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Transcript of Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura ... · Centro de Edafología y Biología...
Maria Luz Cayuela
Murcia. SPAINCEBAS-CSICCEBAS-CSIC
Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Seguradel Segura
Council of Scientific ResearchCouncil of Scientific Research
http://www.cebas.csic.es/ingles/index_ingles.html
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENTAND ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
GROUP OF SOIL ENZYMOLOGY, BIOREMEDIATION AND ORGANIC WASTES
Main research interests:• Development of strategies for improving the knowledge
on the mechanisms conducting the processes of soil degradation and rehabilitation, and particularly those of C cycle.
• Obtaining sensitive bioindicators of biological soil quality and functionality, based on its microbial activity, biochemistry (enzymology), and biodiversity.
• Recycling in soil of organic amendments and their effect on C sequestration
• Composting of organic wastes for agricultural use
Research linesComposting: •Pilot and industrial scale•Set up the best management practices: best mixtures, aeration system, turning frequency etc…•Evolution of physico-chemical and biochemical properties: maturity and stability
Compost application: •Field study•Effect on soil quality: TOC, CEC•Effect on crop: foliar analysis and olive yield.•C sequestration
Temporary strategy to tackle GHG emissions• Affected by climate, land use, type of soil,
exogenous organic matter characteristics, etc
Win-win strategy
Increas ing interest on soil C sequestration
Mediterranean soils: Potential to lock C• Low OM concentration• Degraded soils
Understanding mechanisms involved in C cycle• Mitigation options
Processes that control soil C storage and GHG emissions• Implications in soil C sequestration potential• Study of variables such as
o Exogenous organic matter mineralisation rateo Composition of added organic mattero Effect of type of soil,...
Application of organic residues to soil: implications on GHG emissions and C
sequestrationIstituto Sperimentale per la Nutrizione delle Piante.ISNP-CRA, Gorizia. ITALY
How to measure CO2 flux?
Micrometeorological technique: Eddy covariance• Main methodology for measuring CO2 exchange
between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at field scale.
• Chamber methods to measure CO2 and other trace gases (CH4, N2O)• Most commonly used method to measure the
exchange of trace gases.• Suited for both laboratory and field scale
experiments.
Closed s tatic chambers
• Efflux calculated from the rate of changing of CO2 concentration in a closed volume.
removablechamber
samplingport
fixedcollar
Soil
CO2
• CO2 concentration measured by IR, soda trap. The use of GC allows to measure other trace gases
Soil
CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
t0 = 0 t ≈ 20 – 60 minutes
Closed dynamic chambers
Air in the chamber is circulate through a detector.
• Efflux calculated from the rate of changing of CO2 concentration in a closed volume.
• Type of detector: Usually IRGA or GC (other gases)
t0 = 0 t ≈ 20 – 60 minutes
Soil
CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2
Pump Detector
SoilCO2
Pump Detector
Advantages/disavdantages of closed chambers
• Advantages• Measure very small fluxes.• Cheap and easy to set up• Allows automation.
Disadvantages• Influence on natural soil fluxes.• Can affect gas concentration profiles within the
soil (gas accumulation), even in the case of closed dynamic chambers
• Air-filled pore space below the chamber accounts as chamber volume.
• Do not represent real conditions
Description of the incubation system
Chamber method adapted to measure soil trace gas fluxes (CO2, N2O and CH4) under laboratory scale
inlet
outlet
Description of the incubation system
multipositionvalve
multipositionvalve
airpump
outlet
16 open flasks containing the amended soils and aerated by means of a air pump
Description of the incubation system
airpump
outlet
at regular intervals (every 20 min) one flask is converted into a closed dynamic system by means of a valve system
peristalticpump
Selectedstream outlet
Selectedstream outlet
Description of the incubation system
airpump
microGC gas concentration in the flask is measured at
two different time intervals by GC
peristalticpump
outlet
Example
C mineralisation dynamics in amended soils under laboratory conditions.
Variable studied:
- type of soil
Pérdidas de Materia OrgánicaMaterial description
Soil amendment: Commercial meat bone meal (MBM)43.1 %C; 9.4 %N; 18.6%fat; dose: 200 kgN Ha-1
Incubation conditions:20ºC, 14 days, soil CO2 flux measured every 3 hours
Soil characteristics:Management Sand Silt Clay pH CaCO3 NTOTCORG BC
(H2O) µg g-1
I Arable 69 28 3 8.3 74.0 0.57 0.05 114II Arable 52 21 27 8.0 41.5 1.04 0.10 119III Grassland 37 48 15 7.8 4.6 2.54 0.24 795IV Arable 6 48 46 7.0 -- 3.20 0.45 269V Grassland 67 21 12 6.7 -- 2.20 0.21 205VI Arable 55 28 17 5.0 -- 0.87 0.12 118VII Arable 54 32 14 4.6 -- 0.81 0.13 65
% %
8.38.07.87.06.75.04.6
Pérdidas de Materia OrgánicaCO2 evolution during soil incubation
Typical respiration rate of a commercial meat bone meal(200 kg N Ha-1) in two different agricultural soils at 20 ºC.
