1 1 1 2 2 - 2 ) (

(

1

)

: : ) ( :

1 1 . . : . : : 1 : . 2 : )( . : . . : - 2 : . 1 : 1 : : ) ( . : . : : . . : . . . . : : : . ) ( ) NaCl ( . : ) ( ) ( . : ) ( ) ( . ) ( 1nm , 0.01nm . 1 3 : ) ( M ) . ( m 1 : . .

(

2

)

)1 ( M NaOH 04 = 32 + 61 + 1 = NaOH ) 04 ( g NaOH . ) . ( 1M ) ( mol ) = ( M ) ( L = ) ( M . = = . . ) ) 0.1 ( ) ( 0.500M CuSO4.5H2O 72 .( 1 1 05.3 L 90.0g NaCl : = 58.44g 0.09 58.44 = 1.54 mol 45.1 3.50 = 0.44 M 1 2 : 8.0 L 5.0 M HCl = 8.0 5.0 = 4.0 : = 1 3 : 4 . K2CrO 0.6 M 4.32 4 g K2CrO : = 2.491 g 4.32 194.2 = 0.120 mol 021.0 6.0 =0.020 L = 005.0 051.0 = 0570.0 mol 12 + 23 + 461 = 89 g / mol 0570.0 89 = 53.7 g NaCl 3.641 58.5 =2.5 mol 5.2 3.00 = 0.834 L : 4 H2SO 005.0 051.0 M : = 1 =

: NaCl )00.3 ( M 3.641 g : 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g / mol = =

2 : . ) 0.1 ( m NaOH 04 NaOH . 0401 g ) = + . 1 ( . ) = ( m mol ) ( kg = . . :

(

3

)

mol ) ( kg

) = (m

) ( mol ) ( L

) = ( M

1 4 : 1.71 g 11 C12H22O 521 g : = 43.243 g 1.71 342.34 = 0.0500 mol = 005.0 0.125 = 0.400 m = 1 5 : 4 CCl 084.0 m : I2 = 253.8 g/ mol 0.001 1000 = 0.100 kg 0840.0 1.0 084.0 = 2mol I = = 2.21 8.352 0840.0 2g I = : 255g ) CH3)2CO 002 g 85 61 + 21 + 2 )13 + 21 ( = g : 552 58 = 4.397 mol = )kg = )4.3974 0.200 = 22 m : CH3OH 442.0 m 004. g = 6790.0 004.0 442.0 mol : = = 21 +3 +61 +1 = 23 321.3 23 6790.0 = g 1 3) 1: 1: .( 2: 5.00g 11 C12H22O 1.000L . C12H22O11 = 342 g ) 2 : 6410.0 ( .M 3 : : 100mL NaCl 11.3g . NaCl = 58.5 g ) 3 : 93.1 ( M NaCl 4 : : ) 4 : . .(

0.001 4 g CCl

) ( ) ( ) ( . 1 : 6 : . 0.40g 2.5g 1.0g 0.010g 7 NaOH 2.5L 0.010M

) mol/L ( 32 ) .( 42 : ( . ( ) ( 52 00.2 mol KI 1.00L 2.00M . ) ( 62 106g 3 Na2CO 6.00L .1( 3Na2CO 2( g / mol ( 0.167M ) 1 601 2 ) 359.0 ( M NH4Br 051 mL 14.0g NH4Br 72 1.00L 5.3 1 . 4 M H2SO 2 3 H2O ( 343g 4 H2SO 3 )1 2 ) 0411 ( g 05.2 L Ba(NO3)2 1.75 M ) 341.0 ( mol NaOH 2 1 . 82 NaOH 0.56 mL NaOH 2.20M 92 24.62 g )4 NH4)2SO 00.05 mL . ( 4.000M ) 1.231 g / mol ( ( . 03 0.1 3 M AgNO 9.961 g 3 AgNO .

(

4

)

3 AgNO 9.961 g/mol 0001 mL ) 3AgNO 13 : 3 1.00m HNO 00.2 kg . ) 621 ( g H2SO4 4.50m 00.1 kg . ) 144 ( g 23 1.71 g 11C12H22O 572 g .( ) ( 342g( )281.0 ( m ) 029.0 ( kg 33 5.57 g 2)3 Ca(NO 005.0 m ) 2.02 ( g 43 C2H5OH 57.1 m 0.052 g 53 4 Na2SO 054 mL . 0.250M ( ) 311.0 ( mol ) 10.241 ( g/mol ( 63 00.2 L 0.051 mg 7. C6H8O ) 09.3 014 ( M ( ) 1.291 ( g/mol ( 73 KCl ) ( 053 mL 0.6 M KCl () 061 ( ( KCl ) 6.47 (g/mol( KCl ) ( ( KCl

83 2 C2H6O . 5.6 kg 5.1 kg . ( ) ( ) ) 13m )1.26 ( g/mol ( 14 3.492 g 4 H2SO 000.1 kg . ) 000.3 ( m 3 ( 2( ) ( ) ( 1( ) ( 4m 0.36 3 g HNO 052.0 kg

: : 1 ) ( NaCl = 58.5 g/mol ) 05.2 ( m ) 008 ( g : 3.92 7.31 711 023 2 3 NaNO 4.0 M 0.1 L 43 g 0001 mL . 005 mL . 0001 . mL 005 . mL 3 : : : 1 - ( AgNO3 ( 1.0 M ) 9.961 (g 3 AgNO . . ) Ag = 107.9 , N = 14.0 . O = 16.0 ) g/mol AgNO3 = 107.9 + 14 .0 + 3 16.0 = 169.9 g/mol : 9.961 g 169.9 g/mol = 1 mol = 1 mol 1 mol/L = 1 L = 2 2.11 g ) ( KOH = 56 g/mol ) 1.0 . ( M . 2.11 g 1 mol 56 g = 0.2 mol : = 2.0 mol 1 L 0.1 mol = 2 L = 3 ) 1.71 ( g 11 C12H22O )521 ( g . ) . (C12H22O11 =342.34 g/mol : 1.71 g C12H22O11 1 mol C12H22O11 342.34 g C12H22O11 = 0.05 mol 521 g H2O 1 kg H2O 1000 g H2O = 0.125 kg H2O 50.0 mol C12H22O11 0.125 kg H2O = 0.400 m

(

5

)

: 2 1 : )( . . . HCl . : . . . + (Na (aq) + Cl (aq (NaCl (s +2 (CaCl2(s (Ca (aq) + 2Cl (aq + 3 (3Na (aq) + PO4 (aq (Na3PO4(s +3 2 (2Al (aq) + 3SO4 (aq (Al2(SO4)3(s NaCl +Na Cl 2 . 2 CaCl 2 +Ca Cl = 3 . 5 . 2 1 : 3)2 SO4) Al . 1mol 1 mol +3 2 : (2Al (aq) + 3SO4 (aq (Al2(SO4)3(s 2 + 3 2 Al 3 4SO 5 .

: ) ( : : * ) ( . * ) ( . * ) ( I . ) )2II) PbCl ( * IIa . * . * . . . . : ) ( II II . : +2 (H O) Pb (aq) + 2(NO3) (aq )(Pb(NO3)2(s2

(

6

)

NaCl(s) (H O) Na+(aq) + Cl (aq II : (?)(PbCl2(aq)(?) + 2NaNO3(aq (Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq II . : (Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq (PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq(2

: . II +2 + + (Pb (aq) + 2(NO3) (aq) + 2Na (aq) + 2Cl (aq (PbCl2(s) + 2Na (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq : . 3Na+ , NO : . . : +2 (Pb (aq) +2Cl (aq (PbCl2(s 2 2: . . ZnS(?) + 2NH4NO3(?) 2S(aq) ( NH4) + (aq)(NO3)Zn : : (Zn(NO3)2(aq) + (NH4)2S(aq) ZnS(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq +2 + 2 + (Zn (aq)+2NO3 (aq)+2NH4 (aq)+S (aq) ZnS(s)+ 2NH4 (aq) + 2NO3 (aq +2 2 (Zn (aq)+ S (aq) ZnS(s

) ( ) ( . . + . (HCl (g (H (aq) + Cl (aq HCl HCl ) ( . : -

-

. +H3O .

(

7

)

H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq . )(HCl(g) + H2O(l 71 ) . ( HF NaCl 001% . . : . H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq )(HCl(g) + H2O(l HF .HCN CH3COOH ) ( : . . H3O+(aq) + F(aq )(HF(aq) + H2O(l : . ) ( 0.00001M . 10M 2 1) ( (Sr(NO3)2(S) Sr2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq 1 2)3 Sr(NO ) 5.0 mol 2 +Sr 0.1 mol ( 2 +Sr 3 NO 5.0 mol 2)3 Sr(NO 2 ) ( 3 ) . ( 4 HCl HF ) HCl HF H F . ( 5 ( 0.10M CaCl2 , 0.10MHCl ( 0.10M HF , 0.10 M HCl ( 50.0 M HCl , 0.10M HCl ) ( .( ( HF HCl . ( ( HCl ) ( H3O+ , Cl 2 CaCl ) ( Ca2+ , 2Cl . ( 1 ) . ( 2 2 +Fe 23. OH , SiO32 , CO 2)( Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH , 3Fe2+ + SiO32 FeSiO ) 3, Fe2+ + CO32 FeCO 3 ) . ( ) . ( 4

. 1 :

) (

(

8

)

2 +H3O ) ( 01.0 M NaCl 01.0 M CH3COOH 01.00 M HF 01.0 M HCl 3 + 2 +2 + )+ 2Cl(aq CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(s NaCl(S )(2Na (aq) + CO3 (aq) + Ca (aq )(Na (aq) + Cl (aq +2 2 ) ( . + CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s )(Ca (aq 8 1L KCl 1L 2)3 Mg(NO 1M ) ( 3mol, 2mol 9 2 1 : KCl 3 NaNO AgCl 4 BaSO 2)4 Ca3(PO 2)3 Pb(ClO ) NH4)2S 2 )PbCl ( FeS 3)4Al2(SO ( ) ) (. 01 ) (. 11 . ) .( ) 21 . . . ( ) HCl , AlCl3 , NaCl , HBr HF , NH4OH , CH3COOH ( ) ( 31 41 " " " " " " " " . ) . .( 91 02 ) 2 1 (. ( 4. Na2SO ( 2MgCl ( 3NaNO 1 mol . ( KI ) (K+(aq) + I(aq (KI(s +1mol I , 1mol K 2mol . ( ) (Na+(aq) + NO3(aq (NaNO3(s +1mol NO3 , 1mol Na 2mol . ( ) (Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq (MgCl2(s 2 +2mol Cl , 1mol Mg 3mol .( ) (2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq (Na2SO4(s +1mol SO42 , 2mol Na 3mol .( 12 . +2 (Sr(NO3)2(s 05.1 mol . ( ( 0.50mol . )(Sr (aq) + 2NO3 (aq + 3 (Na3PO4(s 00.2 mol . ( ) 3Na (aq) + PO4 (aq ( 0.50mol ( 22 2 1 . ) . ( ) (aq + ) (aq ) .(II (HgS(s) + 2KCl(aq) HgCl2(aq) + K2S(aq (Hg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2K+(aq) + S2(aq) HgS(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq -K+ , Cl HgS ( (HgS(s) Hg2+(aq) + S2(aq ( ) (aq + ) (aq ) (Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s (CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) 2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq Na+ , Cl 3CaCO )( (Ca2+(aq) + CO32(aq CaCO3(s ( ) (aq + ) (aq) (aq )). (II 3CuCl2(aq) + 2(NH4)3PO4(aq) Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6NH4Cl(aq ( + (Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6NH4+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) 3Cu2+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) + 6NH4+(aq) + 2PO43(aq 4Cl , NH ( (Cu3(PO4)2(s) 3Cu2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq + 32 KCl 3 AgNO . ) 3 AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq) KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) (K , NO( 42 ) (II ) (II . ) (Cu(NO3)2(aq) +CuCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbCl2(s (Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Pb2+(aq) +2NO3(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + PbCl2(s PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl 34 ) ) (aq . ( ) CaCl2(aq) + 2NaNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq ( 44 . . )( (H3O+(aq) + Br(aq ) HBr(g) + H2O(l 54 . ) (2K+(aq) + S2(aq (K2S(s 528.0 mol ( 0.275mol ) (2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq (Al2(SO4)3(s 57.0 mol ( 51.0 mol 74 2 HNO 3 HNO . ( (HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3(aq . ) (HNO2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO2(aq 94 3 NaCO . 02.0 Mol . . ) +Na2CO3(s) (H2O) 2 Na+(aq) + CO32(aq 06.0 mol ( , 23 0.20 mol CO ) 0.40 mol Na . )( (II 05 )( 3Pb2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq) Pb3(PO4)2(s ) ( 1.100C 15 862 g 3)3 Al(NO 5.8 kg .

