV HbI WUM uL WU WKUHL uL WU wQ U rdU `{

sO_ l XdJ qUH Hd uL w dOG V 2S

(s)+3O

2(g)2SO

3(g)

WO UFL Ub

S(s)+O2(g)

SO2(g) H= -297 kJ2SO

3(g)2SO

2(g)+O

2(g)H= 198 kJ

H2 (g)

+ 1/2O2(g)H

2O

(g) H= -286 kJ w qUH w

VU Ud sObON U s r d bM H

U r uJ bMH

u uKO UbI WUD s WOL U d V w dGU sObON U WOL ?w qUHKHV

Cu(s)

+ 1/2O2(g)CuO

(s)

WO UFL bU2Cu

(s)+ S

(s)Cu

2S

(s) H=-79.5 kJ

S(s)

+O

2(g)SO

2(g) H=-297 kJ

Cu2

S(s)

+2O2(g)

2CuO(s)

+SO2(g)

H=-527.5 kJ


66/120

UNUO d d uL w dOG UJ wU qBH

WU dOG c p sO WOzUOLOJ UHK WIdL Wd dOG oU qBH w XUH dK U UH UM Xd WUM uL WKUHL uLK WUD u s

UNUO w WKLFL _ w U d WOL UO sJL nOJ UN WU vK U uJ qBH cN p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ c

WOzUOLOJ WOzUeOH Wd dOG UJ bF UNBzUB sO Wd dFL nB

Ud dF rLB

Wu bU u iL qUH UF d fOI qUH d U w uLK WOUOI suJ d b wzUOLOJ jd WU WdFL wzUOLO qUH d uL w dOG V


67/120

d uL w dOG s dOF d

s wzUeOH dOG wzUOLOJ qUHK UF d bF d uL w dOG s dOF sJLp vK WK_

s WOU WOL uu UL s b u d bM dL d WOL w d d WO UFL w `{u u UL sO_ UCH

4(g)+ 2O

2(g) CO

2(g)+ 2H

2O

(g)H=-890.3 kJ/mol

CH3OH

(l)+ 3/2O

2(g) CO

2(g)+ 2H

2O

(g)H=-715 kJ/mol

UOK UL s u W WUBL d WOL w W d

NaOH(s) Na+

(aq)+ OH_

(aq) H=-40 kJ/mol

NH4NO

3(s) NH

4

+

(aq)+ NO

3

_

(aq)H=+26 kJ/mol

rKF q

sJL UF d??O?? j???? w??? b??????uJ p bM wzU

U ZUM b u uJ bM dL d WOL w UF d bU l iL qUH s UL s

HCl(aq)

+ NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq)

+ H2O

(l)H= -58 kJ/mol

UdUM s UL s b u uJ VUBL d uL w dOG w suJ d WO UFL w sO u UL WOUOI dE w WO_

2C(s)

+ 3H2(g)

C2H

6(g) H

f=-85 kJ/mol

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)

H2O

(l) H

f=-286 kJ/mol

d d nOH d UNB d qH s dOFK d d UM

WKFA WFL qJA sO RUM WFLA w b w Wd dOG UJ s W b

UNUFdK U UN U dOG

WKFA WFL qJA


68/120

qUH d

(Calorimetry)qUH d UO

vL UN w qUH dS wzUOLO qUH b WO WBLL dL d WOL UO sJLWU tb uJ Wd WF WuKF u l UL u U dFL (Calorimeter)dFLd U sJLdFL q d fM pc dFL jO l d U u

tUu dFL UbI UN w d WOL U s qUHUNM dFL s bb u UM

(Coffee- Cup Calorimeter)QJ dF* UN sdO wu U s WuMB Q s dFL s uM c uJwU VOC pc qJA w UL d eO UDG s cHM UDsJL pc dK bO WU sdO wu U UL uKL pdUL s uIHL WBLL d WOLJ WU qUHK d WOL U

HWLO UOI dFL c `KB pc dFL q uuL

q qOUL w b w UH d UOI dFL c qLFw U ZM w UH d UOI rz dO tMJ UF dd UH q dO UUH d U UNO lHdQJ dFL qJA

WO WF s uIHL WJL d U sJL UIU XLKF ULWOuM d x r uKL WK uIHL WJL d

d U d x ru uKLKx x

v s U r sO W d WOL V R r u [ ULK WOuM d ULK

w W??O??u??M?? d??????ld W d WOLb?? d??? d???? W???uOOKO W UL sbw W???d?????? W??F????ld W d WOLW U r d W

b uOOKO


69/120

(Bomb Calorimeter)WKMI dF*

qUHK dOG U tK w bu uH s WuMB WJOL tb eF U s UN c uJ qJA dE UL s dO WOL w uLG uJ WKM vL uIL uH s uMB

d eO d d

U

d U

uu

WKMI dFL qJA

u lHd jG{ X wIM sO_ UNO qb r WKMI U w UL s WuKF dOG WK l{ud W l v R d s WOL bu UL WKMI q dL WOzUdN d od s UNUF rUH w HWLO UOI dFL c b d lu UE ULC UO tJd r c UL

jGC w dOG UNUB w

YO s WKMI dFL QJ dFL sO U RULNM q VUM c qUH

oKG uH dFL w UEM u qUH d

(Heat of Neutralization)UF d

uKL UF WuL WUFL Ub WOu VM Wu bU uK l u iL uK e bMWO UFL tMO UL U UK ZMO

HCl(aq)

+ NaOH(aq)

H2O

(l)+ NaCl

(aq)+WU

H2SO

4(aq)+ 2NaOH

(aq) Na

2SO

4(aq)+ 2H

2O

(l)+WU

rKF q

UH uJ U UU??L?? d????? W???? w???U??L?? W??O??L?? _ ??O??K??dFL w?? WKLFLw u??u?? WOL dO

WKOK WKMI

qUH d WIKF* UU(


70/120

WO dBL WUFLU UF qUH qOL sJL

H+(aq)

+ OH_

(aq) H

2O

(l)2+ WU

w UL sFL UF qUH s WUM WUD U WOHO dFUOO{u UL qJA sO Us??O?? U????F???? q???U???H??? u???D??????puKbON iL uKe??O??d?? r???? tL HCluK sr l du

d????u?? e??O??d?? NaOHd???? W???? X??F??H?? Y??O??d??? V???? b???I???L???

