Cu trc ARM (vit tt t tn gc lAdvanced RISC Machine) l mt loi cu trcvi x l32 bit v 64 bitkiuRISCc s dng rng ri trong cc thit knhng. Do c c im tit kim nng lng, cc bCPUARM chim u th trong cc sn phm in t di ng, m vi cc sn phm ny vic tiu tn cng sut thp l mt mc tiu thit k quan trng hng u.

Ngy nay, hn 75% CPU nhng 32-bit l thuc h ARM, iu ny khin ARM tr thnh cu trc 32-bit c sn xut nhiu nht trn th gii. CPU ARM c tm thy khp ni trong cc sn phm thng mi in t, t thit b cm tay (PDA,in thoi di ng, my a phng tin, my tr chi cm tay, vmy tnh cm tay) cho n cc thit b ngoi vi my tnh ( a cng,b nh tuyn bn.) Mt nhnh ni ting ca h ARM l cc vi x lXscalecaIntel.

Tr s chnh ca cng ty ARM tiCambridge Anh)

Mc lc

[n]

1Lch s pht trin

2Cc dng li

3Cc lu v thit k

4Giy php dng ARM

5Xem thm

6Tham kho

7Lin kt ngoi

Lch s pht trin[sa|sa m ngun]

Mt b vi x lConexantc dng ch yu trong ccb nh tuyn

Vic thit k ARM c bt u t nm1983trong mt d n pht trin ca cng ty my tnhAcorn.

Nhm thit k, dn u biRoger WilsonvSteve Furber, bt u pht trin mt b vi x l c nhiu im tng ng viK thut MOS 6502tin tin. Acorn tng sn xut nhiu my tnh da trn6502, v vy vic to ra mt chip nh vy l mt bc tin ng k ca cng ty ny.

Nhm thit k hon thnh vic pht trin mu gi lARM1vo nm1985, v vo nm sau, nhm hon thnh sn phm thc gi lARM2. ARM2 ctuyn d liu32-bit,khng gian a ch26-bit tc cho php qun l n 64 Mbyte a ch v 16thanh ghi32-bit. Mt trong nhng thanh ghi ny ng vai tr lb m chng trnhvi 6 bit cao nht v 2 bit thp nht lu gi ccc trng thica b vi x l. C th ni ARM2 l b vi x l 32-bit kh dng n gin nht trn th gii, vi ch gm 30.000transistor(so vi b vi x l lu hn bn nm ca Motorola l68000vi khong 68.000 transistor). S n gin nh vy c c nh ARM khng cvi chng trnh(m chim khong n 1/3 trong 68000) v cng ging nh hu ht cc CPU vo thi , khng h chacache. S n gin ny a n c im tiu th cng sut thp ca ARM, m li c tnh nng tt hn c286. Th h sau,ARM3, c to ra vi 4KB cache v c chc nng c ci thin tt hn na.

Vo nhng nm cui thp nin 80, hng my tnhApple Computerbt u hp tc vi Acorn pht trin cc th h li ARM mi. Cng vic ny tr nn quan trng n ni Acorn nng nhm thit k tr thnh mt cng ty mi gi lAdvanced RISC Machines. V l do bn thng c gii thch ARM l ch vit tt caAdvanced RISC Machinesthay v Acorn RISC Machine.Advanced RISC Machinestr thnh cng ty ARM Limited khi cng ty ny c a rasn chng khon LondonvNASDAQnm 1998.

Kt qu s hp tc ny lARM6. Mu u tin c cng b vo nm 1991 v Apple s dng b vi x l ARM 610 da trn ARM6 lm c s choPDAhiuApple Newton. Vo nm 1994, Acorn dng ARM 610 lmCPUtrong cc my vi tnhRiscPCca h.

Tri qua nhiu th h nhng li ARM gn nh khng thay i kch thc. ARM2 c 30.000 transistors trong khi ARM6 ch tng ln n 35.000. tng ca nh sn xut li ARM l sao cho ngi s dng c th ghp li ARM vi mt s b phn ty chn no to ra mt CPU hon chnh, mt loi CPU m c th to ra trn nhngnh my sn xut bn dnc v vn tip tc to ra c sn phm vi nhiu tnh nng m gi thnh vn thp.

