Ch2 Computer Basic What is a Computer? What Can Computers Do Information Systems Hardware of...

Ch2 Computer BasicCh2 Computer Basic

What is a Computer? What Can Computers Do Information Systems Hardware of Computer

Instructor:Pan Shengmin 潘晟旻潘晟旻Office : Computer Center. Kun Ming University of Science & Technology.

Succeeding with Technology

2.1 What is a Computer?

Some Fundamental Concepts

• Computer• Technology• Digital electronics device• Bit• Byte• File

• Data• Digitization• Microprocessor• Kilo, Mega, Giga, etc• Hardware• Software

• Personal computer• Computing platform• Server• Supercomputer• Kiosk 公共服务查询一体化终端• Embedded computer

Key Terms


Key Terms of ComputerKey Terms of Computer

•Computer 计算机•Technology [] 技术 •Digital electronics device 数字化电子设备•Bit 比特•Byte 字节•File 文件•Data 数据•Digitization 数字化•Microprocessor 微处理器•Kilo, Mega, Giga, etc 数据单位•Hardware 硬件•Software 软件


Key Terms of ComputerKey Terms of Computer

•Personal computer 个人计算机•Computing platform 计算平台•Server 服务器•Supercomputer 超级计算机•Kiosk 公共服务查询一体化终端•Embedded computer 嵌入式


A Computer is…

• A digital electronics device that combine hardware and software to accept the input of data, process and store the data, and produce some useful output.

How do these concepts relate to a digital music player?


Digital Electronics

• Digital electronics devices store and process bits electronically.– A bit represents data using 1’s and 0’s– Eight bits is a byte – the standard

grouping in digital electronics– Digitization is the process of transforming

information into 1’s and 0’s


General and Special Purpose Computers• General-

purpose computers can run any number of software applications

• Special-purpose computers are designed primarily for one particular function

Computer Literacy is a working understanding of computers and their uses


Producing Valuable Information

• Data: items stored on a digital electronics device: text and values

• Information: data organized and presented in a manner/ 风格 , 方式 / that provides value to the user: documents, graphs, music, photos

• Computers provide value to people by transforming data into information.


Personal Computer (PC)

• General purpose computer designed to accommodate an individual’s needs.– Desktop computer– Notebook computer– Tablet PC– Handheld PC

P O W

E R

Types of General Purpose Computer Systems

Personal Computer (PC)

WorkstationPowerful, multiprocessor, special-purpose PC

Server Powerful, multiprocessor

computers that provide services to many users over a

network

Supercomputer Most powerful with fastest

processing speeds

附：What Can Computers Do?

..and what can’t they do?


The Computer and Human Relationship

• “Things that computers do well –working with large amounts of data and repetitive tasks, are things that people find difficult or monotonous/ 单调的。

Computer Strengths

…used to extend naturalhuman abilities, and take overand automate activities that people find tedious, dangerous,or difficult.

Computing

• Computers were invented to compute –calculate solutions to mathematical problems.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) deals with simulating human thought and behavior incomputers.

Automating

• Automation involves utilizing computers to control otherwise human actions and activities.

Robotic Automotive Assembly Line

Mars Rover

http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/

Enhancing Communication

• Computer systems control, support, or provide many forms of communication.

Hands-freecell phone

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)popular technology that allows phone conversations to travel overthe Internet (see www.vonage.com).

http://www.vonage.com/

Providing Entertainment

• Computers act as our tools for the production, storage, distribution, and delivery of– video and motion pictures– photos– art– music– games

Neo stopping bullets in The Matrix Reloaded

Managing Information

• A Computer-based Information System (CBIS) uses these components to manage distribute information.

Databasea collection of data stored on a

computer and organized to meet user’s needs.


Review

Areas in which computers can assist youComputation,

Automation,

Communications

Digital media and entertainment

Information management


Chapter 2

Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a

Computer


The Digital Revolution

What does it mean to be digital?


The Bit (binary digit)

• Bits are the 1’s and 0’s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data

• They are the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device

Recall from chapter 1….


• How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent useful data and information?

• Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit:– On = – Off =

The Bit


00 =

01 =

10 =

11 =

• How many units of information could be represented with 2 bits?

The Bit


000 =

001 =

010 =

011 =

• How many units of information could be stored using 3 bits?

100 =

101 =

110 =

111 =

The Bit

• Bytes can represent any collection of items using a “look-up table” approach

• ASCII is used to represent characters

Bit & Bytes

Some of the ASCII characters

ASCII Code

Char Character Name

01011011 [ Left Bracket

01011100 \ Backward Slash

01011101 ] Right Bracket

01011110 ^ Caret

01011111 _ Underscore

01100000 ` Back Quote

01100001 a Lower-case A

01100010 b Lower-case B

01100011 c Lower-case C

01100100 d Lower-case D

01100101 e Lower-case E

01100110 f Lower-case F

01100111 g Lower-case G

01101000 h Lower-case HASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange


Why Study Computer Hardware Components?