UF d qUH

uKs r

du

eOdNa

OH

HCluK s rd u eOd

uKL s r UFL

UF qUH wO{u r qJA

r rr U uKL WU dH oU qUH d U q

YOHCl

iL u b V d rxeOd uL bu[d xdu

u[ bUI u b S qLUuKL UN w d WOL V

d U dxWOuM d xuKL WK WJL d WOLu W x[ xr

u uKO [ HCl

u ,

UN w d WOL iL s u qUH s WUM d WOL V u[ u uKO[ iL s u s WUM d WOL

uu uKO [

HCl(aq)

+NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq)

+H2O

(aq)H= -54.6 kJ/mol

rKF q

XMO WIOb U U U??F???? d??? bM uu uKObU l u iL qUH

W vK Wu

?


71/120

qUH bM WIKDML d WOL dF w UF dvL oU qUH w WuLHWLOb u suJ bUI s WUM OH-Uu s b u l iL s WUM H+Uu s b u

buI uL UH s bF UF d b sO d W vK UL s

buI uL UH s bF UF d bUF dUF qUH-58 kJ/molHCl

(aq)+ NaOH

(aq) NaCl

(aq)+ H

2O

(l)

-58 kJ/molHBr(aq)

+ NaOH(aq)

NaBr(aq)

+ H2O

(l)

-58 kJ/molHNO3(aq)

+ KOH(aq)

KNO3(aq)

+ H2O

(l)

ucL UH lOL UF d S b s k ULu UFL lOL w b tH qUH _ WU

H+(aq)

+OH_

(aq) H

2O

(l)+WU

rKF q

WOCL qOUL uJ V WbUI

uJ v p WHHWU{ bM WUM dw bUI v?? iLU???F?????? W??O??K??L??F?? W????O????WOKLF WO fO jI

UC nOH

UF d UO UA_ uL

d u HClpuKbON iL b r wL wzU UL jO dFd u NaOHuuB bObO

qLF uD

sOL sO w q du eOdNaOHuK du eOd HCluK dC

r WF sOKBHMWU sOuKL d W `B v td W wzU UL w WOL b l{

d W w UH V bUI s r v iL uK s r n{ uKL UNO q d W vK q

UF d V


72/120


73/120


74/120

uu u iF d d sO b wQ ULOuu u iF d d b

rduu ULuu uKO d d

C

udJ,

CH4UOL,

C4H

10UuO

C2H

4sOK

C2H

2sOKO_,

C2H

5OHuU

C6H

6seM,

H2sObON,NH

3UOu_,

N2H

4sbON,

H

2

CH

4uu qC ULN R

(Molar Heat of Formation)HfWOu* suJ dUdUM s UL s b u suJ WUBL d WOL UNQ ULK WOuL suJ ddFjG{ UNQ WOUOI dE ULKF d b HfedU UN ed WOUOI dE w WO_WOU UH q d dFL WUu uL s dO bF suJ d UIu b U

Mg(s)

+1/2O2(g)

MgO(s)

Hf=-602 kJ/mol

C(s)

+ O2(g)

CO2(g)

Hf=-393.5 kJ/mol

d UIA dJ suJ d q dU qJA UN suJ d UO sJL u UMUH cN suJ d bb sJL nOJ

c bU b w UL uL s dO bFHfsb ULKF U

Wb dO uL WOuL suJ d HqUH d s q U sJL rOIWO WUFL bU

WKUHL uLKH

f

WUM uLKH

f

qUHKH

s???u???J?????? d????????? UNU w dUMFK WOuL

dH dIL


75/120

uL iF WOUOI suJ d rO b

ULu u uKO HfULu u uKO H

f

Al2O

3(s)

CaCl2(s)

CaCO3(s)

CH4(g)

CO(g)

CO2(g)

CuO(s)

Fe2O

3(s)

Fe3O

4(s)

HCl(g)

HI(g)

HF(g)

[[

[[ [[

[[[

H2(g)

Al(s)

H2O

(g)

H2O

(l)

SO2(g)

HgO(s)

KOH(s)

MgO(s)

NaCl(s)

NaOH(s)

SO3(g)

dH

dH

[[

[

bU UMOF w qUHK HWLO V U 8Al

(s)+ 3Fe

3O

4(s) 4Al

2O

3(s)+ 9Fe

(s)

q

dH bb uOML Hfpc dH dIL UNU w dUMF suJ d

? Hf suJ d

uu uKO [ Fe3O4 uu uKO Al2O

3

WKUHL uLK Hf WUM uLKH

f qUHKHWO WUFL w uF

[x x [

u uKO [ qUHKH

sOO sOUL sFL b w Wb dO uL Hf qUHK HU dF


76/120

WO WUFL w UL uu uKO , U seMK d d XU UC

6H

6(l)+15/2O

2(g) 6CO

2(g)+ 3H

2O

(l)H= -3268.4 kJ/mol

seMK WOUOI suJ d V q

dH O2 ? Hf WuN qzU seMK Hf

u uKO [ udJ bO wU UG Hf

u uKO qzU ULK Hf

u uKO [ qUHKH WO WUFL w rOI c uF

(WKUHL uLKHf) (WUM uLKH

f)qUHK H

( Hf) ( Hf x+ Hfx)(C

6H

6(l)H

f) [ x x [

[ [

[ uu uKO [

(Bond Energy)WDd WU WUBLHd WOL nK pc dK U UNCF U UH iF XE pKFu dJ W WUD bF w sO sOWDd WUvL UL sOF p dOH d qUH s

wQ UL WUG WU w WOzUOLOJ WDd s brKF q

dJ W WUD U???? W??O??zU??O??L??O?? W???D???

s WUM WUD b??I??WDd pK uJ

H2(g)

H(g)

+ H(g)

= +436 kJ

H - H H H

Cl2(g) Cl(g)+ Cl(g) = +243kJ

(Cl - Cl) Cl Cl

s q WKUHL uL w jd WU uL U dK U uJ qUH uI sJLWUM uL w jd WU uL

H

H


77/120

jd iF WDd WUD U ULO sO w bjd iF WU b

WDdWUDWDdWUDWDdWUD

uu uKOuu uKOuu uKO H-HH-C

H-N

H-O

H-F

H-S

C=C

C C

H-Cl

H-Br

H-I

N-N

O-O

F-F

Cl-Cl

N=N

Br-Br

I-I

C-C

C-N

O=O

O-C

C=O

N N

WO WF bU p sOF qUH d U b w WbL WDd WU rO b sJLWuJL jd WU uJL jd WU qUHKH

b w jd UU bU wU qUHKH

V U

H2(g)

+ Cl2(g)

2HCl(g)

q

Ud r w jdu uKO WDd WUWuJL jdu uKO WDd WUH-H2(H-Cl) x Cl-Cl

uLLu uKO u uKO dK U qUH uJ uJ* jd WU s d WuJ* jd WU k

WuJL jd WU uJL jd WU qUHK H u uKO x

== ==


78/120

qBH WK

wQ ULO WOB WU d w ZUMK (H

f

)WOuL suJ d UU UN d uL w dOG uJ w WUFL 2C(s)+ O2(g) 2CO(g) 2Ca(s)+ O2(g) 2CaO(s)

