Ch 01 lecture_outline_b
Transcript of Ch 01 lecture_outline_b
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B
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Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical body position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic(genital)
CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternal
AbdominalUmbilical
PelvicInguinal(groin)
Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Regional Terms
• Two major divisions of body:
• Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic(genital)
CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternal
AbdominalUmbilical
PelvicInguinal(groin)
Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b
Cervical Back (dorsal)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar
Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
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Body Planes
• Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
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Body Planes
• Sagittal plane
• Divides body vertically into right and left parts
• Produces a sagittal section
• Midsagittal (median) plane
• Lies on midline
• Parasagittal plane
• Not on midline
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Body Planes
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
• Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
• Cuts made diagonally
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8
Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Aorta
Vertebralcolumn
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall
Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs
Liver HeartStomach
SpleenArm
(a) Frontal section (through torso)
(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)
(c) Median section (midsagittal)
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Anatomical Variability
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:
• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
• Small muscles may be missing
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
• Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
• Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord
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Body Cavities
• Ventral cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranialcavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)
Cranialcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
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Ventral Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
• Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
• Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
• Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
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Ventral Body Cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
• Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
• Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranialcavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)
Cranialcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
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Serous Membrane (Serosa)
• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b
Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietalpericardium
Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Rightlumbarregion
Leftlumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Lefthypochondriac
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon oflarge intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Diaphragm
Stomach
Descending colonof large intestine
Transverse colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
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Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities