Chapter 7 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides ( 醇、醚、环氧化物 ) Text 1: Chapter 10, 11, 14.
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Transcript of Chapter 7 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides ( 醇、醚、环氧化物 ) Text 1: Chapter 10, 11, 14.
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Chapter 7Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides
( 醇、醚、环氧化物 )Text 1: Chapter 10, 11, 14
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I. Alcohol ( 醇 )• The origins of alcohols Ethyl alcohol (ethanol): grain alcohol (酒精) Methyl alcohol (methanol): wood alcohol (木
醇)
• Role of alcohols Reagents Solvents Synthetic intermediates ( 合成中间体 )
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1. Structure of alcohols
HO
H104.5°
OH
methanol甲醇 Phenol
苯酚
CH
OH3CCH
OH
H2C
Enol ( 烯醇 ) Aldehyde ( 醛 )
sp3
sp2
sp2
tautomerism互变异构
sp3
CH3CH2
OHCH3
OH
108.9°
ethanol乙醇
sp3
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2. Classification of alcohols
• According to the type of carbinol carbon atom alcohols can be classified as follows:
C
H
R
H
OH C
H
R
R
OH C
R
R
R
OH
primary alcohol( 伯醇 )
1°
secondary alcohol( 仲醇 )
2°
tertiary alcohol( 叔醇 )
3°
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3. Nomenclature of Alcohols
CH3OH
IUPAC names: alkane alkanol
Common names:
中文 :
alkyl alcohol
XX 醇
methanol(methyl alcohol)甲醇
CH3CH2OH
ethanol(ethyl alcohol)乙醇
CH3CHCH3
OH
2-propanolpropan-2-ol(isopropyl alcohol)2- 丙醇 ; 异丙醇
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CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
1-butanolbutan-1-ol(n-butyl alcohol)1- 丁醇 ; ( 正丁醇 )
CH3 CH2 CH OH
CH3
2-butanolbutan-2-ol(sec-butyl alcohol)2- 丁醇 ; ( 仲丁醇 )
CH3 CH CH2 OH
CH3
2-methyl-1-propanol2-methylpropan-1-oliso-butyl alcohol2- 甲基 -1- 丙醇 ; ( 异丁醇 )
CH3 C OH
CH3
CH3
2-methyl-2-propanol2-methylpropan-2-olt-butyl alcohol2- 甲基 -2- 丙醇 ; ( 叔丁醇 )
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CH2 CHCH2CHCH3
OH
4-penten-2-olpent-4-en-2-ol4- 戊烯 -2- 醇
CH3 C CH
OH
CH3
CH3
C O
H
2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanal2- 羟基 -3,3- 二甲基丁醛
The order of precedence of functional groups for assigning IUPAC names
AcidsEstersAldehydesKetonesAlcoholsAminesAlkenesAlkynesAlkanesEthersHalides
Decreasing priority
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CH2OH H2C CHCH2OH HC CCH2OH
phenylmethanol(benzyl alcohol)苯甲醇苄 ( 基 ) 醇
2-propenol(allyl alcohol)2- 丙烯醇 烯丙醇
2-propynol2- 丙炔醇炔丙醇
cyclohexanol环已醇
OH
H
H
Br
OH
trans- 2-bromocyclohexanol(1R,2R)-2-bromocyclohexanol
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Names of diols
CH3 CH CH
OH
CH3
OH
butane-2,3-diol2,3- 丁二醇
CH2 CH2
OHOH
ethane-1,2-diol(ethylene glycol)乙二醇
glycol ( 甘醇 )= 1,2-diol = vicinal diol, 邻位二醇
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OH OH OH
Br
Br
Br
2-bromophenol(ortho-bromophenol)2- 溴苯酚邻溴苯酚
3-bromophenol(meta-bromophenol)3- 溴苯酚间溴苯酚
4-bromophenol(para-bromophenol)4- 溴苯酚对溴苯酚
Names of phenols
o-, m-, p-邻 , 间 , 对
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4. Physical properties of alcohols
Boiling points: Alcohols have much higher boiling points than ethers or hydrocarbons having similar molecular weight.
Solubility: C1-3, miscible with water.
RO
H
H OR
hydrophobic region 疏水区
hydrophilic region亲水区
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Problem 10-34
Predict which member of each pair has the higher bp, and explain the reasons for your predictions.
(a)1-hexanol or 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol(b)2-hexanone or 2-hexanol(c)2-hexanol or 1,5-hexanediol(d)2-pentanol of 2-hexanol
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Important alcohols
Methanol is highly toxic,it can cause blindness or death.
