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,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf42
0606060606
,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;
• ,iyfspd; cUttpaw; gy;tifikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;
• jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikAld; njhlu ;gl ;l mtw;w pd ;
njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;
• Ntu ;fspd ; gy;tifikAld; njhlu ;Ggl ;l mtw;w pd ;
njhopw;ghLfis MuhaTk;
• jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.
jhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifikjhtuq;fspd; gy;tifik
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf43
6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik6.1 ,iyfspd; gy;tifik
,aw;ifia moFgLj;Jtjpy; jhtuq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
jiu> ed;dPu;> fly;> ghiwfs; vdg; Gtpapd; rfy gFjpfspYk;> mit>
gue;Js;sd. vk;ikr; #oTs;s jhtuq;fis kuq;fs;> nrbfs;> nfhbfs;>
G+z;Lfs;> Gw;fs; vd NtWgLj;jyhk;.
jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd gFjpfshtd:
� Ntu; � mUk;G
� jz;L � G+
� ,iy � fha;
jhtuq;fspd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk; njhlu;ghf
Mwhk; juj;jpYk; Vohk; juj;jpYk;; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,iy> jz;L> Ntu;
Mfpatw;wpd; gy;tifikiag; gw;wp Muha;tNj ,g;ghl myfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.1.1 ,iyfspd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;
tpyq;Ffs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jahupf;Fk; Mw;wy;
mw;wit. Mdhy;> gr;irj; jhtuq;fs; jkJ czitj; jhNk
njhFf;fpd;wd. gpujhdkhfj; jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; (FNshugpy;) nfhz;l
,iyfNs #upa xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; ePu;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd (czitj; njhFf;fpd;wd).
,iyfspd; gpujhd njhopyhd xspj;njhFg;ig tpidj;jpwDld;
nra;tjw;F mit #upa xspia cr;r mstpy; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;Nfw;gNt jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyfspd; tbtk;> gUkd;> jz;by; ,iyfs;
xOq;fike;Js;s Kiw vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> ,iyfspy;
gy;tifik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.1 - ,iyfspd; gy;tifik
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf44
khztu; FOnthd;wpdhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l xg;gilnahd;wpd;
ml;ilg;glk; cU 6.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs;
mtw;wpd; tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;wpy; gy;NtWgl;bUg;gij ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.
cq;fs; ghlrhiyr; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfis
mtjhdpj;jhy;> mit mtw;wpd; tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;wpy;
NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l NtWghLfistplj; jhtu
,iyfspd; gr;ir epwj;jpYk; NtWghL ,Ug;gij ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.
6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs; 6.1.2 ,iyapd; gFjpfs;
u u u u u ,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G,iyg;gug;G
nghJthf ,iyfs; mfd;w> tpuptile;j ,iyg;gug;igf;
nfhz;lit. #upa xspiag; ngWk; tifapy; mit jl;ilahfTk;
nky;ypajhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ntt;NtW jhtuq;fspd; ,iyg;gug;Gfs;
NtWgl;l tbtq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. c- k; : gyh> myup.
,iyg;gug;ig Nkw;Gw Nkw;gug;G> fPo;g;Gw Nkw;gug;G vd NtWgLj;jf;
$ba jhtuq;fSk; mt;thW NtWgLj;j Kbahj> ,Ugf;fKk; xNu
khjpupahff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.
c- k; : ntq;fhak;> mWfk;Gy;.
xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1xg;gil - 1rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfis mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd; gFjpfis
,dq;fhZq;fs;. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy> jz;Lld; ,izAk;
,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ff;ftUk;ig ,dq;fhz Kaw;rpAq;fs;.
cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;cU 6.2 - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapdJk; fpisapdJk; gFjpfs;
,iyabr; nrjpy;
fZ
,iyf;fhk;G
,iyab
,iyAr;rp
,iytpspk;G
eLeuk;G,iyg;gug;G
gf;feuk;G
fZtpil
ff;ftUk;G
{
KidaUk;G
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf45
u u u u u ,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;,iytpspk;Gk; ,iyAr;rpAk;
cU 6.1 I ed;F mtjhdpAq;fs;. ,iyfspd; cr;rpAk; tpspk;Gk;
gy ;tifg ;gl ;bUg ;gij e Pq ;fs; fz;lwpa KbAk; . ,iyAr;r p
$u;ikahdjhfNth> tpupe;jjhfNth> cr;rp ntl;Ls;sjhfNth> gw;wpia
(je;J) cilajhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. ,iyg;gug;gpd; ntspg;Gw vy;iyNa
,iytpspk;ghFk;. mJ rPuhdjhfNth> miyAUthdjhfNth> gw;fs;
Nghd;W ntl;Lfs; cs;sjhfNth Kl;fs; Nghd;W $uhdjhfNth
,Uf;fyhk;.
u u u u u ,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;,iyabAk; ,iyf;fhk;Gk;
jz;Lld; ,izAk; ,iyg;gug;gpd; gFjpNa ,iyab MFk;.
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy;> ,iyabapypUe;J cUthFk; ,iyf;fhk;G
,iyg;gug;igj; jhq;fp itj;jpUf;Fk;. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspYk;
rpy ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspYk; ,iyf;fhk;G fhzg;glhJ. ,t;tpiyfs;
fhk;gw;wit (fhk;gpypfs;) vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpiyfspd; kly;Nghd;w ,iyab
jz;bd; fZTf;F Nkyhd gFjpia %bapUf;ff; fhzg;gLk;. c- k;:
Gy;> fKF. rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyab NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; jpupgile;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ntq;fhak;> thio Mfpatw;wpd; jz;L epyj;jpd; fPNo fhzg;gLk;.
ntq;fhaj;jpy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld; ,ize;Js;s ,iyabfspy; czT
Nrkpf;fg;gLtjhy; mit gUj;Jf; Fkpo; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd.
cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?thioapy; epyj;jpd; Nkyhff; fhzg;gLk; jz;lhdJ cz;ikahd
jz;ly;y. mJ Nghypj; jz;lhFk;. thioapy; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lld;
,ize;Js;s ,iyabfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Nghypj; jz;il cUthf;Fk;.
xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2xg;gil - 2
Kisf;Fk; ngupa ntq;fhankhd;iw
ePs;gf;fkhf ntl;b mjd; gFjpfis
mtjhd pAq ;fs ; . gFj pfisj ;
jug;gl;l glj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;.
ngupa ,iyab
epyf;fPo;j; jz;L
Ntu;thio
Nghypj;
jz;L
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf46
u u u u u ,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G,iyapd; euk;gikg;G
,iyf;fhk;G ,iyg;gug;gpDs; eLeuk;ghfj; njhlu;fpwJ. eLeuk;G
fpisj;J euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;
tiyNghd;W fpisj;J tiyAU euk;gikg;ig Mf;Ffpd;wd (c-k;:
gyh). xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; euk;Gfs;; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf
mike;jpUg;gjhy; rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,iyeuk;Gfs; mtw;wpYs;s flj;Jkpioaq;fs; %yk; czT>
ePu;> fdpAg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; flj;jTk;> ,iyiaj; jl;ilahfTk;
cWjpahd epiyapYk; itj;jpUf;f cjTfpd;wd. c-k;: ghf;F> thio>
kzpthio> gg;ghrp> <ug;gyh.
6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F 6.1.3 ,iy xOq;F
jz;by; ,iyfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiw ,iy xOq;F
vdg;gLk;. jz;by; fPNoAs;s ,iyfSf;Fr; #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;
tifapNyNa NkYs;s ,iyfs; jz;by; xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk;. ,iy
xOq;fpy; jhtu ,dq;fSf;fpilNa NtWghLfs; cs;sd.
cU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;GcU 6.3 - tiyAUthd euk;gikg;G cU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;GcU 6.4 - rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G
xg;gil - 3xg;gil - 3xg;gil - 3xg;gil - 3xg;gil - 3
jhtu ,iyfs; rpytw;iwg;
ngw;W> mtw;wpd;; fPo;g;Gwkhfr;
r haj ;ijg ; G + r p ntz ;z pw
tiuGj;jhspy; gpujpnaLq;fs;.
mjd;fPo; jhtuj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
euk;gikg;igAk; vOJq;fs;.
nrt;tuj;ij kh gyh,f;Nrhuh
Gy; jpUthj;jp
njd;idgid
(Xiyf; fPw;Wfs;)
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf47
cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;cU 6.8 - khkuk;
RUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;FRUsp ,iynahOq;F
cU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myupcU 6.9 - myup
Rw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;FRw;whd ,iynahOq;F cU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whiocU 6.10 - Midf;fw;whio
rpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;Frpj;jputbt ,iynahOq;F
cU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ahcU 6.6 - nfha;ah
vjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;Fvjpuhd ,iynahOq;F
cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)cU 6.7 - ntl;rp (,f;Nrhuh)
vjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;Fvjpu;f; FWf;nfhOq;F
cU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dhcU 6.5 - md;dKd;dh
xd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;Fxd;Wtpl;l ,iynahOq;F
xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4 xg;gil - 4
• ,aYkhdsT cq;fspd; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis mtjhdpj;J
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,iynahOq;FfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; vOJq;fs;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf48
6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk; 6.1.4 jdpapiyfSk; $l;biyfSk;
,iyg;gug;G jdpj;Jz;lhff; fhzg;gLk; ,iyfs; jdpapiyfs;
MFk;.
,iyg;gug;G eLeuk;Gtiu gy Jz;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,iyfs; $l;biyfs; MFk; (cU 6.12).
$l;biyfspd; $Wfs; rPwpiyfs; vdg;gLk;. rPwpiyfspd; ff;fj;jpy;
ff;ftUk;G fhzg;glhJ. vdpDk;> rPwpiyfs; ,izAk; rpiwNkw;wz;bd;
ff;fj;jpy; ff;ftUk;G fhzg;gLk;.
njd;idapd; ,iy jdpapiyah> $l;biyah vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
cU 6.6
cU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jpcU 6.12 - mfj;jp
xg;gil - 5xg;gil - 5xg;gil - 5xg;gil - 5xg;gil - 5
cq;fs; Rw;whlypYs;s jhtuq;fis ,aYkhdtiu mtjhdpj;J
jdpapiyfs;> $l;biyfs; cs;s jhtuq;fSf;F cjhuzk; vOJq;fs;.
gg;ghrpgyhnrt;tuj;ij
cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;cU 6.11 - jdpapiyfs;
cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13cU 6.13
thifgaw;iw,wg;gu;
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf49
6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik6.2 jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik
,iy> fha;> gok;> mUk;Gfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w>
epyj;jpw;F Nkyhf tsUk; jhtuj;jpd; gFjpNa jz;lhFk;. vdpDk;> rpy
jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPohff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epyj;jpw;F
NkNyAs;s jz;Lfs; fhw;Wj; jz;Lfs; vdTk; epyj;jpw;Ff; fPOs;s
jz;Lfs; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW jhtuj;
jz;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;tifikia mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfisf; nfhz;lit.
xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfs; fpisfs; mw;wit (c-k; : fKF).
jz;bd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj jhtuq;fs; kuk;> nrb> G+z;L vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epkpu;e;J tsUk; jhtuq;fs; cWjpahd> ituQ; nrwpe;j my;yJ
tpiwg;ghd jz;Lfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eype;j jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fSk;
#oypy; cs;sd. mit epyj;jpy; glu;e;J tsu;tdthfNth> Mjhuj;ijg;
gw;wp VWgitahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.2.1 jz;bd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;
• Ntu;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; fhopD}lhfj;
jhtuj;jpd; epyNkw;gFjpfSf;Ff; flj;Jjy;> ,iyfspy;
njhFf;fg;gLk; czit cupaj;jpD}lhfj; jhtuj;jpd; Vida
gFjpfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
• ,iyfisr; #upa xsp gLk; tifapy; itj;jpUg;gJld; ,iy> G+>
gok;> fha; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;wy;.
