C, Arndt, 2009
Transcript of C, Arndt, 2009
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Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
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3770 Bms`rq`hef Hseaq
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DLZFSEHEBF @EA@BHQLSR
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hq qmf Nhhrqs`bmq Ve`zfsr`qple qmf hvqmls`qp lj qmf Sfbqls Nhde`j`bvrWslj% As% D%W%N%J% Nlir
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Rvwfsz`rls;
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mfiwfa nf nhof np q`nf `e qmf WmA wsldshn nlsf jve hea `eqfsfrq`ed%@ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo qmf rqhjj lj qmf Dlzfsehebf Rbmlli jls qmf`srvwwlsq hea jls qmf rn`ifr le qmf`s jhbfr hea qmf`s feblvshdfnfeq%Jvsqmfsnlsf @ hn dshqfjvi ql qmf whsq`b`wheqr lj qmf Nhp 377:Nhhrqs`bmq Dshavhqf Rbmlli lj Dlzfsehebf rfn`ehs jls qmf`sfeblvshdfnfeq hea blnnfeqr% @ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo qmf DshavhqfRbmlli lj Dlzfsehebf jls qmf`s j`eheb`hi rvwwlsq%
Np a`rrfsqhq`le tlvia elq cf hr `q `r qlahp t`qmlvq qmfbleq`evlvr haz`bf jsln Afe`r af Bslncsvddmf% M`r fblelnfqs`b hearqhq`rq`bhi oeltifadf hr tfii hr m`r hehipq`bhi hea wfahdld`bhi ro`iirtfsf `ezhivhcif ql np sfrfhsbm% Jsln qmf cfd`ee`ed mf thr hithprqmfsf jls nf% @ t`ii n`rr qmf iled hea fes`bm`ed a`rbvrr`ler t`qm m`n%
@ tlvia i`of ql qmheo qmf LFBA Afzfilwnfeq Bfeqsf jls qmffes`bm`ed pfhsr lj sfrfhsbm @ rwfeq qmfsf% @e whsq`bvihs @ tlvia i`of qlqmheo Bmhsifr Lnhe t`qm tmln @ tlsofa hea wvci`rmfa qldfqmfs hii
qmlrf pfhsr hea jsln tmln @ ifhsefa h ilq clqm `e qfsnr lj rvcrqhebfhea ts`q`ed% @ hn hirl zfsp dshqfjvi ql Lsrfqqh Bhvrh hea FoofmhsaFserq Qmlnhr Mf`ndhsqefs E`bl Khrwfsr Ilvoh Ohqrfi` KvheShlne af Ih`difr` Kheh Nhi`eroh E`bo Nhee`ed E`blihr Nf`rfihea Mfinvq Sf`rfe tml tfsf np bliifhdvfr hq qmhq q`nf hq qmf LFBAhea wslz`afa nf t`qm f}bfiifeq jffachbo hea haz`bf% @ qmheo qmf
whsq`b`wheqr `e qmf Elzfncfs 3776 `ejlsnhi Afzfilwnfeq BfeqsfRfn`ehs jls qmf`s zfsp vrfjvi blnnfeqr% @ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo
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sfrfhsbm% @ tlvia hirl i`of ql hboeltifadf t`qm dshq`qvaf qmf j`eheb`hirvwwlsq jsln qmf Rt`rr Hdfebp jls Bllwfshq`le hea Afzfilwnfeq heajsln qmf Thrm`edqle A%B%.chrfa Bfeqfs jls @eqfsehq`lehi Ws`zhqf
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@ hn zfsp dshqfjvi ql qmf Nhiblin T`fefs Bfeqfs jls Rlb`hiWli`bp hq qmf Klme J% Ofeefap Rbmlli lj Dlzfsenfeq hq MhszhsaVe`zfsr`qp tmfsf @ rwfeq qmf pfhs 3774 hr h sfrfhsbm jfiilt% Ohq` Os`{tfiblnfa nf zfsp thsnip `e Mhszhsa hea fervsfa qmhq qmf pfhs thr hqsvip fes`bm`ed f}wfs`febf jls nf% Np sfrfhsbm cfefj`qfa jslnfelsnlvrip zhivhcif rvddfrq`ler hea blnnfeqr jsln
Nhqqmft Heasftr S`bhsal Mhvrnhee W`wwh Elss`r Iheq Ws`qbmfqqAhe` Slas`o hea Khnfr Rqlbo hq Mhszhsa Ve`zfsr`qp% @ hn zfspdshqfjvi ql qmf whsq`b`wheqr lj qmf rfn`ehs le Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr hqqmf Ofeefap Rbmlli lj Dlzfsenfeq jls qmf`s f}qsfnfip vrfjvi `ewvq% @tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo qmf Mhszhsa Rmvqqif Qfhn `e whsq`bvihs K`nNhsb Clc hea Cleep tml fervsfa qmhq @ blvia sfhbm qmf i`cshsp heanp ljj`bf afrw`qf h jllq `ekvsp @ mha avs`ed qmhq q`nf%
@ hn zfsp dshqfjvi ql qmf f}wfsqr hq qmf Tlsia Cheo qmhq @ nfqlzfs qmf pfhsr hea tml rmhsfa qmf`s s`bm f}wfs`febfr hea oeltifadft`qm nf% @e whsq`bvihs @ tlvia i`of ql qmheo Rqfwmfe Oehbo hea E`boNhee`ed jls qmf fes`bm`ed a`rbvrr`ler hea qmf`s jffachbo le np tlso%@ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo Ahe`fi Ohvjnhee hea Hhsq Oshhp hq qmfTlsia Cheo @erq`qvqf jls qmf`s jsheo hea js`feaip bs`q`bhi jffachbo% @qmheo Khnfr Heafsrle hea Kfjjsfp S`eef jls qmf`s f}qsfnfip mfiwjviblnnfeqr% @ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo qmf f}wfsqr tml @ `eqfsz`ftfajls np sfrfhsbm hea tml rl dfefslvrip rmhsfa t`qm nf qmf`s `er`dmqr%
Lzfs qmf blvsrf lj qmf pfhsr nhep wflwif blnnfeqfa le whwfsr hea cllo bmhwqfsr qmhq tfsf whsq lj np a`rrfsqhq`le% Npsfrfhsbm cfefj`qfa jsln felsnlvrip vrfjvi rvddfrq`ler hea blnnfeqrjsln Bms`rqlwmfs Mlla hea Svqm A`}le hq L}jlsa Ve`zfsr`qp KhbxvfrLvia.Hlva`h jsln Jshebfr N`e`rqsp ljJ`ehebf hea Fblelnp Khz`fsMfssfsh N`sf`iif Sh{hj`eashohql hea Jshebl`r Slvchva jsln A@HIDv`imfn Chrbif hq MFB Whs`r hea R`nle Ohkh hq qmf Ve`zfsr`qp lj
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Shq`edr `e Rpshbvrf jls qmf`s f}qsfnfip qmlslvdm blnnfeqr hearvddfrq`ler jls `nwslzfnfeq% Np sfrfhsbm cfefj`qfa jsln qmf zfspblerqsvbq`zf a`rbvrr`ler hea qmf wslz`r`le lj vrfjvi nhqfs`hi cp Nhs`f
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qtl helepnlvr sfz`ftfsr lj qmf Klvsehi lj Wvci`b nhehdfnfeq%J`ehiip @ tlvia i`of ql thsnip qmheo qmf nfncfsr lj np a`rrfsqhq`leblnn`qqff Bms`rqlwmfs Mlla Hahn R{`snh` Rqfzfe Zhe af ThiifWfqfs Zhe afe Clrrbmf hea Chsq Zfsrwhdfe jls qmf`s `er`dmqjviblnnfeqr hea haz`bf%
Np sfrfhsbm chrfr nhep lj `qr j`ea`edr le `eqfsz`ftr t`qmblnwhe`fr cheor alelsr lj ljj`b`hi afzfilwnfeq hrr`rqhebf s`ro
hehiprqr hbhafn`br hea LFBA hea Tlsia Cheo rqhjj tml sfxvfrqfahelepn`qp cvq tmlrf hrr`rqhebf thr `ezhivhcif%
@ tlvia i`of ql qmheo Nls`q{ Efvjjfs jls m`r qmlslvdmsfsfha`ed lj np qmfr`r m`r qmlvdmqjvi hea wsfb`rf blnnfeqr hea qmhq @blvia hithpr blveq le m`n% @ qmheo Nhevfi Niifsr jls m`r bleq`evlvrrvwwlsq hea whq`febf avs`ed qmf ihrq wmhrf lj qmf qmfr`r hea jls m`rf}bfiifeq hrr`rqhebf qldfqmfs t`qm Kfrr`bh Rbmn`q{ t`qm qmf ihplvq% @qmheo Rhc`ef J`iih Heh Nhs`h Ah{h Zhsdhr hea Qlc`hr Chvs jls qmf`s
fnfsdfebp mfiw%
@ hn zfsp dshqfjvi ql np js`fear jls qmf`s rvwwlsq hea whq`febf%@e whsq`bvihs @ tlvia i`of ql qmheo Rhc`ef J`iih tml thr hithpr qmfsfjls nf% @ qmheo np jihqnhqfr Heh Nhs`h Ah{h Zhsdhr Jils`heMfee`ed Nfqoh Mfsbld hea Nfi`rrh R`fdfi jls lvs tleafsjvi a`eefsrhea t`ef rfrr`ler% @ tlvia hirl i`of ql qmheo Z`bqls Bfclqhs` K`ek`edI` Afe`rh Rlildhe hea Mhl Pv jls hii qmlrf ihqf.e`dmq rfrr`ler `e qmf
WmA o`qbmfe% @ tlvia i`of ql qmheo Jshel`rf Il`sfq jls qmf fes`bm`eda`rbvrr`ler hea mfs haz`bf% @ hn hirl dshqfjvi ql np js`fear Ho`lRhrrh Rhn`o Chrv Ihvsh Dflsd @rh Dshr Svalij Mncfsd R`nle
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Ohkh Ivq{ Osfcr hea W`h Rqsf`bmfs tml rmhsfa qmf f}wfs`febf ljts`q`ed h a`rrfsqhq`le t`qm nf% @ hn hirl qmheojvi ql qmf hvqmlsr lj qmfWmA bln`b cllo%
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Bleqfeqr
I`rq lj cl}fr ]@Z
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8 @eqslavbq`le 38
8%8 Tmp hii qmf `eqfsfrq `e dlzfsehebf< 31
8% 8% 8 @eqfsehq`lehi `ezfrqnfeq 31
8% 8% 3 Fea lj qmf Blia Ths 3:8% 8% 2 Jh`ifa wli`bp sfjlsn 34
8% 8% 1 Eft @erq`qvq`lehi Fbleln`br 30
8%3 Rlvsbfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 30
8%2 Vrfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 27
8%1 Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr 28
8%6 Qmf wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf shq`edr 23
8%: Qmf Svif lj Iht hea fbleln`b dsltqm;
H whefi ahqh sf.f}hn`ehq`le 228%4 Lvqi`ef 21
3 Rlvsbfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 24
3%8 @eqfsehq`lehi Blveqsp S`ro Dv`af 2=
3%3 Jsffaln Mlvrf 18
3%2 Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehi 16
3%1 Qmf Tlsia Cheo 1=
3%1%8 @eqfsehq`lehi Afzfilwnfeq Hrrlb`hq`le 1=3%1%3 Tlsia Cheo @erq`qvqf 67
3%6 J`ea`ed plvs thp qmslvdm qmf kvedif lj
dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 61
2 Vrfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 60
2%8 @eqfsehq`lehi @ezfrqlsr :7
2%3 Alelsr lj h`a :4
2%3%8 Tlsia Cheo BW@Hr :02%3%3 Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehir BW@ 47
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2%3%2 N`iifee`vn Bmhiifedf Hbblveqr
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2%2%8 BW@Hr 462%2%3 BW@ hea JM `ea`bhqlsr 4:
2%2%2 OO[ `ea`bhqlsr 44
1 Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr =21%8 @eqslavbq`le =1
1%3 M`rqlsp qmf veafsip`ed hddsfdhq`le nlafi hea
bmhshbqfs`rq`br lj qmf TD@r =6
1%3%8% M`rqlsp hea lzfsz`ft =61%3%3 Nlafi hea hrrvnwq`ler =0
1%3%2 Bmhshbqfs`rq`br lj qmf TD@r 887
1%2 Blebfser 88:
1%2%8 Blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr 884
1%2%3 Ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp 836
1%2%2 Tfho blebfwqvhi jlveahq`le 834
1%2%1 Rhnwif c`hr hea tf`dmq`ed nfqmla 827
1%2%6 Ihbo lj blnwhshc`i`qp lzfs q`nf 8131%1 Blebivr`le 868
6 Qmf wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf shq`edr 862
6%8 Tlsia Cheo dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr 86:
6%8%8 Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr 86=
6%8%3 Qmf Al`ed Cvr`efrr @ea`bhqlsr 860
6%8%2 Lqmfs Tlsia Cheo `ea`bhqlsr 8:7
6%8%1 Nlzf qlthsar hbq`lehcif `ea`bhqlsr 8:36%3 Tmp alfr qmf Tlsia Cheo wslavbf bslrr.blveqsp blnwhshcif
dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr< Al qmf`s `ea`bhqlsr rhq`rjp qmf wvswlrfr
qmfp hsf wslavbfa jls
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6%3%: @erq`qvq`lehi sfhrler 84:
6%2 He hqqfnwq ql f}wih`e qmf aln`ehebf lj qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf
@ea`bhqlsr lzfs nlsf nfhe`edjvi `ea`bhqlsr 840
6%2%8 @eblnwifqf veafsrqhea`ed lj `ea`bhqlsri`n`qhq`ler 8=7
6%2%3 Rvwwip nffqr afnhea jls rvnnhsp nfhrvsfnfeqr t`qm
cslha blveqsp blzfshdf 8=3
6%2%2 Nfa`h 8=6
6%2%1 Mfsa cfmhz`lvs 8=:
6%2%6 Wfsbf`zfa hcrfebf lj he hiqfsehq`zf 8=4
6%1 Blebivr`le hea sfblnnfeahq`ler 8=4
: Svif lj Iht hea fbleln`b dsltqm;
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f}wihehqlsp zhs`hcifr 338:%2 Rwfb`j`bhq`le `rrvfr hea frq`nhq`le nfqmlar 33:
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:%1%1 Svif lj Iht hea qmf `ezfrqnfeq shqf 32=
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4 Blebivr`le 342
4% 8 Rlvsbfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs qtl) 341
4%3 Vrfr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs qmsff) 34:
4% 2 Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs jlvs) 34=
4%1 Wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf shq`edr -bmhwqfs j`zf) 3=7
4%6 Svif lj Iht hea fbleln`b dsltqm; H whefi ahqh sf.f}hn`ehq`le-bmhwqfs r`}) 3=6
4%: Qmf dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqls whshal} 3=4
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4%4 I`n`qhq`ler hea sfblnnfeahq`ler jls jvqvsf tlso 3=4
Sfjfsfebf i`rq 3=0
Hwwfea`}; @eqfsz`ft nfqmlalildp 270
@% @eqslavbq`le 287
@%8 @eqfsz`ftr lj blswlshqf hea j`eheb`hi `ezfrqlsr 288
@%3 C`ihqfshi alelsr 281
@%2 Tlsia Cheo rqhjj 286
@%1 Rqhjj lj lqmfs `eqfsehq`lehi lsdhe`{hq`ler 286