Methanol
Ethanol YeastCH3CH2OHC6H12O6 + CO2
Sugar
½Íĸ
95%
CO + 2 H2
300-400oC200-300atm
ZnO-Cr2O3CH3OH
CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2Ethanol
+ H2OH+
acid
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5. Synthesis of alcohols
(A) Hydration of alkenes
+ H2OH+
H OH
2) Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes
1) Synthesis of alcohol from alkyl halide
SN2 reaction
C+ intermediate
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(B) oxymercuration-Demercuration( 羟汞化-脱汞 )
+ H2O( 1 ) Hg(OAc)2 / THF
OHHgOCOCH3Oxymercuration
( 2 ) NaBH4 / H2O
OHHDemercuration (ÍÑHg)
anti addtionfollow Mar’s rule
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(C) Hydroboration-oxidation ( 硼氢化 - 氧化反应 )
+ H BH
H
Hydroboration C CH B
OrganoboraneBoron hydrideAlkene
THF
H2O2, NaOHC CH OH
syn additionanti Mar’s product
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Problem: (10-37)
Show how you would synthesize the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes.
OH CH3
OH
OHOH
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3) Synthesis of alcohols from carbonyl compounds ( 由羰基化合物制醇)
carbonyl group 羰基
carboxylic ester羧酸酯
aldehyde醛
ketone酮
carboxylic acid羧酸
C OR
CH
O
RC
R'O
RC
HOO
RC
R'OO
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C O
Nu:- Nu C O
Nucleophilic addition( 亲核加成 )
Nu C OHH2O or H3O+
alkoxide ion
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(A) Reaction of carbonyl compounds with organometallic reagents to give alcohols
C O
R2
R1
R C C + C C
R1
R2
OCR
C C
R1
R2
OHCR H3O+
alkynol ( 炔醇 )
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Organometallic compounds (有机金属化合物)
Compounds that contain carbon-metal bonds (C-M) are called organometallic compounds.
C:- M+
M = Na+ or K+
(Primarily ionic)
(a) highly reactive Nu;(b) powerful B.
C: M
M = Mg or Li
+ -
(a) great important in organic synthesis; (b) relatively stable in ether solutions.
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(Primarily covalent)
C M
M = Pb, Sn, Hg, or TI
(a) much less reactive;(b) often volatile ( 挥发性的 ) and are stable in air; (c) all poisonous;(d) generally soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Tetraethyllead has been used as an "antiknock" compound in gasoline.
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Preparation of organolithium and organomagnesium compounds
Organolithium compounds ( 有机锂化合物)
(Butyl bromide)
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + 2 Li- 10oC
Et2OCH3CH2CH2CH2Li + LiBr
Butyllithium(80-90%)
The order of reactivity of halides is:
R X
X
+ 2 Li RLi + LiX
(or ArLi)Ar
RI > RBr > RCl
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Grignard reagents (格利雅试剂 , 格氏试剂)
RX + Mg RMgXEt2O
or THF
ArX + MgEt2O
or THFArMgX
Grignard reagents
CH3I + Mg CH3MgIEt2O
or THF
C6H5Br + MgEt2O
or THFC6H5MgBr
Methylmagnesium iodide(95%)
Phenylmagnesium bromide(95%)
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R
Mg
X
O O
R
Mg
X
H3CH2C
O
H3CH2C
O
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
Grignard reagents are stable in ether
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Preparation of alcohols by the addition of Grignard reagents to carbonyl compounds
Nucleophilic addition
+RMgX+ -+- H+
RCEt2O
H2OC O
Aldehyde or Ketone or ester Alcohols
OHRC OMgX
Formaldehyde Primary alcoholGrignard reagent
Higher aldehyde Secondary alcoholGrignard reagent
Ketone Tertiary alcoholGrignard reagent
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+C6H5MgBr
Et2OHC
HO C6H5CH2OMgBr
H+
C6H5CH2OHH2O
Acetaldehyde乙醛
+CH3CH2MgBr
Et2OH3CC
HO CH3CH2CHOMgBr
CH3
H+
CH3CH2CHOHH2O
CH3
+C6H5MgBr
Et2O
cyclohexanone»·¼ºÍª
OOMgBr
H+
H2O OH
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+R''MgBr Et2ORC
R'OO
esters
RC
OR'
R''
O MgBrBr
MgOR'
R''
C
R
O
Ketones
R''MgBrR C
R''
R''
OMgBrH+
H2OR C
R''
R''
OH
Grignard reagentester ketone tertiary alcohol
Grignard reagent
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Organolithium reagents (RLi) react with carbonyl compounds in the same way as Grignard reagents.
RLi + C O
R C OLiH3O+
R C OH
CH3Li +H3C
CH3C
O
H3C C
CH3
CH3
OLiH3O+
H3C C
CH3
CH3
OH
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R C CH + R'MgX R' H + R C CMgX
R C CH + R'Li R' H + R C CLi
CH3MgI + H2O CH4 + MgOH
ICH3MgI + HOCH3 CH4 + Mg
OCH3
I
Side reactions of organometallic reagents
体系中不能有活泼氢 , 如 O-H, N-H, S-H, -C≡C-H;底物中不能含有其它极性多重键 , 如 C=O, C=N, C≡N, S=O, N=O.