• rpwpa mstpy; czitr; Nrkpj;jy;;.
epkpu;e;j jz;;Ls;s jhtuq;fs; eyp;e;j jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fs;
cU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifikcU 6.14 - jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; gy;tifik
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf50
6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;6.2.2 jz;bd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpujhd njhopy;fis tplr; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisg;
Guptjw;nfdj; jpupgile;j jz;Lfs; gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.
♦♦♦♦♦ xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jk; jz;Lfs; (Photosynthetic stems)
Kjpu;e;j ituQ; nrwpe;j jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; gr;irak;
fhzg;glhikahy; mj;jhtuq;fs; xspj;njhFg;ig elj;jkhl;lh. vdpDk;>
jhtuq;fspd; ,sk; jz;Lfs; gr;iraj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;
xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;Ak; (c-k; : fhrpj;Jk;ig> Fg;igNkdp> ty;yhiu>
ntw;wpiyapd; jz;L). tpNrlkhf xspj;njhFg;Gf;nfdr; rpwj;jyile;j
jz;Lfis tws;epyj; jhtuq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;
jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs; cjpu;e;Njh> xLf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Ug;gjhy; jz;Lfs;
KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth xspj;njhFg;ig elj;Jfpd;wd.
gr;iraj;ij cila ,j;jz;Lfs; ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;
(cU 6.15).
,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; Vd; mtrpak;?
jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfspD}lhfNt mjpfsT ePu; MtpAapu;g;G %yk;
,of;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> tws; epyj;jhtuq;fspy; ePupog;igf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhf ,iyfs; xLf;fg;gl;Nlh vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh
fhzg;gLk;. vdNt> jz;Lfs; xspj;njhFg;igr; nra;fpd;wd. ,it
,iyj;njhopw; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.
uuuuu Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; Vwpfs; (Climbers)
eype;j jz;ilf; nfhz;l rpy jhtuq;fs; xspiag; ngWtjw;fhf
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd ,j;jhtuq;fs; ntt;NtW
rpwj;jyile;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;cU 6.15 - ,iyj;njhopw; jz;Ls;s rpy jhtuq;fs;
nfhbf;fs;sp rJuf;fs;sp rhj;jhthup nfhf;NfhNyhgh
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf51
• Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp Rw;wp : : : : : eype;j jz;L Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wp VWk;. c-k; : fhf;fhl;lhd;.
• je;J je;J je;J je;J je;J : : : : : fk;gpr; RUs; Nghd;w je;Jfs; Mjhuj;ijr; Rw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;.
c-k; : nfhbj;Njhil> ghfy;.
• $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs; $upaq;fs;: Kl;fs; Nghd;w ,t;tikg;Gfs; Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw
cjTk;. c-k; : nfhbNuhrh.
• Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs; : fZf;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fs; %yk; jhtuk;
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWk;. ,t;Ntu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xl;Lk;
jd;ikAilait. c-k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy> Nghlh.
NtW rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfs; jtpu;e;j NtW mikg;GfSk;
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp Vw cjTfpd;wd.
u u u u u gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs;gjpaKiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jz;Lfs; (Vegetative Propagation)
,dj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ,dg;ngUf;fkhFk;. jhtuj;jpd;
,dg;ngUf;fg; gFjpahfg; G+ cs;sJ. nghJthfg; G+f;fshy;
Njhw ;Wtpf ;fg ;gLk ; gok ; > tpj ;J vd;gtw ;w pdhy ; jhtuq;fs ;
,dk;ngUf;Ffpd;wd. vdpDk;> rpy jhtuq;fs; G+f;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida
gFjpfs; (gjpag; gFjpfs;) %yKk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. ,J
gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; fhw;Wj; jz;Lg;gFjpfs; gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F
cjTtdthFk;. ty;yhiu> rpWGy;yb> Ig;Nghkpah Mfpatw;wpy; (cU: 6.18)
fhf;fhl;lhd; ghfy; nfhbj;Njhil
cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16cU 6.16
cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17cU 6.17
kpsF ntw;wpiynfhbNuhrh Nghlh
(ePyg;g+f;Nfhb)
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf52
,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp,Q;rp
cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21cU 6.21
Nrk;GNrk;GNrk;GNrk;GNrk;G
Xbfspd; fZf;fspypUe;Jk; ePu;tho; jhtuq;fshd gp];upah> ag;ghdpa
Mfhaj;jhkiu (cU 6.20) Mfpatw ;w pd ; gf ;ff ; f pisfs;
Jz;bf;fg;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuq;fs; cUthFk;.
Midf;fw;whio> md;dhrp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fkpok; vd;Dk; jz;Lg;
gFjpapypUe;Jk; Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; jz;bd; fZf;fSf;fUfpy; ePu;
Njq;Ftjhy; cUthFk; Nghypf; Fkpo;fspypUe;Jk; Gjpa jhtuk; Njhd;Wk;.
6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;Lepyf;fPo;j; jz;LfSk; gy;yhz;LthOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;thOkpay;Gk;
epyf;fPo ;j ; jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;
(c-k;: Nrk;G> ,Q;rp) gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy;
<LgLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfspy; mjpfsT
czT Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jfhj fhyq;fspy;
,j;jhtuq;fspd; fhw;Wg; gFjpfs; ,we;J tpLk;. cfe;j
fhyk; tUk;NghJ epyf;fPo;j; jz;LfspYs;s mUk;Gfs;
Nrkpg ;Gzitg; gad;gLj ;j p Gjpa jhtuq;fis
cUthf;Fk;. ,jdhy;> ,j;jhtuq;fspy; gy;yhz;L
thOkpay;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rpWGy;yb (nl];Nkhbak;) ty;yhiu Ig;Nghkpah
cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18cU 6.18
cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20cU 6.20
cUisf;fpoq;F xU epyf;fPo;j; jz;lh?
