1. 1

2. 2 AppendixAppendix 3. 3 4. 4 camera obscuracamera obscura pinhole camerapinhole camera 5. 5 How aHow a pinhole camerapinhole camera works. Byworks. By BobBob MellishMellish http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinhole-camera.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinhole-camera.svg 6. 6 7. 7 8. 8 9. 9 10. 10 ff ff f =f = 11. 11 ff ff f =f = 12. 12 f =f = ff ff aa aa 13. 13 aa aa aaf += 111 ff ff aa aa ff ff aa aa ff ff aa aa 14. 14 1/f = 1/a + 1/a1/f = 1/a + 1/a ff ff a=a= a=fa=f ff ff a=2fa=2f a=2fa=2f ff ff a=3fa=3f a=1.5fa=1.5f ffff a=3fa=3fa=1.5fa=1.5f ffff a=a=a=fa=f ff ff a=2fa=2f a=2fa=2f 15. 15 1/f = 1/a + 1/a1/f = 1/a + 1/a a = af / (a - f)a = af / (a - f) aa af / (a - f)af / (a - f) 16. 16 y =y = y =y = MM = y/y = a/a= y/y = a/a aa aa yy yy 17. 17 ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb f =f = a =a = = 3f= 3f y =y = y =y = 1/f = 1/a + 1/a1/f = 1/a + 1/a a = af / (a - f) = 1.5fa = af / (a - f) = 1.5f MM = y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f= y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f = f / (a - f) = a / f 1= f / (a - f) = a / f 1 = 0.5= 0.5 18. 18 ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb f =f = a =a = = 2f= 2f y =y = y =y = 1/f = 1/a + 1/a1/f = 1/a + 1/a a = af / (a - f) = 2fa = af / (a - f) = 2f MM = y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f= y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f = f / (a - f)= f / (a - f) = a / f 1= a / f 1 = 1.0= 1.0 19. 19 ffff aa aa yy yy bbbb f =f = a =a = = 1.5f= 1.5f y =y = y =y = 1/f = 1/a + 1/a1/f = 1/a + 1/a a = af / (a - f) = 3fa = af / (a - f) = 3f MM = y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f= y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f = f / (a - f)= f / (a - f) = a / f 1= a / f 1 = 2.0= 2.0 1.51.5 20. 20 21. 21 etc.etc. 22. 22 ff 33 ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb MM = y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f= y/y = a/a = f/b = b/f = f / (a - f)= f / (a - f) = 0.5= 0.5 23. 23 ff ff aa aa yy bbbb 24. 24 ff ff aa aa yy bbbb ff 22 25. 25 ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb 26. 26 ff ff aa aa 27. 27 ff ff aa aa 28. 28 ff ff aa aa f/2f/2 29. 29 30. 30 F = f / DF = f / D DD f/4f/4 f/4f/4 31. 31 32. 32 Fe = (1 + M) FFe = (1 + M) F Fe = (a / f ) FFe = (a / f ) F M = a/a = f/b = b/fM = a/a = f/b = b/f M = f / (a - f) = a / f 1M = f / (a - f) = a / f 1 ff ff aa aa bb bb 33. 33 ff 34. 34 tan() = y / ftan() = y / f f = y / tan()f = y / tan() fov = atan(h / 2f) * 2fov = atan(h / 2f) * 2 f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) fovfov hh yy 35mm35mm yy fov = 2fov = 2 h = 2yh = 2y 35. 35 36. 36 F = f / DF = f / D ff FF 37. 37 38. 38 1.01.0 0.50.5 f / Df / D 39. 39 40. 40 VV V = Lf / (L - f)V = Lf / (L - f) LL VV VV VV LL ff ff LL VV 41. 41 fov = atan(h / 2V) * 2fov = atan(h / 2V) * 2 V = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)V = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) fov = atan(h (L - f) / 2Lf) * 2fov = atan(h (L - f) / 2Lf) * 2 f = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2) * L + h / 2)f = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2) * L + h / 2) fov = atan(h / 2f) * 2fov = atan(h / 2f) * 2 f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) Fe = V / DFe = V / D Fe = (1 + M) FFe = (1 + M) F Fe = (V / f) FFe = (V / f) F V = Lf / (L - f)V = Lf / (L - f) L = Vf / (V - f)L = Vf / (V - f) F = f / DF = f / D ff ff LL VV fovfov hhDD M = V / LM = V / L M = f / (L f) = V / f - 1M = f / (L f) = V / f - 1 42. 42 f25mmf25mm 43. 43 f50mmf50mm 44. 44 f100mmf100mm 45. 45 f200mmf200mm 46. 46 f400mmf400mm 47. 47 48. 48 = f / D= f / D D = f / FD = f / F 49. 49 Circle of ConfusionCircle of Confusion 50. 50 Circle of ConfusionCircle of Confusion ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb 51. 51 aa LL V = Lf / (L f)V = Lf / (L f) a = af / (a f)a = af / (a f) V - a = Lf / (L f) af / (a f)V - a = Lf / (L f) af / (a f) DD |V a||V a| aa DD a = af / (a f)a = af / (a f) aa aa ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb 52. 52 aa CoC(a) = (V - a) D / aCoC(a) = (V - a) D / a CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) D / (af / (a f) )CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) D / (af / (a f) ) ff ff aa aa yy yy bbbb 53. 53 CoC() = VD / LCoC() = VD / L CoC() = VCoC() = V22 / LFe/ LFe CoC() = FeDCoC() = FeD22 / L/ L CoC() = fD / (L - f)CoC() = fD / (L - f) CoC() = fCoC() = f22 / (L - f)F/ (L - f)F CoC() = FDCoC() = FD22 / (L - f)/ (L - f) CoC() = MDCoC() = MD 54. 54 aa aa CoC(a) = (V - a) D / aCoC(a) = (V - a) D / a CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) D / (af / (a f) )CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) D / (af / (a f) ) CoC(a) = CoC() * (a - L) / aCoC(a) = CoC() * (a - L) / a CoC(a) = (V - a) (a f) D / afCoC(a) = (V - a) (a f) D / af CoC(a) = (V - a) (a f) / aFCoC(a) = (V - a) (a f) / aF CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) D / afCoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) D / af CoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) / aFCoC(a) = (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) / aF CoC(a) = fD / (L - f) * (a - L) / aCoC(a) = fD / (L - f) * (a - L) / a CoC(a) = MD * (a - L) / aCoC(a) = MD * (a - L) / a CoC(a) = (V - f) / f - VD / aCoC(a) = (V - f) / f - VD / a CoC(a) = (aV - af - fV)D / afCoC(a) = (aV - af - fV)D / af CoC(a) = (aV - af - fV) / aFCoC(a) = (aV - af - fV) / aF CoC(a) = VD / L * (a - L) / aCoC(a) = VD / L * (a - L) / a 55. 55 aa CoC(a) / hCoC(a) / h hh (V - a) D / ah(V - a) D / ah (V - a) (a f) D / afh(V - a) (a f) D / afh (V - a) (a f) / aFh(V - a) (a f) / aFh (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) D / afh(Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) D / afh (Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) / aFh(Lf / (L f) af / (a f) ) (a f) / aFh fD / (L - f) * (a - L) / ahfD / (L - f) * (a - L) / ah MD * (a - L) / ahMD * (a - L) / ah (V - f) / fh - VD / ah(V - f) / fh - VD / ah (aV - af - fV)D / afh(aV - af - fV)D / afh (aV - af - fV) / aFh(aV - af - fV) / aFh VD / L * (a - L) / ahVD / L * (a - L) / ah 56. 