Ch 4 - Tissues 2011 Ppt
Transcript of Ch 4 - Tissues 2011 Ppt
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Chapter 4: The TissueLevel of Organization
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Epithelia - 1 of 4 tissues of the body
Characteristics
1. Cellularity (cell junctions)2. Polarity (apicaland basalsurfaces)
3. Attachment (basal lamina)
4. Avascularity
5. Regeneration (Epithelia are replaced by division ofgerminative cells(stem cells)near basal lamina)
1. Provide physical protection
2. Control permeability
3. Provide sensation
4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
Functions
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Specializations of Epithelial Cells1. Move fluids overthe epithelium (protection)
2. Move fluids throughthe epithelium(permeability)
3. Produce secretions(protection and
messengers)
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Figure 41
Increasing Surface Area
Microvilliincreaseabsorption or secretion
Cilia(ciliated epithelium)
move fluids
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Classes of Epithelia - based on shape and layers
Table 41
Simple epithelium- single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium- several layers of cells
Shapes Squamous epithelia-flat shaped
Cuboidal epithelia - square shaped
Columnar epithelia - tall shaped
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Squamous Epithelia (2) Simple squamous epithelium-absorption & diffusion
Mesothelium- lines body cavities
Endothelium- lines heart and blood vessels
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - protects against attacks
Keratin proteins add strength and water resistance
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Cuboidal Epithelia (2) Simple cuboidal epithelium- secretion & absorption
Kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal epithelia- sweat and mammary ducts
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Columnar Epithelia (3) Simple columnar
epithelium-
absorption &secretion
Pseudostratifiedcolumnar
epithelium- ciliamovement
Stratified
columnar
epithelium-
protection
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Glandular Epithelia - Endocrine& exocrineglands
Figure 46
Endocrine Glands -
Release hormones
into interstitial
fluid; no ducts
Exocrine Glands -
Produce secretions
onto epithelialsurfaces; through
ducts
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Modes of Secretion Merocrine secretion
Figure 46a
Apocrine secretion
Are produced in Golgi apparatus
Are released by vesicles(exocytosis)
e.g.,sweat glands
Are produced in Golgi apparatusAre released by shedding cytoplas
e.g.,mammary gland
Holocrine secretion Are released by cells bursting, killing
gland cells
Gland cells replaced by stem cells
e.g.,sebaceous gland
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Connective - 2 of 4 tissues of the body
Function1. Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
2. Provide structure (bone)
3. Store energy (fat)
4. Transport materials (blood)
5. Have no contact with environment
Characteristics
1. Specialized cells
2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
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Classification of Connective Tissues (3) Connective tissue proper: connect and protect
Fluid connective tissues: transport Supportive connective tissues: structural strength
Connective Tissue Proper
Categories Loose connective tissue:
more ground substance,
less fibers e.g.,fat
(adipose tissue)
Dense connective tissue:
more fibers, less ground
substance e.g.,tendons
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Fibers in Connective Tissue Proper Collagen fibers:
most common fibers in CTP, strong and flexible
resists force in 1 direction, e.g.,tendons andligaments
Reticular fibers: network of interwoven fibers (stroma), strong and
flexible resists force in many directions, e.g.,sheaths
around organs Elastic fibers:
contain elastin, return to original length afterstretching
e.g.,elastic ligamentsof vertebrae
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Ground Substance in Connective Tissue
Proper In connective tissue proper and ground
substance:
is clear, colorless, and viscous
fills spaces between cells and slows
pathogens
L C ti Ti
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Loose Connective Tissues The packing materials of the body
3 types in adults: areolar, adipose, reticular
Areolar Tissue - Least specialized, Elastic fibers, Holdsblood vessels and capillary beds (e.g.,under skin(subcutaneous layer))
Adipose Tissue White fat:most common, stores fat, slows heat loss
(insulation)
Brown fat: more vascularized, breaks down fat,produces heat
Reticular Tissue - Supportive fibers (stroma) that support
functional cells, reticular organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes,
and bone marrow
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Dense Connective Tissues Connective tissues proper, tightly packed with
high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers: dense regular connective tissue
Attachment and stabilization
tendons, ligaments
dense irregular connective tissue
Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
layered in skin, around cartilage, around bones, form
capsules around some organs (e.g.,liver, kidneys)
elastic tissue
made of elastic fibers
elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