@%6 Hbhafn`br 28:
Rvnnhsp `e Avqbm,Rhnfezhqq`ed 284
Bvss`bvivn Z`qhf 236
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Cl} 1%3 Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp 872
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I`rq lj j`dvsfr
J`dvsf 1%8 Chedihafrm Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp 800= 888Chedihafrm Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp 3776 883
J`dvsf 1%3 Tf`dmqr 3771 BB 882
J`dvsf 1%2 Tf`dmqr lzfs q`nf BB 881
J`dvsf 1%1 Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp -377:) 820
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I`rq lj qhcifr
Qhcif 1%8 Tf`dmqr 377: cp Rlvsbf heaTlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqls 87=
Qhcif 1%3 #Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp# 377: `e Blrqh S`bh Dvhqfnhih Mleavshr
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Ahqh jls j`dvsf 1%6c) 867
Qhcif :%8 Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr 381
Qhcif :%3 Blssfihq`ler cfqtffe a`jjfsfeq Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr 380
Qhcif :%2 Rqsfedqmr hea Tfhoefrrfr lj Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr 337
Qhcif :%1 Blssfihq`ler cfqtffe Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr hea sfd`nf qpwf
`eblnf hea dsltqm 333
Qhcif :%6 Afwfeafeq zhs`hcif hea nh`e bleqsli zhs`hcifr 331
Qhcif :%:; Rvnnhsp qhcif lj frq`nhq`le nfqmlar 330
Qhcif :%4-h); A`jjfsfeq nfqmlar jvii rhnwifr lsa`ehsp RFr 313
Qhcif :%4-c); A`jjfsfeq nfqmlar rhnf rhnwifr lsa`ehsp Rfr 312
Qhcif :%=-h); @erqsvnfeq`ed `eblnf jvii rhnwifr 311
Qhcif :%=-c); @erqsvnfeq`ed `eblnf rhnf rhnwifr 316
Qhcif :%0; Wrfval.nfqs`b Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr 31:
Qhcif :%87; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr 314
Qhcif :%88; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr `erqsvnfeq`ed
@eblnf 31=
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20/329
]@]
Qhcif :%83; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr `e
qmf `ezfrqnfeq fxvhq`le 310
Qhcif :%H%78-h); Wllifa LIR jvii rhnwifr 367
Qhcif :%H%78-c); Wllifa LIR rhnf rhnwifr 368
Qhcif :%H%73-h); SF8 -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)
jvii rhnwifr 363
Qhcif :%H%73-c); SF8 -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)
rhnf rhnwifr 362
Qhcif :%H%72-h); SF3 jvii rhnwifr 361
Qhcif :%H%72-c); SF3 rhnf rhnwifr 366
Qhcif :%H%71-h); JF jvii rhnwifr 36:
Qhcif :%H%71-c); JF rhnf rhnwifr 364
Qhcif :%H%76-h); Wllifa @Z jvii rhnwifr 36=
Qhcif :%H%76-c); Wllifa @Z rhnf rhnwifr 360
Qhcif :%H%7:-h); [email protected] -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)
jvii rhnwifr 3:7
Qhcif :%H%7:-c); [email protected] -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)
rhnf rhnwifr 3:8
Qhcif :%H%74-h); SF3.@Z jvii rhnwifr 3:3
Qhcif :%H%74-c); SF3.@Z rhnf rhnwifr 3:2
Qhcif :%H%7=-h); JF.@Z jvii rhnwifr 3:1
Qhcif :%H%7=-c); JF.@Z rhnf rhnwifr 3:6
Qhcif :%C%78-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf Wllifa LIR jvii rhnwifr 3::
Qhcif :%C%78-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf Wllifa LIR rhnf rhnwifr 3:4
Qhcif :%C%73-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF jvii rhnwifr t`qm q`nf hzfshdfr lj
bleqsli zhs`hcifr 3:=
Qhcif :%C%73-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF rhnf rhnwifr t`qm q`nf hzfshdfr lj
bleqsli zhs`hcifr 3:0Qhcif :%C%72-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF3 jvii rhnwifr 347
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]]
Qhcif :%C%72-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF3 rhnf rhnwifr 347
Qhcif :%C%71-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf JF jvii rhnwifr 348
Qhcif :%C%71-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf JF rhnf rhnwifr 348
-
8/9/2019 C, Arndt, 2009
22/329
8 @eqslavbq`le
-
8/9/2019 C, Arndt, 2009
23/329
33
Lzfs qmf ihrq afbhaf qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf `e afzfilw`ed
hea fnfsd`ed.nhsofq fbleln`fr mhr nlzfa `eql qmf rwlqi`dmq lj
afzfilwnfeq fbleln`rqr `eqfsehq`lehi `ezfrqlsr c`. hea nviq`ihqfshiafzfilwnfeq bl.lwfshq`le hdfeb`fr hea qmf nfa`h% Jliilt`ed qmf
nh}`n qmhq plv bhe leip nhehdf tmhq plv bhe nfhrvsf qmfp mhzf
qvsefa t`afip ql vr`ed xvheq`qhq`zf `ea`bhqlsr lj qmf xvhi`qp lj
dlzfsehebf jls hehipr`r hea afb`r`le.nho`ed t`qm jhs.sfhbm`ed
blerfxvfebfr jls afzfilw`ed blveqs`fr%
D`zfe qmhq qmf vrf lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr `r h sfihq`zfip sfbfeq
wmfelnfele h blnwsfmfer`zf hea `e.afwqm hehipr`r lj qmf hbqvhi vrf
hea -n`r)vrf lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr hea qmf rqsfedqmr hea
tfhoefrrfr lj qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr thr n`rr`ed `e
qmf i`qfshqvsf%
Rqhsq`ed jsln tmhq `r oelte jsln wsfz`lvr wvci`bhq`ler qm`r
rqvap;
@afeq`j`fr qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr f}wih`er qmf`sbleqfeq hea wvqr qmfn `eql qmf m`rqls`bhi bleqf}q -bmhwqfs 3)?
@afeq`j`fr qmf nhkls vrfsr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr hea hehiprfrqmf`s vrf lj `ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs 2)?
Wslz`afr he `e.afwqm hehipr`r lj qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebf`ea`bhqlsr qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr lj qmf Tlsia
Cheo @erq`qvqf -bmhwqfs 1)?
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24/329
8% @eqslavbq`le
32
Hehiprfr qmf wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr eft qsfear `edlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr hea d`zfr sfblnnfeahq`ler jls vrfsr hea
wslavbfsr lj `ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs 6)? @ezfrq`dhqfr vr`ed whefi ahqh qmf sfihq`lerm`w cfqtffe
dlzfsehebf hea fbleln`b dsltqm hea qfrqr `qr jshd`i`qp t`qm
sfrwfbq ql qmf rwfb`j`b bml`bf lj Svif lj Iht `ea`bhqlsr hr h
nhkls rvcrfq lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs :)%
Bmhwqfsr qtl hea qmsff mhzf cffe wvci`rmfa `e h cllo8% Qmf ihrq
qmsff bmhwqfsr hsf rfij.bleqh`efa whwfsr% Cfbhvrf lj qmf jhbq qmhq qmf
bmhwqfsr `e qm`r a`rrfsqhq`le mhzf cffe ls t`ii cf wvci`rmfa hr rfwhshqf
whwfsr h rnhii lzfsihw frwfb`hiip `e qmf `eqslavbqlsp rfbq`ler `r
`efz`qhcif%
Qmf ef}q rfbq`le cs`fjip f}wih`er qmf s`rf `e `eqfsfrq `e qmf xvhi`qp
lj dlzfsehebf hea wslbffar qmfe ql f}wih`e qmf bleqfeq nfqmlalildp
hea lvqi`ef lj fhbm bmhwqfs hr tfii hr qmf bleqs`cvq`le `q nhofr ql
wli`bp.nho`ed hea hbhafn`b sfrfhsbm%
8 Hseaq hea Lnhe -377:)%
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25/329
31
8% 8 Tmp hii qmf `eqfsfrq `e dlzfsehebf Dlzfsenfeq Fjjfbq`zfefrr
WR > Wli`q`bhi Rqhc`i`qp SX > Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp
SI > Svif lj Iht BB > Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le
@ejlsnhq`le chrfa le Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c) hea rlvsbfr
tfcr`qfr%
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100/329
1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
00
1%3%3 Nlafi hea hrrvnwq`ler
Qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf `r chrfa le qmf jliilt`ed nlafi;
Ohvjnhee Oshhp hea Nhrqsv{{` vrf he velcrfszfa blnwlefeqrnlafi;8% pkooodkko
I`rq lj Hccsfz`hq`ler hea @ea`bfr
k BlveqspkK
o @ea`bhqlsrvcblnwlefeqljqmfblnwlr`qf`ea`bhqlsoO
p -ko) lcrfszfa rblsf le `ea`bhqls o jls blveqsp k
d-k) Velcrfszfaqsvfdlzfsehebf`elvsf}hnwifqsvfSvifljIhtdk`rwl rqvihqfa ql
f}`rq e qmf jlsn lj h elsnhiip a`rqs`cvqfa shealn zhs`hcif t`qm nfhe 7 hea rqheahsa
afz`hq`le 8%
ko A`rqvschebf qfsn hirl sfjfssfa ql hr fssls qfsn% @q bler`rqr lj elq leip wfsbfwq`le hea
nfhrvsfnfeq fssls hea rhnwi`ed zhs`hq`le cvq hirl qmf nwfsjfbq sfihq`lerm`w
cfqtffe qmf whsq`bvihs blebfwq nfhrvsfa cp ea`bhqls o hea qmf blssfrwlea`ed
cslhafs hrwfbq lj dlzfsehebf% Kva`b`hi `eafwfeafebf hea bs`nf hr nfhrvsfa cp
Tlsia Nhsofqr Lei`ef jls f}hnwif n`dmq cf nwfsjfbq wsl}`fr jls Svif lj Iht%
oo Blfjj`b`feqrrfsz`edqlnhwqldfqmfst`qmqmfa`rqvschebfqfsnkovelcrfszfa
dlzfsehebf eql qmf lcrfszfa ahqh%
3-o) Zhs`hebf lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr lj ea`bhqls o blnnle ql hii blveqs`fr k
Qmf velcrfszfa blnwlefeqr nlafi `r vrfa ql hbblveq jls qmf
jhbq qmhq dlzfsehebf `qrfij `r elq lcrfszhcif hea qmhq `q bhe leip cf
hwwsl}`nhqfa `q cp hddsfdhq`ed qmf rblsfr tf lcqh`e le fhbm `ea`bhqlsp-ko)% @e lsafs ql cf hcif ql frq`nhqf qmf veoelte qsvf dlzfsehebf
d-k) `q `r blezfe`feq ql wvq qmf fssls qfsn qldfqmfs t`qm d-k) `eql
cshbofqr%
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101/329
877
Qmf jliilt`ed hrrvnwq`ler veafsi`f qmf nlafi;
8) Qmf shealn qfsnr -ko) bhiifa qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr hsf
veblssfihqfa t`qm fhbm lqmfs `%f% wfsbfwq`le fsslsr hsf
veblssfihqfa hbslrr `ea`bhqlsr hea blveqs`fr% Rlnf hrrvnwq`le lj
qm`r qpwf `r efbfrrhsp jls qmf `afeq`j`bhq`le lj qmf nlafi
whshnfqfsr% Qmf nfhe lj-ko) `r {fsl jls hii ko%
3) Qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn mhr qmf rhnf zhs`hebf 3-o) hbslrr
blveqs`fr t`qm`e h d`zfe `ea`bhqls cvq nhp mhzf h a`jjfsfeq
zhs`hebf hbslrr `ea`bhqlsr%
2) Qmf sfihq`lerm`w cfqtffe velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf hea lcrfszfa
`ea`bhqlsr `r i`efhs%
1) Qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr -ko) hsf rqhq`rq`bhiip `eafwfeafeq lj qmf
velcrfszfa blnwlefeqr d-k) jls hii k hea o%
6) Velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf d-k) mhzf h kl`eq elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le hea
qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr -ko) mhzf h kl`eq elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le%
Qmf qsvf ifzfi lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf `e h rwfb`j`b
blveqsp `r veoelte% Ohvjnhee fq hi% frq`nhqf `q blea`q`lehiip le qmf
sfrviqr qmfp lcqh`e jls fhbm `ea`bhqls `e fhbm lj qmf r`} dlzfsehebf
bivrqfsr% Qmfrf `ea`bhqlsr hsf hddsfdhqfa `e lsafs ql frq`nhqf qmf
qsvf ifzfi jls fhbm dlzfsehebf bivrqfs%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
878
J`srq lj hii Nh}`nvn I`ofi`mlla frq`nhqfr ljoohea o
hsf lcqh`efa%
Qm`r `r chrfa le qmf jliilt`ed I`ofi`mlla jvebq`le;
O > evncfs lj `ea`bhqlsr
K > evncfs lj blveqs`fr
p-k) > qmf O}8 zfbqls lj qmf p-ko)r jls blveqsp k
p > qmf KO}8 zfbqls lj qmf p-ko)r jls hii blveqs`fr
> O}8 zfbqls lj qmf or
> O}8 zfbqls lj qmfor
> / a`hd {o-o)3~
Qmf tf`dmqr jls fhbm `ea`bhqls `e qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf hsf
`ezfsrfip wslwlsq`lehi ql `qr fssls zhs`hebf `%f% qmf dsfhqfs qmf zhs`hebf
lj qmf fssls qfsn qmf rnhiifs qmf tf`dmq% Qmfp hsf d`zfe cp;
2%
)-
8
3
3
)-8
)-)-
kO
o o