56 CoC() / hCoC() / h VD / LhVD / Lh VV22 / LFeh/ LFeh FeDFeD22 / Lh/ Lh fD / (L - f)hfD / (L - f)h ff22 / (L - f)Fh/ (L - f)Fh FDFD22 / (L - f)h/ (L - f)h MD / hMD / h 57. 57 58. 58 f = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2) * L + h / 2)f = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2) * L + h / 2) LL hh f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) 59. 59 0.50.5 60. 60 61. 61 62. 62 63. 63 f1f1 64. 64 1 / f = 1 / f1 + 1 / f2 d / (f1 * f2)1 / f = 1 / f1 + 1 / f2 d / (f1 * f2) f = f1 * f2 / (f1 + f2 - d)f = f1 * f2 / (f1 + f2 - d) f1f1 f2f2 dd ff 65. 65 f1f1 f1f1 66. 66 67. 67 F = f / DF = f / D 68. 68 ff H-HH-H 33 44 : . Panther http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lens_different_h.svg 69. 69 70. 70 ff L=L= V=fV=f fovfov hh ff L=3fL=3f V=1.5fV=1.5f fovfov hh 71. 71 fovfov hh f=3f=3 L=6=2fL=6=2f V=6=2fV=6=2f f=3f=3 L=L= V=3=fV=3=f fovfov hh 2f2f 1.01.0 f=2f=2 L=6=3fL=6=3f V=3=1.5fV=3=1.5f fovfov hh f=3f=3 L=L= V=3=fV=3=f fovfov hh 2/32/3 0.50.5 M=V/L=1M=V/L=1 M=V/L=0.5M=V/L=0.5 72. 72 73. 73 22 22 74. 74 75. 75 76. 76 f 100mmf 100mm 10cm10cm 77. 77 78. 78 79. 79 80. 80 1/31/3 0.20.2 0.50.5 81. 81 f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) V = Lf / (V = Lf / (L f)L f) fov = atan(h / (fov = atan(h / (VV * 2)) * 2* 2)) * 2 fovfov fovfov hh LL VV fov, h, Lfov, h, L 82. 82 f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2)f = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) s = L / (s = L / (L f)L f) sr = pow(ssr = pow(s, r), r) V =V = f * srf * sr f = V / s = f * sr / sf = V / s = f * sr / s fov = atan(h / (fov = atan(h / (VV * 2)) * 2* 2)) * 2 ff rr -1.0-1.0 1.01.0 1.01.0 0.00.0 -1.0-1.0 -1.0-1.0 r = -2.0r = -2.0 83. 83 84. 84 r = 1r = 1 85. 85 86. 86 r = -1r = -1 87. 87 r = 1r = 1 88. 88 89. 89 90. 90 91. 91 92. 92 A simple zoom lens system.A simple zoom lens system. DrBobDrBob, SVG by, SVG by User:JxjlUser:Jxjl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens1.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens1.svg 93. 93 Movement of lenses in a zoom lens.Movement of lenses in a zoom lens. DrBobDrBob, SVG by, SVG by User:JxjlUser:Jxjl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens2.svg 94. 94 Movement of lenses in a zoom lens.Movement of lenses in a zoom lens. DrBobDrBob, SVG by, SVG by User:JxjlUser:Jxjl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens1.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens1.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoomlens2.svg 95. 95 96. 96 97. 97 98. 98 99. 99 NPP (NPP (non parallax pointnon parallax point)) 100. 100 101. 101 102. 102 103. 103 104. 104 105. 105 APS-CAPS-C 23.615.7mm23.615.7mm 1/2.31/2.3 6.164.62mm6.164.62mm 106. 106 810810 200250mm200250mm 4545 100125mm100125mm 69cm69cm 56.082.6mm56.082.6mm 64.5cm64.5cm 56.041.5mm56.041.5mm 35mm35mm 36.024.0mm36.024.0mm 42.27mm42.27mm APS-CAPS-C 23.615.7mm23.615.7mm 28.3mm28.3mm 4/34/3 17.313.0mm17.313.0mm 21.13mm21.13mm 2/32/3 8.86.6mm8.86.6mm 11.07mm11.07mm 1/1.81/1.8 7.185.32mm7.185.32mm 8.93mm8.93mm 1/2.51/2.5 5.764.29mm5.764.29mm 7.18mm7.18mm 1/31/3 4.83.6mm4.83.6mm 6.0mm6.0mm 107. 