Chapter 14: The Mongol Advance

AP World History

Leuzinger HS

Origins

• The Mongols (also known as Tatars, or Tartars) were a group of nomadic tribes from the steppes, or open plains, of Central Asia.– They Herded Livestock

and were excellent horsemen and archers.

Origins

• Mongols proved to be adept at “cultural borrowing.”– Mongols adopted a law code, a written script,

new religious practices, and better technology through borrowing from other cultures.

• Before 1200 CE, the Mongols numbered between 1.5 and 3 million– Divided into thirty warring tribes.

The Khagan

• In 1206, Temujin, better known as Genghis Khan (or Chingiz, Jenghiz, or Chinggis) which means “ruler of limitless strength” was declared Khagan and unified the warring Mongol tribes.

The First Wave

• Mongol conquest begins in 1211– Targeted Northern China at first

• Breached the Great Wall by 1215

– Targeted the Silk Road trading city of Samarkand

• Upon Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, the Mongols controlled a huge state encompassing Mongolia, Central Asia, Northern, and Western China.

Why were the Mongols so successful?

• Numbers?– Not really…80,000 – 100,000 troops

wouldn’t be enough to automatically overwhelm such a large territory.

• Talented Cavalrymen and archers who could fire from horseback, galloping at full speed, firing forward or backward.

• Adopted military techniques from neighbors, like siege warfare from Chinese and Central Asian states.

Wave #2

• Genghis Khan’s heirs continued the wars of conquest– Third son, Ogodei, ruled the Mongols as the

Great Khan until 1241.• Greatly expanded the empire and built new capital

at Karakorum.• Ogodei’s armies moved farther into China

threatening the Song Empire (which the Mongols defeated in the 1260s)

• Ogodei forced Koryo (or Korea) into tributary status.

Ogodei and the West…

• 1236: He sent a large invasion force to conquer as much of the west as possible.

• 1237-1240: Conquer most of Russia and Ukraine

• 1240-1242: Took over parts of Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary

• 1241: Death of Ogodei– They were stretched too thin as evidenced by their

failure in Poland and the Germanic lands.– Russia and Ukraine remain under Mongol rule for

over 2 centuries.

Mongols in the Middle East• Commanded by

Hulegu, the Mongols advanced on the Middle East in the 1250s

• Toppled the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 by taking Baghdad.– Continued their

advance until 1260– Stopped by a

Mamluk army at Ain Jalut.

How Big was the Mongolian Empire?

• Ruled an empire from:– Poland in the West to Korea in the East.– Siberia in the North to Vietnam in the South.

• Single political authority• Economic exchange

– Silk Road flourished, especially trading cities like Samarkand.

– Merchants, Missionaries, and travelers of all sorts passed through…including the Venetian merchant, Marco Polo

• Made travel safer • Imposed legal order

The Silk Road

Pax Mongolica

• Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace is used to describe the late 13th Century (1200’s CE) as the brief semi-unification of Eurasia was realized. – The Mongols engaged in high level administration by

borrowing and engaging in cultural adaptation.• Uighur: A Turkish written dialect• The yasa, a Chinese law code• Paper currency from China• Religious beliefs like Buddhism and Islam.

– They used their skill with horses to create one of the world’s fastest and most efficient postal systems (the yam)

Breakup of the Mongolian Empire

• “One can conquer an empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it from there.”– Mongols were much better at conquering, than

at governing.– As the empire grew, the empire became spread

too thin, and broke apart.

• 1260: The last Khan of a united Mongolian Empire (Mongke) died.– Civil War broke out– The four largest units became independent

states, or Khanates.

Chinese Yuan Dynasty

• The Chinese Khanate fell to Kublai Khan– Moved the capital from

Mongolia to Beijing– Declared the Yuan

Dynasty (1271-1368)– Conquered the rest of

China including the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279.

– Foreign rule in China

Chinese Yuan Dynasty

• Mongols adopted Buddhism• Mongols adopted Mandarin Chinese as the

official language.• Kublai Khan is considered the unifier of China

as a single state.– Ruled until 1294– Made China rich and powerful– Unable to conquer Japan (tried in 1274 and 1281) or

Java (tried in 1293)– Forced neighbors to pay tribute

Chinese Yuan Dynasty

• Kublai Khan rebuilt China’s bureaucracy and economy.– Repaired roads and canals– Built new cities– Restored trade with the west– Venetian Merchant Marco Polo visited Kublai

Khan’s court in the 1270s.

• After Khan’s death, China did not enjoy such prosperity.

China after the Death of Kublai Khan

• Tremendous population loss (30-40%) as a result of the bubonic plague

• Economic decline

• Civil wars throughout the 1340s and finally, the dynasty was overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368.– Took the name Hongwu and established the

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)• Longest lasting and of the most famous dynasty in

Chinese history

The Other Khanates

• The Golden Horde ruled over Russia and parts of Eastern Europe until the mid-1400s.

• Il-Khan Mongols converted to Islam and ruled much of the Middle East until the rise of the Ottoman Turks in the late 1300s.

• The Jagadai Khanate ruled Central Asia well into the 1400s.– Also converted to Islam, but struggled with the

Il-Khans.

Timur

• Later, from 1370 – 1405 the Jagadai Khan, “Timur,” also known as Tamerlane, rose up and attempted to repeat the military triumph of his ancestor Genghis Khan.

• Quickly conquered Central Asia, Persia, Northern India (including Delhi), southern Russia, and parts of the Middle East.– Expansion ended with his death, but relatives ruled

over the vast Timurid Empire, including Silk Road cities like Samarkand and Bukhara into the 1500s.

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