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Ohvjnhee fq hi% chrf qmf`s frq`nhqf lj qsvf dlzfsehebf le h
tf`dmqfa hzfshdf lj qmf sfrbhifa lcrfszfa rblsfr t`qm qmf tf`dmqr
t-o) jvebq`ler lj sfihq`zf fssls zhs`hebfr -fxvhq`le 2)% Sfrbhifa
nfher qmhq -o) `r rvcqshbqfa jsln fhbm lcrfszfa rblsf p-ko) hea qmf
sfrviq `r qmfe a`z`afa cp -o)% Qm`r `r chrfa le sfts`q`ed jlsnvih 8
3%
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8f}w-)3-)-)%%%8-? 8
8
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103/329
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hea qho`ed h nhqmfnhq`bhi f}wfbqhq`le% Tf hsf afhi`ed t`qm h
bhibvihq`le lj f}wfbqfa zhivfr hea qmf f}wfbqfa zhivf lj qmf
a`rqvschebf qfsn-ko) `r cp hrrvnwq`le 7%
Qmf blea`q`lehi a`rqs`cvq`le lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf d-k) `r
elsnhi hr h blerfxvfebf lj qmf hrrvnwq`ler t`qm qmf jliilt`ed nfhe
-Fxvhq`le 1) hea qmf jliilt`ed rqheahsa afz`hq`le -Fxvhq`le 6)%
1% p-k)d-k)F >
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38
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Qm`r rqheahsa afz`hq`le afbi`efr `e qmf evncfs lj `ea`z`avhi
`ea`bhqlsr `e tm`bm h whsq`bvihs blveqsp hwwfhsr hea `ebsfhrfr `e qmf
zhs`hebf lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn le fhbm lj qmfrf `ea`bhqlsr%
Qmf jliilt`ed whshdshwm afrbs`cfr qmf frq`nhq`le lj qmf qsvf
ifzfi lj dlzfsehebf -Fxvhq`le 1) hea `qr rqheahsa afz`hq`le -Fxvhq`le
6) rqfw cp rqfw%
Qmf rfzfshi mveasfa `ea`bhqlsr jsln qmf nlsf qmhe qm`sqp ahqh
rlvsbfr hsf hrr`defa ql qmf : dlzfsehebf bhqfdls`fr; Zl`bf hea
Hbblveqhc`i`qp Wli`q`bhi Rqhc`i`qp hea Hcrfebf lj Z`lifebf
Dlzfsenfeq Fjjfbq`zfefrr Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp Svif lj Iht
hea Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le% Fhbm lj qmf : hddsfdhqf `ea`bhqlsr `r
qmfe blerqsvbqfa `e 88 rqfwr% Qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp t`ii
rfszf hr he `iivrqshq`le% Cl} 1%3 rmltr `e clia hii qmf rlvsbfr
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104/329
1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
872
rvszfpr ls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr . veafsip`ed qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp
Xvhi`qp% Nlrq rlvsbfr hsf qmfnrfizfr blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqlsr
blerqsvbqfa jsln f}wfsqr cvr`efrr hea mlvrfmliar hertfsr qlrvszfp xvfrq`ler ls bmfboi`rqr% Ql `iivrqshqf OO[ rfifbqfa f`dmq
rvszfp xvfrq`ler jsln qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvnr F}fbvq`zf
Lw`e`le rvszfp jls qmf`s Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp `ea`bhqls hea jlvs
`ea`bhqlsr jsln qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q%
Cl} 1%3 #Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp#
Sfwsfrfeqhq`zf Rlvsbfr
DILCHI @ER@DMQ DILCHI S@RO RFSZ@BF
Sfdvihq`ler ..F}wlsqr; H 3& sfavbq`le `e f}wlsq zlivnf hr h sfrviq lj h tlsrfe`ed `e f}wlsq sfdvihq`lerls sfrqs`bq`ler -rvbm hr f}wlsq i`n`qr) avs`ed hep 83.nleqm wfs`la t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmf ifzfi hq qmf q`nf ljqmf hrrfrrnfeq% Sfdvihq`ler .. @nwlsqr; H 3& sfavbq`le `e `nwlsq zlivnf hr h sfrviq lj h tlsrfe`ed `e`nwlsq sfdvihq`ler ls sfrqs`bq`ler -rvbm hr `nwlsq xvlqhr) avs`ed hep 83.nleqm wfs`la t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmfifzfi hq qmf q`nf lj qmf hrrfrrnfeq%Sfdvihq`ler .. Lqmfs Cvr`efrr; He `ebsfhrf `e lqmfs sfdvihqlsp cvsafer t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmf ifzfi hq qmf
q`nf lj qmf hrrfrrnfeq qmhq sfavbfr qlqhi hddsfdhqf `ezfrqnfeq `e sfhi IBV qfsnr cp 87&Ltefsrm`w lj Cvr`efrr cp Ele.Sfr`afeqr; H 8.wl`eq `ebsfhrf le h rbhif jsln #7# ql #87# `e ifdhisfrqs`bq`ler le ltefsrm`w lj cvr`efrr cp ele.sfr`afeqr avs`ed hep 83.nleqm wfs`la%Ltefsrm`w lj Fxv`q`fr cp Ele.Sfr`afeqr; H 8.wl`eq `ebsfhrf le h rbhif jsln #7# ql #87# `e ifdhisfrqs`bq`ler le ltefsrm`w lj fxv`q`fr cp ele.sfr`afeqr avs`ed hep 83.nleqm wfs`la%FBLELN@RQ @EQFII@DFEBF VE@Q
Vejh`s blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfrWs`bf bleqslirA`rbs`n`ehqlsp qhs`jjrF}bfrr`zf wslqfbq`lerTLSIA FBLELN@B JLSVN DILCHI BLNWFQ@Q@ZFEFRR SFWLSQ
Han`e`rqshq`zf sfdvihq`ler hsf cvsaferlnfQh} rprqfn r a`rqlsq`lehsp@nwlsq chss`fsr hr lcrqhbif ql dsltqmBlnwfq`q`le `e ilbhi nhsofq `r i`n`qfaHeq` nlelwlip wli`bp `r ih} hea `efjjfbq`zfFez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrrBlnwif}`qp lj qh} RprqfnFhrp ql rqhsq blnwhepMFS@QHDF JLVEAHQ@LE @EAF] LJ FBLELN@B JSFFALN
Jlsf`de ezfrqnfeqCheo`ed , j`ehebfThdf,Ws`bfrNFSBMHEQ @EQFSEHQ@LEHI DSLVW DSHP HSFH APEHN@BRVejh`s Blnwfq`q`le%
Vejh`s Qshaf%WLI@Q@BHI S@RO RFSZ@BFR @EQFSEHQ@LEHI BLVEQSP S@RO DV@AF@ezfrqnfeq Wslj`if%
DILCHI @ER@DMQ CVR@EFRR BLEA@Q@LER HEA S@RO @EA@BHQLSR
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8/9/2019 C, Arndt, 2009
105/329
871
Qh} Fjjfbq`zfefrr; Mlt fjj`b`feq qmf blveqspr qh} bliifbq`le rprqfn `r%Ifd`rihq`le; He hrrfrrnfeq lj tmfqmfs qmf efbfrrhsp cvr`efrr ihtr hsf `e wihbf%
Ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf Rlvsbfr
HJS@BHE AFZFILWNFEQ CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI
HRRFRRNFEQR
Qshaf wli`bpBlnwfq`q`zf fez`slenfeqIhclvs Nhsofq Wli`b`frHR@HE AFZFILWNFEQ CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI HRRFRRNFEQRQshaf Wli`bp hea Jlsf} Sfd`nfFehci`ed Fez`slenfeq jls Ws`zhqf Rfbqls AfzfilwnfeqCVR@EFRR FEQFSWS@RF FEZ@SLENFEQ RVSZFP@ejlsnhq`le le qmf ihtr hea sfdvihq`ler `r fhrp ql lcqh`e
Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf heq` blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfr jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf vewsfa`bqhcif sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf ihclvs sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf qh} sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf bvrqln hea qshaf sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr%CFSQFIRNHEE QSHERJLSNHQ@LE @EAF]
Blnwfq`q`leWs`bf Rqhc`i`qpTLSIA CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI HRRFRRNFEQR
Blnwfq`q`zf fez`slenfeqQshaf wli`bpFVSLWFHE CHEO JLS SFBLERQSVBQ@LE HEA AFZFILWNFEQ QSHER@Q@LE SFWLSQWs`bf i`cfshi`{hq`le
Qshaf * jlsf`de f}bmhedf rprqfnBlnwfq`q`le wli`bp@JHA SVSHI RFBQLS WFSJLSNHEBF HRRFRRNFEQRFehci`ed blea`q`ler jls svshi j`eheb`hi rfsz`bfr afzfilwnfeq@ezfrqnfeq bi`nhqf jls svshi cvr`efrrfrHbbfrr ql hds`bviqvshi ewvq hea wslavbf nhsofqr@ERQ@QVQF JLS NHEHDFNFEQ HEA AFZFILWNFEQ TLSIA BLNWFQ@Q@ZFEFRR
PFHSCLLO
Hbbfrr ql bhw`qhi nhsofqr -jlsf`de hea alnfrq`b) `r fhr`ip hzh`ihcifFhrf lj Al`ed Cvr`efrrCheo`ed sfdvihq`le alfr elq m`eafs blnwfq`q`zfefrrBlnwfq`q`le ifd`rihq`le `e plvs blveqsp alfr elq wsfzfeq vejh`s blnwfq`q`le
Bvrqlnr$ hvqmls`q`fr al elq jhb`i`qhqf qmf fjj`b`feq qsher`q lj dllarJ`eheb`hi erq`qvq`ler$ qsherwhsfebp r elq t`afip afzfilwfa e plvs blveqspFhrp ql rqhsq blnwhepJlsf`de `ezfrqlsr hsf jsff ql hbxv`sf bleqsli `e alnfrq`b blnwhe`frWs`bf bleqslir hjjfbq ws`b`ed lj wslavbqr e nlrq `eavrqs`frWvci`b rfbqls bleqshbqr hsf rvjj`b`feqip lwfe ql jlsf`de c`aafsrSfhi blswlshqf qh}fr hsf ele a`rqlsq`lehspSfhi wfsrlehi qh}fr hsf ele a`rqlsq`lehspQmf f}bmhedf shqf wli`bp lj plvs blveqsp m`eafsr qmf blnwfq`q`zfefrr lj feqfsws`rfrQmf ifdhi jshnftlso `r afqs`nfeqhi ql plvs blveqsp$r blnwfq`q`zfefrrWslqfbq`le`rn `e plvs blveqsp efdhq`zfip hjjfbqr qmf bleavbq lj cvr`efrr `e plvs blveqspIhclvs sfdvihq`ler m`eafs cvr`efrr hbq`z`q`frRvcr`a`fr `nwh`s fbleln`b afzfilwnfeq
Chrfa le Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774h)
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
876
8) Hii `ea`bhqlsr jsln qmf rhnf rlvsbf hsf blnc`efa `eql h r`edif
`ea`bhqls cp qho`ed h r`nwif hzfshdf% Ql `iivrqshqf h r`nwif
hzfshdf lj qmf jlvs `ea`bhqlsr wslz`afa cp qmf Fbleln`rq@eqfii`dfebf Ve`q jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp ehnfip Vejh`s
blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfr Ws`bf bleqslir A`rbs`n`ehqlsp qhs`jjr
hea F}bfrr`zf wslqfbq`ler `r qhofe% R`ebf hii `ea`bhqlsr jsln
qmf rhnf rlvsbf mhzf cffe blnc`efa `eql lef `ea`bhqls qmfsf
hsf elt hr nhep `ea`bhqlsr hr rlvsbfr `e qmf Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp
bivrqfs%
3) Fhbm `ea`bhqls blerqsvbqfa `e qm`r thp `r sfrbhifa rl qmhq m`dmfs
lvqblnfr blssfrwlea ql cfqqfs lvqblnfr% H jvsqmfs sfrbhi`ed `r
hbm`fzfa cp j`srq rvcqshbq`ed qmf n`e`nvn wlrr`cif rblsf hea
qmfe a`z`a`ed cp qmf a`jjfsfebf cfqtffe qmf n`e`nvn hea
nh}`nvnwlrr`cif rblsf%2) Fhbm lj qmf 86 rlvsbfr jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp `r bihrr`j`fa hr
sfwsfrfeqhq`zf ls ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf afwfea`ed le qmf
a`rqs`cvq`le lj qmf `ebivafa blveqs`fr hbslrr dfldshwm`bhi sfd`ler
hea `eblnf% Jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp rfzfe lj qmf j`jqffe
rlvsbfr hsf bihrr`j`fa hr sfwsfrfeqhq`zf% : lj qmfn hsf f}wfsq
hrrfrrnfeqr -6 blnnfsb`hi hea qmf r`}qm chrfa le blnnfsb`hi
s`ro shq`ed hdfebp ahqh) hea lef `r h j`sn rvszfp%
1) Jls qmf sfwsfrfeqhq`zf `ea`bhqlsr `e qmf Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp
bivrqfs qmf frq`nhqfr lj qmf veoelte whshnfqfsr -o) -o)
hea 3-o) hsf lcqh`efa vr`ed Nh}`nvn I`ofi`mlla Frq`nhq`le
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87:
-Fxvhq`le 3)20% Qmf `ea`bhqlsr qmhq lcqh`e r`n`ihs sfrviq ql qmf
lqmfs `ea`bhqlsr t`ii mhzf h ilt frq`nhqfa 3-o) tmfsfhr
`ea`bhqlsr qmhq hsf elq blssfihqfa t`qm qmf lqmfs `ea`bhqlsr t`ii
mhzf ihsdfs fssls zhs`hebfr% Qmf sfhrle`ed cfm`ea qm`r bhibvihq`le
`r qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj rblsfr `r avf ql qmf rhnf veafsip`ed
blebfwq lj qsvf dlzfsehebf hea elq avf ql h blssfihq`le lj
wfsbfwq`le fsslsr he hrrvnwq`le qmhq `r a`rbvrrfa cfilt%
6) Tf`dmq bhibvihq`le; Qmvr m`dmip blssfihqfa `ea`bhqlsr t`ii mhzfh ihsdfs tf`dmq qmhe lqmfs `ea`bhqlsr hr qmf tf`dmqr hrr`defa ql
fhbm `ea`bhqls -fxvhq`le 2) hsf `ezfsrfip wslwlsq`lehi ql qmf`s
`nwvqfa fssls zhs`hebf%
:) Fxvhq`le 1 bhe elt cf frq`nhqfa jls fhbm blveqsp vr`ed leip qmf
sfwsfrfeqhq`zf rlvsbfr rl qmhq he frq`nhq`le lj qmf qsvf ifzfi lj
Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp d-k) `r lcqh`efa jls fhbm blveqsp%
4) Qmf rqheahsa fssls lj qmfrf frq`nhqfr `r bhibvihqfa -Fxvhq`le 6)%
=) Qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf `ea`bhqlsr hsf sfdsfrrfa le qmfrf
frq`nhqfr lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf ql lcqh`e frq`nhqfr lj-o)
-o) hea
3-o) jls qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf `ea`bhqlsr% Qmfp hsf
blssfbqfa jls qmf hqqfevhq`le c`hr `nwhsqfa cp nfhrvsfnfeq fssls
`e qmf frq`nhqfr lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf lcqh`efa `e Rqfw : cp