mt;thwhapd; mJ Vida epyf;fPo;j;
jz;LfspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
md;dhrp Midf; fw;whio Xf;fpl;L
gp];upah
cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19cU 6.19
ag;ghdpaMfhaj;jhkiu
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf53
6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik6.3 Ntu;fspd; gy;tifik
6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs; 6.3.1 Ntupd; nghJthd njhopy;fs;
jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiyepWj;jp itj;jpUg;gJ NtuhFk;. jhtu
Ntu;fs; jiuapDs; CLUtpg; gue;J Ntu;j;njhFjpia Mf;Ffpd;wd.
rhjhuzkhf Ntu;fs; ePiu ehbAk; xspia tpyfpAk; tsUk;.
kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk; fdpAg;GfisAk; cwpQ;rpj; jz;LfSf;Ff; flj;Jk;.
xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6xg;gil - 6rpy G+z;Lj; jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; Ntu;fs; mwhjthW kz;Zld;
gpLq;Fq;fs;. ePupy; fOTtjd; %yk; kz;iz mfw;wp mtw;wpd;
Ntu;j;njhFjpfis mtjhdpAq;fs;. ehUU Ntu;j;njhFjpf;Fk; Mzp
Ntu;j;njhFjpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;. ,t;
Ntu;j;njhFjpfspypUe;J gaw;iw> njhl;lhw;rpZq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; jhtu
Ntu;fs; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd vdf; $Wq;fs;.
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; tpj;J Kisj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; Kjy;
NtupypUe;J Mzp Ntu; Njhd;Wk;. mjpypUe;J gf;f Ntu;fs; cUthFk;.
Mzp NtupypUe;J Njhd;whJ jhtuj;jpd; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J
cUthFk; Ntu;fs; ahTk; ,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fs; vdg;gLk;.
,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fs; mNefkhfj; jz;LfspypUe;Jk; fpisfspypUe;Jk;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfspypUe;Jk; ,t;thwhd Ntu;fs;
Njhd;Wk; (c-k;: rijfiur;rhd;). xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; Kjy;
Ntu; njhlu;e;J tsu;e;J Mzp Ntiuj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy;iy. gjpyhfj;
jz;bd; mbapypUe;J $l;lkhf ehu;Nghd;w Ntu;fs; cUthFk;. ,t;
ehUU Ntu;fSk; ,lk;khwpg;gpwe;j Ntu;fNs MFk;.
6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs; 6.3.2 Ntupd; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fs;
Ntu;fspd; nghJthd njhopy;fistplr; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisg;
Guptjw;Fj; jpupgile;Js;s Ntu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd.
mt;thwhd Ntu;fisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs;Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs; /KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; KfpOU Ntu;fs; (Tuberous roots)
czTr; Nrkpg;gpdhy; gUj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.• Mzp Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - ful;> Ks;sq;fp
• ,lk;khwpg; gpwe;j Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - tw;whis> lhypah
• gf;f Ntupy; czT Nrkpg;git - kuts;sp
Nrkpg;G Ntu;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;aKbahjit. jfhj
fhyq;fspy; ,tw;wpYs;s czT jhtuq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf54
kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; kpz;b Ntu;fs; (Stilt roots)
gpujhd jz;bypUe;J Njhd;Wk; gUj;j
Ntu;fs;. ,it fPo;Nehf;fp tsu;e;J>
fpistpl;Lj; jhtuj;ij epyj;jpy; epiy
epWj ;Jk ; (f pisfspd ; ghuj ;ijj ;
jhq;Ftjd; %yk;). fhw;W mjpfkhd
gpuNjrq;fspYk; nefpo;thd kz;zpYk;
tsUk; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
c - k; : jhio> wk;ig> iuNrhNghuh.
jhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fsjhq;Fk; Ntu;fs; (Prop roots)
jhtuj;jpd; fpisfspypUe;J Njhd;Wk;.
fPo;Nehf;fp tsu;e;J epyj;jpy; Cd;Wtjd; %yk;
jhtuj;ijj; jhq;FtJld; fdpAg;GfisAk;
cwpQ;Rk;;.
c - k; : Mykuk;.
Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;Rthr Ntu;fs;/%r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; %r;R Ntu;fs; (Respiratory roots)
nghJthfr; Nrw;Wepyf; fz;lw;
jhtuq;fspy; ,t;Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it
gf;fNtu;fspypUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Lj;
jiuf;F Nkyhf tsUk;. ,tw;wpy; thAg;
ghupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd Ez; Jthuq;fs;
(pneumatophores) fhzg ; gLk ; .
Nrw;Wepyj;jpy; Ntu;fs; Rthrpg;gjw;F
mtrpakhd tsp ,y;yhikahNyNa
fz;lw; jhtuq;fspy; Rthr Ntu;fs;
cs;sd. c- k;: mtprPdpah> nrhduhl;bah>
iuNrhNghuh> W}[Puh> GW}nfa;uh.
ful; Ks;sq;fp lhypah kuts;sp
cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22 cU 6.22
cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23cU 6.23wk;ig jhio
cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25cU 6.25
cU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - MykukcU 6.24 - Mykuk;
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf55
VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; VWk; Ntu;fs; (Climbing roots)
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWtjw;fhf eype;j
jz;Ls;s jhtuq;fspd; fZf;fspypUe;J
Njhd;Wk; Ntu;fNs ,itfshFk;.
c- k; : kpsF> ntw;wpiy.
fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; fhw;W Ntu;fs; (Aerial roots)
Nknyhl;bj; jhtukhd Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fspy;
mtw;iw Mjhuj;Jld; gw;wpf;nfhs;s cjTk; gw;Wk;
Ntu;fSld; (clasping roots) jz;Lf;Fr; rkhe;jukhfr;
nry;Yk; cwpQ;R ftrk; nfhz;l gr;ir my;yJ
nts;isepw Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. mt;Ntu;fs;
ts pa pYs ;s e P u ht pia cw pQ ; RtJld ;
xspj;njhFg;igAk; elj;Jk;. ,it jd;kakhf;Fk;
Ntu;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?Nghj;jy; milg;ghdhfg; gad;gLk; jf;iffs; Rthr Ntu;fspypUe;Nj
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;Rthr Ntu;fs; flw;gQ;Rj; jd;ikahdjhf
,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? rpe;jpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.
mtiu ,dj ; jhtuq ;fs pd ;
(,nyFkpNdNr FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd;) Ntu;fs;>
Ntu;Kbr;Rfs; / Ntu;r;rpWf; fZf;fisf;
nfhz;lit. ,t;Ntu ;r ; rpWfZf;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gw;wPupahf;fs; tspapy; fhzg;gLk;
iejurid iej;jpNuw;W cg;ghfj; njhFj;Jj;
jhtuq;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jdhy;>
tsq;Fd;wpa kz;zpYk; ,j;jhtuq;fs;
tsu;fpd;wd. gjpyhf gw;wPupahf;fSf;F ,j;
jhtuq;fs; czTk; MjhuKk; toq;Ffpd;wd.
