8/13/2019 Caiaphas Caiphas JE

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49 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA CahnCainthatare.of great geographical interest. Some yearsfjefore his death Cahun ceased writing for theParisian periodicals, but to the end he contributedto Le Phare de la Loire. He left unfinished ahistory of the Arabs, and a historical novel dealingwith the story of the Arabs. He was a member ofseveral learned societies.

s. Z. K.C I PH S or C IPH S Kdid^ac, a Greekword; in the Hebrew original, probably not SB'S,t>utf)'p; compareMishnah Parahiii. 5; Derenbourg,Essai sur l'Histoire de la Pa l. p. 215, note 2;Schiirer, Gesch. 3d ed., ii. 218); full name, JO-SEPH C I PH S (Josephus, Ant . xviii. 2,2) Son-inlawof the high priest Ananas or Annas(John xviii. 13); held tha t office himself throughappointment of Valerius Gratus, about 18-36, hencefor a longer period than several of his predecessorsand successors. Luke iii. 2 speaks of two highpriests, Annas and Caiaphas. The mention of thetwo at one and the same time has been a greatstumbling-block to the commentators. John madea curious error (xi. 49, xviii. 13) in speaking ofCaiaphas as the high priest in that year, as if heinterchanged every year with Annas. It appearsthateven whileCaiaphas performed theduties of theoffice, the power of high priest lay in the hands ofAnnas.Caiaphas' historic importance lies in the fact thathe is expressly mentioned byMatt. xxvi. 3, 57, andJohn xi. 49, xviii. 13, 24, 28, in connection with thecrucifixion of Jesus, though not by Mark and Luke.After his arrest, however, Jesus was taken not toCaiaphas but to Annas (John xviii. 13 tseq.), whoquestioned him only privately. The actual trialtook place on the next day, the eve of the Passover,before the twenty three members of the Sanhedrinover whom Caiaphas presided (Matt. xxvi. 57).Caiaphas is reported to have said on that occasionthat it was expedient that one man should die forthe people (John xviii. 14), a saying found alsoamong the Rabbis (Gen. R. xciv. 9). The fact tha tJesus was taken not to Caiaphas but to Annas isexplained on the ground that the latter 's palace wasnearer the place of arrest than that of the former.Through the travels of Theodosius Archidiaconus,530, it is known that there were 100 paces betweenthe house of Caiaphas and the hall of judgment( Nuovo Bull,di Arch. Crist. vi.184, Rome, 1900).Peter and other disciples, however, being ignorantof the state of affairs, went to Caiaphas' house inthe night.After Pontius' recall Caiaphas was removed bythe new governor, Vitellius (Josephus, Ant. xviii.4, 3), and was succeeded by Jonathan, who wasthe son of Anan (36) and perhaps a brother-in-lawof Caiaphas. It was probably at this time that themeeting with the apostles took place, at which Caiaphas is mentioned as belonging to the high-priestlyfamily (Acts iv. 6). It was said later in the SyrianChurch that he had been converted to Christianity,and was identical with the historian Josephus Flavius (Assemani, B ibl. Orient. ii.156,iii. 522; Solomon of Bassora, Th e Book of the Bee, ed. Budge,tr. p.94). Hishouseoutside Jerusalemis still(1902)shown.

BIBLIOGRAPHY : Commentaries on the Gospels, Z.c; Renan,LaVie de Jesus,eh. xxiv.;Edersheim,The Jewish Messiah,ii.647; Strauss,Das Leben Jesu,iv. 30et seq.,ed. Bonn, 1895.a. S, KE.C IN 1. Bib lica l D a ta : First-born of Adamand Eve, named Cain ( Kayin ) because gotten (root, kanah ) w ith the help of Ynwn.He became a tiller of the ground, andmade anoffer

ing of its fruits whichYHWHdidnot accept,thoughHe had accepted that of Abel. Cain Was angered,whereuponYHWH assured him that divine acceptance depended upon conduct. Cain slew Abel, andwas cursed byYHWH sothat the soil should yield noreturn to his labor, and he should be driven out towander over the earth. At C ain's appealYHWHmade to him a sign, lest,anyonefindinghimshouldsmite him. Cain went forth to the land of Nod(Wandering), cast ofEden;his wife bore him a sonEnoch, after whom he named a city which he hadbuilt. From him were descended Lamech, who isrecorded as having married twowives; Jabal, whoinstituted nomad life; Jubal, who invented music;and Tubal-Cain,theinventor of m etalweaponsi.e.,the authors of material and social progress.

K. AV H. B.In Rabbinical Literature: Cain, the murderer of his brother Abel, presented to the views ofthe Rabbis two different types. One was that of asinner who yielded to his passions,who wasgreedy,offering to God only worthless portions; the remnants of his meal orfl xseed ; whom either God'sfavorable acceptance of Abel's sacrifice or Abel'shandsomer wifeandtwin sister filled with jealousy;who, because he claimed the pasture-land or thewife of Abel as his birthright, quarreled with hisbrother. He was nevertheless sincere in his repentance when he said, Too great is my sin [A. V.,punishm ent ] to bea r (Gen. iv.13). and so themark the Lord set upon him wasatoken of forgiveness. Like a man who had slain another withoutpremeditation, he was sent into exile to atone forhis sin (Sanh. 37b); and his crimewasfin llyatonedforwhen he m et death through the falling upon himof his house (Book of Jubilees, iv. 31), or at thehands of his great-grandson Lamech, who took himfor a wild beast in the distance and shot him (Tan.,Bereshit, ed. Vienna, p. 6b, andYalk.i. 38).Cain was also viewed as a type of utterperverse-ness, an offspring of Satan (Pirke R.El. xxi.), ason of wrath (Apoc. Mosis, 3), a lawless rebel whosaid, There is neither a divine judgment nor ajudg e (Midr. Lekah Tob and Targ. Yer. to Gen.iv. 8), whose words of repentance were insincere(Sanh. 101b; Tan.), whose fleeing from God was adenial of His omnipresence (Gen. R. xxii.), andwhose punishment was of an., extraordinary character: for every hundred years of the seven hundredyears he was to live was to inflict another punishment upon him; and all his generations must beexterminated (Test. Patr., Benjamin, 7, accordingto Gen.iv. 24; Enoch, xxii. 7). For him and hisrace shall ever be the desire of the spirit of sin(Gen. R. xx. , a fter Gen. iv. 7). He is the first ofthose who have no share in the world to come (Ab.R. N.xii.,ed.Schechter, p. 133).The seven generations of Cain, as the brood ofSatan, are accordingly represented as types of rebels