Carbon Cycle in Plant Canopyatmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/.../251/EcolMet.2018_PPT2.pdfEcosystem...
Transcript of Carbon Cycle in Plant Canopyatmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/.../251/EcolMet.2018_PPT2.pdfEcosystem...
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生態気象学特論
Carbon Cycle in Plant Canopy
Ecosystem process and modeling
生態気象・植山
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Ecosystem Processes
Examples : 光合成、呼吸、分解蒸発、蒸散、昇華、流出成長、分配、脱窒
Material Cycle:Water, Carbon, Water, and Energy
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Compartment
Leaf
Stem
RootLitter
Soil
(Pool)
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FluxPhotosynthesis
Respiration
decomposition
decompositiondecomposition litterfall
mortality
Leaf sprout
Retranslocation
Respiration
Carbon
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Flux
PrecipitationSoilevaporation
water
Outflow
Transpiration
Intercepted evaporation
Precipitation
Snow
sublimation
Snow melt
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Flux
deposition
nitrification
denitrification Litterfall
mortality
Leaf sprout
retranslocation
immobilization
nitrogen
(N-fixation)
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Compartment Model
3211 FFF
t
C
C1 : Compartment1(e.g., leaf, stem, or root) (kg m-3)
t : Time (day)
Fi : Flux among compartments (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration, or litterfall) (kg m-2 day-1)
Explaining ecosystem processesusing Compartment and Flux
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Carbon Flux
NPP = GPP – RaNEP = NPP – RhNEE = -NEP NBP = NEP + FCO + FCH4 + FVOC
+ FDIC + FDOC + FPOC - FFire
(Chapin et al., 2006)
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NPP = GPP – Ra
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NPP : Net Primary Productivity純一次生産量
GPP : Gross Primary Productivity総一次生産量
Ra : Autotrophic respiration独立栄養呼吸
Carbon Flux
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NPP (純一次生産量)
NPP = GPP – Ra
Slope = 0.53
CUE = NPP / GPPCarbon Use Efficiency (炭素利用効率)
(De Lucia et al., 2007)
森林について
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NEP = NPP – Rh
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NPP : Net Primary Productivity純一次生産量
NEP : Net Ecosystem Productivity純生態系生産量
Rh : Heterotrophic respiration従属栄養呼吸
Carbon Flux
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NEE = -NEP
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NEE : Net Ecosystem Exchange正味生態系交換量
NEP : Net Ecosystem Productivity純生態系生産量
Carbon Flux
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NBP = NEP + FCO + FCH4 + FVOC
+ FDIC + FDOC + FPOC - FFire
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NBP : Net Biosphere Productivity正味生物圏交換量
F : Flux (フラックス)CO : 一酸化炭素 CH4 : メタン VOC : 揮発性有機物DIC : 溶存無機炭素 DOC : 溶存有機炭素 POC :粒子性有機炭素Fire : 火災 (その他の撹乱)
Carbon Flux
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http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=24
Carbon Flux
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Photosynthesis
Stroma
Thylakoid(膜内にクロロフィル)
Grana
Photosynthetically active radiation:400~700 nm
Chloroplast photochemical reaction
Calvin cycle
(leaf-scale)
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葉温
(Chapin et al., 2011)
チラコイド
ストロマ
(leaf-scale)
NADP (ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸)
酵素ルビスコ触媒の酵素反応
クロロフィルの励起による
NA
DP
Hの生成
ホスホグリセリン酸
カルボキシル化
酸素化(光呼吸)
Photosynthesis
RuBP(リブロース・1,5-ビスリン酸)
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(Chapin et al., 2011)
Photosynthesis
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(Chapin et al., 2011)
(光が十分な場合)
Photosynthesis
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A = min (Aj, Ac)
(彦坂, 2016)
Photosynthesis
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Ci = 270 umol m-2 s-1
(Bernacchi et al., 2013)
A = min (Aj, Ac)Photosynthesis
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Gas diffusion A = gt * (Ca - Cm)
Ca
Cm
(Chapin et al., 2011)
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A = 1/rt * (Ca - Cm)
Cm
Ci
Cl
Ca
rm
rs
rb
rt = rb + rs + rm
A = 1/rm * (Ci - Cm)
A = 1/rs * (Cl - Ci)
A = 1/rb * (Ca - Cl)
Continuum
Gas diffusion
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A = gt * (Ca - Cm)
Cm
Ci
Cl
Ca
rm
rs
rb
g = 1 / RA = gm * (Ci - Cm)
A = gs * (Cl - Ci)
A = gb * (Ca - Cl)
コンダクタンスは抵抗の逆数
Gas diffusion
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Boundary-Layer Conductance (gb):葉の形状、風速 etc
Stomatal Conductance (gs):気孔の数、開度
Mesophyll conductance (gm):葉の厚さ、水分条件 etc
Gas diffusion
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気孔コンダクタンス
蒸散による水損失を低減CO2取り込みによる生産の最大化
Hydropassive
Hydroactive
Gas diffusion
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WUE (water use efficiency)水利用効率 = 光合成 / 蒸散
大気飽差 (kPa)
(米国;老齢林)
(Tang et al., 2006)
1gのCO2獲得に227gの水の損失
Gas diffusion
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Modeling Stomatal Conductance
(Empirical)
Jarvis型モデル
(Running and Warning, 1998)
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Jarvis型モデル
gsw = gsw_max * f(T) * f (VPD) * f (PAR)
* f (CO2) * f (SWC)
(Bond-Lamberty et al. 2007)
←潅水の経過日数によって気孔が決まるような関数
最大気孔開度のときの気孔コンダクタンス
気孔開度 (0~1)
Modeling Stomatal Conductance
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gsw = A hs / Ca * m + b
光合成速度相対湿度
大気CO2濃度
経験定数 (パラメータ)
Ball型モデル
(Monson and Baldocchi, 2014)
Modeling Stomatal Conductance
(Empirical)
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CO2濃度上昇で生態系プロセスはどう変化するか?