3Mg(s)

+ N2(g)

Mg3N

2(s) C

2H

2(g)+ H

2(g) C

2H

4(g)

U w qUHK Hd uL w dOG WLO S b vK ULU H

2(g)+ I

2(g) 2HI

(g)

u uKO u uKO u uKO u uKO

wQ UL q s WOB UF d ?dK UL qUHK WU HWLO jOLK d oKD dK UD qUH

dK U qUH b bM oKDM d dK U qUH b bM d qUH U

u uKO UAl2O

3UMOu WOuL suJ d XLK

w wU qUHK HWLO S2Al

2O

3(s) 4Al

(s)+ 3O

2(g)

u uKO u uKO u uKO u uKO

w qUHK HWLO V b vK ULU N

2(g)+3H

2(g) 2NH

3(g)

UHbI UL U d uKO , u dF w u , UbI U U s WOL Xd d d XU dFL w _ UNB w d qL UL d W w

uu uKO [ U ULK WOuL


79/120

UL UCO

2udJ bO wU UM O

2sO_ s WOU WOL w CH

4UOL d

WO WUFLU qUH qOL sJL H2O

(g)

CH4(g)

+ 2O2(g)

CO2(g)

+ 2H2O

(g)+WU

jd WU b b WKUHL uL w jd dOJ w WdBL WUD V WUM uL w jd suJ s WUM WUD V

qUHKHWLO V ?qK UOL d d WLO l UNb w WLOI U

wKM dF w XF{ r UNK uuB buK C12

H22

O11

dJ s Ze s uJ WMO

W l v dJ d WMOF w dJK WuL WM V jI dJ dd u uKO ,tUu dFLK Wd WF ] ULK , bIL dFL duuuKOx, dJ d

r dJK WOuL WKJc XIK w dJ WK V r WMOF d s WUM d WOL V bU

d s WOLJ

sOU sO U r w qUHK H WLO V b b vK ULU UNKK

H2(g)

+ Cl2(g)

2HCl(g)


80/120

bu WK

w `KDBL r l{u uLF w `OB UNF{ l uLF w UKDBL sO o

qUH d UOjOL s d hL wzUOLO qUH HWb u{u WO s e suJ dWOzUOLO WOzUeO WOKLF d dOGK WIOb WuCL UOI WOKL dK U qUHjOL UEM UEMs VdL w b u suJ odL d uL w dOG

WO_ dUMWKMI dFLWOzUeO WOKL d hL w d WOL UOI b

WOzUOLO uJWd dOG S WOzUN WUF UD d sOd sOUF lL bM

WOzUNM WUFLK d uL w dOG bb UNFL sJLf uUd uL w dOG

WO WUFL w UL dUM s sbONKHf

suJ d V N

2(g)+ 2H

2(g)N

2H

4(s)

sOO sOUFL ULFU pN2H

4(s)+ O

2(g) N

2(g)+ 2H

2O

(l) H = - 663.4 kJ

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)

H2O

(l) H = -286 kJ

r UuOK WOuL WKJ XLK SC4H

10UuO U s rG u U WuD

WO WUFL o d UuO C

4H

10(g)+ 13/2O

2(g) 4CO

2(g)+ 5H

2O

(g) H = -2855 kJ

wQU VWuD_ w UuO u b

UuO s rG d s WUM d WOL WuD ULFU v uOOK dH d W s UNMO sJL w UL WOL ?

ru [ ULK WOuM d b UUuOK Wd WLOI


81/120


82/120

WuCF UOLOJ

b???????u


83/120


84/120

udJ c bdH u vK dBMF c b v udJ Ud d U uFU_ UJ_ WHK WOe q WuJ Wu jd UNCF U

sO_ q d dUM c U vK UNb v WU{U VOdUOMuUN sOdOM

R

126CudJ c wdJ lu V udJ c RUJ UdJ b U

b b w udJ dBM lu b

UdJ WF u udJ c n=2dO_ fOzd WUD u p sO oU R sc UN jd w WIdD WOzUOLOJ UND suJ w udJ UNKLF RUJ UdJvL

UdL pK WOzUeOH WOzUOLOJ u w dO dOQ UN uJ UdL suJw uuL U dI WU v uu q s UNCF jd dUMF uI sJL qJAWOUA j WF suJ v udJ vF WU c v uuK WKOM UG

UOL e suJ sObON l udJ U WOHO `{u

t_ wUUOL e qJ qJA

WuCF Ud* w WOzUOLOJ WDd

W bM d_ c udJ sO WOUA jd vK WuCF UdL UH bLFw uM vK fu qJA UNKL jI RUJ UdJ vK UMUL ed dUMF sO jd

vK b??u?? u ??d??J?? rH UNM UJ b

UL XOdG

rKF q

H

H C H

H

O

H F N C


85/120

s UdO l UNCF l udJ UNuJ w WOUA WDd nMBWuJ WDd XU S WDd suJ w WdAL UdJ b V cU UdJ b U WU WDUNOK oKD jI sOdJ sUdJ W U bF u WU w WOzUM WDvL WF

2 WO WDdUvLWuCF UdL w udJ U WHK UUL `{u WO WK_

UNFOL XU u WOUA j lQ ULz UNH jO udJ WIU WK_ w ktO jd lOL XU lA tQ uCF VdL nu WO WOzUM j vK XKL WUWO WOzUM j vK u lA dO tQ WU

WFA dO WFA v WIU WK_ w WuCF UdL nM R

sObON udJ s UdO l WOUA j udJ Xu

v UNHOMB sJL UudbONU WUM UdL UbM vL jIdFM wU qJA w UL WOU UudbO WOUHO UudbOjI WOUHO UudbON v qBH c w

(C , H)UudbON

WOUHOWOUseM vK utUIA

WFA dO UUJ_ WFA

WOIK dO(C

nH

2n+2)

WOIK(C

nH

2n)

UMOJ_UMUJ_(C

nH

2n-2)

WOIK dO(C

nH

2n)

WOIK(C

nH

2n-2)

`O b n

u????????? U????????????d??????u??d??J?? d??B??M?? v??K??dFjI sObONWuCF UdL j

UudbON

s nF{ W??D??d??

e??d?? b???F??? W???D???d???U????d??L?? w???? U???A???M???

WFAL dO WuCF

H H

C C

H H

H C C H

H

C O

H

Cl

Cl C Cl

Cl

?