Attention!!!
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CH3MgBr HOCH2CH2CCH3
O
HOCH2CH2C
OMgBr
CH3
CH3
+
CH3MgBr + HOCH2CH2CCH3
O
CH4 + BrMgOCH2CH2CCH3
O
X
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R C
O
OH[ H ]
ReductionR CH2OH
Carboxylic acid 1o Alcohols
R C
O
OR'[ H ]
ReductionR CH2OH
1o Alcohols
+ R'OH
R C
O
H[ H ]
Reduction R CH2OH
Aldehyde 1o Alcohols
R C
O
R[ H ]
ReductionR CH
Ketone 2o Alcohols
OHR
2) Reduction of carbonyl compounds to give alcohols (10-11, 11-1)
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LiAlH4
lithium aluminum hydride 氢化铝俚,四氢铝锂
NaBH4
sodium borohydride 硼氢化钠
aldehydes ketones acids esters
NaBH4
LiAlH4
C OLiAlH4
NaBH4
[H-] C O-HHOH
C OHHhydride transfer
nucleophile addition
(A)
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CH3 C
O
OH CH3 CH2OH
CH3
CH3
COOH
2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid
1. LiAlH4 / Et2O
2. H2OAcetic acid Ethanol
CH3
1. LiAlH4 / Et2O
2. H2OCH3
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
Neopentyl alcohol ÐÂÎì ´¼ (92%)
CH3CH2CH2CHO
Butanal 1-Butanol
ReductionNaBH4
SodiumBorohydride
H2O+ CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2CCH3
Butanone 2-Butanol
ReductionNaBH4
SodiumBorohydride
H2O+ CH3CH2CHCH3
O OH
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LiAlH4 + H2O H2 + LiOH + Al(OH)3
NaBH3 + H2O H2 + NaOH + B(OH)3
fast
slow
LiAlH4: dry Et2O, THF as solventsNaBH4: EtOH, MeOH, etc. as solvents
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O
C + H2Raney Ni
OH
CH
(B) Catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones
CH2 CHCH2 C
CH3
CH3
CO
H+ H2
Raney NiCH3 CH2CH2 C
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
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Problems: give the main products.
CH3CH2CH CHCHOLiAlH4 H2O
O
OH
O
i. NaBH4
ii. H2O, pH = 7
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Summary for alcohols synthesisSynthesis of alcohol from: alkenes acid-catalyzed hydration ( 酸催化的水化反应 ) hydroboration-oxidation ( 硼氢化反应 ) oxymercuration-demercuration ( 汞氧化反应 ) hydroxylation ( 羟化反应 ) to prepare 1,2-diols carbonyl compounds addition of Grignard reagents reduction with NaBH4 and LiAlH4
alkyl halides
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Assignments
Text 1: 10-31, 33, 38, 44, 49
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• Oxidation ( 氧化 )• substitution• dehydration ( 脱水 )• Esterification (酯化)
7. Reactions of alcohols
R O H
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Reduction ( 还原 )of an organic molecule usually corresponds to increasing its hydrogen content or to decreasing its oxygen content.( 加氢、去氧或去卤素 , 增加C-H键数或减少C-O键数 )
Oxidation ( 氧化 ): increasing the oxygen content of an organic molecule or decreasing its hydrogen content.( 加氧或加卤素、去氢,减少C-H键数或增加C-O键数 )
Oxidation-Reduction reactions in organic chemistry
1) Oxidation of alcohols (11-1, 2, 3)
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R C
O
OH[ H ]
ReductionR C
O
H
Carboxylic acid Aldehyde
oxygen content decreases
R C
O
H[ H ]
ReductionR CH2OH
Aldehyde Alcohol
hydrogen content increases
[ H ]
ReductionR CH3
Alcohol Alkanes
oxygen content decreases
R CH2OH
C-O, 3→2
C-O, 2→1
C-O, 1→0
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[ O ]R CH2Cl
AlkanesR CH3
[ H ]
[ O ]
[ H ]RCHCl2
[ O ]
[ H ]RCCl3
Problem 11-1 p 446
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R CHOH[ O ]
R C
2o alcohol ketone
R' R'
O
R CH2OH[ O ]
R CHO R COOH
1o Alcohol Aldehyde Carboxylic acid
[ O ]
Tertiary alcohols
Primary alcohols aldehydes carboxylic acids
Secondary alcohols ketones
difficult to be oxidized.
