Ch 12 Web Serology
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Transcript of Ch 12 Web Serology
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Ch 12- Forensic Serology
Blood types and their antigens and antibodies. Agglutination. Whole blood typing. Characterizing a stain as blood. Significance of the precipitin test in serology. Absorption-elution techniques. Contribution of polymorphic enzymes and
proteins to bloods individualization.
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Chromosomes and genes.
Significance of Punnet square.
Lab tests for seminal stauns .
Preservation of stains for lab examination . Collection of physical evidence in rape
investigation .
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/425/425lect13.htm http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensicbio/articles/serologytoxicology/intro.htm
http://www.rockylab.com/SEROLOGY.html
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/425/425lect13.htmhttp://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensicbio/articles/serologytoxicology/intro.htmhttp://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensicbio/articles/serologytoxicology/intro.htmhttp://www.rockylab.com/SEROLOGY.htmlhttp://www.rockylab.com/SEROLOGY.htmlhttp://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensicbio/articles/serologytoxicology/intro.htmhttp://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensicbio/articles/serologytoxicology/intro.htmhttp://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/425/425lect13.htm -
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DNA: abbreviation for deoxyribonucleicacid- the molecules carrying the bodysgenetic information. DNA is double-strandedin the shape of a double helix
Plasma: the fluid portion of unclotted blood
Serum: the liquid that separates from theblood when a clot is formed
Antigen: a substance, usually a protein thatstimulates the body to produce antibodiesagainst it
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Antibody: a protein that destroys or inactivates aspecific antigen. Antibodies are found in the blood
serum
Antiserum: blood serum in which there are specificantibodies
Agglutination: the clumping together of red bloodcells by the action of an antibody
Serology: the study of antigen-antibody reactions
Hemoglobin: a red blood cell protein responsible fortransporting oxygen in the bloodstream and the redcoloring of blood
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Precipitin: an antibody that reacts with itscorresponding antigen to form a precipitate
Secretor: an individual who secretes his orher blood-type antigen(s) in body fluids.Approximately 80 percent of the populationare secretors
Enzyme: a type of protein that acts as acatalyst for certain specific reactions
Polymorphism: the existence of more thanone form of genetic trait
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Iso-enzymes: multiple molecular forms of anenzyme, each having the same or very similarenzyme activities
Gene: a unit of inheritance consisting of aDNA segment located on a chromosome
Chromosome: a rodlike structure in the cellnucleus, along witch the genes are located. Itis composed of DNA surrounded by other
material, mainly proteins Egg: the female reproductive cell Sperm: the male reproductive cell
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Zygote: the cell arising from the union of anegg and a sperm cell
X-chromosome: the female sex chromosome Y-chromosome: the male sex chromosome Locus: the physical location of a gene on a
chromosome Allele: any of several alternative forms of a
gene located at the same point on a particularpair of chromosomes. For example, the genesdetermining the blood types A and B arealleles
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Homozygous: having two identical allelicgenes on two corresponding positions of a pairof chromosomes
Heterozygous: having two different allelicgenes on two corresponding positions of a pairof chromosomes
Genotype: the particular combination of genes present in the cells of an individual
Phenotype: the physical manifestation of agenetic trait such as shape, color, and bloodtype
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Acid phosphatase: an enzyme found in highconcentration in semen
Oligospermia: a condition describing anabnormally low sperm count
Aspermia: the absence of sperm; sterility inmales
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Ch 12 - Body Fluids
Forensic Serology
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Blood
A complex mixture of cells, enzymes,proteins & inorganic substances
Fluid portion of blood is called the plasma(55% of blood content) primarily water red cells (erythrocytes) white cells (leukocytes) platelets
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What is Serology?
A term which describes laboratory testswhich employ a specific antigen and serum
antibody reactions
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Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen from the lungs to thebody tissues
Transport carbon dioxide from the tissues tothe lungs
Red cells possess chemical structures on
their surfaces called antigens oragglutinogens impart blood type characteristics
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Blood Type
Three types (alleles) of blood type gene A, B, O
Each individual inherits one blood typegene from their mother & one from theirfather 6 possible combinations (genotypes)
AA, BB, OO, AB, AO, and BO
Genotype determines blood type
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Antibodies or Agglutinins
Proteins that are present in the serum responsible for ensuring that the only blood
cells that can survive in a person are cells of the correct blood type
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Antibodies produced by the A allelesremove any red blood cells containingB
antigens by clumping them together Antibodies produced by the B alleles
remove any red blood cells possessing A
antigens
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Type O Blood
Possessed by people whose genotype is OO both parents passed on the O gene
have no antigens these cells can be introduced into a person with
Type A or Type B because these cells are notattacked by the antibodies these people possess
have both a & b antibodies can only have other O type cells mixed with this
blood
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Type A
Possessed by people with genotype AA
AO A is dominant to O
Possesses antibody b
will destroy any Type B red cells compatible with A or O red cells
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Type B
Possessed by people with genotype BB
BO B is dominant to O
Possesses antibody a
will destroy any Type A red cells compatible with B or O red cells
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Type AB
Possessed by people with genotype AB
A & B are co-dominant
Possesses no antibody can have A, B, AB, or O cells added
Cant be added to any other blood type withoutbeing destroyed by an antibody
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Blood Typing
Blood typing is done by reacting wholeblood with antibody A and antibody B
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Blood Typing
Anti-A
+ Blood
Anti-B
+ Blood
Antigen
Present
Blood
Type+ - A A
- + B B
+ + A and B AB
- - NeitherA or B
O
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Relative Frequency of Blood
Types in Human PopulationsPo ulation O A B AB
US whites .453 .413 .099 .035US blacks .491 .265 .201 .043Chinese .439 .270 .233 .058Eskimos .472 .452 .059 .017Armenians .298 .499 .132 .080BolivianIndians
.931 .053 .016 .001