Chapter 6 Control charts for Attributes

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Chapter 6 Control charts for Attributes 組組 組組組 組組 組組組 9421710 組組組 9421721 組組組 9421722 組組組 9421740 組組組 9421745

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Chapter 6 Control charts for Attributes. 組別:第三組 成員:鍾弘智 9421710 張耀升 9421721 柯宗祐 9421722 林郁勝 9421740 吳立文 9421745. Agenda. Introduction The control chart for fraction nonconforming The control chart for fraction nonconforming (defects) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 6 Control charts for Attributes

Page 1: Chapter 6  Control charts for Attributes

Chapter 6 Control charts for Attributes

組別:第三組成員:鍾弘智 9421710 張耀升9421721 柯宗祐 9421722 林郁勝9421740 吳立文 9421745

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Agenda

Introduction The control chart for fraction nonconforming The control chart for fraction nonconforming

(defects) Choice between attributes and variable control

charts Guidelines for implementing control charts

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6-1 Introduction

Attributes chart are generally not as informative as variable chart because there is typically more information in a numerical measurement that in merely classifying a unit as conforming or nonconforming.

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服務業品質特性

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6-2 The control chart for fraction nonconforming Definition of fraction nonconforming :

The ratio of the number of nonconforming items in a population to the total number of item in that population.

The statistical principle : Based on binomial distribution.

x=0,1,2….,nxnx )p1(p

x

n)x(p

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Definition of sample fraction nonconforming :

The ratio of the number of nonconforming units in the sample D to the sample size n.

The distribution of the random variable can be obtained from binomial.

n

Dp

p

n

ppp

)1(2

p

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6-2.1 Development and Operation of control chart By the Shewhart control chart : if w is a statistic

that measures a quality characteristic, and mean is

and variance is .w 2

w

ww

w

ww

LLCL

CL

LUCL

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Standard Given

If a standard value of p is given, then the control limits for the fraction nonconforming are

n

)p1(p3pLCL

pCLn

)p1(p3pUCL

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No Standard Given

If no standard value of p is given, then the control limits for the fraction nonconforming are

where

n

)p1(p3pLCL

pCLn

)p1(p3pUCL

m

mn

Dp

m

1ii

m

1ii

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Trial Control Limits

Control limits that are based on a preliminary set of data can often be referred to as trial control limits.

The quality characteristic is plotted against the trial limits, if any points plot out of control, assignable causes should be investigated and points removed.

With removal of the points, the limits are then recalculated.

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EX.6-1

Inspection frozen orange juice cardboard cans.To establish the control chart, 30 sample of n=50

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We can find the mean p

calculate the upper and lower control limits

therefore

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<資料初步不合格率管制圖>

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Design of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart

The parameters : the sample size, frequency of sampling, and the width of the control limits.

The sample size can be determined so that a shift of some specified amount, can be detected with a stated level of probability (50% chance of detection). If is the magnitude of a process shift, then n must satisfy:

n

)p1(pL

)p1(p

Ln

2

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Interpretation of Points on the Control Chart for Fraction Nonconforming Care must be exercised in interpreting points

that plot below the lower control limit.They often do not indicate a real

improvement in process quality.They are frequently caused by errors in the

inspection process or improperly calibrated test and inspection equipment.

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The np control chart

The actual number of nonconforming can also be charted. Let n = sample size, p = proportion of nonconforming. The control limits are:

)p1(np3npLCL

npCL

)p1(np3npUCL

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6-2.2 Variable Sample Size

Since different numbers of units could be produced in each period, the control chart will have a variable sample size. And we can constructing and operating the chart with three approaches :

1.Variable sample size 2.Control limits based on average sample size 3.The standardized Control Chart

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Variable sample size

The approach is determine for each individual sample that are based on specific sample size.

n

ii

n

ii

n

Dp

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<變動樣本大小之不合格率管制圖的資料>

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使用 Minitab之管制圖

變動樣本大小之不合格管制圖

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Control Limits Based on an Average Sample Size Control charts based on the average sample

size results in an approximate set of control limits.

The average sample size is given by

The upper and lower control limits arem

nn

m

ii

1

n

)p1(p3p

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<根據平均樣本大小的管制圖>

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The Standardized Control Chart

The points plotted in standard deviation units. Center line at zero, and upper and lower control limits of +3 and -3 .