,q ;F gw ; w P u pahf ;fSk ; mtiua pdj ;
jhtuq;fSk; xd;wpathopfs; vdg;gLk;.
xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7xg;gil - 7re;ijapypUe;J thq;fptug;gl;l kuf;fwp tiffSs; czT Nrkpf;fg;gl;l
jz;L> Ntu; vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhZq;fs;. mtw;iw NtWgLj;j
cjtpa ,ay;Gfisf; $Wq;fs;.
cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28cU 6.28
ntw;wpiyf; nfhb
cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27cU 6.27
Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L Xf;fpl;L
cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26cU 6.26
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf56
6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL6.4 jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;; gad;ghL
6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk; 6.4.1 kdpjDk; jhtuk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSk;
,aw;ifiag; ngupJk; Nerpf;Fk; rpWkpahd rush nrd;w
Gj;jhz;L tpLKiwiaj; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ghl;b
tPl;by; fopj;jhs;. mq;F jq;fpapUe;jNghJ jdJ ghl;bapd; tPL ,aw;ifr;
#oYld; kpf neUf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;jhs;. mq;F mts;
mtjhdpj;jit ,d;Wk; mtsJ kdij tpl;lfytpy;iy.
ghl;bapd; tPl ;Lf;$iu kuf;fk;Gfshy; mikf;fg ;gl ;Lj;
njd;Ndhiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ. tPl;Lr; Rtu;fSk; jiuAk;;
fspkz;zpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. tPL fl;Ltjw;Fr; nraw;ifahd
nghUs;fs; vitAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghy; mq;F
fhzg;gl;l cuy;> cyf;if> RsF> fuz;b> mfg;ig> tl;b> igfs;>
gha;fs; Nghd;w tPl;Lg; nghUs;fSk; fjpiu> Nkir> thq;F Nghd;w
jsthlq;fSk; kuj;jhNyh> jhtug;gFjp;fspdhNyh cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jij
mts; mtjhdpj;jhs;.
rikayiwia MtYld; Muha;e;j mts;> xU %iyapy; kzypy;
Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;j cyu;e;j gyhf;nfhl;ilfs;> vYkpr;rk;goq;fs;>
kuts;spf;fpoq;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lhs;. mLg;Gf;F Nkyhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j guzpy; gdhl;L> gdq;fl;b> fUthL> Gsp> CWfha;
Nghd;w nghUs;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jij mtshy; fhzKbe;jJ.
cU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiwcU 6.29 - vspikahd> fpuhkj;Jr; rikayiw
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf57
rikayiwapd; ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpd;Gwj;jpy; rpWJz;Lfshf;fg;gl;l
fj;jupf;fha;> ghfw;fha;> KUq;iff;fha; Nghd;wdTk; tlfk; jahupf;fg;
gad;gLk; Ntg;gk;G+> ,Yg;gk;G+ Nghd;wdTk; ghdtiffs; jahupf;f cjTk;
nghd;dhturk; G+> tpy;tk; G+f;fSk; gdhl;Lj; jahupg;Gf;fhf
gdq;fspg;gilAk; ghapy; cyu tplg;gl;bUe;jd.
md;whlk; Nkyjpfkhfg; ngwg;gLk; czTg; nghUs;fis tPzhf;fhJ
gad;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rush
Gupe;J nfhz;lhs;. Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gjw;Fr;
rushtpd; ghl;b tPL rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;.
xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8xg;gil - 8ghl;bapd; tPl;by; rush mtjhdpj;j cgfuzq;fisAk; czTg;
nghUs ;fisAk ; jd pj ; jd pahfg ; gl ; baw ; gLj ;Jq ;fs ; .
mt;Tw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtuj;ij my;yJ jhtug;
gFjpfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ngau;fisAk; epuw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
kdpjdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• czTfs;;> ghdq;fs; • RitA+l;bfs;
• thridj; jputpaq;fs; • Milazpfs;
• rhaq;fs; • gir> xl;Lg; nghUs;fs;
• mupkuk; • xsljq;fs; (kUe;Jg; nghUs;fs;)
• jsthlq;fs; • myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;
• tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fs; • kidg; nghUs;fs;
rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhYk; kdpjj; Njitfs; mjpfupj;Jr;
nry;fpd;wikahYk; jhtuq;fisg; gaDWjpkpf;fthW cgNahfpj;jy;
fl;lhakhdJ. ,t;thW jhtuq;fspypUe;J nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;NghJ jhtug; gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;
tPz;tpuaq;fisj; jLg;gJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy 6.4.2 jhtu cw;gj;jpfisg; gaDs;sthW cgNahfpj;jy ;; ;; ;
et Pd njho pDl ; g tsu ; r ; r pa pd ; fhuzkhf jhtug ;
gjhu;j;jq;fspypUe;J gy;NtW nghUs;fisg; gaDs;s Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;aKbfpwJ. ,g;gjhu;j;jq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJk;
tPz;tpuakhFk; msitf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fshFk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf58
md;whl tho;tpy; tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J
ngwg;gLk; rpy cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fSk; fPNo ml;ltizapd; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,ijg; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk;
nghUs;fspypUe;J gad;kpF nghUs;fisj; jahupj;jy; gad;tha;e;jhFk;.