vr`ed qmf rqheahsa fssls lcqh`efa `e Rqfw 4%
20 Qmf sfhrle tmp NIF bheelq cf hwwi`fa ql qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf rlvsbfr `r qmhqqmf a`rqs`cvq`le lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf `e qmf rvcrfq lj blveqs`fr blzfsfa cpqmfrf rlvsbfr `r a`jjfsfeq qmhe qmf a`rqs`cvq`le `e qmf tmlif rfq lj blveqs`fr% d-k) t`iiqmfsfjlsf elq jliilt h rqheahsa elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le tm`bm `r sfxv`sfa jls -qm`rhwwi`bhq`le lj) NIF%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
874
0) Asht`ed le hii `ea`bhqlsr sfwsfrfeqhq`zf hea ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf
eft tf`dmqr -Fxvhq`le 2) hea chrfa le qmhq eft frq`nhqfr jls
qmf qsvf ifzfi ljSvif lj Iht jls fhbm blveqsp -Fxvhq`le 1) bhecf bhibvihqfa% Qhcif 1%8 rmltr qmf tf`dmqr jls qmf TD@r `e 377:%
87) Qmf frq`nhqfr lj Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp jls fhbm blveqsp hsf
sfrbhifa cp rvcqshbq`ed qmf nfhe hbslrr blveqs`fr hea a`z`a`ed
cp qmf rqheahsa afz`hq`le hbslrr blveqs`fr% Hinlrq hii rblsfr hsf
elt `e qmf shedf cfqtffe .3%6 hea 3%6%
88) Qmf rqheahsa fssls -Fxvhq`le 6) `r sfbhibvihqfa%
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87=
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887
1%3%2 Bmhshbqfs`rq`br lj qmf TD@r
Qmsff jfhqvsfr hsf tlsqm m`dmi`dmq`ed;
Qmf j`srq lef `r qmhq qmf rlvsbfr veafsip`ed h TD@ a`jjfs hbslrr
blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf% J`dvsf 1%8 `iivrqshqfr qmf bmhedf `e rlvsbfr
lzfs q`nf% @q rmltr qmf shq`ed jls Chedihafrm le qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp
Xvhi`qp jls 800= hea 3776
17
% Qmf vwwfs ihpfs rmltr qmf rlvsbfrvrfa ql blerqsvbq qmf shq`ed jlvs `e 800= hea 87 `e 3776% Qmf iltfs
ihpfs rmltr qmf `ea`bhqlsr qmhq veafsi`f fhbm rlvsbfr shq`ed%
17 @ wsfrfeqfa qm`r f}hnwif hq h Tlsia Cheo tlsormlw `e Chedihafrm `e Elzfncfs377:%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
888
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883
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
882
Qmf rfblea jfhqvsf `r qmhq qmf tf`dmqr hrr`defa ql fhbm rlvsbf
a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf hr `iivrqshqfa `e J`dvsf 1%3% @q
rmltr qmf tf`dmqr d`zfe ql a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr jls blveqs`fr t`qm r`n`ihsrblsfr le qmf 3771 Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le `ea`bhqls% Ihsdfs blveqs`fr
t`qm nlsf rlvsbfr qfea ql illo nlsf r`n`ihs `e qfsnr lj tf`dmqr
hiqmlvdm rq`ii elq `afeq`bhi%
J`dvsf 1%3
Rlvsbf; Heafsrle -3774)
J`dvsf 1%2 rmltr qmf tf`dmqr jls E`bhshdvh lzfs q`nf hdh`e
`ebsfhr`ed qmfn wslwlsq`lehiip ql nhof vw jls n`rr`ed lcrfszhq`ler%
@e E`bhshdvh :0& lj qmf tf`dmq `e 800: tfeq ql F@V tm`if qmf rhnf
rlvsbf dlq leip 82& lj qmf tf`dmq `e 377:%
Tf`dmqr 3771 BB-hr ls`d`ehiip wvci`rmfa)
7&87&37&27&17&67&:7&47&
=7&07&
877&
CFI@[F
BVCH
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FI
RHIZHALS
tnltbpvraxinwsrwsbw`hn`dilcdbrdhimqf`vas`bavbbscs`cwrhrahd`hjshac
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881
J`dvsf 1%2
Tf`dmqr lzfs q`nf BB
-E`bhshdvh hr wvci`rmfa `e DN4)
7&
87&
37&
27&
17&
67&
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800: 800= 3777 3773 3772 3771 3776 377:
qws
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Rlvsbf; Heafsrle -3774)
Qmf sfhrler jls qm`r zhs`hq`le `e tf`dmqr hsf qmhq h) qmf evncfs
hea blnwlr`q`le lj rlvsbfr a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf heac) qmf afdsff lj blssfihq`le cfqtffe h rlvsbfr shq`edr hea qmf lqmfs
rlvsbfr shq`edr bmhedfr lzfs q`nf%
Qmf qm`sa jfhqvsf lj qmf TD@r `r qmf wvci`bhq`le ljnhsd`er lj
fsslsr hiled t`qm qmf wl`eq frq`nhqfr ql sfwsfrfeq qmf sfi`hc`i`qp lj qmf
shq`ed% Hbblsa`ed ql Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c) qmf rqheahsa fssls
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
886
sfjifbqr qmf nfhrvsfnfeq fssls fncla`fa `e qmf wl`eq frq`nhqfr jls
fhbm blveqsp `e h d`zfe pfhs% Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfjfs `eqfsbmhedfhcip ql
rqheahsa fssls hea nhsd`er lj fssls% Qmfp blerqsvbq 07 &blej`afebf `eqfszhir le qmf chr`r lj qmfrf nhsd`er lj fssls hslvea h
blveqspr shq`ed tm`bm hbblsa`ed ql qmf`s frq`nhqf mhr h 07 wfs bfeq
wslchc`i`qp lj bleqhe`ed qmf blveqspr qsvf -hr lwwlrfa ql
frq`nhqfa) rblsf% Lj blvsrf nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf elq ve`xvf ql qmf
TD@r cvq hsf wsfrfeq `e hii `ea`bhqlsr%
Ohvjnhee fq hi% thse vrfsr elq ql blnwhsf blveqs`fr hnled
fhbm lqmfs ls lzfs q`nf tmfsf qmf blej`afebf `eqfszhir lzfsihw% Ql
`iivrqshqf vrfsr rmlvia elq blebivaf qmhq Chedihafrmr Sfdvihqlsp
Xvhi`qp bmhedfa jsln 800= ql 3776 cfbhvrf qmf sfrwfbq`zf
blej`afebf `eqfszhir lzfsihw -rff J`dvsf 1%8)%
Qmf nhsd`er lj fssls hea qmf blssfrwlea`ed blej`afebf `eqfszhir
afbsfhrf t`qm `) he `ebsfhrf `e qmf evncfs lj rlvsbfr hea ``) h m`dmfs
blssfihq`le hnled qmf rlvsbfr% Ql `iivrqshqf qmf j`srq wl`eq Ohvjnhee
fq hi% -3772) f}wih`e qmhq qmf `eqfszhi jls h blveqsp t`qm leip lef
rlvsbf t`ii cf hclvq qt`bf hr ihsdf hr qmf blej`afebf `eqfszhi jls h
blveqsp t`qm rfzfe rlvsbfr% Qmf bhibvihq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fsslsr `r chrfa le qmf hrrvnwq`ler qmhq rlvsbfr nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf
veblssfihqfa hea qmhq qmfsfjlsf h m`dm blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr sfjifbqr
ve`xvfip qmf m`dm afdsff lj hbbvshbp lj qmlrf rlvsbfr hr lwwlrfa ql
ifrr m`dmip blssfihqfa rlvsbfr% Mfebf qmf nlsf rlvsbfr Ohvjnhee fq
hi% vrf hea qmf nlsf qmfrf rlvsbfr hdsff le blveqs`fr shq`edr qmf
nlsf sfi`hcif Ohvjnhee fq hi% cfi`fzf qmf`s `ea`bhqlsr ql cf% Hirl
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88:
`nwlsqheq ql elqf `r qmf jhbq qmhq he `ea`z`avhi rlvsbfr rhnwif r`{f `r
elq qhofe `eql hbblveq `e qmf blnwvqhq`le lj h rlvsbfr fssls zhs`hebf
hea hbblsa`edip elq `e qmf blnwvqhq`le lj `qr tf`dmq hea qmf nhsd`erlj fssls% Ql `iivrqshqf h rvszfp lj nlsf qmhe 87 777 wflwif `r qsfhqfa
`e qmf rhnf thp hr h rlvsbf qmhq sfi`fr le qmf lw`e`le lj h jft f}wfsqr%
1%2 Blebfser
Qmf TD@r hsf h zfsp vrfjvi j`srq rehwrmlq lj f}wfsqr wfsbfwq`ler
lj h blveqspr xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf% Mltfzfs vrfsr ljqfe
lzfsfrq`nhqf qmf`s f}wihehqlsp wltfs hea vrf qmfn jls wvswlrfr qmfp
hsf elq rv`qfa jls% Lef nhkls sfhrle jls qmf t`af.rwsfha n`rvrf lj qmf
TD@r `r qmhq vrfsr hsf ljqfe vehthsf lj lef ls hii lj qmf jliilt`ed
j`zf `eqfssfihqfa wslcifnr t`qm qmf TD@r; `) z`lihq`le lj qmf ofphrrvnwq`le lj ele.blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr ``) ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp
lj qmf shq`edr ```) Tfho blebfwqvhi jlveahq`le `z) -M`aafe) rhnwif
c`hr hea bleqfrqhcif tf`dmq`ed nfqmla hea z) ihbo lj blnwhshc`i`qp
lzfs q`nf hea hbslrr blveqs`fr% Qmfrf wl`eqr tfsf sh`rfa `e qmf cllo
Vrfr hea Hcvrfr lj Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr cp Hseaq hea Lnhe
-377:)% Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774c) sfjvqfa qmf bs`q`b`rn `e qmf`s tlso`ed
whwfs Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr Wslkfbq; Hertfs`ed qmf
Bs`q`br% Qm`r rfbq`le wslz`afr h sfwip ql qmf hsdvnfeqr sh`rfa `e
Hertfs`ed qmf Bs`q`br asht`ed le h tlso`ed whwfs cp Hseaq
Oehbo hea Lnhe -3774)%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
884
1%2%8 Blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr
Qmf ofp hrrvnwq`le cfm`ea qmf tf`dmq`ed lj rlvsbfr hea qmfblnwvqhq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fssls `r qmhq qmf nfhrvsfnfeq fssls `r
veblssfihqfa hbslrr rlvsbfr hea hbslrr blveqs`fr% Ql `iivrqshqf hep
fssls `e qmf Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`ler hrrfrrnfeq lj Bm`ehr xvhi`qp lj
dlzfsehebf `r hrrvnfa ql cf `eafwfeafeq clqm lj hep fssls `e qmf
Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`ler hrrfrrnfeq lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf `e
lqmfs blveqs`fr hea `eafwfeafeq lj lqmfs rlvsbfr fsslsr `e qmf
hrrfrrnfeq lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf `e Bm`eh%
Qm`r rfbq`le a`rbvrrfr `) tmfqmfs qmf hrrvnwq`le lj ele.
blssfihqfa a`rqvschebfr `r sfhi`rq`b hea ``) tmhq qmf blerfxvfebfr lj `qr
z`lihq`le hsf%
Qmf i`ofi`mlla lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr
Qmfsf hsf rfzfshi sfhrler tmp nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr qfea ql cf
blssfihqfa;
8% F}wfsqr tml rvwwip wfsbfwq`le ahqh vrfa `e lef rlvsbf hsf
ljqfe `ejlsnfa lj hea `ejivfebfa cp qmf hrrfrrnfeqr lj f}wfsqr
rvwwip`ed rvbm ahqh jls lqmfs rlvsbfr -rlvsbfr wslavbfa clqm
cp qmf rhnf lsdhe`rhq`le hea cp lqmfs lsdhe`rhq`ler)
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88=
3% F}wfsqr tml rvwwip wfsbfwq`le ahqh jls a`zfsrf rlvsbfr hsf
ljqfe `ejlsnfa lj hea `ejivfebfa cp wfsbfwq`ler hea
hrrfrrnfeqr jsln qmf rhnf qm`sa whsq`fr
2% Wfsbfwq`ler vrfa hr `ewvqr jls qmf TD@r hsf ljqfe `ejivfebfa
r`de`j`bheqip hea `e r`n`ihs thpr clqm cp bs`rfr -j`eheb`hi
hea,ls wli`q`bhi) hea cp wfsbf`zfa bmhedfr ls iledfs.qfsn
qsfear `e h blveqspr fbleln`b wfsjlsnhebf JA@ `ejiltr fqb%
1% Cfbhvrf qmf `eqfswsfqhq`le lj rvszfp xvfrq`ler `r bleqf}q. hea
bviqvsf.rwfb`j`b wfsbfwq`le fsslsr lj a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr qmhq sfip
le sfrwleafeqr jsln qmf rhnf blveqsp ls bviqvsf hsf i`ofip ql
cf blssfihqfa%
F}hnwifr18 `ebivaf
Qmf TFJ hea @NA `nwifnfeq r`n`ihs f}fbvq`zf rvszfpr t`qmrhnwifr rfifbqfa cp whsqefs `erq`qvqfr% Qmf TFJ hea @NA
rmhsf nhep lj qmf rhnf whsqefs `erq`qvqfr rl nhep lj qmf rhnf
f}fbvq`zfr hsf i`ofip ql cf `ebivafa `e clqm rfqr lj rvszfpr%
18 Tf elqf `e whrr`ed qmhq lef lj lvs f}hnwifr `e Hseaq hea Lnhe -377:) jls qmfi`ofip blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr thr qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf qmf B`edshefii`hea S`bmhsar Mvnhe S`dmqr ahqhchrf hea qmf Wli`q`bhi Qfssls Rbhif hr rfwhshqfrlvsbfr `e qmf rhnf `ea`bhqlsr le qmf albvnfeqhq`le lj qmf TC@% Tf hsf diha qlifhse jsln Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774c) qmhq qmf albvnfeqhq`le `e qmf hwwfea`} `eDlzfsehebf Nhqqfsr @Z -Ohvjnhee fq hi% 3776c w% 872) hea Z -Ohvjnhee fq hi%377: w% =1) tmfsf qmf qtl hsf nfeq`lefa hr rfwhshqf rlvsbfr `r n`rifha`ed hea qmhqqmf qtl hsf hbqvhiip qsfhqfa hr lef rlvsbf%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
880
Qmf BW@H wslbfrr qhofr `eql hbblveq evnfslvr f}wfsqhrrfrrnfeqr hea j`sn rvszfpr hea shq`edr ljqfe hsf hakvrqfa ql
cf nlsf bler`rqfeq t`qm sheo`edr jsln qmlrf rlvsbfr%
Qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q tm`bm `r lef lj TD@r nh`erlvsbfr vrfr h zfsr`le lj Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehir BW@
