The language of Chemistry, Food and Biological Technology in English - Nguyễn Thị Hiền
Chap. 1 Molecular and Biological Chemistry
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Transcript of Chap. 1 Molecular and Biological Chemistry
Chap. 1Molecular and Bio-logical Chemistry
BIOINFORMATICS ?• BT(Bio Technology) + IT(Information Technology)
Bioinformatics
Evolution
MolecularBiology
Phylogenetics Genetics
Transcriptomics
ProteomicsSystemBiology
DevelopmentalBiology
StructureofDNA
Nucleotides
Phosphate (P)
Sugar (S)Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
A al-ways pairs with T (see
part b)
G al-ways pairs
with C (see
part b)
Deoxyribose
Purines Pyrimidines
Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Double-helix
X
Sugar-phosphate “handrail”Suga
r-ph
osph
ate
“han
drai
l”
DNA double helixis made of two strands.
Each strand is a chain of of antiparallelnucleotides.
“Rungs” made of nitroge-nous bases
“Rung”
“Handrails” made of sugars and phos-phates
Nucleotides within strand are connected by covalent bonds.
The two strands are con-nected by hydrogen bonds be-tween the nucleo-tides.
Nucleotide
Blue: nuclear genomeRed: mitochondria genomeGreen: chloroplast genome
Mid-phase Inter-phase
FISH (florescence in situ hybridization) for Amborella trichopoda
A SEM picture of human chromosome
3) DNA POLYMERASE
GT T T TC CA A G G G
2) PRIMER3’5’
AC TA C G TA CG TA C GT G T C CT AC G G TT CT T CT T A G T TG T A C CA CA G TA C TCG TA C T CG TA C T AAA
1) TEMPLETE3’ 5’…
4) dNTP’s pool GCA
T
dATPdCTPdGTPdTTP
5) Mg++
G
CA
T
A
A
A
A
CC
C
C
GT
G
T
G
T G
T
GT T T TC CA A G G GAC TA C G TA CG TA C GT G T C CT AC G G TT CT T CT T A G T TG T A C CA CA G TA C TCG TA C T CG TA C T AAA
3’
5’
5’…
Newly synthesised strand
C A A G G A CG T C CA A A T G C A A G A A A A A A AG G G G GT T T T T TC C C CA AG GAA
GT
DNA polymerization: DNA polymerase extends a primer by using a complementary strand as a template.
DNA polymerizationUnzip first!
DNA replication
DNA replication 1
DNA replication 2
Reverse-transcription
Central Dogma
Transcription and Translation
Translation animationTranscription animation
P-siteA-site
Ribosome
In prokaryotes,Large subunit = 23S rRNA + 5S rRNA + proteinsSmall subunit = 16S rRNA + proteins
mRNArRNAtRNA
Codon table
Q: 왜 codon 은 triple codon 일까 ?
Genetic codeCodon: triple base pairs defining each amino acid.Why genetic code is triple? double code represents 42 = 16 different information triple code: 43 = 64 (two much to represent 20 amino acids) Degenerate site - twofold degenerate site - fourfold degenerate site
Synonymous codonNonsynonymous codonInitiation codon: AUGStop codon: UAA UAG UGA
In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an elec-tric dipole or multipole moment.
H2O
Protein structure animation
Protein structure
Fold it-protein folding game
Nate news about “Fold it”
• Introns: sequences which are dis-carded during protein synthesis
- nearly always have “GT-----AG” structure
• Exons: encode the finished protein
• Number, size, and organization of introns varies greatly from gene to gene
- histon: no intron virus SV40: 31bp human dystrophin gene: 210,000bp
Splicing animation
Splicing
• Alternative splicing: gives diversity in functional proteins.
Alternative splicing
Kim et al., 2005. Sequence and expression studies of A-, B-, and E-CLASS MADS-box homologues in Eupomatia (Eupomatiaceae): support for the bracteate origin of the ca-lyptra. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 185-198.
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