Chapter 1 ： Introduction ofthe Respiratory System

Liu BaoyiRespiratory Department

of Qilu Hospital

The Aim of This Book

• To provide an understanding of the respiratory system: its structure, its function, and the diseases and conditions that may affect it.

• To organize the material you must master, chapters with each theme based on a particular function of the respiratory system are managed. （逻辑学：求异法）

WHAT IS RESPIRATION?• Spiro in Latin means “I breathe”• Respire ： inspire, expire• The movement of air into and out of the lungs,

which most people call （ so called ） breathing, is called by physiologists ventilation.

• Breathing is brought about by specific structures of the body, including (but not exclusively) the lungs: macroscopic & microscopic structures, and the processes of the respiratory system.

The Air around Us

• Anaximenes （ 阿纳西门斯）： (B.C. 585 ～ B.C. 528) ， Greece natural philosopher 。

• For Anaximenes, air was the essential element because it was neutral and because it was infinite and always in motion. Air was everywhere, and everywhere it was transformable. It could transform into every other basic element, and hence everything else in the world.

• Galen( 盖伦 ) ： a lamp burning in a perforated gourd!

The Flows in & out of Our Body

• WHAT IS RESPIRATION?

• Begins with a flow of OXYGEN IN and with a flow of CARBON DIOXIDE OUT.

• This book describes the respiratory system that facilitates these flows.

The Need for Respiration

• Oxygen in Greek: (acid producer)• Homeostasis requires energy• We need a flow of OXYGEN IN.• More immediate importance of the removal of

CO2

• Ventilation of the lungs would NOT fulfil the needs of the cells of our body alone!

• ---- circulation ^_^

DIFFUSION in RESPIRATION & the CIRCULATION

Timing in the Circulation & Respiration

Tidal Volume (VT) & Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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Basic Science of Respiration

Respiration = vetilation?

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Ventilatoin/perfussion

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Symptom of respiratory diseaseCough （咳嗽）Sputum ( 嗽痰 )《素问 · 病机气宜保命集》以“有痰无声”（或

有微声）名之曰嗽。

Haemoptysis( 咯血 )Breathlessness （喘）Wheezing （哮）Dyspnea （呼吸困难）Apnea ( 呼吸停止 )Chest pain

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Examination of the respiratory system

1. Finger clubbing:2. Cyanosis3. Trachea ， bronchus4. Inspection of the chest5. Palpation6. Percussion7. Auscultation

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Looking at a chest X-ray

Normal Anteroposterior CXR

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Normal Lateral CXR

Respiratory symbols:the language of the respiratory system

• V /v• P• A/a• Q• F• I• E• VT

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Bohr Equation

• VT×PECO2 = VA×PACO2

• The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr

(father of physicist Niels Bohr and grandfather of physicist Aage Bohr)

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9. To Heal ： Drugs and other treatments

Humidifier: Heat of Vapourization

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Drugs

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谢谢！

与雾霾说再见 ^_^