: : : 1 - ) 2 ( mol 3 AlCl : ( ) 9

6 8 2 - : + )( H O ) Na (aq) + Cl (aq K2SO4 ( H O ) 2K+(aq) + SO42(aq ( NaCl )( H O ) C2H5OH(aq HCl ( H O ) H+(aq) + Cl(aq ) ( C2H5OH( l 3 . 4 BaCl2 / Na2SO AgNO3 / NH4Cl 4 NaNO3 / H2SO 4 MgCl2 / H3PO 4 2)3 Na3PO4 , Zn(NO ) Zn2+(aq) ,Na+(aq ) Zn2+(aq) , NO3(aq) Zn2+(aq) , PO43(aq ) Na+(aq , NO3(aq 5- NaCl HCl 3 NH4NO 4 CaSO 6 3 NO +2 +2 2 7 CuS(s) + ZnS(s )(Cu (aq) + Zn (aq) + 2S (aq 8 9 : K2SO4 / NH4Cl NaNO3 /(CH3COO)2Ca 2 (NH4)2CO3/CaCl NaClO3 /KCl 01 : 22 2 2 2

4

: : 1 ) ( . 2 - ) ( . : : 1 . . . HCl HCl . 2 . . . :1 - )2)3 II ) Pb(NO )4 NH4)2SO . : . 2NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 2NH4+(aq ( )Pb2+(aq) + SO42(aq) PbSO4(s : , + 4NH 3NO 2 )2)3 II) Pb(NO KCl ) . ( II : . + +2 + (2K (aq) + 2Cl (aq) + Pb (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K (aq + NO3 , K . +2 . (2Cl (aq) + Pb (aq) PbCl2(s 3 KCl 3 AgNO . AgCl : . K+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Ag+(aq) + NO(aq) AgCl(s) + K+ + NO3(aq ( + NO3 , K . ( ) 01

(

)Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq

. AgCl(s

ON)aB 2 (3 ONgA

4 - . KOH , HCl : + + . Cl(aq) +K+(aq) + H2O(l )(K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + Cl (aq + H2O(l )(H (aq) + OH (aq 5 1 . 4 aN 3 NCSaNO 2C : 2 : )3( +Ca2+ , Fe + 2 3 ) ( SO4 , Fe : 2 ( ( SO4 , Cl : : 3 +Fe SCN 2 +Ba . 24SO

24SO + 2Ba

Cl + Ag

2Ca 24C2O

+

3Fe SCN

+

4Na2C2O

NaCl

3AgNO 2BaCl(

6 : 4Na2C2O 2. BaCl Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + C2O42(aq) BaC2O4(s) + 2Na+(aq) +2Cl(aq . +2 2 (Ba (aq) + C2O4 (aq) BaC2O4(s . BaCl2 , NaCl - 2 ) +Cl , Na+ , Ba (

7 - ) ( : 3 OlCK aN OC 3 )HN ( 2 ONK S : 2. +Ba 2 4 3 + : 2Ca + : 2Sr . . : 2 +Ba 2CO32 , S+ . Pb2+ , Ag 2 + +2 +2 + : 2 +Ca S Ca ,Sr ,K ,Na + + . 4K , Na+ , NH + : 2 +Sr 2. S 2Ca2+ , Pb2+ ,Ba

8 - 2)3 II Cu(NO Na2S . : +2 + 2 + (Cu (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2Na (aq) + S (aq) CuS(s) + 2Na (aq) + 2NO3 (aq +2 2 . (Cu (aq) + S (aq) CuS(s

: ) 4 ( HF , C6H12O6 , K2SO . :

(

11

)

6K2SO4 HF C6H12O

.

: 3 1 : . + H ))(+H3O ( . . ) (OH . NaOH 2) Mg(OH 3) Al(OH 3 NaHCO . : 1 . . 2 pH . 3 . (BaSO4(s) + H2(g) Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq 4 ) (. )(BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l 5 3HCl , HNO . HCN , CH3COOH ) 71 - - 61 ( : ) + + ( : HF ) ( HI ) ( H2S ) ( . ) ( 3: HNO ) ( : ) + ( 3 H2CO ) (. : 1 ) 3 4 +5 +6( . + + . 4 H2SO )( 3 HNO . )( . .

(

21

)

2 )2 3 +3 +4 ( : ) + (. 3 H2SO )( 2 HNO . ) ( )( ) (. ) 71 ( : HClO 2HClO 3HClO 4HClO) 2( O

ClO

2ClO

3ClO

) 2 (O 4ClO :

HBrO BrO

2HBrO 2BrO

3HBrO 3BrO

4HBrO 4BrO :

. : 4 H2SO . . : 3 HNO . . : 4 H3PO . : HCl . : CH3COOH 170C . : . : : 1 ) (. 2 pH ) ( . 3 . 4 . 5 NaOH , KOH 3 NH ). (NH4OH : : ) ( H ). (+H3O + (H3O (aq)+Cl (aq) HCl(g)+ H2O(l+

(

31

)

: : ) ( + HNO3(l) + H2O(l . )(H3O (aq) + NO3 (aq : 3HI , HClO3 , HCl , HClO4 , HBr , H2SO4 , HNO : ) ( + 2 . (H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq) HSO4 (aq) + H2O(l :4 CH3COOH , HF , H3PO4 , H2CO3 , H2S , HCN, HCO3, HSO . O ) ( OHCH3C OH . : ) (OH . NaOH + (Na (aq) + OH (aq (NaOH(s . . )(OH ) NH4+(aq) +OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l . : ) ( + Na (aq) + OH(aq (NaOH(s . (NaOH : ,NaOH, CsOH, RbOH, KOH 1 2) Ca(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2 , Sr(OH 2 : ) ( 2 C6H5NH . + (NH4 (aq) +OH (aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l )2) II) Cu(OH d . ) ( OH . 3 C18H21NO . : OH . . 3 11 . ) 2 H ( . ) ( HCl ) ( 2 . ( HBrO( 3. HBrO 3 .) ( ) ( NaOH . ) .( 4 ) ( 5 :" OH ." . ) . HCl +H3O 3 NH 3 CH3OH . ( ) .( : 1 2 +H ) . (

3 2 :

(

41

)

. . , 4HCO3 , HSO 4 +NH . + ( 1 ) H2O(l) + NH3(g )(NH4 (aq) + OH (aq . . )) OH . . + ( 2 ) HCl(g) + H2O (l )(H3O (aq)+Cl (aq HCl HCl . 1 . : + H2O(l) + H2O(l )(H3O (aq) + OH (aq . .