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(A) Oxidization with Cr(VI) (11-2)
Oxidants: K2Cr2O7 or Na2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
CrO3/ H2SO4
OH
Cyclooctanol
H2CrO4
Acetone 35 °CO
Cyclooctanone
»·ÐÁ́¼ »·ÐÁͪ
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
1-Butanol
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4CH3CH2CH2CHO
Butanal
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4CH3CH2CH2COOH butyric acid
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Mechanism of chromate oxidations (铬酸氧化机理)
Step 1
RC
R
O H
H+
HO Cr
O
O
OH RC
R
O
H
Cr
O
O
OH+ H2O
Chromate ester (¸õËáõ¥£©
RC
R
O
H
Cr
O
O
OH RC
RO + HCrO3
- + H3O+
Step 2
KetoneCr 6+ Cr4+
6+4+
H2O
Chromate ester (¸õËáõ¥£©
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Or
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A Chemical test for 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols
alcohol phenomenon
1° greenish opaque solution Cr3+
2° greenish opaque solution Cr3+
3° No reaction
Reagent: CrO3 / aqueous H2SO4
or Na2Cr2O7 / aqueous H2SO4
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CH3CH2CH2CH2OH1-Butanol
CH3CH2CH2CHOButanal
PCC
25 oCCH2Cl2
CrO3 + HCl +N N
H
CrO3Cl-+
Pyridinium chlorochromate
ßÁà¤ÈýÑõ»¯̧ õ
Pyridine
PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate, 吡啶三氧化铬 ) PDC (Pyridinium dichromate, 重铬酸吡啶盐 )
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Oxidation with KMnO4, or HNO3 (11-3)
CH3CH2CHCH3
OH2-Butanol
KMnO4, KOHCH3CH2CCH3
OButanone
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
1-Butanol
CH3CH2CH2COOKKMnO4, KOH
HClCH3CH2CH2COOH
If the conditions are not controlled, KMnO4 or HNO3 will cleave the carbon-carbon bonds.
OH KMnO4
COOH
COOH
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CH3CH2OHCu
300 oCCH3CHO + H2
Dehydrogenation
Catalytic dehydrgenation (11-3)
Swern oxidation: convert alcohols to aldehyde or ketone
DMSO/(COCl)2/Et3N/CH2Cl2
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CO
H
C-O bondO-H bond
are polarized
Hydrogen can be replaced by sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
The hydroxyl group can be replaced by other groups.
2) Substitution
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ROH + Na RONa + H2
ROH + K ROK + H2
reactivity of alcohols: CH3OH > 1°> 2° > 3°
(CH3)3COH + KH (CH3)3COK + H2
OH+ NaOH
ONa+ NaOH + H2O
(1) Acidity of alcohols and phenols (10-6)
pKa = 10
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(2) Conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides
R OH HX+ R X + H2O
(NaX + H2SO4)
A.
C O H + H X
Strong acidAlcohol
C O H
H
+
Protonated alcoholÖÊ×Ó» µ̄Ä́¼
+ X-
1° alcohols, SN23° alcohols, SN1
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reactivity : HI > HBr > HCl
3° > 2 ° > 1 °
HICH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2I + H2Oheating
HBr, H2SO4CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2Oheating
HCl, ZnCl2CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + H2Oheating
+ H2O(CH3)3COHconcd HCl
(CH3)3CClr.t.
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The Lucas reagent: HCl / ZnCl2
H C
CH3
CH3
OH ZnCl2H C
CH3
CH3
OZnCl2
HC
CH3
CH3
H
carbocation
ClH C
CH3
CH3
Cl + HO ZnCl2
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The Lucas test: To distinguish 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols
alcoholTime to react
(min)phenomenon
1° >6No reaction
or react very slow
2° 1~5 Emulsion ( 乳状 )
3° <1The second phase to sep
arate ( 分层 )
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Wagner - Meerwerin Rearrangement
H3C C
CH3
H
CHCH3
OHHCl
H3C C
CH3
H
CHCH3
O+
H
H
H3C C
CH3
H
CHCH3+
H3C C
CH3
CH2CH3+
1,2-rearrangement
当伯醇或仲醇的 β- 碳原子具有二个或三个烷基或芳基时 , 在酸作用下都能发生分子重排反应 . 亲核能力强的或能使碳正离子更稳定的基团优先迁移.
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RCH2OH + Br P
Br
Br RCH2O
H
+P Br
Br
+ Br-
A good leaving group
O
H
+P Br
Br
Br- + RCH2 RCH2Br + HOPBr2SN2 reaction
B. R OH
(1o or 2o)
+ PCl3 RCl + H3PO3
R OH + PBr3 RBr + H3PO3
R OH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3
R OH + P + I2 RI + H3PO3
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3R OH
(1o or 2o)
+ SOCl2 3 RCl + SO2 + HCl
thionyl chloride
Stereochemistry
configuration retention
CH3
OHH
CH2CH3
SOCl2
pyridine
CH3
HCl
CH2CH3
pyridine ( 吡啶 ) is present,configuration inversion
CH3
OHH
CH2CH3
SOCl2CH3
ClH
CH2CH3
C.
Advantages to use SOCl2 as chloride reagents:1) no rearrangement; 2) high yield; 3) easily to separate.