86/120

(Alkanes) (CnH

2n+2)UUJ_

WFAL UudbON s WOU W vK u uN WUDK WOzd UBL b d bFpc sOd lL sOUH rOA u sOU vK uB sJL tM UUJ_

UUJ_ vK oKD d WuC Ud vK uBK WO U UUJ_ dF UdO XKH_wzUOLOJ UAM WKOK WLKJ c wMF UMOd r

dFM qBH c w O b n YO CnH

2n+2WOIK dO UUJ WUF WGOB

mOB UL_ sO b ud dA v b ud vK WuL UUJ_ vKWOFU q qJ vK ud vK u w UUJ_ iF UOKG U WOe

C1- H

10UUJ UOKG U WOe' mOB b

rWOe WGOB UOKG WUOLCH

4

UC2H

6

UdC3H

8

UuOC4H

10dH

UMC

5H

12 UJNC6H

14

UNC7H

16

UC8H

18

UuMC9H

20

UJbC10

H22

vK qzu d_ W ULMO U w v_ WF_ UUJ_ ZM oU b sWGOB lDILU UUL wNM UUJ_ lOL XE p b WdG d WCH

2? WOe WGOB UNO be w UdL WKK WOL vK ULKF oH b (C

nH

2n+2)UN WUF

WOFU WKKU


87/120

(Isomerization in Alkanes)UUJ_ w qUA

C4H

10w U u UL WOe WGOB fH UN l WHK WOzUOLO WOzUeO u UN UUJ_ iF

b ULK UJ_ w UA u WOUL e qUA dUE dF U v p w V uF

l u w UUJ_ s b WOUL c uI sJL UJ_ WKK w udJ sOKUA qJ vK dNE YO UuO e w UL dQ ud

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

3CH

3 CH CH

3

CH3

UuOe UuO

w UN WUF WOe UNGO w UdL iF d dU dFqUA rU UHB iF

WKK w udJ b ULK UAL b UL eb ULMO U UJb UA b b YO UJ WUL

UC20

H42

UuJ_ UA

UUJ_ WOL

UUE (IUPAC)Uu_ WOIOD W UOLOJK wb U bLwQ UL WuCF UdL WOL UU

r cR UJ u lAL udbON sOdK UF r UC r udJ b vK b w WOMO WLKJ s UJ_

b dE r WUN w lDIL UNO

a????U???? s?????? Y??????????Uu

YK WOC

UuO Ud U UO w ULb UNOL c v_ WF_ UJ_ d wQ U l WdHL q UudbON WOL ?

qUA u???? s?? qUA wzUM qUAq???U???A?????? w????b????M????N????

UdO wdH

rKF q

C5H

12UM UA UL UA

UM UA suJ sO c UL bS UAL c b U

c sO WU_ WDdK b WOUJ `{


88/120

_ VdL UdF bu e w udJ s WKu WKK u s Y WOMO WLKJ V r

CH3 CH CH

2 CH

2 CH

2 CH

3

CH3

_ VdL r S pc udJ s X s WIU WGOB w WKK u uJ YOUJu

dH r U ULN dHK d_ dD s b WKuL WKK w udJ rd

CH3 CH CH

2 CH

2 CH

2 CH

3

CH3

1 2 3 4 5 6

sObON b qI YO qOJ lDILU _ UJ_ WKK s WdHL WuLL vL lAL UNd r s oA WdHL WuLL r Q ULK b c wK_ UNUJ s UNO

b qv s VdL r WUN qb l wK_

R- WOKOJ_ UuL* WOL b

WGOBrWuLLrCH4UOCH3qOOC

2H

6UC

2H

5qO

C3H

8UdC

3H

7qOd

C4H

10UuOC

4H

9qOuO

UJ_ r UNOK WdHL WOKOJ_ WuLL r r Wd r dH UNOK uuL udJ r lCUJ qOO - 2 vL oU UL w UJ_ _

q WO lUIL b WOKOJ_ WuLL fHM lu s d w _ UJ_ dH bM wU w wzUM WuLL dJ b vK b dH r

wQ UL U_ sO qu u l UIU d UL dH lu UO bF rOd b UL

UuO qOO wzUM - 321CH

3

2CH

3CH

4CH

3

CH3

CH3


89/120

WKK d s b rOd uJ _ VdLK WuJL udJ vK dH s d u bM UdH d_ udJ c d_

UuO qOO w - 322 CH3 CH C CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

1234

WOL w Uu bu vK UIOD WO WK_

CH3CH2 CH C CH3

CH3

C

2H

5CH

3

1245 3 CH3CH2 C CH2CH3

CH3

CH2CH

3

12345

UM qOO wzUM -22-qO -3 UM qOO -3-qO -3

CH3 CH CH

2C CH

3

CH3

CH3

12345

CH3

?

U qOO - 2-qO - 5 UM qOO w - 422

methyl qOO WuL w m d o ethylqO WuL w e d k WeOK UNzUL_ b_ VOd V qOO WuL qO WuL r o pcK

WIU Uu bu l _ VdL w UMOuUN q WOuddO WuL U U w w udJ r v U VdL w UNL o Q WuLL c c v UA

c UuLL c s b sO b WuLL c pK UNM XdH

CH3CH

2CH CH

2CH

2CH CH

3

CH3

1234567

CH3CH

2


90/120

WOuduUN Ud* iF b

WuLL cVdL w rWKFuKUd uK CluKUMuK BrudUuOud IuUuO u

q qOJ_ bOU r UMOuU vK WuL WFAL WOudbON UdL vK oKD

CH3CH CH

2CH CH

3

CH3

54321

CI

UM qOO - 4-uK - 2

CH3CH

2CH CH CH

2CH

2CH

3

CH3

1 2 3 4 5

CI

6 7

U qOO - 4-uK - 3

CI CH2CH

2CH

2CH

2Br

1234

? UuO uK - 4-ud - 1

sOUHK WOOzd UuJL b tQ ULK UM qOO w - 4 22UJ WOzUM WGOB r R

Uu_ UE V WO UUJ_ =r R

CH3C

CH

2C

CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

Ud UC w Y

uKJ u w udJCFC uKH

YK WOC

CH3CH

2CH

2C

CH

2CH

CH

2CH

3

CH2CH

3CH

3

CH3

WuLL c WDdL W??O??u??d??J?? d??O??vL _ W??K????K???? l??