bifherfa lj qmf F@Vr ls`d`ehi ahqh hr h cfebmnhso jls `qr lte
shq`edr hea qmf BW@ vrfr wshbq`bhiip qmf rhnf rlvsbfr hr qmf
TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le -Dhiqved hea Rhnwjlsa 3776)%
Clqm qmf BW@ hea qmf @BSD blssvwq`le `ea`bhqlsr rmltfablssvwq`le `e @ealefr`h ql cf jhii`ed veq`i qmf 8004 Hr`he
j`eheb`hi bs`r`r hea s`r`ed hjqfs qmf bs`r`r tmfsfhr sfbfeq
hehipr`r j`ear qmhq hbqvhi blssvwq`le `e @ealefr`h a`a elq s`rf
hjqfs qmf bs`r`r -Qmlnwrle hea Rmhm 3771)%
@eqfsafwfeafebf alfr elq fzfe sfxv`sf mltfzfs qmhq rlvsbfr
a`sfbqip bmfbo fhbm lqmfs shq`edr% @q bhe hirl sfrviq nfsfip jsln
rlvsbfr sfip`ed le nhep lj qmf rhnf nfa`h sfwlsqr ls lqmfs xvhi`qhq`zf
rlvsbfr lj `ejlsnhq`le hclvq blea`q`ler `e blveqs`fr% @j jls f}hnwif
qmf `eqfsehq`lehi nfa`h blzfs blssvwq`le `eb`afeqr nlsf qmlslvdmip jlsihsdf -nlsf eftrtlsqmp) blveqs`fr qmhe jls rnhii blveqs`fr qmf rhnf
ve`eqfeq`lehi c`hr hdh`erq ihsdf blveqs`fr blvia rmlt vw `e qmf
blssvwq`le shq`edr wslz`afa cp a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr% -Oehbo 3774 w%
3::)
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837
@e fhsi`fs wvci`bhq`ler -8000c) Ohvjnhee fq hi% f}wih`efa tmp
blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r i`ofip hea a`rbvrrfa ql tmhq f}qfeq
qmf nhsd`er lj fsslsr tlvia bmhedf% Tf hsf rvsws`rfa qmfsfjlsf qmhqOhvjnhee fq hi% -377: 3774hc) nlsf sfbfeqip hsdvf qmhq cfbhvrf
qmfp j`ea hq nlrq xv`qf nlafrq fz`afebf lj fssls blssfihq`le -w% 80)
hea cfbhvrf qmfsf `r el rvjj`b`feq fnw`s`bhi fz`afebf jls qmf
blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr lvs bhvq`ler hclvq blssfihqfa fsslsr
al elq mlia%
Ohvjnhee fq hi% al elq wvq hep blez`eb`ed hsdvnfeqr jlsthsa
qmhq a`rbhsa qmf i`ofi`mlla lj rfs`lvr blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr;
8% Qmf fnw`s`bhi fz`afebf `e Ohvjnhee fq hi% -377:) `r chrfa
le qmf hsdvnfeq qmhq `j wfsbfwq`le fsslsr hsf blssfihqfa leftlvia f}wfbq blnnfsb`hi s`ro shq`ed hdfeb`fr shq`edr ql cf
m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm fhbm lqmfs cvq ifrr rl t`qm qmf shq`edr
lj rvszfpr lj j`sn% Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfwlsq qmhq qmf rvszfp ahqh
hsf hr m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm f}wfsq shq`edr hr qmf f}wfsq
shq`edr hsf t`qm fhbm lqmfs hea blebivaf qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj
wfsbfwq`le fsslsr nlrq elq cf rfs`lvr% Qmf`s hsdvnfeq `r chrfa
le h r`edif rfifbq`zf hea n`rifha`ed bhrf qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b
Jlsvnr f}fbvq`zf lw`e`le rvszfp% El lqmfs rvszfp rlvsbf `r
blssfihqfa rl m`dmip t`qm qmf f}wfsq shq`edr%
3% Nlsflzfs wfsbfwq`le fsslsr bhe hirl cf blssfihqfa hbslrr j`sn
rvszfpr hea f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr% F}wfsqr blvia fhr`ip hbbfrr
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
838
qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn j`sn rvszfp sfrviqr f`qmfs a`sfbqip
qmslvdm qmf TFJr wvci`bhq`ler ls `ea`sfbqip qmslvdm Q@r
blssvwq`le `eaf} tm`bm `ebivafr qmf nlrq sfbfeq qmsff TFJrvszfpr% H cfqqfs qfrq tlvia cf ql illo hq blssfihq`ler cfqtffe
f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea mlvrfmlia rvszfpr elq `ebivafa `e Q@r
`eaf} `ebiva`ed Q@r lte Dilchi Blssvwq`le Chslnfqfs%
2% Qmf ihbo lj rvjj`b`feq fz`afebf jls qmf blssfihq`le lj
wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r h rvsws`r`ed hsdvnfeq jls a`rbhsa`ed lvs
bhvq`ler% @q bfsqh`eip `r elq h sfhrle ql cfi`fzf `e qmf `eqv`q`zfip
`nwihvr`cif hrrvnwq`le lj veblssfihqfa wfsbfwq`le fsslsr%
1% Elq leip qmf blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r
wslcifnhq`b cvq hirl qmf blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr
hbslrr blveqs`fr% Ohvjnhee fq hi% al elq a`rbvrr qmf ihqqfs `e
Hertfs`ed qmf bs`q`br%
Blerfxvfebfr lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr
Qmf z`lihq`le lj qmf hrrvnwq`le qmhq a`rqvschebfr hsf elq
blssfihqfa mhr he `nwhbq le `) qmf bler`rqfebp hea vec`hrfaefrr lj qmffrq`nhqfr hea ``) qmf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fssls% Qmf hrrvnwq`le
hiiltfa Ohvjnhee fq hi% ql `afeq`jp qmf wlsq`le lj qmf zhs`hq`le `e
rblsfr hbslrr blveqs`fr t`qm`e fhbm `ea`bhqls bhvrfa cp nfhrvsfnfeq
fssls% He `ea`bhqls qmhq `r m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm qmf lqmfs `ea`bhqlsr `r
`eqfswsfqfa hr mhz`ed h rnhii sfr`avhi zhs`hebf -Ohvjnhee fq hi%
3772)%
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833
@j fsslsr hsf blssfihqfa qmf blzhs`hebf qfsnr `e qmf nh}`nvn
i`ofi`mlla jvebq`le hsf `nwslwfsip rfq ql {fsl% Qm`r `ezhi`a blerqsh`eq`nwlrfa le qmf i`ofi`mlla jvebq`le nhofr `ebler`rqfebp i`ofip% Qmf
Nh}`nvn I`ofi`mlla Frq`nhq`le wslbfavsf `r i`ofip ql ifha `e qm`r
bhrf ql `ebler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr lj hiwmh cfqh hea qmf fssls zhs`hebf13%
Qmf frq`nhqfr jls dlzfsehebf lcqh`efa `e rqfw 8 ql : tlvia qmfsfjlsf
cf `ebler`rqfeq hea qmf rqheahsa fssls tlvia cf m`dmfs% Rqfw = qmf
sfdsfrr`le lj qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf `ea`bhqlsr le qmfrf frq`nhqfr jls
dlzfsehebf tlvia qmfsfjlsf wslavbf `ebler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr jls hiwmh
cfqh hea qmf fssls zhs`hebf hea bhe hirl elq cf hwwslws`hqfip blssfbqfa
jls nfhrvsfnfeq fssls `e qmf frq`nhqfr jls dlzfsehebf hr qmf rqheahsa
fssls lcqh`efa `e Rqfw 4 `r wslchcip veafsfrq`nhqfa% @e rvn `e bhrf lj
blssfihqfa fsslsr tf rvrwfbq qmhq qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf t`ii
wslavbf c`hrfa hea `ebler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr%
Ohvjnhee fq hi% thse qmhq qmf sfwlsqfa nhsd`er lj fsslsr hsf
hisfhap xv`qf m`dm hrrvn`ed qmf cfrq.bhrf rbfehs`l `%f% qmf ele.
blssfihq`le lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn% @e qmf i`ofip bhrf lj blssfihqfa
a`rqvschebf qfsnr hbslrr `ea`bhqlsr qmf nhsd`er lj fsslsr t`ii cf fzfe
m`dmfs% Ql qmf`s bsfa`q OO[ f}wilsf qmf i`ofip r`de`j`bhebf lj
afwhsqvsfr jsln qmf`s hrrvnwq`le lj {fsl blssfihq`le hnled qmf`s
rlvsbfr fsslsr% Qmfp al rl cp sh`r`ed qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi lj blssfihq`le
13 Qmf i`ofi`mlla jvebq`le rwfb`j`fa bleqh`er h a`hdlehi nhqs`} hrrvn`ed qmhq qmfblzhs`hebf lj qmf fssls zhs`hebfr fxvhir 7 tm`bm veafs Elsnhi`qp `nwi`fr`eafwfeafebf lj a`rqvschebfr% @q tlvia cf `eqfsfrq`ed ql vrf qmf Dfefshi Nfqmla ljNlnfeqr hwwslhbm ql hiilt jls blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebf qfsnr hea qmfsfjlsf h ele.a`hdlehi blzhs`hebf nhqs`} -hr tfii hr afz`hq`ler jsln Elsnhi`qp)%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
832
hnled rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6 hea f}hn`e`ed `qr fjjfbq le h
rhnwif lj `ea`bhqlsr hea blveqs`fr -Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000c)% Qmfp
sfwlsq qmhq qmf hzfshdf rqheahsa fssls
12
alvcifr jls Svif lj Iht-jsln 7%22 ql 7%::)% Qmf fjjfbq `e lqmfs tlsar `r i`qfshiip ql alvcif
qmf r`{f lj blej`afebf `eqfszhir hea r`de`j`bheqip tfhofe vrfsr
hc`i`qp nfhe`edjviip ql blnwhsf blveqs`fr vr`ed qm`r `ea`bhqls% Pfq
OO[ hirl sfwlsq qmhq qmf fjjfbq lj sh`r`ed qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi lj
blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6 zhs`fr bler`afshcip jsln
lef blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqls ql helqmfs% Qmvr jls Dlzfsenfeq
Fjjfbq`zfefrr qmfp j`ea h rnhiifs `nwhbq lj sh`r`ed qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi
lj blssfihq`le hnled rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6; `q sh`rfr qmf
hzfshdf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fssls jsln 7%23 ql 7%2611%
Jls sfdsfrr`le hehipr`r h m`dmfs nfhrvsfnfeq alfr elq mhzf
`nwlsqheq blerfxvfebfr jls qmf zhi`a`qp lj qmf j`ea`edr% @e jhbq
rqhq`rq`bhiip `q bhe nfsfip nhof `q nlsf a`jj`bviq ql j`ea r`de`j`bheq
sfihq`lerm`wr `e qmf ahqh cfbhvrf lj hqqfevhq`le c`hr% @e a`hdelr`ed
dlzfsehebf wslcifnr hea nle`qls`ed dlzfsehebf wsldsfrr `e h
whsq`bvihs blveqsp mltfzfs h m`dmfs qmhe rqhqfa nfhrvsfnfeq fssls
bhe mhzf nlsf rfs`lvr blerfxvfebfr% Vejlsqvehqfip `q `r `nwlrr`cif qloelt qmf qsvf f}qfeq lj nfhrvsfnfeq fssls lj qmf TD@r cfbhvrf `)
12 Hbblsa`ed ql Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776h) qmf rqheahsa fssls sfjifbqr qmfnfhrvsfnfeq fssls fncla`fa `e qmf wl`eq frq`nhqfr jls fhbm blveqsp `e h d`zfe pfhs-rff Cl} 1%3)% Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776h) sfjfs`eqfsbmhedfhcip ql rqheahsa fssls heanhsd`er lj fssls%
11 Qm`r bhibvihq`le `r hdh`e chrfa le qmf hrrvnwq`le qmhq fsslsr hsf fxvhiip blssfihqfahnled rlvsbfr% Mltfzfs tf rvrwfbq qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj fsslsr zhs`fr hbblsa`edql qmf qpwf lj rlvsbf%
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831
qmf afdsff lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr `r veoelte hea ``) qmf jhbq
qmhq qmf blnwvqhq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fssls `r wvsfip chrfa le qmf
evncfs hea blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr `r bleqfrqhcif `e whsq`bvihs `jrlvsbfr nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf%
Oehbo -3774 w%3:4) hrrfsqr qmhq qmf veoelte cvq rvcrqheq`hi
afdsff lj `eqfsafwfeafebf hnled nhep lj qmf rlvsbfr hirl lcz`hqfr
hep bih`nr sfdhsa`ed qmf wsfb`r`le lj frq`nhqfr% Lqmfs qm`edr fxvhi
lef bhe mhzf nlsf blej`afebf `e h shq`ed chrfa le 0 rlvsbfr qmhe le h
shq`ed jls helqmfs blveqsp chrfa le leip 2 rlvsbfr% @q `r hirl
`nwlsqheq mltfzfs ql `afeq`jp qmf rlvsbfr hea ql bler`afs qmf i`ofip
afdsff lj `eqfsafwfeafebf hnled qmfn% Qmsff rlvsbfr bler`rq`ed lj h
j`sn rvszfp h mlvrfmlia rvszfp hea he f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeq nhp
wslz`af h s`bmfs rfq lj `ejlsnhq`le qmhe e`ef rlvsbfr `j hii e`ef hsf
f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr% @bfihear 3773 Q@ `eaf} `r blnwvqfa jsln r`}
rlvsbfr tm`bm hq j`srq dihebf hwwfhsr `nwsfrr`zfip a`zfsrf% Mltfzfs
elef lj qmfn hsf qsvip `eafwfeafeq; qmsff lj qmfn hsf jsln TFJ
rvszfpr jls 3777 3778 hea 3773 hea qmf lqmfs qmsff hsf jsln @NA
rvszfpr jls qmf rhnf pfhsr% Hiqmlvdm qmf whsqefs `erq`qvqfr `e @bfihea
hsf a`jjfsfeq jls TFJ hea @NA qmf i`ofi`mlla lj lzfsihww`ed rhnwifrlj qlw f}fbvq`zfr t`qm `eqfsehq`lehi f}wfs`febf `e h blveqsp rl q`ep
nvrq cf zfsp m`dm% @bfihea `e Q@ `r he f}qsfnf f}hnwif lj
`eqfsafwfeafebf cvq qmf wslcifn `e nlsf nlafshqf jlsn `r feafn`b
ql clqm Q@ hea TC@% Bih`nr lj cf`ed wsfb`rf hclvq `nwsfb`r`le
-Ohvjnhee Oshhp hea [l`al.Ilchqle 3777) afwfea le
`eafwfeafebf lj hrrfrrnfeqr mfebf bheelq cf rvwwlsqfa%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