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Fluid Connective Tissues Fluid connective tissues:
bloodand lymph watery matrix of dissolved proteins
carry specific cell types (formed elements)
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S ti C ti Ti
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Supportive Connective Tissues Support soft tissues and body weight:
cartilage:
gel-type ground substance for shock absorption and protection
bone:
calcified(made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
for weight support
C til M t i P t l d
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Cartilage MatrixProteoglycans, ground
substance proteins, cells (chondrocytes)
surrounded by lacunae(chambers)
Cartilage Structure
No blood vessels:chondrocytesproduce
antiangiogenesis factor
Perichondrium:outer, fibrous layer (for strength),inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)
T f C til (3)
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Types of Cartilage (3)Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage: stiff, flexible support
reduces friction between bones
found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and
trachea
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Elastic cartilage:
supportive but
bends easily
found in external
ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage Limits movement
Prevents bone-to-bone
contact
Pads knee joints
Found between pubic
bones and
intervertebral discs
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H d ith li l d ti ti bi t
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How do epithelial and connective tissues combine toform 4 types of membranes?
Membranes - are physical barriers that line or
cover portions of the body consisting of anepitheliumand supported by connective
tissues 4 Types of Membranes
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
4. Synovial
Mucous membranes (mucosae):
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Mucous membranes(mucosae):
line passageways that have external connections
also in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive tracts
Mucous Tissues
Epithelial surfacesmust be moist to reduce
friction, to facilitate absorptionand excretion
Lamina propria is areolar tissue
Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes Line cavities not open to the outside
Are thin but strong
Have fluid transudateto reduce friction Serous
membranes:
double, have aparietal portion
covering the
cavity and avisceral portion
(serosa) covering
the organs
Pleural membrane lines pleural
cavities covers lungs Peritoneum lines peritoneal
cavity covers abdominal organs
Pericardium lines pericardial
cavity covers heart
Cutaneous membrane:
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Cutaneous membrane:
is skin, surface of the body
thick, waterproof, and dry
S no ial Membranes
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Synovial Membranes Line articulating (moving) joint cavities
Produce synovial fluid(lubricant)
Protect the ends of bones
Lack a true epithelium
What are the structures and functions of the
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What are the structures and functions of thethree types of muscle tissue?
3 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle:
large body muscles responsible for movement
Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart
Smooth muscle:
found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood
vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive and
reproductive tracts)
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Classification of Muscle Cells
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Classification of Muscle Cells
Striated(muscle cells with a banded
appearance): or nonstriated(not banded)
Muscle cells can have a single nucleus:
or be multinucleate Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily
(consciously):
or involuntarily (automatically)
k l l l ll
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Figure 418a
Skeletal muscle cells:
Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated
are long and thin are usually called muscle fibers
do not divide
new fibers are produced by stem cells (satellite
cells)
Cardiac muscle cells:
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Cardiac muscle cells:
are called cardiocytes
form branching networks connected at
intercalated disks
are regulated by pacemaker cells
striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
Smooth muscle cells:
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Smooth muscle cells:
are small and tapered
can divide and regenerate
nonstriated, involuntary, and single nucleus
Wh t i th b i t t d l f
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What is the basic structure and role ofneural tissue?
Neural tissue is concentrated in the centralnervous system:
brain
spinal cord
2 Kinds of Neural Cells1. Neurons:
nerve cells
perform electrical communication
2. Neuroglia:
support cells
repair and supply nutrients to neurons
Cell Parts of a Neuron
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Cell Parts of a Neuron Cell body:
contains the nucleus and nucleolus
Dendrites: short branches extending from the cell body
receive incoming signals Axon(nerve fiber):
long, thin extension of the cell body
carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
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Neuroglia