WOHO WuL W???U???F??? W???G???O???B??? RXw qO_ bOUN v??? e??d?? X Y??O??v?? e??d?? R s??O??u??U??

qOJ WuL


91/120

UUJ_ dOC% d

wQU UNM UM UUJ_ dOC d b UM

qOJ_ bOU e

sOU l uJ w cL qOJ_ bOU qUH r YO UUJ_ dOC dD dN s wWO UFL w `{u u UL nHL puKbON iL w

CH3I

Zn/HCI

CH4

b??O??U?? U????d?? WOU_ uL s qOJ_

WdOC UOLOJ w

rKF q

4

CH33

CH2

2

CH

1

CH3

Zn/HCl

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

3

BrUuOud - 2 UuO -

UOMd nu RO9

WO WUF WUFL V UL l UOMd Vd WKUF s p

RMgBr + H2OR-H + Mg(OH)Br

UL l CH3CH2MgBrVd qUH p vK UCH

3CH

2MgBr + H

2OCH

3- CH

3+ Mg(OH)Br

qOJ_ bOU l UOMd nu qUH

u_ q UUJ_ U qOJ_ bOU l UOMd Vd qUH YO

RMgBr + R`Br

R - R`+ MgBr2

qOOL bOd l CH3CH

2-MgBrqUH s Ud dOC p vK U

CH3CH

2- MgBr + CH

3BrCH

3- CH

2- CH

3+ MgBr

2

t U??O??M??d?? n??U?? s dC RMgX ed

uuMg

lRX

qUHU d_


92/120

UUJ_ UH

nuJ rEFL qOL WKOK UL w Wz dO WOD dO Ud w UO WKU UUJ_ ld nu sO_ UMOuUN l qUH UN uNAL WOzUOLOJ

WMKN

b E w WCHM d W bM d uKJ UJ_ s jOK kH sJLq sOuUN S WOU d fLA u{ v jOK dF sJ qUH

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V p UJ_ w UOK UOze sObON q

Br2Cl

2= X

2YO

p vK U bqUH dF U u Xc sObON b r t k

CH4+ Cl

2 CH

3Cl + HCl

fLA u{

d

UO uK UOuK

d

d uu UUJ_ d bMF UOz u UNu s UUJ_ WOL wQWUD s dO WOL d uB U udJ bO wU ZM sO_ s

CH4 + 2O2CO2 + 2H2O + 210.8 kcal/mol

2C4H

10+ 13O

28CO

2+ 10H

2O + 688.0 kcal/mol

d???????????? W????O????K????L???? s u??J????L?? s??O??U????WuL UudbONu???d??? v??K??

dO U suJ sLCR??? w?????? U????G???? s???fJL pd v UbL

UO d w

rKF q

R H + X2 R X + HXfLA u{d


93/120

WOIK( UUJ_ UUJuKJU

w pK UdG WHK UQ udJ s d b WIK vK WuL UUJ_ wud X fL vK u w pK UuO Ud ud vK u

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C CH

2

H2C CH

2

H2C

CH2

CH2

H2C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

UduKJU UuOuKJU UMuKJU UJuKJU

CH3

H3C

CH2CH

3

Cl

CH3

16

54

3

2

UMuKJU qOO wzUM - 11 UMuKJU qO UJuKJU qOO - 2 -uK - 1CH

3

CH3

16

54

3

2

UJuKJU qOO wzUM - 31

UUJuKJU UHwQ ULO UUJuKJU UH hK

WU UND lOL dJ YO s WuHL q WFAL UudbON tA C

nH

2nUN WUF WGOB

we UM w CH2b

UuOuKJU UduKJU p s vM WuHL q UUJ WNUA UNUH


94/120

fLA u{ uu uKJ l UMuKJU qUH WUF V R

UuO d_ UUJuKJU iF wQ ULO

(C3H6)UduKJU

s dOJ q WDd W U We u YK tKJX uJ Ud WIK S c [ WuHL WKK UJ_WIK WOzUOLOJ UH vK du c fJFM We duvL bb duu UL WIK `H p du c s hKK e qOL YO Ud

WO WK_ w sO

u??? s??? r??d??U?? t???e??? w??? W???e??? d??u??t UduKJUuL s dOJ w buw U u UL WOFODs WBKL UMOd

dLJ dOB

rKF q

H

CH2CH

2CH

2

1) H2SO

4ed

CH2

CH

2H

2C

H2/NiCH

2CH

2CH

2

OH H HuUd - 1 Ud

UduKJU

Cl2, Fe Cl

3

CH2CH

2CH

2

Cl Cl

UduK wzUM- 31

2) H2O

(C4H

8)UuOuKJU

UU duMB Xe WOFOD uL iF w VdL c du {_ U wU qJ tYO tUH vK p fJFM UduKJU s du q pc u wu tM jd U uJ U

UduKJU s UUA q uJ

(C6H

12)UJuKJU (C

5H

10)UMuKJU

U sO dH WODG qOK UM u l UdI u UMuJKUU UO du s WOU UdL cUJuKJU U qJA k rEML wUL qJA W WOKb Ue wUd dN

(Boat)UI qJ (Chair)wdJ qJ UL sOO vK buO


95/120

U wd DUJuKJU UMuKJU UJ qJA

UNUIA UUJ_ iF Ub

UNM dc WOU{ Ub UM uu UUJ_ b v WU{U

tUb r s UO* U

lUDL d WUM w b c (carbon black)rH u vK uBK WO U

l UD vK b U c CHCl3 uuKJ q WUN UdL s bbF dOC

U b uUOL bUb uH ozd UH w UL UF WKU dO WHEM ULpO uKUM q WuCF UdL U dOC w UOL

(Naphtha)UHM

qJA b ud s WuJ UNIK UNUIA WFAL UUJ s WOIK UdUUb WUM (Dry Cleaning)U nOEM d w l

:(Mineral Oil)wbF* Xe

UHHB qOL ULd U w l qJA b sO U wKG wd ZM(Laxative)bFLK sOKL UC b dFA


96/120

:(Lubricating Greases)rOA u

UdL e UJ d nOH w b YO WOd ue iF WUFL UNOK uB r

:(Petrolatum)d

WObOB rdL dOC w b ud s u UudbO s uJ

:(Paraffin Wax)5d lL

WUM w W=KB UL U{ lL WUM w b dO WOe WK UUJ s uJUdO qOL ULd rdL iF


97/120

_ qBH WK

WO d WOKOJ_ WuLL qUA UudbON WOUA WDd WuCF UOLOJ

UudbON U U udJ Ud d U U

WO WOe mOB UN w WFAL WOudbON UAL lOL WOzUM mOB V Uu_ UEM UI udbO q r d r C

4H

10 C

6H

12 C

6H

14

WO s q e s tOK uB sJL c UJ_ U

UM qOO - 3 -ud - 3 Udud - 2 UuOud - 2

bU WUF UNUOK W U V WO UudbON V UM Ud UJ

UM qOO wzUM - 33 U UJ qOO - 2

WO UdLK WOzUM mOB r

UuO qOO wzUM -32 UM qOO - 3 UM qOO - 3 -uK - 2 UJ qOO wzUM - 33 -qO- 4?U qOO wzUM -52 UuO qOO w -322 ?