: : ) ( . 3 HCl , HNO . : 4H2SO 4 H3PO . . )HSO4(aq)+ H3O+(aq) H3PO4(aq)+ H2O(l) H2PO4(aq)+ H3O+(aq )H2SO4(aq)+ H2O(l 2 + 2 + )H2PO4 (aq)+H2O(l) HPO4 (aq)+ H3O (aq HSO4(aq)+ H2O(l (SO4 (aq)+ H3O (aq) 2 3 + (HPO4 (aq) + H2O(l) PO4 (aq)+ H3O (aq +H3O 4H2PO +H3O 4HSO 24 HPO 34 PO 24 SO . . : . : . + + 3 [NHAgAg + 2NH3 [ H3N +Ag +H . )3+ +H NH3 [H+[NH4+) NH )

(

51

)

6 ( . 3 BF .

F + B F F F (

F F B F F BF4(aq

_

)BF3(aq) + F(aq

: .

F B F F

+

H H N H

H F N B H F F

H

3 21 : . HCO3 + H3O+ H2CO3 + H2O ) 3 H2CO . H2O .( . AlCl3 + Cl 2 : . 4AlCl : Cl . ( ) 3 : AlCl 3 : . . (NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH(aq( (HF(aq) + H2O(l) F(aq) + H3O+(aq . (H+(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq H2O ) NaOH . OH + 3 NH ( . H . +H

3 3 : .

: : +H3O + F) 1 (

HF

+

H2 O) 2 (

) 1 (

) 2 (

HF F ) ( F . HF HF +H3O ) ( . . : ) (. : ) (.(

H H)(aq

+

H3O

+ )(aq

+

Cl

) HCl(g61

+

H2O(l

:

(

)

HCl . : Cl HCl HCl . . ) ( +H3O HCl .

(

)HCl(g

+

)H2O(l

)H3O+(aq) 2 (

+

Cl(aq) 1 (

) 1 (

) 2 (

. . :

(

)H3O+(aq) + CH3COO(aq) 1 ( ) 2 (

+ ) CH3COOH(aq) 2 (

H2O(l

) 1 (

(

)H3O+(aq) + ClO4(aq) 2 (

HClO4(aq) + H2O(l) 1 (

) 1 (

) 2 (

. . 3 5 28 3 6 58 . : . HCl ) HCl ( ) (. 3. OH , HSO4 , HCO . OH : ) ( OH : * OH + O H H . O H . Cl, Br, I , ClOH , BrOH IOH . * O H . H O Cl

H O Cl = O O H

O =O H O Cl

H - O - C - C -H

H (

O : H O Cl = O O H H H - O - C - C- H H H ) 71

-OH

) (

2)Cr(OH ) (II

3)Cr(OH ) (III

4H2CrO ) (

: . ) ( 2 CO . : HCl NaOH + ) H3O ( OH NaCl . + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) + H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq )(Na (aq) + Cl (aq) + 2H2O(l Na+ , Cl H3O+(aq) + OH(aq )(2H2O(l : . : . : 2 SO2 , SO3 , CO2 , NO , NO 3 ... H2CO3 , H2SO4 , H2SO : ) ( . 3 31 : ) 2)BaBr2 + 2H2O ) 2HBr + Ba(OH ) 2)SrCO3 + 2H2O ) H2CO3 + Sr(OH ) 4Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 ) 2NaHCO3 + H2SO ) NaClO4 + H2O ) HClO4 + NaOH CH3COO + H3O+ CH3COOH + H2O 2 . ) +H3O CH3COO ( 3 6 . ) ( . 3 OH . ) OH +H .(

)( 1 . OH . +H3O . ) ( 2 . +H3O 2. CO )(4 3 . ) ( 5 . 22 ) . H2SO4 , SO ( 6 HCl , Cl - +OH , H 2NH4+ , NH ) ( 7 . HCN 4HClO 3HNO CH3COOH ) ( 8 H2O 4H2PO 4H3PO 34PO 4 H2SO 2). Ca(OH ) ( . )+ H2PO4(aq + )HF(aq HPO42(aq 9 )(F (aq

(

81

)

F 4 H2PO . ) ( 24 HPO HF . 01 . ) . . .( 31 . ) 001% 4 HF, HCl, HClO 3(. HF, H3PO4 , H2CO ) OH . ( 41 . ) NaOH , KOH 3 NH 2 C6H5NH . ( 51 .) HCl 4 H2SO 4 H3PO (. ) 61 . .( . . 71 : ) : H3O+ + F HF + H2O HF (.F ) . H2O ) +H3O 81 ) . ( ) ( 91 ) .( . ) 4 H2PO 4 H3PO 02 ). 24HPO )( )( : ) CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COO CH3COOH . CH3COO H2O ( +H3O ) H2O OH 3 HCO 3( H2CO HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + OH 2 ) 3 HNO 3 NO 4 SO ) 4HSO 3HNO3 + SO42 HSO4 + NO 12 3 6 CH3COOH , HNO3 , H2S , HF : ) .( HS ) 3( HNO ) ) 3NO ) ( H2S 22 : . . ) .( 4 H3PO 3 CH3COOH 4 . ) H . H ( (HCl(aq HCl . ) (HCl(g ( 4 H3PO 3 HCl . ) HCl 4 H3PO . ( ) H2S .( ) HCl . ( 32 . 42 . 3) HNO ( 3)H2SO ( 3) HClO ( 2)HNO (. ) ) HI ) ( HF 52 : 62 . ) ) HClO ) 4( H3PO ) 4 ( HBrO )2( HClO 72 . ) , (H2SO4(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HSO4(aq ( (HSO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + SO42(aq ) . ( . 82 (HCl(aq (KOH(aq : )( (HCl(aq) + KOH(aq ) KCl(aq) + H2O(l . ) ( (H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq) + K+(aq) + OH(aq ) K+(aq) + Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l : ) H3O+(aq) + OH(aq ) 92 ) )2H2O(l : 82 (H3PO4(aq . (NaOH(aq ) ( (H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l . ) ( (3H3O+(aq) + PO43(aq) + 3Na+(aq) + 3OH(aq) 3Na+(aq) + PO43(aq) + 6H2O(l . . ) 3 .( H3O+ + OH 2H2O 03 : (Zn(s) + HCl(aq (Al(s) + H2SO4(aq ) ( (Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) , Zn(s) + 2H3O+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2H2O(l ) ) 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4) (aq) + 3H2(g) , 2Al(s) + 6H3O+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g) + 6H2O(l ) 13 . (HCl(aq) , Ca(s )Ca(s) + 2H3O+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2H2O(l , )Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq ) 23 ) )CaCl2(aq) + H2(g . )( (HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq ( NaCl(aq) + H2O(l ) ( (H3O+(aq0 + Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l) , H3O+(aq) + OH(aq ) 2H2O(l ) ( KNO3(aq) + H2O(l )(HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq ) ( (H3O+(aq) + NO3(AQ) + K+(aq) + OH(aq ) )K+(aq) + NO3(aq) + 2H2O(l ) , H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2H2O(l )+ 2HNO3(aq ( Ca(NO)2(aq) + 2H2O(l )(Ca(OH)2(aq , (H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2H2O(l) ) ( Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H3O+(aq) + 2NO3 Ca2+(aq) 2NO3(aq) + 4H2O(l