836
Jvsqmfsnlsf `j qmf rlvsbfr nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj
dlzfsehebf m`dm blssfihq`le bhe el iledfs cf `eqfswsfqfa ql `ea`bhqf
m`dm hbbvshbp% Qmf sfhrle `r qmhq tf al elq leip theq ql f}qshbq jslnqmf rlvsbfr qmf `ejlsnhq`le qmfp mhzf `e blnnle cvq nlsf
`nwlsqheqip tf theq ql f}qshbq qmf a`jjfsfeq `ejlsnhq`le fhbm rlvsbf
cs`edr ql cfhs le qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf% Tf tlvia qmfsfjlsf cf
`eqfsfrqfa wsfb`rfip `e qmf ele.blssfihqfa zhs`hq`le qmhq `r a`rbhsafa cp
OO[ hr nfhrvsfnfeq fssls% -Rff rfbq`le le rhnwif c`hr hea
tf`dmq`ed nfqmla)% Blezfeq`lehiip rqheahsa fsslsr hsf chrfa le qmf
rhnwif r`{f `ejlsnhq`le tm`bm `r hzh`ihcif jls jft lj qmf TD@
rlvsbfr hea `r a`rbhsafa `e qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf%
Tm`if lef nhp xvfrq`le qmf sfi`hc`i`qp lj qmf hrrvnwq`ler
sfjifbqfa `e qmf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fsslsr hea blssfrwlea`edblej`afebf `eqfszhir `q `r fxvhiip `nwlsqheq ql fnwmhr`{f qmhq
nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf elq ve`xvf ql qmf OO[ `ea`bhqlsr% Le qmf
bleqshsp OO[ hsf hnled qmf jft wslavbfsr lj dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr
tml qsp ql sh`rf hthsfefrr hnled wlqfeq`hi vrfsr lj dlzfsehebf
`ea`bhqlsr lj qmf rfs`lvr nfhrvsfnfeq wslcifnr hrrlb`hqfa t`qm rvbm
`ea`bhqlsr%
1%2%3 Ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp
Rlnf alelsr mhzf blnf ql d`zf m`dm `nwlsqhebf ql qmf vrf lj
sfihq`zfip veqsherwhsfeq `ea`bhqlsr i`of qmf TD@ ls qmf BW@ `e whshal}`bhiip qsp`ed ql d`zf qsherwhsfebp ql qmf`s h`a.hiilbhq`le
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83:
afb`r`ler% Qmf sfhrler jls qmf TD@r ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp hsf
qmsffjlia; `) m`dm blnwif}`qp ``) ihbo lj sfwslavb`c`i`qp ```) ihbo lj
veafsip`ed qmflsp lj dlzfsehebf%
J`srq lj hii qmf rmffs evncfs hea a`zfsr`qp lj `ea`bhqlsr
wslavbfa cp lqmfsr qmhq hsf `eblswlshqfa `eql h r`edif TD@ nhof `q
zfsp a`jj`bviq ql veafsrqhea h blveqspr shq`ed hr `iivrqshqfa `e J`dvsf
1%8 le whdf 888 jls qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp `e Chedihafrm
800= hea 3776% Veafsrqhea`ed h bmhedf `e h blveqspr shq`ed lzfs
q`nf ls h bslrr.blveqsp a`jjfsfebf `r blnwi`bhqfa cfbhvrf qmf
blnwlr`q`le hea tf`dmqr lj ws`nhsp rlvsbfr zhsp hbslrr blveqs`fr hea
lzfs q`nf -rff J`dvsf 1%3 hea 1%2 le whdf 882)% Oehbo -3774) f}wih`er
qmhq qmf TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le vrfr 32 a`jjfsfeq blnc`ehq`ler
lj rlvsbfr jls qmf Fhrqfse Fvslwfhe hea Bfeqshi Hr`he blveqs`fr heaqmhq qmfsf hsf leip jlvs wh`s lj blveqs`fr tmlrf shq`edr hsf chrfa le h
blnnle rfq lj rlvsbfr% Qm`r a`jj`bviqp ql veafsrqhea qmf nfhe`ed lj h
blveqspr shq`ed `r hii qmf dsfhqfs cfbhvrf rlnf lj qmf veafsip`ed
`ea`bhqlsr vrfa hr `ewvqr hsf qmfnrfizfr zfsp cslha hea `nwsfb`rf ls
ihbo`ed qsherwhsfebp% Ql `iivrqshqf `q `r elq bifhs tmhq f}hbq bs`qfs`h
qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q -F@V) vrfr jls shq`ed blveqs`fr le qmf
`ea`bhqls F}bfrr`zf Wslqfbq`ler lef lj qmf rlvsbfr jls Sfdvihqlsp
Xvhi`qp `e Chedihafrm -rff J`dvsf 1%8)% Tmfe hsf wslqfbq`ler
efbfrrhsp hea tmfe hsf qmfp f}bfrr`zf hbblsa`ed ql qmf F@V< Nhep
rlvsbfr vejlsqvehqfip wslz`af leip mfha`edr jls qmf`s `ea`bhqlsr t`qm
el afj`e`q`le ls el albvnfeq lj mlt qmf`s hrrfrrnfeqr tfsf nhaf%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
834
Rfbleaip qmf TD@r hsf elq sfwi`bhcif% Nhep lj qmf `ea`bhqlsr
veafsip`ed fhbm rlvsbfr shq`edr qmf 3ea ihpfs `e qmf wpshn`a hsf elq
a`rbilrfa ql qmf wvci`b -rff J`dvsf 1%8 whdf 888)% Hbbfrr ql nhep ljqmf `ea`bhqlsr lj qmf 3ea ihpfs tlvia cf zfsp f}wfer`zf% Ql `iivrqshqf
hbbfrr ql qmf rlvsbf Dilchi S`ro Ahqh jsln Dilchi @er`dmq blrqr ! 83
477 -f.nh`i `exv`sp 3771)%
Qm`saip qmf TD@r ihbo hep veafsip`ed qmflsp lj dlla ls cha
dlzfsehebf qmhq tlvia f}wih`e qmf nfhe`ed lj qmf `ea`bhqlsr%
H blerfxvfebf lj qmf TD@r ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp `r qmhq qmfp
d`zf i`qqif dv`ahebf ql ilbhi rqhofmliafsr ls lqmfsr hr ql tmhq blebsfqf
hbq`ler qmfp bhe ls lvdmq ql qhof ql `nwslzf qmf xvhi`qp lj ilbhi
dlzfsehebf% Jls `erqhebf he `ea`bhqls jls Svif lj Iht qfiir vr mlt
rfbvsf cvr`efrr wflwif jffi hclvq qmf`s wslwfsqp cvq `q qfiir vr zfsp
i`qqif hclvq tmhq nhofr qmfn jffi qmhq thp% Qmf `ea`bhqlsr hsf vrfa
nh`eip hr h afb`r`le qlli jls lvqr`afsr tml t`rm ql kvadf ls blnwhsf
blveqs`fr cvq hsf elq hbq`le.ls`feqfa jls rqhofmliafsr `e qmf blveqs`fr
qmhq hsf cf`ed kvadfa hea blnwhsfa%
1%2%2 Tfho blebfwqvhi jlveahq`le
@q `r `nwlsqheq ql sfnfncfs qmhq hii shq`ed rprqfnr hsf elsnhq`zf
cp qmf`s zfsp ehqvsf% Qmfp `nwip h kvadnfeq `j qmfp shqf lef blveqsp
cfqqfs qmhe helqmfs blveqsp% Qmfp `nwip h kvadnfeq hclvq tmhq
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83=
dlzfsenfeq lvqblnfr hsf afr`shcif hea tmhq lvqblnfr mhzf ws`ls`qp
lzfs lqmfs lvqblnfr% D`zfe qmhq dlzfsenfeqr lckfbq`zfr hsf
dfefshiip zhdvf hea efbfrrhs`ip rfij.bleqsha`bqlsp -zhe af Thiif377=) qmfsf `r el r`edif lckfbq`zf thp lj nfhrvs`ed qmf xvhi`qp lj
dlzfsehebf%
Lef n`dmq qmfsfjlsf f}wfbq qmf TD@r ql cf chrfa le h
elsnhq`zf afj`e`q`le ls blebfwq lj tmhq blerq`qvqfr dlla ls cha
dlzfsehebf tm`bm afqfsn`efr qmf blveqs`fr shq`edr% Mltfzfs qmfsf `r
el rvbm elsnhq`zf blebfwq ls qmflsp veafsip`ed qmf TD@ shq`edr% Qmf
hvqmlsr afj`ef qmfrf shq`edr r`nwip hr qmf qsha`q`ler hea `erq`qvq`ler
cp tm`bm hvqmls`qp `e h blveqsp `r f}fsb`rfa% Qmfp jvsqmfs
a`rhddsfdhqf qmf bmheefir `eql a`jjfsfeq blnwlefeqr pfq qmfp al elq
f}wih`e mlt ql a`rq`edv`rm cfqtffe dlla ls cha dlzfsehebf%
Le qmf bleqshsp `qr qmf blnw`ihq`le lj hii qmf shq`edr jsln
a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr cslvdmq qldfqmfs `e h r`edif TD@ tm`bm d`zfr
elsnhq`zf nfhe`ed ql qmf blebfwq lj dlzfsehebf% Cvq elclap
`ebiva`ed qmf hvqmlsr qmfnrfizfr bhe afj`ef qmfrf elsnr% @e haa`q`le
qmf elsnr a`jjfs jsln pfhs ql pfhs hea jsln blveqsp ql blveqsp
cfbhvrf qmf rlvsbfr jls qmf TD@r hr jls qmf BW@ jsln Qsherwhsfebp
@eqfsehq`lehi a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf -rff J`dvsfr 1%8
1%3 hea 1%2)%
Qm`r a`jjfsfeq n`} lj `ea`bhqlsr lzfs q`nf hea hbslrr blveqs`fr
t`qmlvq hep blebfwqvhi f}wi`bhq`le hirl nhofr qmf `eqfswsfqhq`le lj
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
830
qmf nhsd`e lj fsslsr vebifhs; H rqhq`rq`b rvbm hr qmf blej`afebf
`eqfszhi hslvea h rhnwif nfhe mhr h zfsp rwfb`j`b `eqfswsfqhq`le;
Qmfsf f}`rqr h wlwvihq`le lj rlnfqm`ed rwfb`j`b% Tf frq`nhqf qmfnfhe lj qmf wlwvihq`le vr`ed lcrfszhq`ler le qmhq rhnf rwfb`j`b qm`ed
cvq leip jls h rvcrfq lj qmf wlwvihq`le% R`ebf tf leip mhzf
nfhrvsfnfeqr jls h rhnwif tf hss`zf hq h blej`afebf `eqfszhi jls qmf
qsvf wlwvihq`le nfhe jlsqmhq rwfb`j`b qm`ed% Qmf TD@r mhzf a`jjfsfeq
n`}fr lj `ea`bhqlsr `e a`jjfsfeq blveqs`fr hea `e a`jjfsfeq pfhsr% Tf
aleq mhzf a`jjfsfeq lcrfszhq`ler le qmf rhnf qm`ed tf mhzf a`jjfsfeq
lcrfszhq`ler le a`jjfsfeq qm`edr% Tmhq qmf nhsd`e lj fssls nfher `e
rvbm bhrf `r vebifhs% -Heafsrle 3774)
Nfi`rrh Qmlnhr -3774) j`ear el fz`afebf jls qmf blerqsvbq
zhi`a`qp lj qmf TD@r% Rmf blebivafr qmhq qmf `ea`bhqlsr rqhea hr hefihclshqf hea vervwwlsqfa mpwlqmfr`r hea qmhq hbblsa`edip sfi`hebf
le qmf `ea`bhqlsr `r wsfnhqvsf -w%3)%
Jvsqmfsnlsf shq`ed blveqs`fr le qsvf dlzfsehebf `nwi`fr qmhq
qmfsf `r h cfrq ls `afhiip wfsjlsn`ed dlzfsenfeq -zhe af Thiif
jlsqmbln`ed)% Lef nhp tleafs hclvq qmf ehqvsf lj qmf lwwlr`qf
veqsvf dlzfsehebf hea tmfqmfs h r`edif rprqfn lj afr`sfa
dlzfsehebf lvqblnfr hea ws`ls`q`fr rmlvia cf `nwlrfa le qmf
afzfilw`ed tlsia% Heasftr -377= w%3) hehiprfr qmf bleqfeq lj qmf
TD@ Dlzfsenfeq fjjfbq`zfefrr hea hsdvfr qmhq qmf dlla
dlzfsehebf w`bqvsf lj fjjfbq`zf dlzfsenfeq `r elq leip lj i`n`qfa vrf`e afzfilwnfeq cvq hirl blerq`qvqfr h qmsfhq wslnlq`ed `rlnlswm`rn
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827
`erq`qvq`lehi avhi`rn hea jih`i`ed rqhqfr hea `nwlr`ed he
`ehwwslws`hqf nlafi lj dlzfsenfeq qmhq o`bor hthp qmf ihaafs
qlahpr fjjfbq`zf dlzfsenfeqr bi`ncfa ql sfhbm qmf`s bvssfeq rqhqfr%Nf`rfi -3771) f}wih`er tmp Hedil.Rh}le dihrrfr al elq mfiw ql
f}wih`e qmf shw`a dsltqm `e qmf Hr`he fbleln`fr hea ljjfsr h eft
nlafi lj Dlzfsehebf Bviqvsfr mfiwjvi jls afzfilw`ed blveqs`fr
qlahp% Bmhwqfs 6 t`ii jvsqmfs fihclshqf le qmf bvssfeq afchqf hclvq
tmhq dlzfsehebf `r dlla jls afzfilw`ed blveqs`fr hea qmf
bmhiifedfr `ezlizfa `e nfhrvs`ed `q%
1%2%1 Rhnwif c`hr hea tf`dmq`ed nfqmla
Rhnwif c`hr
Qmf wslcifn `r elq rl nvbm qmhq qmfsf `r c`hr `e h d`zfe TD@`ea`bhqls% Fzfsp dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqls qmhq sheor blveqs`fr t`ii cf
c`hrfa cfbhvrf fzfsp shq`ed lj h blveqsp `r chrfa le elsnr hea
wsfjfsfebfr qmhq hsf elq efbfrrhs`ip rmhsfa tlsiat`af% Qmf wslcifn `r
qmhq qmf c`hrfr sfnh`e ihsdfip m`aafe jsln vrfsr hr qmf nlsf qmhe
qm`sqp rlvsbfr nhep lj tm`bm ihbo qsherwhsfebp qmfnrfizfr
afqfsn`ef qmf elsnhq`zf nfhe`ed lj qmf `ea`bhqlsr%
Sfdvihq`ler ql wslqfbq qmf fez`slenfeq hea ihclvs s`dmqr qfea ql
cf `eqfswsfqfa hr vejs`feaip ql nhsofqr cp qmf `ea`bhqlsr qmhq bhssp
qmf nlrq tf`dmq `e qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfrr% Tmfsfhr lef nhp ls nhp
elq hdsff t`qm qm`r `eqfswsfqhq`le qmf wslcifn `r qmhq nlrq vrfsr hsfelq hthsf lj qm`r c`hr% Jls f}hnwif Ohvjnhee fq hi% `ebivaf qmf
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
828
`ea`bhqls Fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrr jsln qmf
Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvnr F}fbvq`zf Lw`e`le Rvszfp cvq qmfp al elq
`ebivaf rfzfshi xvfrq`ler qmhq d`zf m`dm shq`edr ql blveqs`fr t`qm hm`dm rqheahsa lj fez`slenfeqhi wslqfbq`le% Vrfsr hsf dfefshiip elq
hthsf lj qm`r ln`rr`le%
Tm`if qmf i`rq lj rlvsbfr vrfa ql wslavbf qmf OO[ `ea`bhqlsr -rff
Cl} 1%8 le whdf ==) hwwfhsr ql cf sfhrlehcip a`zfsrf hea
sfwsfrfeqhq`zf lj a`jjfsfeq rqhofmliafsr shed`ed jsln wlwvihq`le
rvszfpr ql f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea feqfsws`rf rvszfpr qmf
hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf vrfa ql bhibvihqf qmf blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqlsr
hrr`der ifrr tf`dmq ql rlvsbfr qmhq a`jjfs jsln qmf nhkls`qp hr
f}wih`efa wsfz`lvrip% Qmf sfrviq lj qm`r wslbfavsf `r fjjfbq`zfip ql
d`zf nvbm nlsf tf`dmq ql f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea feqfsws`rf rvszfprqmhe ql wlwvihq`le rvszfpr ql qmf wl`eq qmhq wlwvihq`le rvszfpr
bhssp wshbq`bhiip el tf`dmq `e qmf blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqlsr% Ql `iivrqshqf
Dhiivwr Tlsia Wlii qmhq hror b`q`{fer hclvq qmf`s f}wlrvsf ql bs`nf
dfqr {fsl tf`dmq jls qmf TD@ Svif lj Iht tmfsfhr Dilchi @er`dmq
Cvr`efrr S`ro hea Blea`q`ler h blnnfsb`hi cvr`efrr `ejlsnhq`le
wslz`afs jsln Clrqle qmhq nfhrvsfr qmf bs`nf s`ro ql cvr`efrrfr dfqr
qmf qm`sa m`dmfrq tf`dmq% He f}hnwif lj h Dilchi @er`dmq `ea`bhqls `r
Mlt nvbm lj h qmsfhq cvr`efrrfr jhbf jsln bs`nf rvbm hr
o`aehww`ed f}qlsq`le rqsffq z`lifebf cvsdihsp hea rl le% Qmfrf
wslcifnr bhe bhvrf nhkls `eblezfe`febf jls jlsf`de `ezfrqlsr hea
sfxv`sf qmfn ql qhof f}wfer`zf rfbvs`qp wsfbhvq`ler%
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823
Qtl sf`ejlsb`ed jhbqlsr i`f cfm`ea qmf ilt tf`dmqr d`zfe ql
mlvrfmlia rvszfpr; j`srq lj hii qmfsf hsf jftfs bslrr.blveqsp
blnwhshcif mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hea qmfp wslz`af ahqh jls jftfsblveqs`fr cfbhvrf qmfp hsf f}wfer`zf hea cfbhvrf qmfsf hsf jft
lwwlsqve`q`fr ql f}wil`q qmf ahqh blnnfsb`hiip% Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf
nlrq bslrr.blveqsp blnwhshcif dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr hzh`ihcif hea
blnnfsb`hi `eqfsfrqr as`zf h nhkls whsq lj qm`r rvwwip lj dlzfsehebf
`ea`bhqlsr%
Rfbleaip tm`if qmf hvqmlsr hsf elq ql sfrwler`cif jls qmf ilt
evncfs lj mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hzh`ihcif qmfp blvia mhzf blssfbqfa jls
qm`r rfifbq`le c`hr `e qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfrr% @erqfha qmfp bmlrf ql
vrf he hddsfdhq`le qfbme`xvf16 tm`bm d`zfr ifrr tf`dmq ql wfsbfwq`ler
qmhq a`zfsdf jsln qmf aln`eheq nhkls`qp qmhe ql wfsbfwq`ler qmhqblejlsn ql qmf nhkls`qp z`ft% Mlvrfmlia rvszfpr a`zfsdf jsln qmf
nhkls`qp lj f}wfsq wfsbfwq`ler hea qmfsfjlsf dfq ilt tf`dmqr% Qm`r
a`zfsdfebf `r blej`snfa cp sfbfeq n`ssls rvszfpr `e jsheblwmlef
Hjs`bh tm`bm rmlt qmhq qmf hrrfrrnfeqr lj qmf xvhi`qp lj ilbhi
dlzfsehebf d`zfe cp f}wfsqr a`jjfs rvcrqheq`hiip jsln qmlrf d`zfe
cp sfrwleafeqr ql ilbhi wlwvihq`le rvszfpr1:%
Qmf sfhrle jls qm`r a`zfsdfebf `r elq efbfrrhs`ip qmhq f`qmfs
mlvrfmlia rvszfpr ls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hsf tsled cvq blvia hirl cf
16
Qm`r nfqmla rmlvia elq cf blejvrfa t`qm jhbqls hehipr`r% Rff j`srq whsq lj qm`rbmhwqfs jls afqh`ir1: Sh{hj`easholql hea Slvchva -377:)%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
822
qmhq qmfp hrrfrr a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf% Ql blnf chbo ql lvs
wsfz`lvr f}hnwif qmf bs`nf shqf hea wslqfbq`le -ls hcvrf) cp qmf
wli`bf hea kva`b`hsp hsf elq efbfrrhs`ip hq qmf rhnf ifzfi jls qmf wlls whsqr lj h b`qp hea qmf a`wilnhq`b hea cvr`efrr whsqr% Mltfzfs
Ohvjnhee fq hi% hrrvnf qmhq qmf a`rbsfwhebp cfqtffe Dhiivwr shq`ed
hea qmf nhkls`qp lj f}wfsq shq`edr `r avf ql `qr m`dm nfhrvsfnfeq fssls
hea a`rbhsa qmf wlrr`c`i`qp qmhq `q nfhrvsfr rlnfqm`ed a`jjfsfeq%
Qm`r rhnwif c`hr `e jhzlvs lj cvr`efrr.ls`feqfa wfsbfwq`ler `r
elq ve`xvf ql qmf OO[ `ea`bhqlsr% Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehir
Blssvwq`le Wfsbfwq`ler @eaf} -BW@) tm`bm ashtr le nhep lj qmf
rhnf rlvsbfr hr OO[r Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le `ea`bhqls `r
bmhshbqfs`rfa cp h r`n`ihs c`hr% Hr lef lj Qsherwhsfebpr jlveafsr
hea jlsnfs mfha lj sfrfhsbm mhr elqfa Lj qmf 84 a`jjfsfeq`erq`qvq`ler wslz`a`ed ahqh jls qmf BW@ r`ebf 800= leip qtl al elq
mhzf h ws`zhqf.rfbqls c`hr Qm`r mlnldfef`qpdfefshqfr h rfs`lvr
rhnwif c`hr tm`bm `r h dfev`ef jh`i`ed lj qmf BW@% Qmf rhnwif `r elq
leip ws`zhqf rfbqls ls`feqfa `q `r hirl lzfstmfin`edip nhif hea
fbleln`bhiip tfii ljj% Fjjfbq`zfip qm`r nfher qmhq qm`r nlrq
`ejivfeq`hi lj `ea`bfr `delsfr qmf f}wfs`febfr hea wfsrwfbq`zfr lj nlrq
tlnfe hea lj qmf wlls hea a`rfejshebm`rfa% @q hirl nfher qmhq qmf
`eqfsfrqr lj veljj`b`hi cvr`efrrfr tm`bm fnwilp qmf lzfstmfin`ed
nhkls`qp lj qmf wlwvihq`le `e wlls blveqs`fr hsf `delsfa -Dhiqved
hea Rhnwjlsa 3776)%
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821
Qm`r c`hr `e jhzlvs lj f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr -nhep lj tm`bm qfea ql
cf ls`feqfa qlthsa qmf `eqfsfrqr hea wfsbfwq`ler lj sfihq`zfip ihsdf
jlsnhi.rfbqls `ezfrqlsr hea blswlshq`ler) tm`bm `e qmf OO[`ea`bhqlsr `r f}hbfschqfa cp qmf`s hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf `r
wslcifnhq`b jls hq ifhrq qmsff sfhrler%
Lef `e qmf tlsar lj qmf Tlsia Cheor 3776 Tlsia Afzfilwnfeq
Sfwlsq `r qmhq hiqmlvdm rlb`fq`fr cfefj`q dsfhqip jsln qmf hbq`z`q`fr lj
j`snr qmf wsfjfsfebfr lj j`snr aleq jviip nhqbm qmlrf lj rlb`fqp%
Qm`r qfer`le `r nlrq fz`afeq `e qh}hq`le hea sfdvihq`le% Nlrq j`snr
blnwih`e hclvq qh}fr cvq qh}fr j`ehebf wvci`b rfsz`bfr qmhq cfefj`q qmf
`ezfrqnfeq bi`nhqf hea lqmfs rlb`hi dlhir% Nhep lqmfs j`snr tlvia
hirl wsfjfs ql blnwip t`qm jftfs sfdvihq`ler cvq rlvea sfdvihq`ler
haasfrr nhsofq jh`ivsfr hea bhe qmfsfjlsf `nwslzf qmf `ezfrqnfeqbi`nhqf hea wslqfbq lqmfs rlb`hi `eqfsfrqr -Tlsia Cheo 3771h w% :)%
Pfq jls f}hnwif qmf OO[ `ea`bhqls le Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp d`zfr
bler`afshcip dsfhqfs tf`dmq ql rlvsbfr qmhq sfjifbq `ea`z`avhi cvr`efrr
nhehdfsr z`ftr le clqm ihclvs hea fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler hr
mhsnjvi jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr hea jls blnwfq`q`zfefrr
qmhe `q alfr ql rlvsbfr elqhcip wlwvihq`le rvszfpr qmhq sfjifbq lqmfsr
nhsofaip a`jjfsfeq wfsbfwq`ler le qmf slif lj rvbm sfdvihq`ler14% Qmf
ahedfs `r qmhq vrfsr lj qm`r `ea`bhqls blvia vet`qq`edip cf `ejivfebfa `e
14CFFWR sfwlsqr cvr`efrr nhehdfsr hertfs ql qmf xvfrq`le Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsfihclvs sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvr`efrr hea qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn
hror qmfn `e `qr Dilchi Blnwfq`q`zfefrr Rvszfp ql d`zf qmf`s lw`e`le le qmfrqhqfnfeq Fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrr tm`if Dilchi @er`dmqjlbvrfr le sfdvihqlsp cvsaferqmhq sfavbf hddsfdhqf `ezfrqnfeq%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
826
qmf`s afb`r`ler cp h m`aafe c`hr hdh`erq ihclvs hea,ls fez`slenfeqhi
sfdvihq`ler jls f}hnwif%
Rfblea qmfsf `r h ahedfs lj b`sbvihs sfhrle`ed% @ezfrqlsr mfsa
cfmhz`lvs hea qmf evncfs lj nhkls j`eheb`hi bs`rfr `e afzfilw`ed
blveqs`fr lzfs qmf ihrq afbhaf rvddfrq qmhq `ezfrqlsr blej`afebf ifzfir
hsf elq hithpr dlla `ea`bhqlsr lj hbqvhi dlzfsehebf sfhi`q`fr `e h
blveqsp% @ezfrqlsr qmfnrfizfr `ebsfhr`edip rff qm`r wslcifn% Hr h VR.
chrfa `eqfsehq`lehi cvr`efrr rwlofrwfsrle1= `eqfsz`ftfa jls qm`r rqvap
wmshrfa qmf wslcifn t`qm qlahpr dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr; Tf hsf
chr`bhiip qhio`ed ql lvsrfizfr% Tf effa `ea`bhqlsr qmhq d`zf vr h nlsf
lckfbq`zf veafsrqhea`ed lj qmf hbqvhi blea`q`ler lj dlzfsehebf `e
afzfilw`ed hea fnfsd`ed.nhsofq fbleln`fr%
Qm`sa tmfqmfs `e dlla jh`qm -hr `r ljqfe qmf bhrf) ls elqdlzfsenfeqr `e afzfilw`ed blveqs`fr ljqfe sfrfeq h wfsbf`zfa ws`zhqf.
rfbqls hea tfrqfse c`hr `e qmf `ea`bhqlsr% He `nwlsqheq
blerfxvfebf sfwlsqfa cp h nhkls LFBA ljj`b`hi alels hdfebp `r qmhq
qmf vrf lj rvbm dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr `e qmf hdfebpr a`rbvrr`ler t`qm
sfb`w`feq dlzfsenfeqr ljqfe ifjq qmf ihqqfs jffi`ed hbbvrfa t`qmlvq
wslz`a`ed qmfn t`qm hep nfhe`edjvi dv`ahebf le qmf bhvrfr lj qmf`s
dlzfsehebf rmlsqbln`edr ls le mlt fjjfbq`zfip ql lzfsblnf qmlrf
rmlsqbln`edr% Qmf sfrviq thr ljqfe ql wlihs`rf a`rbvrr`ler ifhzf
sfb`w`feq dlzfsenfeqr jffi`ed hi`fehqfa hea tfhofe qmf zfsp chr`r jls
1=Klme A% Rvii`zhe F}fbvq`zf A`sfbqls Bfeqfs jls @eqfsehq`lehi Ws`zhqf Feqfsws`rfThrm`edqle A%B%
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bliihclshq`le cfqtffe qmf hdfebp hea dlzfsenfeqr `q thr `eqfea`ed ql
mfiw%
@q `r elq wslcifnhq`b `e dfefshi ql wslavbf he `ea`bhqls qmhq sfi`fr
le qmf wfsbfwq`ler lj f}wfsqr hea j`snr% @q `r fzfe xv`qf veafsrqheahcif
ql vrf qmfrf rlvsbfr cfbhvrf qmfsf hsf r`nwip jft bslrr.blveqsp
blnwhshcif rvszfpr lj `ea`z`avhir hzh`ihcif hea jhbqr.chrfa
`ea`bhqlsr hsf ljqfe el nlsf lckfbq`zf qmhe wfsbfwq`ler.chrfa
`ea`bhqlsr -rff Hseaq hea Lnhe 377:)% Cvq `q `r n`rifha`ed ql ihcfi
rvbm he `ea`bhqls a`jjfsfeqip% Ohvjnhee fq hi% nhsofq qmf`s `ea`bhqlsr
hr sfi`hcif nfhrvsfnfeqr lj dlzfsehebf tmfsfhr Qsherwhsfebp
@eqfsehq`lehi -tmlrf Blssvwq`le Wfsbfwq`ler @eaf} sfi`fr le r`n`ihs
rlvsbfr ql qmf TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le) blssfbqip afrbs`cfr `qr
`ea`bhqlsr hr h rehwrmlq lj qmf z`ftr lj cvr`efrr wflwif hea blveqsphehiprqr lj blssvwq`le%
Tf`dmq`ed nfqmla
Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfrwlea `e Hertfs`ed qmf bs`q`br ql qmf
bs`q`b`rn lj qmf`s tf`dmq`ed nfqmla -sh`rfa `e qmf rfbq`ler le rhnwif
c`hr hea blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr) cp vr`ed qtl hiqfsehq`zf
tf`dmq`ed rbmfnfr% Qmfp sfwlsq qmhq qmf `eaf}fr wslavbfa t`qm qmfrf
hiqfsehq`zf tf`dmq`ed rprqfnr hsf zfsp m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm qmf`s
ls`d`ehi TC@ `ea`bhqlsr hea blebivaf qmhq bs`q`b`rnr lj qmf`s
tf`dmq`ed nfqmlar hsf lj i`qqif `nwlsqhebf%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
824
Mltfzfs ef`qmfs lj qmfrf qtl nfqmlar blssfbqr jls qmf jhbq qmhq
mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hsf `e qmf n`els`qp els al qmfp qhof `eql hbblveq
qmhq qmlrf rlvsbfr qmhq shqf blveqs`fr a`jjfsfeq jsln qmf nhkls`qp ljrlvsbfr nhp hbqvhiip bleqh`e zfsp vrfjvi `ejlsnhq`le hclvq qmf xvhi`qp
lj dlzfsehebf%
8% -Ve)fxvhi tf`dmq`ed; Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf h r`nwif hzfshdf ljhii qmf`s rlvsbfr hea bhii qm`r nfqmla fxvhi tf`dmq`ed% R`ebf
qmfsf hsf nhep nlsf f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea j`sn rvszfpr qmhe
rvszfpr lj `ea`z`avhir hzh`ihcif fxvhi tf`dmq`ed `r hbqvhiip
vefxvhi tf`dmq`ed ls rlnf hsf nlsf fxvhi qmhe lqmfsr%
Qmf tf`dmq lj mlvrfmlia rvszfpr `r rq`ii efdi`d`cif%
3% Tf`dmq`ed hbblsa`ed ql dslvwr; Ohvjnhee fq hi% j`srq qhof qmfhzfshdf shq`ed lj jlvs dslvwr `) bslrr.blveqsp rvszfpr lj j`snr
hea `ea`z`avhir ``) blnnfsb`hi f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr ```) f}wfsq
hrrfrrnfeqr wslavbfa cp EDLr hea `z) f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr
wslavbfa cp nviq`ihqfshi lsdhe`rhq`ler% Qmfp qmfe r`nwip
hzfshdf qmf `ea`bhqlsr t`qm`e fhbm dslvw hea blerqsvbq he
hddsfdhqf `ea`bhqls chrfa le qmf jlvs dslvwr hilef% Tf`dmq`edhbblsa`ed ql dslvwr `r `e dfefshi h zfsp vrfjvi nfqmla ql
blssfbq jls he vechihebfa rhnwif lj a`jjfsfeq qpwfr lj rlvsbfr%
Mltfzfs qmf jhbq qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% wvq mlvrfmlia rvszfpr
hea j`sn rvszfpr qldfqmfs `e lef dslvw sfavbfr qmf tf`dmq lj
mlvrfmlia rvszfpr ql h elq.fzfe rwfb`j`fa jshbq`le% Mlvrfmlia
rvszfpr rmlvia cf qhofe hr h rfwhshqf dslvw cfbhvrf `q `r