UJ qO wzUM - 33

Uu_ UE LF WO UdL UL V CH

3CH

2CCH

2CH

3

CH3

CH3

? CH3CH CH2CH3CH

3

CH3(CH2)3CH3

CH2 CH

2

BrCl

? CH3CHCH2CH3Br


98/120

UNM ]r r WO UdL UAL WOzUM mOB r C

3H

6BrCl C4H8Cl2 ? C3H7Br C4H9Br

wQ UL q w WOB WU d

w wIK dO UUJ qL w WGOB C

10H

18 C3H8 ? C4H4 C6H12

CH3 CH CH

3

CH3

VdLK lzUA r UMe UuOe ? UuO qOO - 3 UuO qOO- 2

w WOIK UUJ WUF WOe WGOB C

nH

n CnH2n-2 ? CnH2n+2 CnH2n

C3H

7MgBruOOMGL bOd qOd ROL s ZUM UJ_

d UL w UuO ? UJ Ud

uCF ZUM r WO UHK UF V WOzUM mOB ULFU puKbON iL l UduKJU WKUF

fLA u{ uu uKJ s b WOL WUu UJuKJU WMK

WUM WuC dO u W] U s d WOL Ub UuO dOC uD UFL s

O


99/120

WFAL dO UudbON wU qBH

sO jd lOL UNO uJ w UUJ_WFAL UudbON v _ qBH w UMdD

UNUd uw WFAL dO UudbON v dFM qBH c w UWU udJ WOU WOUF UdL cN WO WOzUM jd c XU u udJ sO WHUC j vKUMGMdOUL_ UMOuUN UNM dO nu l U WOKU d_ UdLK bb uO

UdO uOUu

UMOJ_U udJ sO WOzUM j vK u w WFAL dO UudbON vK oKD UMUJ_U udJ sO WO j vK u w pK (Olefins)UMOHO_U vL U U WFAL dO UdLU XOL UL UdL c UL(Acetylenes) UMOKO_U vL U

UNBzUB

cN p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ c vK U uJ qBH

UMOJ WUF WGOB dF

WU_ WDd l UNUI WOzUM WDd dF UNUA UMOJ_ iF wL UMOJ WOzUeOH hzUB dF

UNUH UMOJ_ dOC d dF UMUJ WUF WGOB dF

UMUJ_ iF wL

UMUJ WOzUeOH hzUB dF UNUH UMUJ_ dOC d dF


100/120


101/120

v_ W UMOJ WFzUA UL_ b

udJ bsOJ_qJAsOKOCH2 CH2sOKOdCH2 CH CH3sOKOuOCH2 CH CH2 CH3

WDd v dOA dOG iF l UMOJ_ vK WOLK (IUPAC)Uu UE bu oD pcwQ UL WOzUM

sOJ ub WOzUM WD vK WuL WFAL dO UdLK UF r qUIL UJ_ s WIAL cK lDIL s b slDI UC

WDd pK v d_ dD s rOdU b WOzUM WDd vK Wu WKK u U WO WK_ w `{u u UL sOJ_ r o rd sOJ_ w WOzUM WDd lu v dOA

CH3CH CH CH

3 CH

2 CH CH

2CH

3

sOuO -2 sOuO -1

1 2 3 4 5

CH3CH CH CH CH

3

CH3sOM- 2 -qOO - 4

WO UdL r R

CH3C CH CH CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2CH CH CH3

Cis-Trans-Isomersimb{l UMOJ_ w wbMN qUA

wbMN qUA dUE vL U dNE udJ w sO WOzUM WDd u WOb WU WOUbM dUE c QAM udJ wc WDdL UuLL cK WOdH WOM luLU vMF w

sOHK WOzUM WDd w udJ w s qJ UKBL UuLL Uc uJ


102/120

b{ wMF d l wMF d bU WObMN UAL sO eOOL sJL U dU WKUALK ed wdH U fHM udJ wc UKBL UuLL uJ UbMFjI nK WObMN UAL dU WKUALK edO sOU sOOd sOU w UU

p `{u WO WK_ UU

WK

sOuO - 2 - sOuO - 2 -

UF UNuK pc WOzUeOH UNUH w nK U UU WObMN UAL v U s b UM

UMOJ WOzUeOH u)

dseM q WODI dO UcL w c UNMJ UL w UMOJ_ c Uc

udJ buK l

UL WU s q WU UN UuL UMOJ_ WUJ

s qKI VFA S pc udJ b U l UMOJ_ UOK W e UOKG W ?UOKG W

UMOJ_ s U WuLL UOKG Ub UBK sO w b

rKF q

W??? U?????? V???? sOuO - 2 - U???????OK????

uF sOuO - 2 - stOD UH

HCH

3

C C

H CH3

H

CH3

C C

H

CH3


103/120

C2C

10 UMOJ_ iF UOKG W WOzUM mOB b

budJ

rWGOB UOKG W

sOCH2 CH

2

sOdCH2 CH CH3sOuO CH

2 CH CH

2CH

3[

sOuOCH

3CH

3

C C

H H

sOuO

HCH3

C CH CH

3

sOM CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

3

sOM CH

2CH

3CH

3

C C

H H

sOM HCH3

C C

H CH2CH

3

sOuOqOO CH

2 C CH

2CH

3

CH3

sOJ CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sO CH2 CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3sO CH

2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sOu CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sOJ CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3


104/120

UMOJ_ dOC% d

UNM dc WHK dD UMOJ_ dOC sJL

uJ s U* e w uJ s U e e od s sOJ v uJ qu sJL

WO WUF WUFL w UL d uu wCL j

C C

OHH u

5J

H+ dC C + H

2O

WO WUFL w sO u UL uU e s sOKO dOC sJL L

CH3CH

2- OH

H2SO

4

170 CH2 CH2 + H2OuU sOKO

WO WUFL qLR

CH3CH

2OH

H3PO

4

220-200uU

uOMOL_ bO q bU qU `D vK uJ U dS uJ s U e e sJL pc 350d W vKAl2O3

CH3CH

2OH

Al2O3

350 CH2 CH2 + H2OuU sOKO

WO WUFL qL R

CH3CH

2CH

2OH

95% H2SO

4

170uUd

rKF qs??L?? h???d??? d????E???? t?????b UNS uJdOC w?? W??O?? U??L??UMOJ_ s dO u

W??????U??????F?????? W???????G???????O???????B???????R-OHu????????J????K????Uu_ bu l wU???D??? l???? W??O??L?????? w????d??G?? OH W??u??L????L?? lDI W??U??{ r??

qUIL UJ


105/120

qOJ_ bOU s 5bON bOU e

w sOU ud w s sObO sOuUN bI r YObObO l Udud - 2 sO bM LKOH uu wu j

WO WUFL w sO u UL sOd ZM wu j w edL uOUu

rKF q

q???O???J???_ b????O????U???? WOz WO UL qLFW??u??C??F?? U??O??L??O??J?? w????

