Chapter 1 電腦是什麼時候發展出來的 ?
description
Transcript of Chapter 1 電腦是什麼時候發展出來的 ?
11998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1電腦是什麼時候發展出來的
21998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約一千三百多年前hellip
31998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
「電腦」是什麼
bull A device that computes especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles stores correlates or otherwise processes information
-- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition 2000
bull Many computing devices have been developed
Special-purpose versus general-purpose
Non-programmable versus programmable1048698
Mechanical electromechanical electronic hellip
41998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部 全電子式 可程式 一般用途的電腦 是什麼時候發展出來的
51998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部「電」腦
bull 一般認為 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
bull Work started in 1943 in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert
bull 在二次世界大戰期間運作bull 1946 年公諸於世bull 約 25 公尺長 25 公尺高bull 20 10-digit registers each 2 feet
bull 使用 18000 個真空管 (electronic switches)
bull 每秒執行 1900 個加法bull Programming manually by
plugging cables and setting
switches
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
21998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約一千三百多年前hellip
31998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
「電腦」是什麼
bull A device that computes especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles stores correlates or otherwise processes information
-- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition 2000
bull Many computing devices have been developed
Special-purpose versus general-purpose
Non-programmable versus programmable1048698
Mechanical electromechanical electronic hellip
41998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部 全電子式 可程式 一般用途的電腦 是什麼時候發展出來的
51998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部「電」腦
bull 一般認為 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
bull Work started in 1943 in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert
bull 在二次世界大戰期間運作bull 1946 年公諸於世bull 約 25 公尺長 25 公尺高bull 20 10-digit registers each 2 feet
bull 使用 18000 個真空管 (electronic switches)
bull 每秒執行 1900 個加法bull Programming manually by
plugging cables and setting
switches
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
31998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
「電腦」是什麼
bull A device that computes especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles stores correlates or otherwise processes information
-- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition 2000
bull Many computing devices have been developed
Special-purpose versus general-purpose
Non-programmable versus programmable1048698
Mechanical electromechanical electronic hellip
41998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部 全電子式 可程式 一般用途的電腦 是什麼時候發展出來的
51998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部「電」腦
bull 一般認為 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
bull Work started in 1943 in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert
bull 在二次世界大戰期間運作bull 1946 年公諸於世bull 約 25 公尺長 25 公尺高bull 20 10-digit registers each 2 feet
bull 使用 18000 個真空管 (electronic switches)
bull 每秒執行 1900 個加法bull Programming manually by
plugging cables and setting
switches
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
41998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部 全電子式 可程式 一般用途的電腦 是什麼時候發展出來的
51998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部「電」腦
bull 一般認為 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
bull Work started in 1943 in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert
bull 在二次世界大戰期間運作bull 1946 年公諸於世bull 約 25 公尺長 25 公尺高bull 20 10-digit registers each 2 feet
bull 使用 18000 個真空管 (electronic switches)
bull 每秒執行 1900 個加法bull Programming manually by
plugging cables and setting
switches
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
51998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
第一部「電」腦
bull 一般認為 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
bull Work started in 1943 in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert
bull 在二次世界大戰期間運作bull 1946 年公諸於世bull 約 25 公尺長 25 公尺高bull 20 10-digit registers each 2 feet
bull 使用 18000 個真空管 (electronic switches)
bull 每秒執行 1900 個加法bull Programming manually by
plugging cables and setting
switches
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
61998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
71998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
大約同一時期人們發明了電晶體
bull By W Shockley J
Bardeen W Brattain of
Bell Lab in 1947
bull Much more reliable
than vacuum tubes
bull Electronic switches in
ldquosolidsrdquo
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
81998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
不久後使用電晶體的電腦出現
bull 1950
年代 中期
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
91998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
電腦元件的另一大突破是 IC
bull 1958 年德州儀器公司的 Jack Kilby integrated a transistor with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chip which is a monolithic IC
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
101998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
當更多的電晶體能放入 IC後
bull 1971 年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS
2300 transistors
(10 microns)
Bus width 4 bits
Memory 640 bytes
For Busicom calculator
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
111998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
微處理器造就了
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
121998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
以及 PC
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
131998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
一些週邊設備也早已發展出來
bull 1973 Researchers at
Xerox PARC developed
an experimental PC Alto
1048698 Used mouse Ethernet
bit-mapped graphics icons
menus WYSIWG editing
bull Hosted the invention of
1048698 Local-area networking
1048698 Laser printing
1048698 All of modern client server
distributed computing
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
141998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
讓 PC成為真正有用的東西 --應用程式
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo
Followed by dBASE II
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
151998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
人們也先後發展出許多其他東西
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
161998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
80年代 IC的集成進入 VLSI
bull New processor architecture was introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
171998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Letrsquos Start with Processor Performance
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
181998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why Such Changes
bull Several factors
IC technology
clock rate power transistors per chip
dArr enable
bull Computer architecture
pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle
dArr supported by
bull Mass market
market share revenue applications
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
191998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI IC Technology
cost per transistordarr chip densityuarr
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
201998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit)
1980 00625
1983 025
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
14Xyr or doubling
every 2 years
4000X since 1980
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
211998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
221998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology =gt Dramatic Change
bull Processor 2X in speed every 15 years 100X in last decadebull Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 25 per yearbull Disk 1048698 Capacity gt 2X every year 120X in last decade 1048698 Cost per bit improves about 100 per yearbull State-of-the-art PC when you graduate 1048698 Processor clock 40 GHz 1048698 Memory capacity 10 GBytes 1048698 Disk capacity 10 TeraBytes New units Mega =gt Giga Giga =gt Tera
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation
231998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Summary
bull Computer architecture studies instruction set architecture and computer organization
bull Instruction set architecture is about interface
All computers consist of five components
Processor (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) output devices
bull Architecture design is an iterative process must consider
1048698 Device technology
Application and market
Performance evaluation