(

91

)

) (Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 4H2O(l) , H3O+(aq) + OH(aq(

+ ) ( MgCl2(aq )(Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq 2H2O(l) ) ( Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H3O+(aq) + 2Cl(aq

) 2H2O(l

)H3O+(aq) + OH(aq ) ( H2SO4(aq

. 2H2O(l

) (SO3(g) + H2O(l

43 : )( (CO2(g) + H2O(l ( H2CO3(aq ( (N2O5(G) + H2O(l) ( 2HNO3(aq 53 . : + + + (RbClO4 ((RbOH(aq) + HClO4(aq) RbClO4(aq) + H2O(l) , Rb (aq) + OH (aq) +H3O (aq) + ClO4 (aq) Rb (aq)+ClO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l +2 + 2 ( (BaSO4 ( Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) , Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq) + 2H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) + 4H2O(l ( (CaCl2 (Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) ,Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H3O+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 4H2O(l K2S + + 2 + 2 (O4(( 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l), 2K (aq) + 2OH (aq) + 2H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq) 2K (aq)+ SO4 (aq) + 4H2O(l + 2H2O(l )(H3O (aq) + OH (aq

63 (HNO3(aq (LiOH(aq : )( (HNO3(aq) + LiOH(aq ) LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l . ) ( (H3O+(aq) + NO3(aq) + Li+(aq) + OH(aq ) Li+(aq) + NO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l + ) 73 ) ) H3O (aq) + OH (aq) 2H2O(l . ) ) 83 ) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g . 4 . H3PO . ) (H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + H2PO4(aq (H2PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HPO42(aq ( (HPO42(aq) + H2O(l) ( )H3O+(aq) + PO43(aq 93 . 4 ( HClO ( ) 3( H3PO ) HF ( ) ( CH3COOH 4)H3PO ( ) (HBr ) HClO ( 3) H2CO ( )4.(H2SO 04 2 CO2 , SO . . . ) HF , HCl , HBr .(

: : : 1 KOH 4 H2SO CH3COOH 4 H3PO 2 : 2 + 4 HPO H3O H2O OH + + : +Ag 3 (Ag (aq) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2] (aq 4 : 4 H2SO 3 H2SO 4 H3PO 3 HNO 5 + F +2 Cu 3 BF H + + : 6 (H (aq) + NH3(aq) NH4 (aq 7 (M(OH M : ) ( : 8 HF + H2O H3O+ + F H2O / HF HF / F H3O+ / HF H2O / F 9 23 SO 3 HSO 3 H2SO 4 H2SO 01 : + + HCl /H3O 3 H3O / NH Na2O / NaOH 3 NH4+/NH 11 - : 4 H2SO 4 H3PO HCl 3 HNO

(

02

)

21 : HClO3 HClO4 31 : 41 - . HClO 2 HClO

4HClO

3HClO

2HClO

HClO

HF

HCl HBr HI

3HNO

4H3PO

CH3COOH

3H2CO

+ ) (CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l : 51 - CH3COO (aq) + H3O (aq CH3COOH CH3COO H2O H3O+ , CH3COO 61 : 71 - ) ( : : 81 3CH3COOH + CO32 CH3COO + HCO 3 CO32 , CH3COO CO32 , HCO CH3COOH , HCO3 CO32 , CH3COOH : : 1 ) ( : . 2 ) ( : +H . 3 ) ( : . 4 ) ( : . : - : HI 4H2SO+

H3O

CH3COOH

H2S

. ) HS ) 4HS , I , HSO . : I + CH3COOH HI + CH3COO : . . CH3COOH I : H3O+(aq) + HSO4(aq ) (H2SO4(aq) + H2O( l - : 1- )(III 3)Cr(OH

3H3PO

4HBrO 12

HCN

(

)

Br Cl F

I

2-

4HClO

HBr

3HNO

4HclO

- 1 - . + 4H2SO H3O 4H3PO 3H2CO 3HCO ) ( ClO4 , HCO3 , H2O 4HSO 4 H2SO . 4HClO4 + H2PO4 ClO4 + H3PO . . 4HClO4 / ClO , . 4H2PO4/H3PO - 2 . . ) 1 ( 3NH 1 33 HSO4 2 HClO 4. HSO 6 4H3PO 3BF 4 35 HNO 3. BF 3. NH : : HI , HBr , , HF HCl . HF : ) ( ) ( . , H2O KOH , , F Cl : KOH . : H2O : . : . : . 24 SO , 3NO , F Cl

HCl

4H2SO

H2S HClO H2O : . F : . 3 BCl , 3NH , 3AlCl , 3BF 3 NH : . NH4OH , 2)Mg(OH , 3)Al(OH , 3NaHCO : NH4OH : . HBr . HNO3 , H2S , 4HClO : H2S : . , Br 3NF , 3BCl , Cl : 3 BCl : . 3BF , 3AlCl , F , +Ag : F 2 4 H3PO4 /HPO , 2NH3/NH , HBr/Br , H3O+/H2O : 24 . H3PO4 /HPO : - .