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RCH2OH + Cl S
O
Cl RCH2O
H
+S Cl
O-
Cl
O SCl
O
( + HCl)
Alkyl chlorosulfite
CH2R
O
S
Cl
OCH2R
ion pair
RCH2Cl + O=S=O
Alkyl chloride
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RCH2OH + Cl S
O
Cl RCH2O
H
+S Cl
O-
Cl
O SCl
O
( + HCl)
Alkyl chlorosulfite
CH2R
ClN
H
O S Cl
O
Cl- + RCH2 RCH2Cl + O=S=O + Cl-
A good leaving group
Alkyl chloride
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Give the major product of the following reactions.
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Neighboring group participation ( 邻基参与 )
Br 、 O 、 N 、 C=C 、cyclopropyl ( 环丙基 ) 、aryl ( 芳基 ), etc.
configuration retention构型保持
CH3
Br
OH
CH3
H
H
HBrCH3
Br
Br
CH3
H
H
CH3
Br
CH3
H
H
HO
H
-H2O
CH3
Br
H
H
H3C
CH3
Br
CH3
H
H
Br
CH3
H
Br
H
Br
H3C
Br
Br-
CH3
H
H
CH3
Br
H+
-H2O
CH3
H
OH
CH3
Br:
H
CH3
H
Br
CH3
Br
H
HBrCH3
Br
H
CH3
H
Br+
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(3) Conversion of alcohols into mesylates (甲磺酸酯) and tosylates (苯磺酸酯)
R—OH R—OTsR—OH R—OTs
R—OH R—OMs R—NuNu-
R—NuNu-
OTs, OMs are good leaving groups
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CH3 S
O
O
CH3 S
O
O
ORMs MsOR
S
O
O
H3C
Methanesulfonyl甲磺酰基
Ts
p-Toluenesulfonyl对甲苯磺酰基
S
O
O
ORH3C TsOR
Methanesulfonate esters 甲磺酸酯
p-Toluenesulfonate esters对甲苯磺酸酯
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p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride对甲苯磺酰氯
S
O
O
Cl + OCH2CH3-HCl
HH3C S
O
O
OCH2CH3H3C
Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate(ethyl tosylate)对甲苯磺酸乙酯
solvent: pyridine or Et3N/CH2Cl2
CH3CH2—OTs
OTsRCH2Nu:- + NuCH2R + -OTsSN2
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3) Acid-catalyzed dehydration
Intramolecular dehydration yield alkenes.Intermolecular dehydration yield ethers. (bimolecular dehydration, unhindered primary alcohols, 非位阻的伯醇才能反应生成醚 )
CH3CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + H2O
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O
Ethene
Diethyl ether
H2SO4
180°C
H2SO4
140°C
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Alcohol dehydration: An E1 reaction
H3C C
CH3
CH3
OHH2SO4 or H3PO4 H3C
CH3C
CH2
H+
H3C C
CH3
CH3
OHH
+
Step 1fast
H3C C +
CH2
CH3
H
- H2O
Step 2
Slow
Step 3 fast
rearrangementand orientation
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H2SO4, heat
Propose a mechanism for each reaction.
H3O+
OH
H2SO4
heat
CH2OHH2SO4
heat+ +
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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4) Esterification ( 酯化反应 )
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters through a condensation reaction known as esterification (Fischer esterification):
R C
O
OH + HOR'H+
R C
O
OR' + H2OEsterification Ester
õ¥
Carboxylic ester
R C
O
Cl + HOR' R C
O
OR' + HClEsterõ¥
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Phosphate esters ( 烷基磷酸酯 )
HO P
OH
O
OH+CH3CH2OH
Phosphoric acid
P
OH
O
OH
Ethyl dihydrogen phosphateÁ×Ëá¶þÇâÒÒõ¥
CH3CH2O
CH3CH2OHP
OH
O
OCH2CH3
Diethyl hydrogen phosphateÁ×ËáÇâ¶þÒÒõ¥
CH3CH2OCH3CH2OH
P
OCH2CH3
O
OCH2CH3CH3CH2O
Triethyl phosphateÁ×ËáÈýÒÒõ¥
![Page 73: Chapter 7 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides ( 醇、醚、环氧化物 ) Text 1: Chapter 10, 11, 14.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102514/56649d175503460f949ed022/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
baseO
HOH
HH
HH
O
P
O
O O
baseO
H
HH
HH
O
P
O
O O
baseO
H
HH
HH
O
P
O
O O
baseO
H
HH
HH
O
P
O
O OO
HOH
HH
HH
HObase
phosphate ester Linkage in DNA
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Sulfate esters ( 硫酸酯 )
methyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate( 硫酸二甲酯 )甲基化试剂 , 毒!
(Notice!! sulfonate esters, 磺酸酯 , S—C bond)
O S
O
O
OH HH3C O H O S
O
O
OH3C H H2O
CH3OHO S
O
O
OH3C CH3 H2O
Sulfate ions are also excellent leaving group.