107 f/1.4f/1.4 f/2.8f/2.8 f/2.8f/2.8 f/5.6f/5.6 108. 108 f/3f/3 f/5f/5 109. 109 110. 110 2/32/3 11.07mm11.07mm 35mm35mm 35mm35mm 2/52/5 10mm10mm 1000mm1000mm 35mm35mm 40mm40mm 4000mm4000mm 4040 0.40.4 (( )) 111. 111 f/4f/4 f/5f/5 20cm20cm 112. 112 113. 113 35mm35mm 2216mm2216mm APS-CAPS-C 70mm70mm 52.5023.00mm52.5023.00mm 57.32mm57.32mm 35mm35mm 22.0016.00mm22.0016.00mm 27.20mm27.20mm 16mm16mm 10.267.49mm10.267.49mm 12.70mm12.70mm 8mm8mm 4.503.30mm4.503.30mm 5.58mm5.58mm 2/32/3 16mm16mm 35mm35mm 1/31/3 3/43/4 35mm35mm 114. 114 115. 115 116. 116 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spherical-aberration-slice.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spherical-aberration-slice.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 117. 117 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-3d.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-3d.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 118. 118 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 119. 119 Numerical ApertureNumerical Aperture NA = nsin()NA = nsin() nn 1.01.0 NA = nsin()NA = nsin() NA = n / 2Fe = nD / 2V NA = n / 2Fe = nD / 2V nn 1.01.0 Fe = f / VFe = f / V ff LL VV DD VV 120. 120 d = 21.2196Fe / nd = 21.2196Fe / n dd nn 1.01.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-pattern.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 121. 121 122. 122 123. 123 124. 124 125. 125 126. 126 127. 127 128. 128 2/32/3 8.86.6mm8.86.6mm 9.65.4mm9.65.4mm 11mm11mm (( )) 1/41/4 0.80.8 1000100010001000 800800800800 129. 129 1,9201,0801,9201,080 1,5368641,536864 2/32/3 9.65.4mm9.65.4mm 5.4mm / 864 = 0.00625mm = 6.255.4mm / 864 = 0.00625mm = 6.25 9.6mm / 1,5369.6mm / 1,536 6.256.25 130. 130 d = 2.4392Fe / nd = 2.4392Fe / n 6.256.25 6.256.25 6.256.25 = 0.6= 0.6 600 nm600 nm d = 21.2196Fe / nd = 21.2196Fe / n 2.43920.62.43920.6 Fe / 1.0 < 6.25Fe / 1.0 < 6.25 Fe < 6.25Fe < 6.25 / (2.43920.6)/ (2.43920.6) Fe < 4.27Fe < 4.27 4.34.3 131. 131 2/32/3 9.65.4mm9.65.4mm 11mm11mm 4.34.3 5.4mm / 1,080 = 0.005mm = 55.4mm / 1,080 = 0.005mm = 5 2.43920.62.43920.6 Fe / 1.0 < 5Fe / 1.0 < 5 Fe < 3.42Fe < 3.42 3.43.4 f/4f/4 55 132. 132132 810810 200 mm200 mm 250 mm250 mm 320 mm320 mm 4545 100 mm100 mm 125 mm125 mm 160 mm160 mm 69cm69cm 56.0 mm56.0 mm 82.6 mm82.6 mm 99.8 mm99.8 mm 64.5cm64.5cm 56.0 mm56.0 mm 41.5 mm41.5 mm 69.7 mm69.7 mm 35mm35mm 36.0 mm36.0 mm 24.0 mm24.0 mm 42.27 mm42.27 mm APS-CAPS-C 23.4 mm23.4 mm 16.7 mm16.7 mm 28.3 mm28.3 mm 4/34/3 17.3 mm17.3 mm 13.0 mm13.0 mm 21.13 mm21.13 mm 70mm IMAX70mm IMAX 69.6 mm69.6 mm 48.5 mm48.5 mm 84.75 mm84.75 mm 70mm70mm 52.5 mm52.5 mm 23.0 mm23.0 mm 57.32 mm57.32 mm 35mm35mm 21.95 mm21.95 mm 18.6 mm18.6 mm 28.77 mm28.77 mm 16mm16mm 10.26 mm10.26 mm 7.49 mm7.49 mm 12.70 mm12.70 mm 8mm8mm 4.5 mm4.5 mm 3.3 mm3.3 mm 5.58 mm5.58 mm 2/32/3 8.8 mm8.8 mm 6.6 mm6.6 mm 11.07 mm11.07 mm 1/1.81/1.8 7.18 mm7.18 mm 5.32 mm5.32 mm 8.93 mm8.93 mm 1/2.51/2.5 5.76 mm5.76 mm 4.29 mm4.29 mm 7.18 mm7.18 mm 1/31/3 4.8 mm4.8 mm 3.6 mm3.6 mm 6.0 mm6.0 mm 810810 810810 IMAX 70mmIMAX 70mm IMAX 70mmIMAX 70mm 4545 4545 69cm69cm 69cm69cm 64.5cm64.5cm 64.5cm64.5cm 35mm35mm 35mm35mm APS-CAPS-CAPS-CAPS-C 4/34/34/34/3 70mm70mm 70mm70mm 35mm35mm35mm35mm 16mm16mm 1/1.81/1.8 1/31/3 8mm8mm 2/32/3 133. 