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Chap 2. Biology of Propagation 1.General Terminology a. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism...
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Transcript of Chap 2. Biology of Propagation 1.General Terminology a. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism...
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Chap 2. Biology of Propagation
1. General Terminologya. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism
b. Phenotype: the external appearance of an organism (usually the outcome of interaction between a genotype and environment)
c. Ploidy: Variation in the genomic number (x) of chromosomes
x = genomic number of chromosomes
n = gametic number of chromosomes
2n = “wholeness”
n = “halfness”
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Variation in Euploidy(for Organisms with x=12)
Ploidy No. Chromosomes Somatic Gametic-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diploid 2x=24 2n=24 n=12Tetraploid 4x=48 2n=48 n=24Hexaploid 6x=72 2n=72 n=36Octoploid 8x=96 2n=96 n=48-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haploid 1x=12 2n=12 n= 6 (?)
Triploid 3x=36 2n=36 n=18 (?)
Pentaploid 5x=60 2n=60 n=30 (?)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seedless watermelons are triploids
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Reproductive Biology
• Cell Division– Somatic cell division (Mitosis)– Reproductive cell division (Meiosis)
• Flowering and Anthesis – Megagametogenesis (EMC to Egg Cells)– Microgametogenesis (PMC to Pollen Grains)
• Pollination and Fertilization– Pollen germination on stigma– Pollen tube growth through style tissue– Double fertilization
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Mitosis- Somatic Cell Division
- Ends up with same number of chromosomes in divided cells
- Divided cells are genetically identical to maternal cells
2N ---------► 2N + 2N
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Meiosis• Reproductive cell division
• Undergoes 2 separate divisions
• Forms gametes
• Divided cells have a half of the chromosome numbers
• Ends up with genetic re-assortment by chromosomal translocation (cross-over)
2N ---►---► N + N + N + N
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An Example of Meiosis
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Fertility in Polyploid (Euploidy) Plants
Ploidy Somatic Gametic Fertility
Monoploid 2n=1x n = ? Very low
Diploid 2n=2x n = x High
Triploid 2n=3x n = ? Very low
Tetraploid 2n=4x n = 2x Variable
Pentaploid 2n=5x n = ? Variable
Hexaploid 2n=6x n = 3x Variable
Heptaploid 2n=7x n = ? Variable
Octoploid 2n=8x n = 4x Variable
Nonaploid 2n=9x n = ? Variable
Decaploid 2n=10x n = 5x Variable
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Induction of PolyploidyUse Colchicine
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Polyploidization• Use of Cholchicine to induce polyploids
• Colchicine interferes with spindle fiber function during metaphase of meiosis
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Production of Seedless Watermelon
www.parkseed.com
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Example of Ploidy Variation
Chromosome Number
Species Ploidy
Somatic
(2n)
Gametic
(n)
Genomic
(x)
Spinach 2x 12 6 6
Corn 2x 20 10 10
Potato 4x 48 24 12
Strawberry 8x 56 28 7
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Polyploidy Terminology (continued)
• EuploidyVariation between chromosome sets
• AneuploidyVariation within a chromosome set
• AutoploidyMultiplication of the complete set of
genomes of a species• Alloploidy
Polyploid containing genetically different sets of chromosomes derived from 2 or more species
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Aneuploidy Variation within a chromosome set
Aneuploidy
Somatic chromosome number Examples
Trisomic 2n + 1 (extra) 11 22 33 44 55 66 777
Monosomic 2n - 1 (deficient) 11 22 3_ 44 55 66 77
Double-trisomic 2n + 1 + 1 (2 extra) 11 22 33 44 555 66 777
4 of one chromosome 2n + 2 (2 extra) 11 22 33 44 5555 66 77
A diploid plant (2n=2x=14) would contain the following chromosome numbers depending on aneuploidy conditions:
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Pollen Tetrad and Microgametophyte
- One tube nucleus - Two sperm nuclei
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Megagametophyte
1 egg nucleus 2 polar nuclei 3 antipodal nuclei 2 synergids
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Pollination and Fertilization, Angiosperms
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Double Fertilization
A process of fertilization in which one male gamete (sperm nucleus, n) unites the egg nucleus (n) to form embryo (zygote, 2n) and the other sperm nucleus (n) unites polar nuclei (2n) to form endosperm (3n)
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1. General Terminology (continued)a. Homozygous- Having like alleles at corresponding loci on
homologous chromosomesb. Heterozygous- Having unlike alleles at one or more
corresponding loci on homologous
c. Meiosis- Reproductive cell division (Reduction Division)- Chromosome number is reduced to one half- Results in formation of gametes (pollen, egg cells)- Allows genetic recombination
d. Mitosis- Somatic cell division- Chromosome number same in daughter cells- Results in somatic tissues genetically identical- Allows clonal duplication
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Fruit Flesh Color and Skin Texture Inheritance - Peach
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Inheritance of Flower Color and Color PatternSalpiglossis sinuata
RR or Rr Red flower color
rr Yellow flower color
DD or Dd Solid color pattern
dd Dilute color pattern
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Gene Symbols
RR DD or R_R_ (red, solid)
RR dd or R_ dd (red, dilute)
rr DD or rrD_ (yellow, solid)
rr dd (yellow, dilute)
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P1 P2
x
Dilute Red (RRdd)
Solid yellow (rrDD)
Solid Red (RrDd)
F1
Solid red (R-D-) 9
Dilute red (R-dd) 3
Solid yellow (rrD-) 3
Dilute yellow (rrdd) 1
F2
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2. NomenclatureBased on ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
a. Botanical ClassificationFamily-Genus-Species-Variety-Form-
Individual -Subspecies - Clines- continuous variation - Ecotypes- discontinuous
variation
b. Cultivated Plants Genus, species, cultivar
Cultivar = Cultivated variety (cv.) Cultigen = Cultivated variety that has been naturalized
Examples: Syringa vulgaris cv. Mont BlancSyringa vulgaris ‘Mont Blanc’
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3. Kinds of Cultivars a. Line- Self pollinated seed-propagated cultivar
(homozygous)- Inbred lines- Synthetic lines (composite lines)
b. Hybrids (sexual)F-1 hybrid- first generation progeny from a
cross between 2 inbred lines (single cross)
c. F-2 Cultivars (sexual) Cultivars made up of self-pollination of an F-1
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3. Kinds of Cultivars (continued) d. Open Pollinated Cultivar (sexual)
- Cultivar made up of seeds formed by open pollination
- Can be mixtures of hybrids, selfs)
- Inbred lines
- Synthetic lines (composite lines)
e. Clonal Cultivars (asexual)
Clone- Plant propagated by asexual means
Asexual propagation- cuttings, tubers, bulbs, grafts, rhizomes, cormels, stolon
f. Apomictic Seeds (asexual) Seed formed from maternal (ovule) tissues
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4. Requirements for New Cultivar a. Distinctive- Morphologically and physiologically
different characteristics b. Uniform- Homogeneity (Variation should be minimal)
Homogeneous (but, can be heterozygous as in F1)
Homozygous (no segregation)
c. Stable- A reasonable degree of reliability
Reproducible performance
d. Commercial- Must have agronomic or horticultural value