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NH3H3C O S O CH3
O
O+
H3C O S O
O
O
H3C N
H
H
H
+
methylsulfate ion甲基硫酸离子
methylammonium ion甲铵离子
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Nitrate esters ( 硝酸酯 )
CH2
CH
CH2
OH
OH
OH + HO NO2
CH2
CH
CH2
O
O
O
NO2
NO2
NO2
Glyceryl trinitrate(nitroglycerine)硝酸甘油
R O H O N
O
O
H O N
O
O
R + H2O
alkyl nitrate esters
炸药治心绞痛药
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The Pinacol rearrangement ( 频那醇重排 , 邻二叔醇重排 )
Pinacol( 频那醇 )
Pinacolone( 频那酮 )
5) Unique reaction of diols (11-11)
H3C C
CH3
OH
C CH3
CH3
OH
HH3C C
CH3
OH
C CH3
CH3
OH2
-H2OH3C C
CH3
OH
C CH3
CH3
~CH3 H3C C
OH
C CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C C
OH
C CH3
CH3
CH3
-HH3C C
O
C CH3
CH3
CH3
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Propose a mechanism for each reaction.
OHPh
OHPh
O
Ph
Ph
H2SO4
CH3OH OH CH3 O CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
O
+H+
(1)
(2)
OH H+
O
(3)
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Periodic acid (HIO4) cleavage of glycols( 高碘酸氧化邻位二醇 )
C C
OHOH
HIO4C O CO+
C C
O O
IO O
OH
ketones or aldehydes
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APPLICATION: To identify the structure of the vicinal diols. Determining the structure of sugars.
CH2OHOH HIO4
Ph C
CH3
CH(OH)CH2CH3
OH
HIO4
OH
HOH
H
HIO4
H CO
H+
O
Ph C
CH3
CHCH2CH3
O O
+
O
HO
H
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oxidation
Cr(VI), PCC (PDC); KMnO4
substitution RO-Na+
HBr, PBr3, SOCl2 (to prepare alkyl halides)
ROTs, ROMs dehydration E1, yield alkenes SN2, yield ethers (primary ROH)
esterification unique reactions of diols pinacol rearrangment; HIO4 cleavage
Summary for reactions of alcohols
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Outline a multistep synthesis for the following transformation.
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Assignments
• Text 1: 11-42, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56
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1. Structure and physical properties of ethers
RO
R' R, R’ = alkyl or aryl
II. Ethers ( 醚 )
• Having much lower bp than alcohols of similar formula weight.
• Polar solvents, aprotic solvents• Lewis base: Coordination with H+, B, Mn+, etc.
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2. Nomenclature of ethers
Common names
simple ethers
IUPAC names:
alkyl alkyl ether alkoxy alkane
complex ethers
AcidsEstersAldehydesKetonesAlcoholsAminesAlkenesAlkynesAlkanesEthersHalides
Decreasing priority
The order of precedence of functional groups for assigning IUPAC names
ethyl methyl ether
( 甲基乙基醚 )
methoxyethane
( 甲氧基乙烷 )
Common:
IUPAC:
CH3OCH2CH3
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Chain ethersChain ethers
Methyl phenyl ether苯甲醚Methoxybenzene
Allyl methyl ether甲基烯丙基醚3-methoxypropene
CH3OCH2=CHCH2OCH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
OCH3
2-Methoxypentane2- 甲氧基戊烷
CH3OCH2CH2OCH3
1,2-Dimethoxyethane1 , 2- 二甲氧基乙烷
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether乙二醇二甲醚
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Cyclic ethers ( 环醚 )
oxacyclopentane氧杂环戊烷
Heterocyclic compounds(杂环化合物)O: Heteroatom (杂原子)
O
tetrahydrofuran四氢呋喃
THF
Otetrahydropyran
(THP)四氢吡喃
O
CH3
3-methyl-tetrahydropyran
O
O
1,4-dioxane二噁烷
1,4-dioxacyclohexane1,4- 二氧六环
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O O
O O
OO
Oxirane( 环氧乙烷 )
Oxetane1,3-epoxypropane1,3- 环氧丙烷
12-crown-412- 冠 -4
Crown ethers 冠醚
Epoxide环氧化物
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3. Synthesis of ether
ROH + HORH+
ROR + H2O
CH3CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + H2O
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O
Ethene
Diethyl ether
H2SO4
180oC
H2SO4
140oC
1) Ethers by bimolecular dehydration of alcohols
( 醇的分子间脱水制醚)
Suitable for symmetrical ether ( 对称醚 ) synthesis
R: Primary alkyl group
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H C
H
CH3
O H
H
+
Protonated alcoholÖÊ×Ó» µ̄ÄÒÒ́¼
SN2
+ H2O
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
Diethyl ether
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3H
+
-H+
Can we use this method to synthesize the unsymmetrical ethers?
CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3 ?