The variable plotted on chart is :

i

ii

n)p1(p

pp̂z

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<標準化的管制圖>

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<使用 Minitab 的標準化管制圖>

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6-2.3 Nonmanufacturing Application

In the nonmanufacturing environment, many quality characteristics can be observed on a conforming or nonconforming basis.

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6-2.4 The Operating-Characteristic Function and Average Run Length Calculations The operating-characteristic(OC) function of the

fraction nonconforming control chart is a graphical display of the probability of incorrectly accepting the hypothesis of statistical control(type II) againt the process fraction nonconforming.

)p|nLCLD(P)p|nUCLD(P

)p|LCLp̂(P)p|UCLp̂(P

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Example

For this example, n = 50, p = 0.30, UCL = 0.3697, and LCL = 0.0303. Therefore, from the binomial distribution,

8594.0

08594.0

)30.0|1D(P)30.0|18D(P

)30.0|515.1D(P)30.0|48.18D(P

)30.0|0303.0(50D(P)30.0|)3697.0(50D(P

)p|nLCLD(P)p|nUCLD(P

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OC curve for the fraction nonconforming control chart with p = 0.2, LCL = 0.0303 and

UCL = 0.3697.

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Average Run Lengths (ARLs)

The average run lengths for fraction nonconforming control charts can be found as before:

The in-control ARL is

The out-of-control ARL is

1ARL0

1

1ARL1

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Example

For this example, the chart parameters n=50 UCL=0.3697, LCL=0.0303 and CL=0.2. From the Table6-6,the probability of a point plotted in control is 0.9973

the value of ARL is

0027.01

3700027.0

110

ARL

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6-3.1 固定樣本大小時的程序

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85.19

26

516C

22.3385.19385.193 CCUCL

85.19C中心線

48.685.19385.193 CCUCL

標準未知

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樣本 6 與樣本 20出現異常排除這兩個樣本然後修正

37.667.19367.193 CCUCL

67.19C中心線

97.3267.19367.193 CCUCL

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缺點數進一步分析

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樣本大小的選擇: u 圖

u=x/n

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93.120

60.38

20

20

1 i

iu

u

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07.05

93.1393.13

93.1

79.35

93.1393.13

n

uuUCL

un

uuUCL

中心線=

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6-3.2 變動樣本大小時的程序

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i

ii

nu

uuZ

標準化管制圖

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6-3.4 操作特性函數( 1 )

C 圖的 OC 曲線例題 6-3 代入

因為 C 屬於整數

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6-3.4 操作特性函數( 2 )

<nLCL> :代表大於或等於 nLCL 的最小整數

[nUCL] : 代表小於或等於 nUCL 的最大整數

u 圖的 OC 曲線

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6-3.5 低不良水準的處理( 1 )情 形:當不良水準非常低時產生不合格品的時間

會很長,使用 u 圖和 C 圖會非常沒有效率

的時候。改善方式:利用兩個連續缺點數出現的間隔時間來作 為新的管制圖,時間間格管制圖對於低不

良水準的製程很有效率。

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6-3.5 低不良水準的處理( 2 ) 假設缺點或事件發生的機率為卜氏分配,事件發 生間隔機率就是指數分配。 指數分配管制圖太過於偏斜,管制圖會非常不對 稱。改善方法: Nelson ( 1994 )建議將指數隨機變數轉 換成韋伯隨機變數(分配趨近於常態)。

假設 x 為常態分配,建立 x 的管制圖。

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6-3.5 低不良水準的處理( 3 )

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6-3.5 低不良水準的處理( 4 )

資料經轉換之後的常態機率圖

錯誤的間隔時間的常態機率圖

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6-3.5 低不良水準的處理( 5 )

偵測小變動方法: 1. 累積和 2. 指數加權平均( EWMA )

※Kittlitz 研究管制圖的指數轉換,建議使用 x=25.0y

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6-3.6 非製造上的應用

效率而言,處理製造環境的錯誤就如同處理製造上的缺點。例如:工程師的圖誤,計畫書或其他文件上的錯誤。

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6.4 計量值和計數值管制圖間的選擇 在某些情況下,可以很明確地做出決定。 例如:譬如布料產品,若品質特性是產品的顏色, 則計數值檢驗比量化”顏色”這個品質特性更好。 計量值與計數值管制圖各有其優、缺點