光合成速度
気孔コンダクタンス
蒸発散
土壌水分 窒素制限?
↑
↓
↓
↑
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(von Caemmerer et al. 2009)
Photosynthesis - Condutance
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https://nicholas.duke.edu/duke-forest-face
FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)
開放系大気CO2濃度増加実験
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(Long et al., 2004)
FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)
開放系大気CO2濃度増加実験
0 60%CO2増加による光合成の変化率(%)
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Photosynthesis vs Nitrogen content
(Chapin et al., 2011)
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Canopy photosynthesis
PPFD (μmol m-2 s-1)
群落光合成 = 個葉光合成 x 葉面積 ??
(de Pury and Farquhar, 1997)
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Radiation transfer - photosynthesisin plant canopy
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Direct Diffuse
Radiation transfer - photosynthesisin plant canopy
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Direct beam
Diffuse beam(Rayleigh scattering)
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Direct beam
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Diffuse beam(Mie scattering)
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Radiation transfer - photosynthesis
sunfleck
in plant canopy
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Radiation transfer - photosynthesisin plant canopy
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PPFDsun = PPFDdirect + PPFDdiffuse + PPFDscatter
PPFDshade = PPFDdiffuse + PPFDscatter
Radiation at sunlit leaf
Radiation at shaded leaf
Radiation transfer - photosynthesisin plant canopy
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6
葉面積指数 (m2 m-2)
実際に近い条件
(de Pury and Farquhar, 1997)
Radiation transfer – photosynthesis in plant canopy
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Carbon flux
NPP = GPP – Ra
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NPP : Net Primary Productivity純一次生産量
GPP : Gross Primary Productivity総一次生産量
Ra : Autotrophic respiration独立栄養呼吸
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Autotrophic respiration
Ra = Rg + Rm
Ra : Autotrophic respiration独立栄養呼吸
Rg : Growth respiration成長呼吸
Rm : Maintenance respiration維持呼吸
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1 gの乾物を生成する際のコスト
(Chapin et al., 2011)
Autotrophic respiration
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Maintenancerespiration
Growth respiration
Seasonality in autotrophic respiration at a temperate forest
(Miyama et al., 2006)
Autotrophic respiration
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NPP (純一次生産量)
NPP = GPP – Ra
Slope = 0.53
CUE = NPP / GPPCarbon Use Efficiency (炭素利用効率)
(De Lucia et al., 2007)
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NPP (純一次生産量)
NPP = GPP – Ra CUE = NPP / GPP
(De Lucia et al., 2007)
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NPP (純一次生産量)
NPP = GPP – Ra (Chapin et al., 2011)
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純一次生産量
https://nelson.wisc.edu/sage/data-and-models/atlas/maps.php?catnum=3&type=Ecosystems
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各要素へのNPPの分配率の代表値
(Chapin et al., 2011)
Allocation(分配)
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http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2143120929338037401
Allocation(分配)リービッヒの最小律
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光に制限
地上部へ多く配分
水・栄養分に制限
地下部へ多く配分
Allocation(分配)
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分配
(Littonet al., 2007GCB)
木部
地下部
葉
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Carbon Flux
NEP = NPP – Rh
(Chapin et al., 2006)
NPP : Net Primary Productivity純一次生産量
NEP : Net Ecosystem Productivity純生態系生産量
Rh : Heterotrophic respiration従属栄養呼吸
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NEP = NPP – Rh
(Chapin et al., 2011)
Decomposition
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Litter
Litter
Litter
Litter
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
粗大有機物
Decomposition
CWD
*CWD : coarse woody debris
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リター中の含水率(%)
従属栄養呼吸
(mg
CO
2g-1
liite
rd
-1)
(O’Connell et al., 1990)Decomposition
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Carbon flux
(Ueyama al., 2009)Black spruce forest in Alaska
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Methane budget in terrestrial ecosystems
Ecosystem process and modeling
GWP = 28 at 100 years
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Greenhouse gas & radiative forcing
(IPCC AR5, 2013)
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2nd Greenhouse Gas
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/iadv/C
H4
co
ncen
trati
on
(p
pb
)
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1650
1600 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
Year 2016
Methane
Pre-industrial level
722 ppb
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678 Tg CH4 yr-1Methane emission
(Kirshke et al. 2013; Nature Geo.)
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wetland
Agriculture
Fossil fuelBiomassburning
Wild animalsTermites
Others
Methane emission 678 Tg CH4 yr-1
(Kirshke et al. 2013; Nature Geo.)
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wetland
Agriculture
Fossil fuelBiomassburning
Wild animalsTermites
Others
(Kirshke et al. 2013; Nature Geo.)
Methanogenic Archaea
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632 Tg CH4 yr-1
OH-radical(83%)
Soil
Methane sinkStratospheric OH
Tropospheric
Methanotroph(bacteria)
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(McEwing et al., 2015l Plant Soil)
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Methane process in wetland
(Riley et al., 2011; Biogeosciences)
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(Rinne et al., 2007; Tellus B)
Seasonality Boreal fen at Finland
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Methane emission vs water table
(Oleefeldt et al., 2013; GCB)
High emissions
WetDry
Norther wetland across permafrost zones
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Methane emission at wetlands
(Riley et al., 2011; Biogeosciences)
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Modeling Global methane emission
(Melton et al., 2013; Biogeosciences)
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Wetland area
(Melton et al., 2013; Biogeosciences)