wsfb`rfip mlvrfmlia rvszfpr tmlrf sfrviqr a`jjfs bler`afshcip
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82=
jsln qmf lqmfs rlvsbfr% Jvsqmfsnlsf wvqq`ed hii rvszfpr qmhq
ljqfe mhzf h zfsp m`dm rhnwif r`{f -F}fbvq`zf Lw`e`le Rvszfp
jsln qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn sfi`fr jls `erqhebf le nlsfqmhe 87777 sfrwleafeqr) `e lef dslvw hea jlsn`ed qmsff
rfwhshqf dslvwr jls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr sfavbfr qmf tf`dmq lj
rvszfpr `e dfefshi ql leip lef jlvsqm%
Qmf bih`n qmhq a`jjfsfeq tf`dmq`ed rprqfnr al elq ifha ql
rvcrqheq`hiip a`jjfsfeq sfrviqr10 qmfsfjlsf bheelq cf rvwwlsqfa% Rlvsbfr
al nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf hea sheo blveqs`fr
`ea`z`avhiip a`jjfsfeqip? mfebf tmhq rlvsbfr sfbf`zf nlsf tf`dmq t`ii
afqfsn`ef qmf lzfshii shq`ed% Jls qmf wvswlrf lj `iivrqshq`le tf t`ii
mhzf h bilrf illo hq #Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp# 377:% J`dvsf 1%1 rmltr qmf
lzfshii sfrviqr lj qmf shq`ed% Qhcif 1%3 rmltr mlt fhbm lj qmf qfe
rlvsbfr shqfa qmf j`zf Bfeqshi Hnfs`bhe blveqs`fr%
10Nlsf rprqfnhq`bhiip hr tf a`rbvrr jvsqmfs cfilt qmf sheo`edr wslz`afa cp lvshddsfdhqf `ea`bhqlsr hsf xv`qf slcvrq ql hiqfsehq`zf tf`dmq`ed rbmfnfr -Ohvjnheefq hi% 3774c w% 82)
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
820
J`dvsf 1%1
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817
Qhcif 1%3
#Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp# 377: `e Blrqh S`bh Dvhqfnhih Mleavshr
E`bhshdvh hea Whehnh
Rblsfr jsln a`jjfsfeq `ea`z`avhi `ea`bhqlsr hsf elq a`sfbqip blnwhshcif t`qm fhbm lqmfs r`ebf qmfa`jjfsfeq ahqh rlvsbfr vrf a`jjfsfeq ve`qr hea blzfs a`jjfsfeq rfqr lj blveqs`fr% Qmf ahqh jsln qmf
`ea`z`avhi `ea`bhqlsr hsf jvsqmfs sfrbhifa ql nhof qmfn blnwhshcif hbslrr ahqh rlvsbfr cfjlsf
blerqsvbq`ed qmf hddsfdhqf dlzfsehebf `ea`bhqlsr% Rff Hddsfdhq`ed Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr-Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000c) jls afqh`ir%
Dvhqfnhih blnfr qm`sa lvq lj qmf j`zf Bfeqshi Hnfs`bhe
blveqs`fr t`qm qmf rhnf rlvsbfr% Mltfzfs leip qtl rlvsbfr sheo `q
qm`sa% Qmsff rlvsbfr sheo `q j`srq -Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn F}fbvq`zf
Lw`e`le Rvszfp @JHA Svshi Rfbqls Wfsjlsnhebf Hrrfrrnfeqr
Blrqh S`bh Dvhqfnhih Mleavshr E`bhshdvh Whehnh
Wfsbfeq`if Sheo :2%0 68%3 26%: 28%4 :7%6
Rlvsbf Rlvsbf shq`ed -le h rbhif jsln 7 ql 8)CfsqfirnheeQsherjlsnhq`le @eaf} 7%4= 7%14 7%:8 7%62 7%43Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebfVe`q 7%46 7%6 7%6 7%6 7%6Dilchi @er`dmq Cvr`efrr
Blea`q`ler hea S`ro@ea`bhqlsr 7%:0 7%11 7%2= 7%2= 7%:0Dilchi @er`dmq DilchiS`ro Rfsz`bf 7%06 7%=4 7%=0 7%43 7%06Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`le@eaf} lj Fbleln`bJsffaln 7%:4 7%:: 7%:6 7%:0 7%4@JHA Svshi RfbqlsWfsjlsnhebf Hrrfrrnfeqr 7%:1 7%42 7%68 7%6: 7%:6Nfsbmheq @eqfsehq`lehi
Dslvw Dshp HsfhApehn`br 7%66 7%1 7%26 7%26 7%12Wli`q`bhi S`ro Rfsz`bfr@eqfsehq`lehi BlveqspS`ro Dv`af 7%:1 7%=3 7%66 7%42 7%=3Tlsia Cheo BlveqspWli`bp hea @erq`qvq`lehiHrrfrrnfeqr Elq wvci`b Elq wvci`b 7%4 7%: Elq wvci`bTlsia Fbleln`b JlsvnDilchi Blnwfq`q`zfefrr
Sfwlsq 7%1: 7%10 7%2: 7%2: 7%11
http://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/BTI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/BTI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/EIU.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/EIU.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/DRI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/DRI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/IFD.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/IFD.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/GCS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PIA.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/PRS.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/MIG.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/IFD.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/IFD.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/HER.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/DRI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/DRI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/WMO.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/EIU.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/EIU.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/BTI.pdfhttp://../Lokale%20Einstellungen/DOKUME~1/CHRIST~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/pdf/BTI.pdf -
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
818
Wli`q`bhi S`ro Rfsz`bf @eqfsehq`lehi Blveqsp S`ro Dv`af) lef sheor `q
rfblea qtl sheo `q jlvsqm hea lef sheor `q j`jqm% Lef lj qmf rlvsbfr
qmhq sheo `q qm`sa Dilchi @er`dmqr Cvr`efrr Blea`q`ler hea S`ro@ea`bhqlsr mhr nlsf tf`dmq qmhe qmf qmsff rlvsbfr qhofe qldfqmfs qmhq
sheo Dvhqfnhih j`srq% @j bler`afshcip nlsf tf`dmq tfsf d`zfe ql qmlrf
rlvsbfr qmhq sheo Dvhqfnhih j`srq Dvhqfnhihr wlr`q`le le qmf shq`ed
tlvia `nwslzf%
Whehnh blnfr rfblea jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp hjqfs Blrqh
S`bh% Mltfzfs lvq lj qmf 0 rlvsbfr tf mhzf ahqh jls leip jlvs sheor
Whehnh cfm`ea Blrqh S`bh% Qtl d`zf qmf rhnf rblsf ql Blrqh S`bh
hea Whehnh hea qmsff sheo Whehnh m`dmfs qmhe Blrqh S`bh% Qhofe
qldfqmfs qmf jlvs rlvsbfr qmhq sheo Blrqh S`bh m`dmfs qmhe Whehnh
mhzf hinlrq alvcif qmf tf`dmq qmhe qmf qmsff rlvsbfr qmhq sheo
Whehnh m`dmfs qmhe Blrqh S`bh% Hdh`e t`qm a`jjfsfeq tf`dmqr
Whehnh tlvia `nwslzf `qr sheo`ed%
Qmf m`dm a`zfsdfebf `e qmf rlvsbfr shq`edr `r sfjifbqfa `e qmf
m`dm nhsd`er lj fssls; Dvhqfnhihr 07& blej`afebf `eqfszhi lzfsihwr
t`qm qmf blej`afebf `eqfszhi lj hii lqmfs jlvs blveqs`fr% Hea Whehnhrblej`afebf `eqfszhi lzfsihwr t`qm Blrqh S`bh hea Dvhqfnhih -rff
J`dvsf 1%1)% Hdh`e qm`r sf`ejlsbfr qmf thse`ed qmhq shq`ed blveqs`fr le
qmf TD@r frwfb`hiip . cvq elq leip . tmfsf qmf blej`afebf `eqfszhir
lzfsihw `r n`rifha`ed%
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813
1%2%6 Ihbo lj blnwhshc`i`qp lzfs q`nf
Qmf TD@r bheelq cf vrfa jls a`sfbq blnwhs`rler lj qmf xvhi`qp
lj dlzfsehebf lzfs q`nf 67 % He hbqvhi bmhedf `e qmf ifzfi lj
dlzfsehebf `r leip lef lj jlvs wlrr`cif sfhrler jls h bmhedf `e h
blveqspr shq`ed le qmf TD@r%
H rfblea wlrr`cif sfhrle `r h bmhedf `e qmf rlvsbfr wfsbfwq`ler
lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf t`qmlvq he hbqvhi bmhedf `e qmf xvhi`qp ljdlzfsehebf% Jls `erqhebf `e Afbfncfs 800: h rqs`ed lj blssvwq`le
bhrfr m`q Bmhsifr Mhvdmfp tml mha cffe ws`nf n`e`rqfs `e @sfihea
jsln 8040 ql 8003% Qmf @eqfsehq`lehi Blveqsp S`ro Dv`af lef lj qmf
rlvsbfr jls qmf TD@r altedshafa @sfihea rfzfshi q`nfr `e qmf nleqmr
qmhq jliiltfa hea avs`ed tm`bm nlsf hea nlsf fz`afebf lj qmf
rbheahir hwwfhsfa% @q `r vei`ofip qmhq qmf ifzfi lj hbqvhi blssvwq`le mha
bmhedfa `e @sfihea cvq qmf @BSD vwahqfa `qr shq`ed chrfa le eftip
hzh`ihcif ejlsnhq`le%
67 Tf elqf `e whrr`ed qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% n`rveafsrqlla qmf sfhrle jls hwwip`edqmf`s svif lj qmvnc . elq ql blnwhsf sfrviqr lzfs q`nf ls hbslrr blveqs`fr t`qmlzfsihww`ed blej`afebf `eqfszhir . `e Hseaq hea Lnhe w% :=% -rff hertfs qlBs`q`xvf 1 h bs`q`xvf tf efzfs nhaf `e Ohvjnhee fq hi% 3774 w%87); Qmf h`n ljqm`r rfbq`le thr ql fnwmhr`{f ql vrfsr qmf `nwlsqhebf lj vr`ed Ohvjnhee fq hi%rSvif lj Qmvnc Svif tm`bm tf zfsp nvbm hwwsfb`hqf Cp rmlt`ed tmhq bmhedfr hsfr`de`j`bheq hq h 07 & r`de`j`bhebf ifzfi tf h`nfa hq sf`ejlsb`ed Ohvjnhee fq hi%rlte bhvq`ler ql leip nhof blnwhs`rler lzfs q`nf `j qmf nhsd`er lj fsslsr al elqlzfsihw% Hea tf hsf rlnfmlt rvsws`rfa qmhq qmf hvqmlsr dl hthp jsln qmfrf bih`nr%D`zfe qmhq qmf hbqvhi nhsd`er lj fssls hsf i`ofip ql cf nvbm m`dmfs rl qmhq nlsfbhvq`le shqmfs qmhe ifrr `r hwwslws`hqf tf j`ea `q `ehafxvhqf ql `eavbf vrfsr ql sfiple h 46 wfsbfeq r`de`j`bhebf ifzfi `erqfha lj h 06 & lef -rff w% 88 `e Hertfs`ed qmfbs`q`br)%
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1% Qmf Tlsiat`af Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr
812
H qm`sa wlrr`cif sfhrle jls h bmhedf `r qmhq lqmfs blveqs`fr
dlzfsehebf shq`edr bmhedfa% R`ebf Ohvjnhee fq hi% blerqsvbq fhbm lj
qmf`s blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqlsr `e rvbm h thp qmhq qmf hzfshdf zhivf lj qmf`ea`bhqls hbslrr hii blveqs`fr tlsiat`af `r hithpr {fsl hea `qr
rqheahsa afz`hq`le `r hithpr lef bmhedfr `e lef blveqspr shq`ed
bmhedf qmf shq`edr lj lqmfs blveqs`fr lqmfs qm`edr fxvhi%
H jlvsqm wlrr`cif sfhrle `r h bmhedf `e qmf evncfs hea
blnwlr`q`le lj rlvsbfr jsln lef pfhs ql qmf ef}q% Ql `iivrqshqf
Dvhqfnhihr shq`ed le Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp tlsrfefa bler`afshcip
jsln 800= ql 3776% Qmf shq`ed jls 800= thr chrfa le qmsff rlvsbfr
hea qmf shq`ed jls 3776 le f`dmq rlvsbfr hnled qmfn qmf qmsff
ls`d`ehi rlvsbfr jsln 800=% Qmf shq`ed lj lef lj qmfrf qmsff rlvsbfr
qmf BW@H `r elq wvci`bip hzh`ihcif jls 800=% Qmf lqmfs qtl rlvsbfr
qmhq hsf hzh`ihcif jls clqm pfhsr hbqvhiip shqfa qmf blveqsp cfqqfs `e
3776 qmhe `e 800=% Qmf afqfs`lshq`le `e Dvhqfnhihr shq`ed jsln 800=
ql 3776 thr mfebf zfsp i`ofip as`zfe cp qmf haa`q`lehi rlvsbfr jls
qmf 3776 shq`ed -f}hnwif chrfa le ahqh jsln Ohvjnhee fq hi% 377:)%
Bmhedfr `e qmf blnwlefeqr lj h blnwlr`qf `ea`bhqls lzfs q`nf hsf elq
efbfrrhs`ip wslcifnhq`b jls `qr blnwhshc`i`qp lzfs q`nf `j qmfsf hsfrvcrqheq`zf sfhrler jls qmf bmhedf -jls `erqhebf blnwvqfsr tfsf
haafa ql qmf chrofq lj dllar vrfa ql bhibvihqf qmf Blervnfs Ws`bf
@eaf} cfbhvrf blervnwq`ler whqqfser bmhedf)% Mltfzfs bmhedfr `e
qmf TD@ hsf elq f}wih`efa blebfwqvhiip%
Bleqshsp ql qmf`s lte fhsi`fs tlso -rff Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000
hc) Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c 377: 3774hc) nlsf sfbfeqip bih`n
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qmhq qmf`s `ea`bhqlsr hbqvhiip al hiilt jls a`sfbq blnwhs`rler lj
dlzfsehebf ifzfir lzfs q`nf `j blej`afebf `eqfszhir al elq lzfsihw%
Qmf`s nhkls hsdvnfeq `r qmhq qmf`s f}fsb`rfr chrfa le h rfifbq`le ljrlvsbfr qvsefa vw i`qqif fz`afebf lj r`de`j`bheq qsfear `e tlsia
hzfshdfr lj dlzfsehebf -3774c w% 2)% Nlsf wsfb`rfip Ohvjnhee fq
hi% -3774c w% 2%) bih`n qmhq qmf fz`afebf jsln lvs `ea`z`avhi rlvsbfr
qmhq tlsia hzfshdfr lj dlzfsehebf hsf elq bmhed`ed nvbm `r bsvb`hi
cfbhvrf `q hiiltr vr ql `eqfswsfq qmf sfihq`zf bmhedfr `e blveqsp rblsfr
le lvs hddsfdhqf `ea`bhqlsr ls dslvwr lj blveqs`fr rblsfr hr hcrlivqf
bmhedfr% Tf al elq j`ea qm`r hsdvnfeq wfsrvhr`zf jls qmf jliilt`ed
sfhrler;
Qmf fz`afebf qmhq dilchi hzfshdfr al elq bmhedf lzfs q`nf `r chrfa le qmf hrrv