,jw;nfdj; jhtuq;fspd; gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba nghUs;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;>
tsq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghlw;w Efu;itj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; gw;wpAk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9FO xg;gil - 9
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fspd; ngau;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;. mtw;wpypUe;J jw;NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhjJk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glf;$baJkhd nghUs;fspd; ngau;g;
gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;aj; jFe;j
El;gKiwfisf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kdpjd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vz;zw;w
nghUs;fspy; Kf;fpakhd rpy cw;gj;jpfisg; gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs;tPz;tpuakhFk; nghUs;fs; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$bamtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$ba
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fscw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs;
itf;Nfhy;
kuj;J}s;> kur;rPty;
myq;fhu - eWkzKs;s
kyu;fs;> gl;ilfs;
c-k; : tpy;tk;
tPzhFk; kuf;fwpfs;>
fha;fs;
c -k;: ghfw;fha;>
fj;jupf;fha;> khq;fha;
nghjpnra;Ak; nghUs;fs;> tskhf;fp
(gris)> myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;
vupnghUs;> xl;Lg;gyif
myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;> thridj;
jputpaq;fs;> ifg;igfs;> tPl;L
cgfuzq;fs;
tw;wy;
ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1ml;ltiz 6.1
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf59
u u u u u czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;czTk; ghdq;fSk;
jhtuq;fs; kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfspy; xd;whd czT kw;Wk;
ghdq;fisg; ngw mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. re;ijapy; ,t;thwhd
jhtuq;fspd; ghfq;fs; mjpfstpy; tpw;gidf;F ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
c-k;: ,iy tiffs;> g+f;fs;> goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> jz;L> Ntu;.
jhtuq;fspd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fSk; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10 xg;gil - 10• tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; czT> ghd tiffspd; cw;gj;jp
Kiwgw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Mrpupaupd; JizAld; mit ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; Ngzpitf;fg;
gLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrad;Kiwfis mwpe;J ml;ltiz
xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
jhtug; nghUs;fspypUe;J czitAk; ghdq;fisAk; cw;gj;jp
nra;tjd; Nehf;fq;fshfg; gy;NtW tpjkhd czTfisj; jahupj;jy;>
,yFtpy; gad;ngwy;> tPz;tpuaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; Mfpaw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;gad;gLj;Jk;
jhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpjhtug; gFjpcw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs;
jz;Lfs;
Ntu;fs;
tpj;Jfs;;
jpg;gpypg;gid (fpj;Js;)kh> fUk;G nty;yk;> fUk;Gr;rhW> rPdp>
,Q;rp my;th>,Q;rpr;rhW>cUisf;fpoq;Fr; rPty;fs;(potato chips)
kuts;spkh> gPw;nty;yk;> kuts;spr; rPty;fs;> ePufw;wpa
ful; > ful; my;th
vs;SUz;il> ghzpapypl;l tWj;j epyf;fliy> muprpkh>
Fuf;fd;kh> NfhJikkh> cOj;jk;kh> gaw;wk;kh> gUg;G>
Nfhg;gpj;J}s;> nfhf;Nfhj;J}s;
goq;fs; gourk;> G+rdp my;th> gor;rhW> rl;dp> Nrh];> ghzpapypl;l
gyhg;gok; my;yJ $ohk;gok;> md;dhrp> khk;gok;>
jfuj;jpyilj;j gyhg;gpQ;R> gog;ghF> cyu;j;jpa goq;fs;
(jpuhl;ir> ];Nuhngup> NguPr;rk;gok;)> cyu;j;jpa kuf;fwp
tiffs;> CWfha;
G+ ,jo;fs;
,iyfs;
tpy;tk;G+> nghd;dhturk;g+> Ntg;gk;G+> eWkzj; ijyq;fs;>
thridj; jputpaq;fs;
Njapiy
ml;ltiz 6.2ml;ltiz 6.2ml;ltiz 6.2ml;ltiz 6.2ml;ltiz 6.2
G+f;fs; /
G+e;Jzu;njd;dk;ghzp> fpj;Js;ghzp> fUg;gl;b> gdq;fl;b
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf60
nehjpaj; njhopw;ghLk; Ez;zq;fpfSk; czitg; gOjilar;
nra;tjhy; mjpfstpy; czT tPz;tpuak; milfpwJ. vdNt> czit
ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; gOjilahJ ew;fhg;Gr; nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
Vida vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; Nghd;Nw Ez;zq;fpfSk; capu; tho;tjw;F
tsp> ePu;> czT> cfe;j ntg;gepiy Mfpa fhuzpfs; mtrpakhFk;.
,f;fhuzpfspy; VjhtJ xd;iw ePf;FtjdhNyh> Fiwg;gjdhNyh cztpy;
Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;il epWj;jp czT gOjiltijj; jLf;fyhk;.
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cztpy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;
fhuzkhfTk; cztpy; Ez;zq;fpfs; capu;tho Kbahj epiy
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; rpy fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11xg;gil - 11ePz;l ehl;fSf;F ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l czT cw;gj;jpfspd; ngau;r;
Rl;bfisr; NrfupAq;fs;. mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ew;fhg;Gg; nghUs;fs;
vit vdj; fz;lwpe;J vOJq;fs;.