133133 810810 810810 IMAX 70mmIMAX 70mm IMAX 70mmIMAX 70mm 4545 4545 69cm69cm 69cm69cm 64.5cm64.5cm 64.5cm64.5cm 35mm35mm 35mm35mm APS-CAPS-CAPS-CAPS-C 4/34/34/34/3 70mm70mm 70mm70mm 35mm35mm35mm35mm 16mm16mm16mm16mm 2/32/32/32/3 8mm8mm 1/1.81/1.8 1/31/3 134. 134 20082008 20092009 f/1.4f/1.4 5.65.6 35mm35mm 24002400 36.036.0 mmmm 24.024.0 mmmm 60006000 40004000 7.50 7.50 Fe < 5.12Fe < 5.12 APS-CAPS-C 12001200 23.4mm23.4mm 15.615.6 mmmm 42004200 28002800 6.96 6.96 Fe < 4.77Fe < 4.77 4/34/3 10001000 17.317.3 mmmm 13.013.0 mmmm 36003600 27002700 6.02 6.02 Fe < 4.11Fe < 4.11 f/2.6f/2.6 5.95.9 2/32/3 11001100 8.8 mm8.8 mm 6.6 mm6.6 mm 38003800 28502850 2.89 2.89 Fe < 1.98Fe < 1.98 1/1.81/1.8 12001200 7.187.18 5.325.32 40004000 30003000 2.17 2.17 Fe < 1.48Fe < 1.48 135. 135 35mm35mm 810810 200 mm200 mm 250 mm250 mm 55 9,2599,259 4545 100 mm100 mm 125 mm125 mm 11 15741574 69cm69cm 56.0 mm56.0 mm 82.6 mm82.6 mm 4,2834,283 64.5cm64.5cm 56.0 mm56.0 mm 41.5 mm41.5 mm 2,1522,152 35mm35mm 36.0 mm36.0 mm 24.0 mm24.0 mm 800800 APS-CAPS-C 23.4 mm23.4 mm 16.7 mm16.7 mm 362362 70mm IMAX70mm IMAX 69.6 mm69.6 mm 48.5 mm48.5 mm 3,1253,125 70mm70mm 52.5 mm52.5 mm 23.0 mm23.0 mm 1,1181,118 35mm35mm 21.95 mm21.95 mm 18.6 mm18.6 mm 378378 16mm16mm 10.26 mm10.26 mm 7.49 mm7.49 mm 7272 136. 136 3624mm3624mm 43mm43mm 512512 7.77.7 2.43920.62.43920.6 Fe / 1.0 < 7.7Fe / 1.0 < 7.7 Fe < 5.26Fe < 5.26 5.35.3 35mm35mm 0.0260.026 0.035mm0.035mm 2.43920.62.43920.6 Fe / 1.0 < 26Fe / 1.0 < 26 3535 Fe < 17.7Fe < 17.7 23.923.9 1818 2424 137. 137 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-3d.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy-3d.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 138. 138 = 0.42Fe= 0.42Fe = d0.17219= d0.17219 dd d = 21.2196Fed = 21.2196Fe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy_vs_gaus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airy_vs_gaus.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A radial cross-section through the Airy diffraction pattern (solid curve) and its Gaussian profile approximation (dashed curve).A radial cross-section through the Airy diffraction pattern (solid curve) and its Gaussian profile approximation (dashed curve). 139. 139 CIE RGBCIE RGB rgbrgb = (700.0nm, 546= (700.0nm, 546..11 nm, 435.8 nm)nm, 435.8 nm) rgbrgb = (= (614.5614.5nm,nm, 532.5532.5 nm, 467.5 nm)nm, 467.5 nm) 140. 140 141. 141 142. 142 35mm35mm 42.27mm42.27mm f/2, f/4, f/8, f/16, f/32, f/64, f/128f/2, f/4, f/8, f/16, f/32, f/64, f/128 1/2.51/2.5 7.18mm7.18mm f/2, f/4, f/8, f/16, f/32, f/64, f/128f/2, f/4, f/8, f/16, f/32, f/64, f/128 12807201280720 143. 143 35mm f/235mm f/2 144. 144 35mm f/435mm f/4 145. 145 35mm f/835mm f/8 146. 146 35mm f/1635mm f/16 147. 