3HNO

2HClO

HF

: : : . O-H . . HCl

(

22

)

. . ) ( H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl HCl HF . HCl HF H F H Cl

3 HCO .) ( . :1 - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( pH . : . ) ( . KOH ) ( 3. HNO ) ( 3. KNO ) ( ) 4 ( 7 . ) ( ) ( . 2 - . HCl : 3HClO , 2HClO , HClO . . . . . 4 HClO OH . : : )KOH(S + OH (H O) K )+ H2O(l )CH3COO(aq + H3O+(aq )(CH3COOH(aq + )Cl (aq AlCl4(aq )(AlCl3(aq . . KOH . OH H2O . . Cl . . +H3O CH3COOH . CH3COO H2O .(2

+ )(aq

(aq

ClO

: : 2 ClO , ClO , 4ClO 3, ClO : 4 ClO2 ClO3 ClO

: : ) 4 ( ) 8 ( ) 7 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(

32

)

: HCl , NaOH : 1 2 HCl 1 / 1 / 2 2 NaOH

: 4 1 : : . + H2O + H2O H3O + OH - . +H3O OH ] [ H3O+] = [ OH 1017 M 250C 4101 0.1 = ]+Kw = [ OH ] [H3O . : 250C ]H3O ] = [ OH ] = 1.0 10 M ] H3O+] > [ OH] >1.0 107M 0.1 015 M 0.1 014 M. 3 5 ] OH] > [ H3O+] >1.0 107M 0.1 01 M 0.1 01 M. + 7

250C0

41

0.1 01

=

= [+Kw = [ OH] [H3O

0.1 0141. 25 C ]: [ H30+] , [OH 3 . HCl, HBr, HNO3,HClO4, HClO ][+H3O = . LiOH ,NaOH, KOH , RbOH ,CsOH ] = [ OH . 4 1 : 0.1 014 M ] [ H3O ],[OH . ( ) 42 +

] M = [H3O+

4

0.1 01

H3O+ + NO3 HNO3 + H2O : ] = [+H3O 4101 0.1 = ]+KW = [OH ] [H3O 0.1 ]4 [OH = 101 [ ]+H3O = 0.1 4101 4 01 0.1 = 1.01010 M

OH] = 2104 M

,

: ] [ H30+] , [OH ]2) [Ca(OH 101. 4M +2 Ca(OH)2 (aq : ) (Ca (aq) + 2(OH 2 OH ] [H3O+] = 1.01014 2104 = 0.501010M

: ] [ OH ], [H3O +

: pH 01 . [ pH = log[H3O 7 . +

: 01 . [ pOH = log [OH ] OH ] = [H3O+] = 1107M 7 = pH 7 = pOH . ]4101 0.1 = ]+ OH] [H3O : 41 = pH + pOH 7 = pH =7 pOH . pH 7 pOH 7 = 41 . pH 7 pOH 7 = 41 .

0 pH+

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 01 9 41 31 21 11 0 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 01- ]41-01 31-01 21-01 11-01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 ] H3O

pH : ] [+H3O 01 1M ,0.01M. pH 01 ] 0.1 H3O+] = 105M pH 5 . 4 2 : pH 0.1 013 M NaOH : OH [OH ] = 1103 M 4101 0.1 = ]+KW = [OH ] [H3O ] [+H3O ]H3O+] = Kw [OH ] = 1.0 1014 1.0 103 = 1.0 1011 M 0.11 = ]+pH = log [H3O

. antilog 4 3 : pH ] [ H3O 4.3 01 M : [+pH = log [H3O 501 4.3 ( ( pH = log pH = 74.4 5 +

(

52

)

01 .

4 4 : pH 0.4 H3O+] = 10 pH ]0.4 = pH : + 4 ]H3O ] = 10 M 4 5 : pH 25.7 + [ pH = log [H3O : ]H3O+] = antilog ( pH ) = antilog ( 7.52 ) = 1.0 10 7.52 = 3.0 10 8 M 4101 0.1 = ]+KW = [OH ] [H3O 8 41 7 010.1 = ] M ( OH ) 3.0 10 = [OH 3.3 01 ) ( 01 ) 7M 3.3 017 (

] [+OH ] , [H3O . pH [+pH = log [H3O Log [H3O+] = pH ]H3O+] = antilog ( pH ) [H3O+] = 10 pH

: ]2) [OH ] , [H3O+] , [Ca(OH pH 8 . : ]H3O+] = antilog ( pH ) = antilog ( 8 ) = 1 108 M ]OH ]= 1 1014 1 108 = 1 106 M +2 + 2(OH ) Ca(OH)2(aq (Ca 2) Ca(OH = ][ OH ]Ca(OH)2] = [OH ] = 10-6 = 0.5 106 M = 5.0107 M ] [ OH 1 017 .

pH : ] [ H3O + ] [ OH . ] [ H3O ] [ OH 2 . ] [+OH ], [H3O . +

4 1(. H3O+] = 1.0 107M 1 250C )] [OH ] = 1.0 107M ) ] [+H3O 0.1 100M ]0.101( 14M 2 pH 0 41 ) 3 7 = pH 250C ] H3O+] [OH] = 110-14 M . ] [ H3O+] = [OH 1017 M 7 = ( pH 4 5.4 01-3 M HCl : 21 53.2 ( = ( pH ]( OH ] = ( 2.2 10 M ]( H3O+] = ( 4.5 103 M 5 2) Ca(OH 0.8 = pH : [ 2) = ] Ca(OH ( OH = ( 5 107 M ]( OH ] = ( 1 106 M ]( H3O+] = ( 1 108 M 501 : 6 pH 01.0 . M HF , 0.10 M H2SO4 , 0.10 M HCl ) ] [+H3O pH HCl : 4 H2SO HCl HF (. pH : 1 3 CaCO . ) 1 pH ) ( . ( 2 ) 2 .(

(

62

)

4 2 : pH : ) . pH ( . .)

HIn HIn ( ) ( +In , H ) In +H ( .

: pH . ) ( . HIn H+ + In pH 7 )4.4 1.3( + ( ) ) ( -In H . HIn . ) )6.4 0.3 . pH 7 )0.01 0.8( -In HIn +H pH ) ( . ) 0.8 -4.6 ( . 7 = pH )6.7 2.6 ( 7 = pH . . )2.6 4.4 ( . ( )

: .(pH (pH paper pH . pH pH . +H3O : .

(

72

)

: . . (2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH(aq pH 7 . pH = 7 . ) ( . . . : . : . . . )8 5.5( pH . : pH 7 )6.7 -2.6(. ) 4.4 2.6 ( . pH 7 )4.4 1.3( . ) 0.3 6.4 ( . pH 7 )0.01 0.8( . ) 4.6 0.8 (. : . 411 50mL pH . 41 01 7 pH 4 pH 7

41

pH 7 001 0

41 01

01

7 pH

4CH

7= 7 pH pH

4 0

40

0010

57 05 52

57 05 52

001 57 05 52 0

0

: . .