所需樣本

費用 提供資訊

潛在因素資訊

計量 小 低 多 較易獲得

計數 大 高 少 較難獲得

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計量值和計數值管制圖優缺點優點 缺點

計量值管制圖

1.用於製程管制 , 時間上甚靈敏 , 容易調查事故發生之原因 ,因 此可以預測將發生之不良狀況2.能及時並正確找出不良的原因 , 可使品質穩定 , 為優良之管制 工具

1.在製造過程中 , 需要經常抽 樣並予以測定及計算 , 且需 點上管制圖 , 較為麻煩而且 費時

計數值管制圖

1.在生產完成之後 , 才加以抽樣 , 並將其區分為良品與不良品 , 因此實際所需之資料 , 能以簡 單的檢查方法得知2.對於工廠整個品質情況暸解 非常方便3.可以同時考慮數個品質特性

1.調查事故發生之原因比較費 時。有時會有已製造許多不 良品 , 但無法及時處理之情 形發生2.只靠此種管制圖 , 有時無法尋 求不良之真正原因 , 不能及時 採取處理措施 , 而延誤時機

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計量值和計數值管制圖運用時機決定資料形態

樣本數是否大於 10 ?

資料為計算點數或量測值?

樣本數是否為 1 ?

樣本大小是否固定?

樣本大小是否固定?

使用 管制圖

使用 管制圖

計算不良數或缺點數?

使用 管制圖

使用 u 管制圖

使用 p 管制圖

使用 c 管制圖

使用 np 管制圖

計數值資料

計量值資料 計算不良數(二項資料)

計算缺點數(卜瓦松資料)

MRx

Sx

Rx

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6.5 實施管制圖的原則

1. 決定管制哪些製程特性2. 決定在製程的哪裡實施管制圖3. 選擇適當類型的管制圖4. 根據 SPC管制圖的分析採取改善製程的措施

5. 選擇資料收集系統合電腦軟體

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-chart與 P-chart樣本大小的差異 某品質特性的平均數的名目值為 50,標準差為 2 , 使用 -chart管制。規格界線為 3 個標準差,下 規格界限 44,上規格界線 56。當製程在名目水準 50 的管制狀態時,假設品質特性為 normally distributed, 產品不合格率為 0.0027,假設平均值變動到 52 ,產品 不良率變動到 0.0228 。試求分別以 -chart 與 P-chart

管制圖 來計算所需的樣本數各為何? 若我們想要在第一個樣本即偵測出此變動的機率為 0.5。

X

X

X

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( 一 ) 使用 -chart

-chart的樣本大小必須大到足夠使 3 個標準差管制上限為 52。即:

則樣本數 n=9

50 n

3(2)52

X

X

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( 二 ) 使用 P-chart 我們可能會找出提供相同機率偵測出變動所需的樣本大小,由式子

其中 L=3是管制界線的寬度, p=0.0027是管制狀態的不合格率,且

=0.0228-0.0027=0.00201是變動量 即 n= 的得到 n 60是 p-chart所需的樣本大小

n

2

L

p-1p

59.980.99730.002723/0.0201

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結果分析

運用 -chart來用運算得到的樣本數 n=9而運用

p-chart所得到的樣本數 n=60。所以除非檢驗 的成本高於技術值檢驗的 7 倍,或是有特性的需求,否則 -chart較便宜。

X

X

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改善製程的措施

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統計軟體 統計軟體 簡介 MINITAB 使用簡單 MINITAB被廣泛地應用,其動態的圖

形及繪圖工具,其統計功能都常被應用。

MATLAB 是一套工程用之軟體,其數值的矩陣計算,還提供繪圖方面的工具 , 以呈現二維 / 三維的圖形。另外強大的工具盒與擴充功能

Design expert

是一套實驗設計的軟體,可以幫助使用者在眾多的因子中自動找出重要影響因子。運用統計的分析做最少實驗次數獲得最大精確性去找出產品與製程最佳化 ,

SPSS 可用於基本統計與高等統計的應用分析、單變量與多變量統計的分析研究、母數統計與無母數統計的分析研究、問卷的信效度考驗與試題分析。

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結論 計數值管制圖表不像計量值那樣多的資訊,通常,數字的量度比單純只分成合格品與不合格品提供較多的資訊。然而計數值管制圖表確實有重要的應用,它在服務業與非製造業的品質提升特別有用,因為在這些環境中,有許多品質特性無法很簡單的用數字尺度來度量的。