rushtpd; ghl;bapd; tPl;by; czT tPzhfhJ Ngzg;gl;l Kiwfis
,dq;fhZq;fs;. mk;Kiwfis my;yJ NtW etPd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp
cq;fs; rikayiwapYk; czT tiffs; tPz;tpuakhtijj; jLf;f
KbAkh vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
cw;gj;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jpcw;gj ;jp
nra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czTnra;ag;gLk; czT
tiftiftiftiftif
ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;
• khthf;fg;gl;l
Njq;fha;g; ghy;
• CWfha;
• goq;fs;
,ae;jpuq;fspdhy;
cyu;j;jy;
cg;gpl;Lr; nrwpthf;fy;
gog;ghF> gourk; jfuj;jpy; milj;jy;
Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;Ez;zq;fpfspd;
tsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;ftsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;f
ePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpePf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzp
ePu;
• cUisf;fpoq;Fr;
rPty;
• jpuhl;ir
Fsp&l;ly;
cyu;j;jy;
ePu;
tsp
ntg;gepiy
ePu;
ml;ltiz 6.3ml;ltiz 6.3ml;ltiz 6.3ml;ltiz 6.3ml;ltiz 6.3
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf61
khtiffis cgNahfpj;J gy czT tiffs; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd muprpkh> Fuf;fd;kh> fpj;Js;kh> cOj;jk;kh>
gaw;wk;kh Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;s NghjpYk; ,d;Wk;
vk;ehl;by; NfhJikkhNt mjpfkhfg; gad;;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. NfhJikkh
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLtjhy; mjw;Fg; ngUksT ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
NjrpauPjpapy; khitg; ngwf;$ba Mdhy;> ftdpf;fg;glhj ek;
ehl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;> jhtug; gFjpfs; NtWk; cs;sdth? gyh> Nrhsk;>
yhTOg;gok; (Gl;Lg;gok;)> kuts;sp> tj;jhis> gdq;fpoq;F> xbay;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. ,tw;Ws; rpy> kh
cw;gj;jpf ;fhf fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy ; Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk; ghupastpyhd cw;gj;jpf;fhd Ma;Tfs;
eilngWkhapd; mJ vk; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F cWJizahf mikAk;.
nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1nraw;ghL - 6.1 kuts;spapypUe;J kh jahupg;Nghk;.
• kuts;spf; fpoq;nfhd;iwj; NjhYupj;J Rj;jkhff; fOtpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;;.
• nghUj;jkhd cgfuzj;jpd; cjtpAld; mjidj; JUTq;fs;;.
• rpwpjsT ePu; Nru;j;J mjid ed;F gpope;njLq;fs;.
• fopTfis xJf;Fq;fs;;.
• gpope;njLj;j ghiy Xa;thf mila itAq;fs;.
• rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; gpd;du; fiurypd; mbapy; Nru;e;Js;s khtpd;
msit mse;J ghUq;fs;.
• ftdkhf ePiu tbj;njLj;Jtpl;L khit cyu;j;Jq;fs;.
u u u u u kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;kUe;J (xslj) cw;gj;jpfs;
jhtuq;fspy; mlq;Fk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; fhuzkhf
mtw;wpypUe;J gy kUe;J tiffs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ePq;fs; MAu;Ntj
kUe;Jf;filf;Fr; nrd;wpUg;gPu;fs;. mq;F Njd;> jPk;ghzp> f];J}up
Nghd;w rpy kUe;Jfs; jtpu;e;j ngUk;ghyhd kUe;J tiffs; jhtuq;fspy;
,Ue;J ngwg;gLgitahf ,Ug;gijg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. MAu;Ntj
kUe;jfq;fspy; gy Neha;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kUe;J vz;nza;
tiffs;> cUz;ilfs;> Fspiffs;> J}s; tiffs;> ghF> #u;zk;
Nghd;witAk; frhak;> FbePu; Nghd;w ghdq;fSk; ntt;NtW msTfspy;
ntt;NtW nfhs;fyq;;fspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf62
xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12xg;gil - 12MAu;Ntj kUe;jfnkhd;Wf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kUe;Jg; nghUs;fis
mtjhdpAq;fs;. kUe;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w jhtug; gFjpfis
,aYkhdtiu ,dq;fhZq;fs;. KbAkhapd; mtw;wpy; rpwpjsit
thq;Fq;fs;. mtw;iw tFg;giwf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J FOf;fshf xd;W
Nru;e;J goq;fs;> tpj;Jfs;> ,iyfs;> G+f;fs; vd;gdthfNth my;yJ
NtWKiwapNyh tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jhtuq;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gz;G fhuzkhf mit thridj; jputpaj;
jahup;g;gpYk; gad;gLfpd;wd. kQ;rl;nfhb> re;jdk;> rijfiur;rhd;> Ntk;G
Nghd;wd ngUk;ghyhd clw; G+r;RfspYk; rtu;;f;fhu tiffspYk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
u u u u u jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;jhtuehu; cw;gj;jpfs;
ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fspy; ehu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehu;fspd;
td;ik> cWjpj;jd;ik vd;gd fhuzkhf mit gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ehu;fSld;$ba jhtug; gFjpfis ePupy;
Cwitf;Fk;NghJ mjpYs;s nkd;ikahd gFjpfs; Ez;zq;fpfspd;
njhopw;ghl;bdhy; rpijtile;J mopa ehu;g;ghfq;fs; khj;jpuk; vQ;Rk;.
cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;cU 6.30 - jhtu ehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf63
rpy ehu;g; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• Cwitj;j Njq;fha; kl;ilfisf; fbdkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; mbg;gjd;
%yk; njd;de;Jk;G gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.
• Cwitj;j rzy; jhtu ,iyfis %q;fpy; rPg;gpdhy; rPTtjd;
%yk; rzy; ehu; Ntwhf;fg;gLk;.
• Cwitj;j thioapd; Nghypj; jz;il epyj;jpy; mbj;J thio
ehu; ngwg;gLk;.
xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13xg;gil - 13md;dhrp my;yJ rzy; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfis NrWs;s ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L
thu fhyk;tiu Gijj;J itj;J mtjhdpAq;fs;. mj;jhtuj;jpd;
,iyfspypUe;J ehu;fs; NtwhfpapUf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpAq;;fs;.
