Ch7 motivation concepts
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Transcript of Ch7 motivation concepts
Ch7Motivation Concepts
Editer:陳亭竹
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Motivation
• Definition
- the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
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Early Theories of Motivation
• Hierarchy of Needs Theory
- within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs.
(1) physiological
(2) safety
(3) social
(4) esteem
(5) self-actualization
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Early Theories of Motivation
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Early Theories of Motivation
• Theory X and Theory Y
- two distinct views of human beings: basically negative, labeled Theory X and basically positive, labeled Theory Y.
- managers tend to mold their behavior toward employees according to these assumptions.
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• Two-factor Theory
- individual’s relationship to work is basic and that toward work can very well determine success of failure.
- two factors: Motivator / Hygiene factor
(1) satisfaction vs. no satisfaction
(2) no dissatisfaction vs. dissatisfaction
Early Theories of Motivation
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Early Theories of Motivation
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• McClelland’s Theory of Needs
- focuses on three needs:
(1) Need for achievement (nAch)
(2) Need for power (nPow)
(3) Need for affiliation (nAff)
- has had the best research support, but has less practical effect than others.
Early Theories of Motivation
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• Self-Determination Theory
- people prefer to feel they have control their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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- much research focused on Cognitive Evaluation Theory, which hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in task.
- a recent outgrowth: self-concordance
- people who pursue work goals for intrinsic reasons are more satisfied with their jobs.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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• Goal-Setting Theory
- “ do your best “ vs. goal-setting
- intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation.
- factors influence the goals: feedback, goal commitment, task characteristics and national culture.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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- implementing goal-setting: MBO
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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• Self-Efficacy Theory
- an individual’s belief that he/she is capable of performing task.
- four ways self-efficacy can be increased
(1) enactive mastery
(2) vicarious modeling
(3) verbal persuasion
(4) arousal
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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• Reinforcement Theory
- reinforcement conditions behavior.
- people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don’t want.
- behaviorism: people learn to associate stimulus and response, but their conscious awareness of this association is irrelevant.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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- social-learning theory: behavior is a function of consequences.
(1) attentional processes
(2) retention processes
(3) motor reproduction processes
(4) reinforcement processes
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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• Equity Theory/Organizational Justice
- individuals compare their job inputs and outputs with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
- four referent comparisons: self-inside/ outside, other inside/outside.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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- meaning of equity/fairness
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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• Expectancy Theory
- strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectancy of a given outcome and its attractiveness.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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Integrating Contemporary Theoried of Motivation
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• Most current motivation theories were developed in the U.S. by and about U.S. adults.
• Cross-cultural transferability.• Cross-cultural consistencies:
(1) the desire for interesting work
(2) job-preference outcomes
(3) equitable distribution of rewards
Global Implicaitons