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2) The Williamson synthesis of ethers ( 醚的威廉姆逊合成)
Williamson ether synthesis: Suitable for unsymmetrical ethers ( 不对称醚 ) synthesis
R’: Primary alkyl group
RONa + R' LSN2
ROR' + NaL
Sodium alkoxide unsymmetrical ethers
L = Br, I, OSO2R'', or OSO2OR''
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How to synthesize ethyl propyl ether?(CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3)
CH3CH2CH2OH + Na
Propyl alcohol
CH3CH2CH2ONa
Sodium propoxide
+ 1/2 H2
Way 1:
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CH3CH2ONa + CH3CH2CH2 I
SN2 reactionCH3CH2CH2OCH2CH3 + NaI
Way 2:
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CH3 CH2 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3
How to synthesize tert-butyl ethyl ether ?
CH3 CH2 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3
a b
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CH3 CH2 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3CH3 CH2 BrOC
CH3
CH3
H3C
b
BrC
CH3
CH3
H3CCH3 CH2 O CH3 CH2 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Elimination
BrC
CH3
CH3
CH2
b
CH3 CH2 O H2C C
CH3
CH3H + CH3CH2OH + Br
a:
b:
Notice: Hindered, no reaction!!!
X
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To convert two alcohols to an ether: Convert the more hindered alcohol to its alkoxide. Convert the less hindered alcohol to its tosylate (OTs, or an alkyl halide). Make sure the tosylate or halide is a good SN2 substrate.
Conclusion
Propose a Williamson synthesis of 3-butoxy-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane from 3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexanol and butanol.
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Synthesis of phenyl ethers ( 苯醚 )
OH
NaOH
O Na
n-Bu-I
OBun
OH+ CH3OSO2OCH3
NaOH-H2O OCH3
+ CH3OSO2ONa
dimethyl sulfate硫酸二甲酯
methyl phenyl ether苯甲醚
Phenoxide ion
ONa O+
Br Cu
210 °C
diphenyl ether二苯醚
phenyl bromide溴苯
Ullmann reaction
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3) Alkoxymercuration-demercuration
+ ROH( 1 ) Hg(OAc)2 / THF
RO HgOCOCH3Alkoxymercuration
( 2 ) NaBH4 / H2O
OR HDemercuration (ÍÑHg)
Anti addition( 反式加成 )Follow Markovnikov rule( 符合马氏规则 )
ether
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4. Reactions of ethers
1) Cleavage of ethers( 醚键的断裂 ) by HBr and HI
R O R'HI or HBr (very strong acids)
HeatingRX + R'X
Very strong conditions;
Reactivity: HI > HBr >> HCl.
The molecule must not contain any acid-sensitive fu
nctional group!!
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CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + HBr
(HI)
2 CH3CH2Br + H2O
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + HBr CH3CH2O
H
+CH2CH3 + Br-
An oxonium saltSN2
CH3CH2OH + CH3CH2Br
HBr
CH3CH2OHH
+ Br-
CH3CH2BrSN2
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CH3 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3
HI
CH3 O C
CH3
CH3
CH3
HI
H
CH3OH + C
CH3
CH3
CH3
SN1
CH3OH + I C
CH3
CH3
CH3
I
The order of C-O cleavage : 3 > 2 > 1 > Ph-O
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Phenyl ethers
OCH2CH3
H Br OCH2CH3
H BrOH
+ CH3CH2Br
Ethyl phenyl ether Protonated ether Phenol + ethyl bromide
HBr
Br
No further reaction
Ether cleavage: 1°alkyl ether: SN2 3°alkyl ether: SN1 alkyl phenyl ether: give phenol and alkyl halide.
O
diphenyl ether二苯醚
?
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Propose a mechanism.
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CH3CH2OCH2CH3
O2
CH3CH2OCHCH3
O OHa hydroperoxide
autoxidation
CH3CH2O OCH2CH3+
diethyl peroxide
Add FeSO4 to remove a hydroperoxide!!Peroxides test: KI/starch( 淀粉 ), or FeSO4/KSCN, etc.
2) Autoxidation of ethers
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5. Important ethers
• Diethyl ether: bp 35 ºC, polar solvent
• THF: bp 66 ºC, strong polar solvent
• Crown ethers: as PTC ( 相转移催化剂 )
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使用乙醚注意事项
• 蒸馏时不能蒸干!• 蒸馏时尾接管要通下水道!• 周围不能有明火!• 不能在冰箱里敞口存放!• 萃取时要及时放气 !
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Structural characteristic: Containing more than three –OCH2CH2O- units in
one molecule.
O O
OO
O O
OO
O OO OOO
12-crown-412- 冠 -4
15-crown-515- 冠 -5
Crown Ethers (冠醚)
Nomenclature: x-crown-y x----total atom number in the ring
y----oxygen atom number
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OO
O
OOO
OO
O
OOO
18-crown-6
Dibenzo-18-crown-6二苯基 -18- 冠 -6
Dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6二环己基 -18- 冠 -6
OO
O
OOO
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金属离子直径金属离子直径
LiLi++NaNa++
KK++NH4
+
K+O
OO
OOO
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Phase-Transfer catalysis (PTC) ( 相转移催化)
C6H5CH2Cl + KCNSN2
18-Crown-6C6H5CH2CN + KCl
C6H5CH2Cl + KF C6H5CH2F + KCl
100%
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH2 + KMnO4 CH3(CH2)5COOH
18-Crown-6
SN2
18-Crown-6
MnO4-
(or CN - )
O
O
O
OO
O
K+MnO4-
K+CN-
O
O
O
OO
O
K+
Crown ethers are used as phase-transfer catalysts.
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RX + NaCNQ+X- (¼¾ï§ ÑΣ©
RCN + NaXSN2 reaction
Q+X- (CH3(CH2)3)4N+X-
(CH3(CH2)3)4N+Cl- (ËĶ¡»ùÂÈ» ï̄§ £©
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Summary for ethersNomenclature: “alkyl alkyl ether”, “alkoxy alkane”(IUPAC)Synthesis• Ethers by intermolecular dehydration of alcohols ( 醇的分子
间脱水制醚)• The Williamson synthesis of ethers ( 醚的威廉姆逊合成)• Alkoxymercuration-demercurationReactions• Cleavage of ethers by HBr and HI• Autoxidation of ethersApplication• Solvents: stable, low bp., diethyl ether, THF, 1,4-dioxane• Crown ethers: as PTC
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Epoxides 环氧化物
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O
H
H
MCPBA
cyclohexene oxide
O
H
H
H
H3C
trans-1,2-epoxy-4-methylcyclohexanetrans-4- 甲基 -1,2- 环氧环己烷
OH
(H3C)2HC
CH2CH3
CH2CH32,2-diethyl-3-isopropyloxirane2,2- 二乙基 -3- 异丙基环氧乙烷
C C
O
an epoxide环氧化物
O
IUPAC: oxiraneCommon: Ethylene oxide 环氧乙烷
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1. Synthesis of epoxides
1) Epoxidation of alkenes
2) Base-Promoted cyclization of halohydrins
C C + R C O O H
O OR C O H
O
+
C C
X
O H
C C
ONaOH
+ HX
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C C
X
O H
X = Cl, Br, I
+ -O H C C
X
O-
C C
O
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2. Reactions of epoxides
1) Acid-catalyzed ring opening (review)
C C
O
H+
C C
OH
+
H2OC C
OH +OH2
- H+
C C
OH OH
1,2-Diols
Nu: H2O ROH HX
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Orientation of acid-catalyzed epoxides opening
SN2
H2C CCH3
O
CH3CH2OH
CH3
H
+HOCH2C CH3
OCH2CH3
CH3
H+
HOCH2CH(CH3)2
OCH2CH3
+ H+
酸性条件下 , 亲核试剂进攻取代基多的碳,即带正电多的碳 .
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2) Based-Catalyzed Ring Opening
Nu: OH-, RO-, NH3
C CO
RO C C O-RO-
An alkoxide ion
RO C C OHROH
+ RO-
Orientation of base-catalyzed epoxides opening
H2CHC CH3
O
CH3CH2O-
Methyloxirane An alkoxide ion
CH3CH2OCH2CHCH3
O-
Less hindered
CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CHCH3
OH
+ CH3CH2O-
碱性条件下 , 亲核试剂进攻位阻较小的碳。
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3) Reaction of organometalic reagents with oxiranes
Give primary alcohols
+C6H5MgIO
Et2OCH3
C6H5CH2CHOMgI
CH3
H+
C6H5CH2CHOHH2O
CH3
+C6H5MgIO
Et2OC6H5CH2CH2OMgI
H+
C6H5CH2CH2OHH2O
primary alcohol
secondary alcohol
Attact the less hindered carbon
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Oanhydrous HBr
BrCH2CH2Br
O concd aqueous HBr HOCH2CH2OH
Problem 2: Explain the following results:
Problem 1: Give the structures of A and B:
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Sharpless 不对称环氧化反应
• 烯丙醇及其衍生物在钛酸酯参与下的不对称环氧化反应称为 Sharpless 环氧化反应,简称为 AE 反应 (asymmetr
ic epoxidation) 。 1980 年,由 Sharpless K.B. 等研究发现。
R2 R1
R3OH
t-BuOOH, Ti(OPri)
L-(+)-tartrate(洒石酸二酯)
R2 R1
R3OH
O
R2 R1
R3OH
t-BuOOH, Ti(OPri)
D-(-)-tartrate(洒石酸二酯)
R2 R1
R3OH
O
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Summary for epoxides
Synthesis• Peroxyacid epoxidation • Base-Promoted cyclization of halohydrinsReactions• acid-catalyzed ring opening• base-catalyzed ring opening• reaction with Grignard reagents
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Assignments
• T.1 14-32, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43
• T.2(selected) 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22