Cap _2 Inmunologia (2012).Ppt
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Transcript of Cap _2 Inmunologia (2012).Ppt
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Hematopoiesis
Is the formation and development of both
erythrocytes and white blood cells
A precursor cell known as stem cell can
differentiate in a myeloid or lymphoid cell
Only this precursor is capable of cell
division
Way to control mutation rate
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Hematopoiesis activity
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Important regulators of apoptosis
p53 is responsible for cell cycle controlling
When inhibited cell with damage will continue their
cell cycle
FAS/FASL
Can promote activation of caspases to induce
apoptosis
BCl-2
Inhibits apoptosis in large amounts
Can translocate to the Ig heavy chain and be
transcriptionally activated
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CD proteins or cluster of differentiation
proteins found on the surface of white blood
cells (leukocytes) at various stages of their
development
Help the white blood cells interact with the
body's tissues and attack invaders
Some CD genes play a role in cell signaling and
the development of the nervous system.
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Ab for stem cells enrichment
Sca-1
stem cell antigen-1. Murine cell surface antigen is
called also Ly6A/E or Ly6D (Lai et al, 1998).
CD34
Protein encoded by this gene may play a role in
the attachment of stem cells to the bone marrow
extracellular matrix or to stromal cells. This single-pass membrane protein is highly glycosylated and
phosphorylated by protein kinase C.
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B cell
Specialized for the production ofimmunoglobulins after differentiation intoplasma cells
B-cells process and present antigen via surfaceMHC class II
Usually require T-cell help to respond to
antigen (interleukins) but can also recognizeantigen directly through surface Ig
B cells mature in the bone marrow
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NK
classed as part of the lymphoid system
particularly effective against virus-infected
and tumor cells
They are larger than T and B lymphocytes,
have distinctive cytoplasmic granules
NK cells are activated in response to
interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines
Kill cells with low MHC-1
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Eosinophils
Granulocytes
Phagocytic cells
Associated with parasitic infections Secrete granule content to destroy
invaders
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Basophils
Granulocytes
Do not perform phagocytosis
They primary function inhypersensitivity reactions mediatedby IgE
Can be activated in parasiticinfections (Lantz et al 1998, Nature)
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Mast cells
They are restricted to tissue
Highly specialized to act during
hypersensitivity reactions Contains histamine granules that are
release upon allergen triggering
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Lymphoid tissue
Small B and T lymphocytes that have matured
in the bone marrow and thymusbut have not
yet encountered antigen are referred to as
naive lymphocytes.
Both are considered primary lymphoid tissue
These cells circulate continually from the
blood into the peripheral lymphoid tissues
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Lymphoid tissue
In the event of an infection, lymphocytes thatrecognize the infectious agent are arrested inthe secondary lymphoid tissue
There cells proliferate and differentiate intoeffector cells capable of combating theinfection.
Mature lymphocytes recirculate continuallyfrom the bloodstream through the peripheralor secondary lymphoid organs
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Peripheral lymphoid tissue
Spleen, which collects antigens from the
blood
Lymph nodes, which collect antigen fromsites of infection in the tissues
Adaptive immune responses are initiated
in these peripheral lymphoid tissues
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Thymus: T cells' school
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Thymus
Select and maturate T cells
90-95% of the entering thymocytes are
eliminated
Cells in this stage develop TCR to recognize a
broad amount of Ag
done by genetic recombination
T cells high specificity is acquire after Ag
encounter
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Lymphatic system
extensive system of vessels that collects
extracellular fluid from the tissues and returns
it to the blood.
This extracellular fluid is produced by filtration
from the blood, is called lymph.
The vessels are lymphatic vessels or
lymphatics
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Lymphatic system and lymph node
In the lymph nodes, B cells are localized
in follicles and T cells in the paracortical
areas
Antigen-bearing cells and antigens from
infected tissues travel to these nodes
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Spleen
Collects antigen from the blood
It also collects and disposes of senescent
red blood cells Two major areas are the red pulp and
white pulp
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All the ALTs
gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), whichinclude the tonsils, adenoids, and appendix, andspecialized structures called Peyer's patches inthe small intestine
collect antigen from the epithelial surfaces of thegastrointestinal tract
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
nose-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) vulvovaginal-associated lymphoid tissue (VALT)
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