WdOCCH

3CH

Br

CH3+

KOH

wud CH2 CHCH3 + KBr + H2O

sOd -1Udud -2

sOuO - 1ZM wu j w edL uOUu bObO l UuOud - 1sO bM

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

2Br KOHwud CH3CH2CH CH2

UuOud -1 sOuO -1(Vicinal Dihalides)U* qOJ_ bOU wzUM s UMOuUN e

WO WUFL tMO UL pO iL w sOU uu bOUN wzUM sO p r

CH3CH

Br

CH

Br

CH3

Zn

d CH3CH CHCH3 + ZnBr2

sOuO - 2UuOud wzUM - 32

UMOJ_ UH

UH dN s qUIL UJ_ s tUH w UUA d tKF sOJ_ w WOzUM WDd u UMOJ_

d

WO UFL w UL uN w d UF WKU Ud UMOJ_

2CnH

2n+ 3nO

22nCO

2+ 2n H

2O +WU

sOKO U d UNOK WK_ s

CH2 CH

2+ 3O

22CO

2+ 2H

2O +WU


106/120

WU{ UOU

v UNKu bN WOzUM WDd v uKJ sObON U q e WU{ UM WU{U wMFWU{ UH r s WU WD

bU qU uu WbN 5bON WU{

qUF u V WU dO WU v WbN UH nMBWbL bUL quF dN s qUH j w Uz bULb_ uC Vd s U u c uMJ qU WUL WbN wuJ q WuCF UcL b w Uc ud q WOUI dUMF

UUJ_ d??O?? W????b????N???? s q??C?? WULWUL WbNd???? ?? v??D??F?? U ???N???_

d UH vK

rKF qsO u q bU qu bM WUL dO WbN w UWUL dO WUL WbN s qJ qUH j w Wzc dO

d uKDL qUH V UNUMX

2 WMKN UMOuUN WU{

fUF qJA WOzUM WDd v sOuUN w WU{ r YO

C C + X2/CCl

4C C

X

X

C C + Br2

CCl4

C C

Br

Br

W???b??? ????? t?????WFAL d??O?? u??e??u??e?? c???? u??????w??U????M?? s??L???? v???c??? Z????u???? U????

VOK u sLsUUL uJ tSWOUMB be

rKF q

C C

H

qUC C + H

2 bUH


107/120

CH2 CH

2+ Br

2

CCl4

CH

2 CH

2

Br

Br

Uud wzUM- 2

1

CH3CH CH

2+ Br

2

CCl4

CH

3CH CH

2

Br

3 2 1

sOd- 1

Br

Ud ud wzUM- 21

ZUM VdL r WO WUFL qL R

(HX)

5bON bOU WU{ bOU v sOJ_ uO WOzUM WDd v (HCl,HBr,HI)sObON bOU WU{ r qUH c wWUMB w WLN U u qOJ_

pO_ iL w cL sOJ_ uK w dU sObON bOU U aC qUH c dt vK hM w(Markovnikov's Rule)uJMuU bU V qUH ZU uJ

c jd iL s WUI sObON S wMOJ Vd w WOzUM WD v iL WU{ bMsObON s b d qL w udJ

rKF q

qOK d???????? WU{ b w??zc??G??ue X?? v?? d????b???Q??? g?????G????? n???A???J???

WFL UuH

CH3 C CH

2+ Cl

2

CCl4

H


108/120

WOzUM WDd v sObON bOU WU{ vK WK_ s

CH3CH CH

2

HCl

CH

3 CH CH

2

Cl HsOd- 1 Ud uK- 2

CH3 C CH

2

Hl

CH

3 C CH

2

I H

CH3

CH3

sOd qOO- 2

Ud qOO-2 -

u- 2

w qUH WUF qL R

CH3CH CH

CH

2CH

3+ HI

sOM- 2

rKF q

edLH2SO

4iL

UUJ_ WOIM bdO UudbON s

WFAL

U* WU{

uJMuU bU WOKLF c l YO qUIL uJ UuJ wCL UL l sOJ_ qUH

CH3CH CH

2+ H

2O

H+

CH

3CH CH

2

OH HsOd- 1

uUd -2

w qUH qL R

CH3CH

2C CH

2H

2O/H

+

CH3

sOuO - 1- qOO - 2


109/120

(CnH

2n-2)UMOKO_ UMUJ_

rEF l qUH bb UNKF UL sOU ud w sO WO WD uu UMUJ_ eOLYO UMUJ_ WKK d j sOKO_sU bFWFAL dO UdL v UC w nuJ

UOD J t sObO w ud w s uJ

C2H

2sOKO e uL UA

sOKO_ e UuL UM r c UL bU

UMUJ_ WOLUu UE S UMUJ_ UMOKO_U vb WO WD vK u w UudbON ULlDIL b YO r WUN w l UMOJ_ WOL tUA UMUJ_ Ud WOL wWO WDd lu v UA tS UMOJ_ w U u UL qUIL sOJ_ w s lDIL s b s

p vK WK_ s WO WDd s d_ dD s b U_U

H C C H H C C CH CH3

CH3

1 2 3 4H C C CH

2 C CH

3

CH3

1 2 3 4 5

CH3

sU sUuO -1 -qOO -3 sUM -1-qOO wzUM -4 4

CH3CH

2C C CH

2CH

31 2 3 4 5 6

CH3C C CH

2CH

31 2 3 4 5

sUJ -3 sUM -2

WO UdL r R

CH3C C CH

3 HC C CH

2CH

2CH

3


110/120


111/120

UMUJ_ dOC%

WD vK u e r U udbO e w WO WD UAS U UMUJ_ dCUdOC d dN s WO

d uu Wu bU vK u wu j w HXwe e

vK u wu j w (Vicinal Dihalides) UL qOJ_ bOU wzUM s HXwe e NaNH

2q Wu bU

CH3 CH CH

2

KOH

wu j CH

3CH CH Br

NaNH2

CH

3C C H

123

123

Br

CH3CH CH

2

Br2

sOd -1-ud -1 sUd

Ud ud wzUM -2 1

(Geminal Dihalides)WOu qOJ bOU wzUM s HXwe e uOUu bObO l WOu bOUN WOzUM UUJ sO bM