Th h thnh cng nht c l lARM7TDMIvi hng trm triu li c s dng trong cc my in thoi di ng, h thng video game cm tay, v SegaDreamcast. Trong khi cng ty ARM ch tp trung vo vic bnli IP, cng c mt s giy php to rab vi iu khinda trn li ny.

Dreamcast a ra b vi x l SH4 m ch mn mt s tng t ARM (tiu tn cng sut thp, tp lnh gn ) nhng phn cn li th khc vi ARM. Dreamcast cng to ra mt chip x l m thanh c thit k bi Yamaha vi li ARM7. Bn cnh , Gameboy Advance ca Nintendo, dng ARM7TDMI tn s 16,78MHz.

HngDECcng bn giy php v li cu trc ARM (i khi chng ta c th b nhm ln v h cng sn xut raDEC Alpha) v sn xut ra th hStrong ARM. Hot ng tn s 233MHz m CPU ny ch tiu tn khong 1wattcng sut (nhng i sau cn tiu tn t cng sut hn na). Sau nhng kin tng, Intel cng c chp nhn sn xut ARM v Intel nm ly c hi ny b sung vo th h gi cii960ca h bng Strong ARM. T , Intel pht trin cho chnh h mt sn phm chc nng cao gi tn lXscale.

Cc dng li[sa|sa m ngun]

H

Li

c tnh

Cache (I/D)/MMU

MIPSin hnh @ MHz

ng dng

ARM7TDMI

ARM7TDMI(-S)

3-tng pipeline

khng

15 MIPS @ 16.8MHz

Game Boy Advance,Nintendo DS,iPod

ARM710T

MMU

36 MIPS @ 40MHz

Psion 5 series

ARM720T

8KB unified,MMU

60 MIPS @ 59.8MHz

ARM740T

MPU

ARM7EJ-S

Jazelle DBX

khng

ARM9TDMI

ARM9TDMI

5-tng pipeline

khng

ARM920T

16KB/16KB, MMU

200 MIPS @ 180MHz

GP32,GP2X(li u tin),Tapwave Zodiac(Motorolai. MX1)

ARM922T

8KB/8KB, MMU

ARM940T

4KB/4KB, MPU

GP2X(li th hai)

ARM9E

ARM946E-S

thay i c, tightly coupled memories, MPU

Nintendo DS,NokiaN-Gage, Conexant 802.11 chips

ARM966E-S

khng c cache, TCMs

ST Micro STR91xF, includes Ethernet[1]

ARM968E-S

khng c cache, TCMs

ARM926EJ-S

Jazelle DBX

thay i c, TCMs, MMU

220 MIPS @ 200MHz

in thoi di ng:Sony Ericsson(K, W series),SiemensandBenq(i x65 v i mi hn)

ARM996HS

Clockless processor

khng caches, TCMs, MPU

ARM10E

ARM1020E

(VFP)

32KB/32KB, MMU

ARM1022E

(VFP)

16KB/16KB, MMU

ARM1026EJ-S

Jazelle DBX

variable, MMU or MPU

ARM11

ARM1136J(F)-S

SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP)

variable, MMU

ARM1156T2(F)-S

SIMD, Thumb-2, (VFP)

thay i c, MPU

ARM1176JZ(F)-S

SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP)

thay i c, MMU+TrustZone

ARM11 MPCore

1-4 core SMP, SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP)

thay i c, MMU

Cortex

Cortex-A8

Application profile, NEON, Jazelle RCT, Thumb-2

variable (L1+L2), MMU+TrustZone

ln n 2000 (2.0 DMIPS/MHz in speed from 600MHz to greater than 1GHz)

Texas InstrumentsOMAP3

Cortex-R4

Embedded profile

variable cache, MMU optional

600 DMIPS

Broadcoml mt hng s dng

Cortex-M3

Microcontroller profile

no cache, (MPU)

120 DMIPS @ 100MHz

Luminary Micro[2]microcontroller family

XScale

80200/IOP310/IOP315

I/O Processor

80219

IOP321

Iyonix

IOP33x

PXA210/PXA250

Applications processor

ZaurusSL-5600

PXA255

32KB/32KB, MMU

400BogoMips@400MHz

Gumstix

PXA26x

PXA27x

800 MIPS @ 624MHz

HTCUniversal,ZaurusSL-C1000

PXA800(E)F

Monahans

1000 MIPS @ 1.25GHz

PXA900

Blackberry 8700

IXC1100

Control Plane Processor

IXP2400/IXP2800

IXP2850

IXP2325/IXP2350

IXP42x

NSLU2

IXP460/IXP465

Cc lu v thit k[sa|sa m ngun]

t c mt thit k gn, n gin v nhanh, cc nh thit k ARM xy dng n theo kiu ni cng khng cvi chng trnh, ging vi b vi x l 8-bit6502 tng c dng trong cc my vi tnh trc ca hngAcorn.