147 35mm f/3235mm f/32 148. 148 35mm f/6435mm f/64 149. 149 35mm f/12835mm f/128 150. 150 1/2.5 f/21/2.5 f/2 151. 151 1/2.5 f/41/2.5 f/4 152. 152 1/2.5 f/81/2.5 f/8 153. 153 1/2.5 f/161/2.5 f/16 154. 154 1/2.5 f/321/2.5 f/32 155. 155 1/2.5 f/641/2.5 f/64 156. 156 1/2.5 f/1281/2.5 f/128 157. 157 158. 158 35mm f/235mm f/2 159. 159 35mm f/435mm f/4 160. 160 35mm f/835mm f/8 161. 161 35mm f/1635mm f/16 162. 162 35mm f/3235mm f/32 163. 163 35mm f/6435mm f/64 164. 164 35mm f/12835mm f/128 165. 165 1/2.5 f/21/2.5 f/2 166. 166 1/2.5 f/41/2.5 f/4 167. 167 1/2.5 f/81/2.5 f/8 168. 168 1/2.5 f/161/2.5 f/16 169. 169 1/2.5 f/321/2.5 f/32 170. 170 1/2.5 f/641/2.5 f/64 171. 171 1/2.5 f/1281/2.5 f/128 172. 172 173. 173 174. 174 175. 175 176. 176 177. 177 etc.etc. etc.etc. 178. 178 179. 179 10,000mm10,000mm f/0.1f/0.1 1cm1cm etc.etc. 180. 180 f/0.1f/0.1 181. 181 35mm35mm f/2.0f/2.0 182. 182 f/0.135f/0.135 183. 183 35mm35mm f/2.0f/2.0 184. 184 f/0.27f/0.27 185. 185 f/2.0f/2.0 186. 186 f/4.0f/4.0 187. 187 f/2.0f/2.0 f/32f/32 f/8f/8 etc.etc. etc.etc. 188. 188 189. 189 190. 190 etc.etc. 191. 191 192. 192 193. 193 194. 194 AppendixAppendix 195. 195 f : Focal lengthf : Focal length L : Focus distanceL : Focus distance LL VV V : Image distanceV : Image distance D :D : h :h : fov :fov : : fov / 2: fov / 2 t : tan(fov / 2) * 2 = tan() * 2t : tan(fov / 2) * 2 = tan() * 2 F : F-numberF : F-number Fe : Effective F-numberFe : Effective F-number M : Magnification ratioM : Magnification ratio f = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2)L + h/2) = (Lh / 2) / (tan()L + h/2) = Fh / tFe = LM / (M + 1) = FDf = (Lh / 2) / (tan(fov / 2)L + h/2) = (Lh / 2) / (tan()L + h/2) = Fh / tFe = LM / (M + 1) = FD fov = atan(h / 2V) * 2 = atan(h/2 * (L - f) / Lf) * 2 = atan(h(L - f) / 2Lf) * 2fov = atan(h / 2V) * 2 = atan(h/2 * (L - f) / Lf) * 2 = atan(h(L - f) / 2Lf) * 2 = fov / 2 = atan(h / 2V) = atan(h/2 * (L - f) / Lf) = atan(h(L - f) / 2Lf)= fov / 2 = atan(h / 2V) = atan(h/2 * (L - f) / Lf) = atan(h(L - f) / 2Lf) M = f / (L - f) = V / LM = f / (L - f) = V / L F = f / D = h / tD = Fe(L - f) / LF = f / D = h / tD = Fe(L - f) / L Fe = V/D = (M + 1)F = LF / (L - f) = Lf / (L - f)D = VF / fFe = V/D = (M + 1)F = LF / (L - f) = Lf / (L - f)D = VF / f Fe : F = L : L - f = M + 1 : 1Fe : F = L : L - f = M + 1 : 1 h = tV = tFeDh = tV = tFeD D = h / tFeD = h / tFe L = Vf / (V - f) = V/M = f/M + f = (M + 1)f / ML = Vf / (V - f) = V/M = f/M + f = (M + 1)f / M V = Lf / (L - f)V = Lf / (L - f) = LM = fM + f = (M + 1)f = FeD= LM = fM + f = (M + 1)f = FeD = h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) = h / (tan() * 2) = h/t= h / (tan(fov / 2) * 2) = h / (tan() * 2) = h/t ff ff LL VV fovfov hhDD 196. 