(

82

)

: . : 1 . 2 ) ( : = M . 3 . 4 = M . : 4 6 4.72 mL 4510.0 2) M Ba(OH 0.02 mL HCl . . : 1 Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + 2H2O mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 2 mol 22.401 4 4510.0 4720.0 = mol 2 = 44.8 014 4 0122.4 2 = mol 3 = 22.4 01 2 020.0 4 01 44.8 = M HCl 4 = : 6.71 mL 4.72 mL LiOH 5610.0 M Li2SO4 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2LiOH : 1 5610.0 4720.0 = 25.4 014 mol 2 LiOH = M 3 25.4 014 = 62.2 014 mol 3 4 62.2 01 17.6 10 = 0.0128 M 4 =

711 4 2

41 01 7

1 : . . ) . .( 2 0.02 mL 0010.0 M HCl 0.03 mL NaOH ) 76.6 013 ( M NaOH 3 0.02 mL 010.0 2) M Ca(OH 0.21 mL . HCl ) 030.0 ( M HCl HCl 4 0.05 mL 01.0 3 M NH 01.0 ) M HCl (

pH

54

1 08 06 04 02 0

+ ( ) . OH H3O 1 : H2O ) ( 0.5 0.4 0.3 2 pH 0100.0 3 M HNO 0.1 ]H3O+]= 1.53102M ]OH] = 2.4102M 3 pH 7 ) ( ]OH] = 4.4109M 0.0001MHCl 4 pH NaOH ) ( . ][+H3O ][OH + 7 = . H3O 5 : ) ( . 6 3 HNO ) ( 8 7 ) ( 1.2 01 86.7 23.6 8.401 7 pH 23.6 pOH 8 Kw . . . ) ( ) ( 31 = pH 9 = pH 5 = pH 9 pH 1 = pH ) . ( 01 ( ) 92

) ( 11 ) 0.1 01-7 ( M 21 ] [+H3O 250C ) ] [+H3O . ( ) ] [+H3O ]( [ OH 31 ] [+H3O 7 + 0 ) ] [ H3O 0.1 01 ( ] [+H3O 25 C ) 01 ( 41 pH . ( [+pH ( pH = log [H3O 01 . ) 01 . 701 7 ( 51 250C 7 + ] ) OH ] = 1.010 M ( ] ) H3O ] = 1.01010 M ( ] ) H3O+] = 1.0107 M ( + ] ) OH ] = 1.01011 M ( ] ) = [ H3O ] [OH ( 0.3 = ) pH ( 0.31 = ) pH ( 61 4 3 . pH ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . ) . ( ) ( 71 81 pH ) . +H3O OH ( ) (. pH 91 pH ) (. pH pH ) .( 02 ) .( ) pH . ( 12 pH : ) 0.7 pH ( . ) pH 0.7 .( . ) pH 0.7 .( . ) pH 0.7 0.7 .( . ) 4 4 2 ( 22 pH . 32 . pH ) pH 7 8 .( 4 6 . 42 ] [ H3O+ ] , [OH 4 1 : ( M HCl 030.0 ( [H3O+ ] = 3.0 102 M , , [OH ] = 3.3 1013 M + ( M NaOH 0.1 014 ( [H3O ] = 1.0 1010 M , , [OH ] = 1.0 104 M 3( HNO 0.5 013 ( [H3O+ ] = 5.0 103 M , , [OH ] = 2.0 1012 M 2)( M Ca(OH 010.0 ( [H3O+ ] = 5.0 1013 M , , [OH ] = 2.0 102 M 52 pH 4 2 : 0.1013 00.3 ( 3 ( M HNO 0.1015 00.5 ( ) M HI 0.1014 00.4 ( . ( M HBr 0.1012 00.2 ( ( HCl 62 ] [OH pH : 7 2 9 0.101 00.7 ( ( M 0.101 00.21 ( ( M 0.101 00.5 ( ( M ( 0.1016 00.8 ( ( M 72 pH : 0.1014 00.01 ( ( M LiOH 0.1013 00.11 ( ( M KOH ( 0.1012 00.21 ( ( M NaOH 82 pH ] [ +H3O 4 3 : 3 7 8.3 01 24.2 ( ( M 7.4 01 33.6 ( ( M 0.2 015 7.4 ( ( M + 92 pH ] [ H3O . 4 4 : 0.5 ) 1 015 ( M 00.11 ) 1 0111 ( M 00.7 ) 0.1 017 ( M 0.3 ) 1 013 ( M 03 pH ] [OH . 4 5 : 8 01 00.6 ) 0.1 01 ( M 00.4 ) 0.1 01 ( M 00.11 ) 0.1 013 ( M 00.7 ) 1 017 ( M 13 ] [ +H3O pH 4 5 : 01 8 ) 3.3 01 ( M 84.9 ) 2.2 01 ( M 56.7 ) 9.5 015 ( M 32.4 21 + 3 ] (OH ](5.0 10 M ] ( H3O 23 pH 07.2 . : ]( 2.0 10 M 3 HNO 5.50L ) 1.1012 ( mol 3 HNO . ) 96.0 ( g 33 : 3 HNO 57.0 3( mol KOH ( 0.75 mol HNO NaOH 0.1 ( mol HCl . (1.0 mol NaOH 4 H2SO 09.0 ( mol Mg(OH)2 ( H2SO4 0.90 mol 2) Ba(OH 02.0 ( mol HF ( Ba(OH)2 0.10 mol 43 15.0mL H2SO4 2.50102 M 0.01 mL KOH KOH)05.7012 ( M KOH 53 5.21 mL 57.101-2 2) M Ba(OH 5.41 mL 3 . HNO ) 20.3 012 3( M HNO . 63 ] [OH 0.4 014 2) M Ca(OH ) 0.8 014 ( M ] [+H3O ) 3.1 0111 ( M 73 pH ] [ +H3O : 5 21 3 0.1 01 00.5 ( (M 0.1 01 00.21 ( ( M 0.1 01 00.3 ( ( M (M 0.1 017 00.7 ( 6 ) 0.101 ( M 83 ] [+H3O 0.6 = pH ) 00.01 ( 93 pH 0.5 015 2) M Ba(OH 04 pH ] [ +H3O 4.8 0111 8.01 ( ( M ] [ +H3O ( pH = 2.50 . (3.1103 M M +H3O 14 OH 4.5015 ( 1.1104 M

(

03

)

) 1.91101 ( M ) 1.30121 ( M

09.8 = ( pH 24 +H3O ( 3.2103 M 01) 48.4 ( 34 pH ] [ OH 9.6 01 M 44 9.52 mL 4.3 013 2) M Ba(OH 6.61 mL . HCl 4

OH .