u u u u u mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;mupkuq;fSk; mupku cw;gj;jpfSk;
ehk; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu ehk; cgNahfpf;Fk; gy nghUs;fs;
mupkuj;jhy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mupkuj;jpd; cWjpj;jd;ik> ePz;l
ehs; cgNahfk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; fl;llj;jpd; tis> Fj;Jf;fhy;>
jPuhe;jp> ryhif> ghTif> fjT> ad;dy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpapy;
mupkuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mupkuq;fisg; ngw gyh> Kjpiu> eJd;> Njf;F> thif Nghd;w
kuq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu tPl;Lj; jsthl cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;
mupkuq;fs; ngUkstpy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
cU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpycU 6.31 - jsthlq;fs; rpy
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf64
,t;thW ghupastpy; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf mupkuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtJ ,j;jhtuq;fspd; epyTiff;Fg; ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf
mike ;Js ;sJ. MfNt> Nkyj pf gad ; ghL fhuzkhf
mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpa ,dq;fshff; fUjg;gLk; jhtuq;fis
(c-k;: fUq;fhyp) gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
gad;gLj;Jk; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Nkyjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
kPz;Lk; jhtuq;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?
rpq;fuh[h Nghd;w fhLfspd; vy;iyf;F ntspNa Fwpg;gpl;l xU
gug;gpDs; tsUk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; kdpjdpd; gad;ghl;bw;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd tyaj;ij jhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyakjhq;fy; tyak; (buffer
zone) vd;gu;. ,it kdpjj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wTk; fhLfisf;
fhg;Gr; nra;aTk; toptFf;fpd;wd.
NghNwhdpy; Cwpa ,wg;gu; kuj;ijg; (gjg;gLj;jpa ,wg;gu;kuk;)
gad;gLj;jp ,d;W tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ntfkhf
tsUk; ,wg;gu; Nghd;w jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; jhtuq;fs;
mope;J NghFk; Mgj;Jepiy jtpu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fopj;njhJf;fg;gLfpd;w kuj;J}s;> kur;rPty; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jahupf;Fk; nkd;gyiffs; gy;NtW mupkuj; NjitfSf;F <L
nfhLf;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; mupku cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w tPz;
tpuaq;fis ,optsthf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
u u u u u myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;
myq;fhug; nghUs;fis Mf;Ftjw;F ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;jy; ,d;W ed;F gpugy;akile;Js;s xU fiyahFk;. jhtug;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; gy;tifik> ePz;lehs; gad;ghL> moF Mfpa
gz;Gfs; fhuzkhf myq;fhug; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfj; jhtug; gFjpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cyu;j;Jjy;> gjg;gLj;Jjy;> ,urhadg;
nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd %yKk; epwg;G+r;Rfisg; G+Rjy;
%yKk; myq;fhu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; epwj;ijAk; jd;ikiaAk;
$batiu NgzTk; ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;jTk; KbAk;. ,it nraw;ifg;
nghUs;fspYk; ghu;f;f cau; juKilaitAk; #oy; el;Gs;sitAkhFk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf65
xg;gil - 14xg;gil - 14xg;gil - 14xg;gil - 14xg;gil - 14
• ngUk;ghYk; mupkukhfg; gad;gLj;jKbahj xOq;fw;w tbtKila
Ntu;fs;> jz;Lfs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpUl;rf;fiy Mf;fq;fSf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jtu;. ePq;fSk; mt;thwhd Mf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;a KaYq;fs;.
,tw;iwg; gOjilahJ ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; myq;fupg;gjw;fhfTk;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba epwg;G+r;Rfs; ahit vdf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
• mOj;jp cyu;j;jpa jhtug;nghUs;fshd G+f;fisAk; ,iyfisAk;
nfhz;L tho;j;Jkly;> Gj;jfg;gf;f milahsk; fhl;b (book mark), gupRg;
nghUs;fs; Rw;Wk;jhs; (wrapping sheet), Rtu; myq;fupg;Gfs;> gupRg;nghUs;
ngl;b> Gj;jf ciw my;yJ Nkir ml;il (table mat) Nghd;wtw;iw
Mf;Fq;fs;.
• gd;Gy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa mofpa (glk;) nghUs; xd;iwj;
jahupAq;fs;.
jhtug; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd cw;gj;jpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;Fk;
nraw;wpl;l mwpf;iffisAk; ntspaPLfisAk; nkhwl;Lt> fl;Lngj;ij>
fhyp tPjpapy; ,y> 615 Mk; ,yf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,yq;iff;
ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr; rigapy; (NDB) tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. me;epWtdq;fspdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs;
njhlu;ghd gapw;rpg; ghlnewpapy; gq;Fgw;Wk; re;ju;g;gj;ij ePq;fSk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp
1. (i) jhtu cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; rpytw;iw vOJf.
(ii) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s czTg; nghUs;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;
xt;nthd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf. ,q;F czT gOjiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
mikAk; vf;fhuzp jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
cU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiycU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiycU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiycU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiycU 6.32 - tpUl;rf;fiy> mOj;jw; G+f;fiy
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf66
• gyhf;fha;r;; Ris • vYkpr;rk;gok; • gRg;ghy; • goq;fs;
• kPd; • kuf;fwp • g+rdp • Njq;fha;j; JUty;
• gyh tpj;J • gourk;
2. (i) jhtug; gFjpfs; gw;wp ePq;fs; ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk;
Nfhl;Lg;glj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.
(ii) Nfhl;Lg;glj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; ,uz;L
tPjk; vOJf.
jhtuk;
Vwk;Ntu;
10-----------
fhw;W
Ntu;
8-------------
ehUUNtu;
Nrkpg;GNtu;
RthrNtu;
4-------------
6-------------
glup
(epyj;jpy;
glu;e;JtUk;)
(Mjhuj;ijg;gw;wp
VWk;)
7.-------------
(c-k;) njd;id> ghf;F
(c-k;) jhio> ,wk;ig
(c-k;) Mykuk;
(c-k;) kpsF
Ntu;
1
------
jz;L
3------------
vspa ,iy
fhw;Wj;
jz;L
2---------
,lk;khwpg;
gpwe;j Ntu;
MzpNtUk;
gf;fNtUk;
(c-k;) 9 ------- --------
epkpu;j;j
jz;L
itukw;w
jz;L
ituk;
nrwpe;j
cWjpahd
jz;L
kuk;
rpwpa
(5---------)
ngupa (c-k;)
khkuk;> gyh
(c-k;)
.....................
(c-k;) .............
(c-k;) ntw;wpiy