196 CoC() :CoC() : CoC() = VD / L = VCoC() = VD / L = V22 / LFe/ LFe = FeD= FeD22 / L = h/ L = h22 / LFet/ LFet22 = fD / (L - f) = f= fD / (L - f) = f22 / (L - f)F/ (L - f)F = FD= FD22 / (L - f) = MD/ (L - f) = MD CoCCoCSRSR() :() : CoCCoCSRSR() = CoC() / h() = CoC() / h = VD / Lh = V= VD / Lh = V22 / LFeh/ LFeh = FeD= FeD22 / Lh = h / LFet/ Lh = h / LFet22 = fD / (L - f)h = f= fD / (L - f)h = f22 / (L - f)Fh/ (L - f)Fh = FD= FD22 / (L - f)h = MD / h/ (L - f)h = MD / h CoC(z) :CoC(z) : CoC(z) = CoC() * (z - L) / zCoC(z) = CoC() * (z - L) / z = (V - z) D / z= (V - z) D / z = VD / L * (z - L) / z= VD / L * (z - L) / z = fD / (L - f) * (z - L) / z = MD * (z - L) / z= fD / (L - f) * (z - L) / z = MD * (z - L) / z = (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zf= (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zf = (zV - zf - fV)D / zf= (zV - zf - fV)D / zf = (zV - zf - fV) / zF = (V - f) / f - VD / z= (zV - zf - fV) / zF = (V - f) / f - VD / z = (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zf= (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zf = (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f) / zF= (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f) / zF CoCCoCSRSR(z) :(z) : (( )) CoCCoCSRSR(z) = CoC(z) / h(z) = CoC(z) / h = CoC() * (z - L) / zh = CoC2SR() * (z - L) / z= CoC() * (z - L) / zh = CoC2SR() * (z - L) / z = (V - z) D / zh= (V - z) D / zh = VD / L * (z - L) / zh= VD / L * (z - L) / zh = fD / (L - f) * (z - L) / zh = MD * (z - L) / zh= fD / (L - f) * (z - L) / zh = MD * (z - L) / zh = (zV - zf - fV)D / zfh= (zV - zf - fV)D / zfh = (zV - zf - fV) / zFh = (V - f) / fh - VD / zh= (zV - zf - fV) / zFh = (V - f) / fh - VD / zh = (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zfh= (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f)D / zfh = (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f) / zFh= (Lf / (L - f) - zf / (z - f)) * (z - f) / zFh ff ff zz zz yy yy DD VV CoCCoC 197. 197 : Permissible Circle of Confusion: Permissible Circle of Confusion : Depth of Focus: Depth of Focus LLff :: LLrr :: DoFDoFff : Front Depth of Field: Front Depth of Field DoFDoFrr : Rear Depth of Field: Rear Depth of Field ff zz zz VV LL DoFDoFrr DoFDoFff LLff LLrr DoFDoF DD 198. 198 H : Hyperfocal DistanceH : Hyperfocal Distance HH H / 2H / 2 H / 2H / 2 H / 3H / 3 HH H / 3H / 3 H / 4H / 4 H / 2H / 2 H / nH / n H / (n + 1)H / (n + 1) H / (n - 1)H / (n - 1) LLff() = fD / () = fD / fD / + ffD / + f ff = Fe = V / D = f(M + 1) / D = LM / D= Fe = V / D = f(M + 1) / D = LM / D H = f(D + ) / = fD / + f = (fH = f(D + ) / = fD / + f = (f22 + fF) / F = f+ fF) / F = f22 / F + f/ F + f LLff = HL / (H + L) = L - DoF= HL / (H + L) = L - DoFff LLrr = HL / (H - L) = L + DoF= HL / (H - L) = L + DoFrr DoFDoFff = L - L= L - Lff = FL(L - f) / (f= FL(L - f) / (f22 + F(L - f))+ F(L - f)) DoFDoFrr = L= Lrr L = FL(L - f) / (f L = FL(L - f) / (f22 - F(L - f))- F(L - f)) ff zz zz VV LL DoFDoFrr DoFDoFff LLff LLrr DoFDoF DD 199. 199 : Half Angular Aperture: Half Angular Aperture NA : Numerical ApertureNA : Numerical Aperture N.A.N.A. d :d : n :n : = 1.0= 1.0 :: :: = asin(1 / 2Fe) = asin(D / 2V)= asin(1 / 2Fe) = asin(D / 2V) NA = n * sin() = n / 2Fe = nD / 2VNA = n * sin() = n / 2Fe = nD / 2V Fe = V / DFe = V / D d = 2 * 0.6098 / NA = 2 * 1.2196Fe / nd = 2 * 0.6098 / NA = 2 * 1.2196Fe / n = 0.42Fe = d * 0.17219= 0.42Fe = d * 0.17219 ff LL VV DD VV VV