) 1.1 201 ( M

54 2) Ca(OH 824 mL 511 mL 7.6 013 3 M HNO . ) 0.901M 64 1.01 3 mL HNO 4.17 mL 2.4 01-3 M KOH . ) 0.3012 ( M 74 : ) pH 52 mL 05 mL +H +H pH 2 31 1.0 ( NaOH (

: : : 1 HIn + H2O H3O + In : ) In )(HIn ) ) pH ) 2 +

NaOH NaOH

3 ) 2 CO ( : pH pH pH +H3O 4 - HCl NaOH : 0 5 25 C : ] [ [ H3O+ ] = [ OH KW < [ H3O+ ] . [ OH ] [ KW > [ H3O+ ] . [ OH KW = [ H3O+ ] . [ OH 6 - 2) Ba(OH 01 ) (M : 401 1 501 5 0101 1 1101 5 7 ) ( M pH HCl 4 H2SO HF CH3COOH 8 HIn : + In In InOH HIn 9 pH : 01 ] [+H3O ] [OH = 11 : 21 : pH 31 ) ( B , A )(A ) (B ) (A . )( CH3COOH (B) / NH3(A Ca(OH)2 (B) / H2SO4 (A )( H2O (B) / NH3 (A HCl (B) / NaOH (A

NaOH

NaOH

(

13

)

: : 1 ) ( . + 2 - ) ( 01 H3O : : 1 : pH (0.005 M) Ca(OH)2 - (0.1 M) NaOH - (0.5 M) HNO3 - (0.1 M) HCl : )30.1M) NaOH (0.005M) Ca(OH)2 (0.1M) HCl (0.5M) HNO 2 ) ( mol/L . pH 11 01 + [ 201 = ] +[ OH ] = 10 M , [ OH ] = 10 M , [ H3O ] = 107 M , [ H3O + 7 ] 201 = ] +[ H3O ] = 10 M, [ OH ] = 1010 M , [ OH ] = 1011 M , [ H3O : 3 : pH , [H3O+] = 1108 M [OH] = 1103 M , [OH] = 11012 M , [H3O+] = 1104 M : ]OH] = 1103 M [H3O+] = 1108 M [H3O+] = 1104 M [OH] = 11012 M : : 4 + 4 01 + 2 1 - ] 01 = ] [ OH ] = 10 M , [ H3O ] = 10 M , [ OH ] = 10 M , [ H3O ] OH ] = 104 M : . : 4 = pOH = 5 , pH 2 - 3 = , pOH = 12 , pH : 5 = pOH : . : . . pH 7 7 . . : 1 - : )0.03 (mL 2) Ba(OH ) (16.0mL 3 HNO . 2). Ba(OH )03.2 (M 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O : 16.00mLn molmol 1 mol 03.2 3mol HNO 1L

=3= 3.68 102 mol HNO

1 mol

2 2 mol

1L 0001 mL =

1 )mol Ba(OH 86.3 201 2) mol HNO3 = 21.84 102 mol Ba(OH n mol 2 3mol HNO 48.1 201 2)Ba(OH = 2)M Ba(OH 03 mL 0001 mL 1L

= = 0.613 M

2 - : : ) 0.52 (mL ) 20.0 4 ( M H2SO ) 0.001 ( mL NaOH . . 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O :mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 2 mol 20.0 4mol H2SO L 1 mL 0.52 4= 5.0 103 mol H2SO 1L 1000 mL 3 2mol NaOH 4 4mol H2SO 010.1 = = 0.5 01 mol H2SO4 1 mol NaOH 3 0001 mL 0.1 01 mol NaOH M 1 mL 100 0.01 = L

)

3 3 HNO )5.41 (mL ) 57.81 (mL 2) Ba(OH . 57.101 2 ( M )57.1012 mol) 18.75mL 1000 mL = 3.28104 mol : )82.3014 mol) 2 mol HNO3 1 mol Ba(OH)2 = 6.56 mol ( 23 )

65.6 014 mol 14.5 mL 1000 mL = 0.045 M 4 2) Ca(OH pH 0.8 : : ]+ [H3O [H3O+] = antilog ( 8.0 ) = 1 108 M : ] [ OH [ OH ] = 1 1014 1 108 = 1 106 M : ]2) [ Ca(OH [ Ca(OH)2] = [ OH ] = 1 106 =5.0 107 M : : M . 3.2 01 ] [+H3O 1 017 M . 250C Kw 1 0141 ] [+H3O 1 017 M . . NaOH OH NaOH +H . +H In . . . 7

14 12 10

z8 6 4 2 0

Hp

Y

x75Lm (

100

50

25

0

:1 - : Y ) ( Z , Y , X X ) ( Z , Y , X 05 mL . )01 0.8( )4.4 3.( : pH 7 . ) Y . (

: 1 - . 0.01 0.8 6.4 0.3 6.7 2.6

. . . . . pH , . ( 6.2 . ) 5.2 , 7.8 pH 0.5 ) In ( HIn . . HIn +H3O HIn . 2 HCl NaOH : ) 1 ( : . ) 2 ( : . ) 3 ( : . ( 33 )

0.01 0.8 2.6 4.4 6.7 2.6

. ) ( : ) 3 ( . ) 2 ( . ) 1 ( _ . 3 pH : . pH pH 2 SO . . 2.6 1 . 1.5 2 . 3.4 3 0.3 4 : 1 - . ) ( Z , X , Y 19.50 19.40 19.60 X ) ( . . Z . . 2 - NaOH . : : . : . : : . : . : . . : . : HCl ) 05.0 ( M 2) Ba(OH 0.8 Ml 0.01 Ml . : 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + 2H2O .2mol 1 mol 1 mol3

Y

2 mol

5.0 ( mol 1L ) (1L 100 mL) 8.0 mL = 4.0 10 mol HCl ) 1 2)mol Ba(OH )2 (2 mol HCl) 4.0 103 molHCl = 2103 mol Ba(OH 3 201 0001 01 = 02.0 M 3.171 = 2)Ba(OH 3.171 1 02.0 = 3.43 g = : : . 2 = pH . . . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Lm ( HOaN ) 0

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0Hp

(

43

)

) . (

(

53

)