Consider PC Choices…


Let’s go shopping!

• IBM

• Lenovo

• Apple

In order to shop intelligently, you must understand the basics about processors, storage, input/output and peripherals.

Key Components

Processor

Memory

Storage

Networking

Battery Life

OS

Display

RemovableStorage

CD-R/DVD


Integrated Circuits and Processing

• transistor• Integrated circuit• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• Motherboard• Arithmetic/logic unit• Control unit

• Random Access Memory (RAM)• The machine cycle• Megahertz (MHz)• Gigahertz (GHz)• Gigaflop• Moore’s Law

Key Terms

Integrated Circuit

• An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices.

The Central Processing Unit

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices.

Intels Core Duo Processors use 65 nm technology to cram hundreds of millions of transistors on a chip the size of you thumb nail.

CPU Components

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set.

• Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system.

• Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes).

• System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)

• Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

The Motherboard

• The motherboard is the primary circuit boards of a computing device that houses the digital device’s circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.

Processing

• The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus.

Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile/adj.可变的 , 不稳定的 /, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access.

Processing – The Machine Cycle 机器周期

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit ALU

Registers

Memory

1.Fetch

2.Decode 3.Execute

4.Store

The Machine Cycle

The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.

Contributors to CPU Speed– Clock Speed – measured in Megahertz (MHz)and Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of

cycles per second

– Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64)

– Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB

– Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz page20

• See next slide >>


Multi-core processors

• A multi-core microprocessor is one which combines two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit.– Dual core– Soon to come - Quad core


Which processor is best?

• Truest Measures of Performance– MIPS – millions of instructions per second– Gigaflops – billions of floating point

operations per second. 每秒 10 亿次浮点运算的速度单位 -Supercomputer

• Note that different instructions take differing amounts of clock cycles.


Multiple processors

• Multiprocessing is processing that occurs using more than one processing unit.

• Parallel processing speeds processing by linking several CPUs to operate at the same time, in parallel.


Moore’s Law

• the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will doubled every 18 months – 2 years.


2.3.2

Storage 存储存储

•Read-only Memory•Magnetic Storage•Optical Storage•CD-ROM

•DVD•CD-RW •Flash memory card•USB

Key Terms

From CH1: Storage is the ability to maintain data within the system temporarily or permanently


System Storage

• Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary storage: – Volatile memory that stores currently running

software: OS and apps, and data in addressed cells.

– 512 MB Standard, 1 GB recommended Recommend//推荐推荐 , , 介绍介绍 //– RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is

inserted in slots in the Motherboard

Other Types of Memory

• Cache Memory is fast access storage on the processor

• Video RAM is included on video card for faster video display

• ROM stores the boot process instruction that start the computer and load the OS from hard drive into RAM

• CMOS memory provides semipermenant storage for system configuration information that may change.

Secondary StorageStorage Methods• Sequential Access

(tape)• Direct Access (disk

or solid state)

Storage Methods• Sequential Access

(tape)• Direct Access (disk

or solid state)

23

Storage Media Type Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic

properties of iron oxide particles to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM.

Optical storage media, such as CDs and DVDs store bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disk surface.

Solid State storage devices use flash memory to store bits.

Tape Drive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

http://www.at-consultants.com/img/hard-drive.jpg


Microdrives from Toshiba provide iPods with their

ultra high storage capacity.

Magnetic Media

• Hard Disk Drives

• Magnetic Tape

• High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc)

• Floppy Disks (outdated)

• Microdrives


RAMCPU

Regusters

cacheROM

VRAM

Hard Drive

Tape

Magnetic Storage

CD

DVD

Optical Storage

USB

network

Storage Review


2.3.3

Input, Output, and Expansion

• Input device• Output device• Touch screen• Game pad

• Display resolution• LCD

Key Terms


I/O Concepts

• An input device assists in capturing and entering raw data into the computer system.

• An output device allows you to observe the results of computer processing with one or more of your senses.


I/O Concepts• Speed and Functionality• Human vs. Machine Readable Data• Source Data Automation

RFID Check out


Input Devices

• Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball

• Touch screen, stylus, kiosks

• Microphone, speech recognition

• Gamepad, other game-centered devices

• Digital cameras• Scanning devices


Wearable display

Output Devices

• Displays – Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat

panel display is a thin flat display that uses liquid crystals between two pieces of glass to display text and images.

• Printers and Plotters• Sound Systems• Special purpose I/O

Display resolution is a measure, in width by height, of the number of pixels on the screen.


Chapter 2 Questions?

Ch2 Computer Basic What is a Computer? What Can Computers Do Information Systems Hardware of...

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