0
5
10
0 3 6 9
time (days)
CO2 -C
evo
lution
(µg
kg m
in-1
) I+MBMII+MBMIII
High sampling frequency
Low coefficientof variation
Pérdidas de Materia OrgánicaCO2 evolution during soil incubation
time (days)
Cum
ulat
ive
extra
CO
2-C
(µg·
g-1)
0
20
40
60
80
3 6 9 12
S.Martino Gorizia
Bueris
Lodi
Reana
Ribis
Jumilla
Cumulative extra CO2-C evolved during the decomposition of commercial meat bone meal (200 kg N Ha-1) in seven
different agricultural soils at 20 ºC.
30.3 %of added C
11.5 %of added C
IIIIIIIVVVIVII
Correlation to soil phys icochemical properties
Fitting to mineralisation kinetic models
time (t)
Cum
ulat
ive
extra
CO
2-C(t) Cmax
t1/2
/2Cmax
( )kttC
2/11
max
+=CO2 –C(t)
Sigmoidal growth modelSigmoidal growth model
• No simple linear correlation
• Multivariable linear regression for t1/2 and soil pH (+), texture (-, sand) and BC (-)• R2=0.97; P<0.01
Discuss ion
• Soil pH directly correlated to t1/2
Regulates adsortion of proteins to mineral surfacesElectrostacic chargesFunctional groups
• Soil texture inversely correlated to t1/2
Physical protection of organic matter with clays Strong links between proteins and clays
• Microbial biomass inversely correlated to t1/2
Main responsible for degradation
Conclus ions
• The proposed semiautomatic chromatographic method succeded in the identification of soil pH, texture and microbial biomass as variables affecting MBM mineralisation
• There is a large number of variables affecting C mineralisation in amended soils that need to be tested under controlled conditions
• Laboratory scale experiments represent a powerful tool to asses the effect of different variables on C cycle before the setup of field scale experiments
International collaborations:
Prof. H. Insam. University of Innsbruck (Austria).
Prof. E. Stentiford. University of Leeds (United Kingdom).
Prof. Maria de Nobili. University of Udine (Italy).
Prof. P. Brookes. Rothamsted Research (UK).
Dr. P.D. Millner. United States Department of Agriculture (USA).
Dr. J.W. van Groenigen. Wageningen University (The Netherlands).
Recent publications on composting:•Cayuela, M.L., Bernal, M.P., Roig, A. 2004.Composting olive mill waste and sheep manure for Orchard Use. Compost Science & Utilization. 12(2): 130-136.
•Cayuela, M.L., Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Roig, A. 2006.Evaluation of two different aeration systems for composting two-phase olive mill wastes.Process Biochemistry. 41: 616-623.
•Cayuela, M.L., Millner, P.D., Slovin, J., Roig, A. 2007.Duckweed (Lemna gibba) growth inhibition bioassay for evaluating the toxicity of olive mill wastes before and during composting. Chemosphere 68: 1985-1991.
•Cayuela, M.L., Mondini, C. Sanchez-Monedero, M.A. Roig, A. 2007.Chemical properties and hydrolytic enzyme activities for the characterisation of two-phase olive mill waste composting. Bioresource Technology, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.057.
Soil application: C and N mineralization, fertility, C sequestration, GHG emissions•Mondini, C., Cayuela, M.L., Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Roig, A., Brookes, P.C. 2006. Soil microbial biomass activation by trace amounts of readily available substrate. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 42: 542-549.
•Cayuela, M.L., Sinicco, T., Fornasier, F., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A., Mondini, C. 2007.Carbon mineralization dynamics in soils amended with meat meals under laboratory conditions.Waste Management, doi:10.106/j.wasman.2007.09.028.
•Mondini, C., Cayuela, M.L., Roig, A., Sinicco, T., Cordaro, F., Sánchez-Monedero, M.A. 2007.Greenhouse gas emissions and C sink capacity of amended soils under laboratory conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39: 1366-1374.
Soil application: C and N mineralization, fertility, C sequestration, GHG emissions•Mondini, C., Cayuela, M.L., Sinicco, T., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A, .Bertolone, E., Bardi, L. 2007.Soil application of meat and bone meal. Short-term effects on mineralization dynamics and soil biochemical and microbiological properties.Soil Biology and Biochemistry, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.010.
•Sanchez-Monedero, M.A., Cayuela, M.L., Mondini, C., Serramia, N., Roig, A. 2007.Potential of olive mill wastes for soil C sequestration. Waste Management, doi:10.106/j.wasman.2007.09.029
•Brookes, P., Cayuela, M.L., Contin, M., De Nobili, M., Kemmitt, S., Mondini, C. 2007.The mineralisation of fresh and humified soil organic matter by the soil microbial biomass. Waste Management doi:10.106/j.wasman.2007.09.015.