Cu trc ARM bao gm cc c tnh ca RISC nh sau:

Cu trc np/lu tr.

Khng cho php truy xut b nh khng thng hng (by gi cho php trong li Arm v6)

Tp lnh trc giao

File thanh ghi ln gm 16 x 32-bit

Chiu di m my c nh l 32 bit d gii m v thc hin pipeline, t c iu ny phi chp nhn gim mt m my.

Hu ht cc lnh u thc hin trong vng mt chu k n.

So vi cc b vi x l cng thi nhIntel 80286vMotorola 68020, trong ARM c mt s tnh cht kh c o nh sau:

Hu ht tt c cc lnh u cho php thc thi c iu kin, iu ny lm gim vic phi vit cc tiu r nhnh cng nh b cho vic khng c mtb d on r nhnh.

Trong cc lnh s hc, ch ra iu kin thc hin, ngi lp trnh ch cn sam iu kin

C mtthanh ghi dch ng thng32-bit m c th s dng vi chc nng hon ho vi hu ht cc lnh s hc v vic tnh ton a ch.

C cc kiunh a chtheo ch s rt mnh

C h thng con thc hinngthai mc u tin n gin nhng rt nhanh, km theo cho php chuyn tng nhm thanh ghi.

Giy php dng ARM[sa|sa m ngun]

Cu trc ARM c cng ty Anh ARM Holding ng k bn quyn. Pht trin u tin vo nhng nm 1980, n nrong nm 2013 n l kin trc c s dng ph bin nht. Trong nm 2011 cc nh sn xut chip da trn kin trc ARM bo co 7.9 t b vi x l ARM c mua, hin din trong 95% smartphone, 90% a cng,40% truyn hnh k thut s v set top box, 15% trong vi iu khin,20% trong my tnh di ng.

Mt mnh ARM Holding khng sn xut chip in t, nhng n ng k bn quyn ca n n nh sn xut bn dn.B vi x l v h thng trn chip da trn kin trc ARM bao gm Qualcomm Snapdragon, nVidia Tegra, v Texas Instruments OMAP.

Xem thm[sa|sa m ngun]

Inferno

DirectBand

AMULET

Philips LPC2000 ARM7TDMI-S Microcontrollers

Tham kho[sa|sa m ngun]

Lin kt ngoi[sa|sa m ngun]

4tech Ltd.

ARM Ltd.

Inferno: An Open Source operating system for embedded devices

An open source RTOS for low end ARM7 devices

ARM Assembler Programming; tutorial, resources, and examples

Philips ARM microcontrollers

The ARM microcontroller Wiki

Atmel ARM microcontrollers

NEON

Keith & Koep GmbH - System On Module with ARM and Windows CE

Toradex Industrial Single Board Computers

GCC ARM improvement project

Debian GNU/Linux on ARM

ARM7 lpc210x Programming; Tutorial;

Forum dedicated to ARM Cores

DeviceToolsSoftware, tools and resources for ARM developers.

Embedded Toolsmiths-JTAGEmulator, JTAG Flash Programmer, JTAG Debugger for ARM Processors.

ARM7 Evaluation Board; AT91SAM7X256; 256K Flash, 64K SRAM, JTAG, Ethernet, CAN, USB, UART and more.

gumstix- Gum stick size, full function XScale Linux computers

Segger J-Link(JTAG Emulator for ARM Cores)

Segger-US J-Link(JTAG Emulator for ARM Cores)

Circuit Cellar Article (SOFTWARE BREAKPOINTS IN FLASH MEMORY FOR ARM MCUs)

Wikimedia Commons c thm th loi hnh nh v phng tin truyn ti vCu trc ARM

Th loi:

Cu trc ARM