sUJ ZM UNS wu j w

rKF q

u c UJ_ w?? qL u??d?? vK

w??zU??M?? v??L???? s??O??u??U??wu bOUNU

CH3 CH

2 C H

KOHdwu jCH3 C C H

Br

Br

sUd

Udud wzUM -1 1

WO WUFL qL R

CH3CH

2CH

2 C H

KOHdwu j

Br

Br

rI q??O??J??_ b??O??U?? l{u V u W v UN WDdL udJ

sOuUN

w bOUCH3CH

2CH

2Br

uU bOUCH

3CH CH

3

Br

wU bOU

CH3 C CH

3

Br

CH3

rKF q

BrCCl

4

wu j


112/120

UMUJ_ UH

WU{

wQ UL UMOJ_ s UNO tA UMUJ_ v WU{ UH U qJA uI sJLWbN 5bON WU{

quF qUH d vK ZUM bLF YO UMOJ_ WOzUM WDd WKd v UMUJ_ ew qUHU `{u u UL WKLFL bUL

CH3 C C CH

3+ 2 H

2

NiCH

3CH

2CH

2CH

3

1234

sUuO-2 UuO-

WMKN UMOuUN WU{

qUH w bL sOuUN eOd U UL bOUN wzUM ZM sUJ_ v sOuUN WU{ bMwUd bOUN suJ dL qUH S UFHd sOuUN eOd U U UCHM

CCl4

CCl4

CH3C C H

Br2

CH

3C CH

Br2

CH

3 C C H

Br

Br

Br Br

Br Br

sUd sOd ud wzUM21 Ud ud wU 2211

WO WUFL qL R

5bON bOU WU{ WO WDd v qOJ_ bOU s sOze WU{ r YO sObON bOU l UMUJ_ qUH

uJMuU bU V ZUM uJ

CH3C C H

HClCH

3C CH

2

HICH

3 C CH

3

Cl Cl

I

123123

sUd sOduK-2

Ud u-2

-

uK-2

CH3C C CH

3+ Cl

2

CCl4


113/120

d UOU

h w b b WFHd d W t UN ZMO sO_ U uu sOKO_ dUFL U

HC CH + 5/2 O2 2 CO

2+ H

2O +WU

u v WU{U L UMUO w WLN UIOD w UMUJ_ bfOK w WU sO_ U w b tU u sOKO_ UWHK WOzUOLO Ud dOC w WLN WO U bF ULUO U

uJ dEML s UdNJK WKu u U sOKOO dLK b UbqIL w UdNJ d UB w UFLK b

WFA* dO WFA* UudbON 5 eOOL d

:(Br2/ CCl

4)d WU{

sOJ_ uK WUF bM pc Wd WuN d l WFAL dO UudbON qUHu vK qO u Wd dL_ d u S udJ buK l w d uKL sUJ_

WFAL UudbON WU w d u e sO w WFAL dO UudbON

C C + Br2/CCl

4C C

BrdL

uK rb

:(KMnO4)uOUu UMGMdO

YO WFAL dO UudbON u U UU UHU WbUI uOUu UMGMdO bu w uOUu UMGMdO u e ULMO Uu vK O eOMGML bO s wM V uJ dFWO WUFL w sO u UL WFAL UudbON

C C + KMnO

4C C

OH

HO

+ Mn O2

rKF q

w qb dLKL q WOuO UMUO rEFw??? fKL sJL

UdO UFD

Br

OH-

wHM wM V


114/120

uOUu UMGMdO bU sOJ -1 UJN sO eOOL UA

_ uL

KOH

uK uOUu UMGMdO U VOU sOJ-1

UJqLF uD

d U u w sOJ - 1s OK U u w UJN s OK l{uK s sOdD n{ r u qJ KOHuK s sOdD n{ r UNL

pUE q pc u qJ UMGMdO


115/120

wU qBH WK

UNM r ud fL vK u w sOJ_ UAL WOzUM mOB lOL V Uu UE V

WO s q dOC w sOd b `{u w UFL V Ud Udud wzUM - 2 1 uUd - 2 Udud - 2s sOd vK uB `{u w UFL V

Ud uK - 2 Udud wzUM - 2 1 Udud - 1 uUd - 1l uJMuU bU V HBrqUH s luL ZUM U uJMuU bUI uBIL U

WO UdLsOuO - 2- qOO wzUM - 3 2 sOuO - 2 sOuO - 1 sOKO

wQ UL q dOC UFLU { Udud wzUM - 1 1s sUd sOd s sUd sO s sU

s q l sUd - 1 sOKO qOO qUH {u UF V qJOM u w sObO u

udJ buK l w d u pOd bON iL u ?Uu UEM UI UNM q r d l (C

5H

8)sUJ WKLL UAL lOL r

WO UdLK WOzUM mOB V sOM - 2-qOO w -4 4 2 sO - 1-qOO wzUM- 63

sO uK wzUM - 21 sOM - 2sOJ - 3-qOO - 4-qO - 3

WO UdL s sObON bOU e WOKL s WFuL ZuM d UM qOO - 2-ud -2 UJ u - 1

UM qOO wzUM - 32-ud - 3 UJ uK - 2

?

?

?


116/120

bu WK

wQ UL qJ WOzUM WGOB V

U qOO wzUM - 43 qO - 4 UuO qOO wzUM - 32U qO - 4 Ud qOO - 2 -ud wzUM - 21UM uKJU qOO w - 321 UJ uKJU uK

sOdud wzUM - 21 sO - 1 -qOO wzUM - 43

Uu_ UE V WO UdL s q r d

CH3CHCH2CH CH CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH

3

CH3 C CH

2CH

2CH

CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH

2 C CH

2CH

3

CH2CH

3

CH3

?

CH3CH

2CH CH CH

2C CH

3

CH3

CH2CH

3

CH2CH

3

CH3

?

wQ UL q s UuO dOC UFLU `{ U uK - 1 UuOud - 1 sUuO - 1 sOuO - 2

WO qL w UdH qL vL WOzUM WD UN bu w WOUHO_ UudbON

dU v WOzUM WDd u WOb WU R

w WOIK UMOJ WUF WGOB ?

??

?


117/120

WO UFL qL

CH3 CH CH CH

3+

Zn

Br Br

CH3 CH CH

2+ H

2O

H+

CH3 CH CH2 + HBr

wQ ULO WOB WU d

S UUJ_U UMOJ_ WUI bM

bOud wN UUJ_ U UudbO UMOJ_ WFA dO wN UUJ_ U WFA UMOJ_ UUJ_ w UNM vK UMOJ_ w sObON v udJ W

fJF sJL UMOJ_ v UUJ_qu sJL

u wbM qUA tO bu c VdL

sOd - 1 -uK - 1 sOM - 2 sO uK wzUM - 21 sOuO - 1

w UOIK UMOJ qL w WGOB ?C

6H

12 C6H6 C6H14 C

Chemistry11P2 Book

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