Advance physiology

By A. RiasiBy A. RiasiPh.D. in Animal physiology Ph.D. in Animal physiology

and nutritionand nutrition

Isfahan University of Technology (IUT)

)لول و کنترل آن فیزیولوژی س لول )ف یزیولوژی غش ا و اج زای س لول، فع الیت س

فیزیولوژی سلول های ماهیچه ای و عصب

،رد آن فیزیولوژی قلب و ع روق )مقدم ه، س اختمان قلب و ع روق و کن ترل عملک(ECGمنحنی

)دت قلب فیزیولوژی قلب و ع روق )کن ترل کوت اه م دت، متوس ط و دراز م

،وژن دیفی تهوی ه، آن، عملک رد کن ترل و )س اختمان تنفس دس تگاه فيزیولوژی انتقال اکسیژن در ششها و عروق و سلول(

)فیزیولوژی کلیه )نفرون ها، فیلتراسیون و باز جذب

کنترل( فيزیولوژی کلیهGFR)و مکانیزم دفع ادرار

و کوچ ک روده مع ده، م ری، ده ان، )س اختمان گ وارش دس تگاه فیزیولوژی عملکرد آنها(

تگاه فیزیولوژی دس تگاه گ وارش )س یری و گرس نگی(، یافت ه ه ای جدی د علم دسگوارش.

Outlines

References

Animal Physiology by: Sherwood et al.

Duck’s Physiology of Domestic Animals by: H. H. Duck’s

Anatomy and Physiology by: A. C. Guyton

The Animal Science Journals

Cell structure

Cells have the ability to grow, replicate, perform complex

metabolic reaction, and respond to environmental stimuli.

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells

We need to use the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for studying the cell

structures.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cell membrane

Cell membrane morphology

Cell membrane morphology

Cytoplasm & cytosol

Cytoplasm is material between plasma

membrane and the nucleus.

Cytoplasmic organelles are metabolic

machinery of the cell.

Cytosol occupying about 55% of the total

cell volume.

Cytoplasm & cytosol

Cytosol is the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that

surround the organelles.

Cytosol is actually more like a highly organized

gelatinous mass with difference in composition and

gelatinous consistency between various regions and

states of the cells.

Specialized cellular compartments

Membranous

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic

reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

Nonmembranous

Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes

Cytoplasmic organelles

Cell’s organelles

Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin

Gene-containing control center of the cell

Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be

synthesized

Nucleus & Nucleolus

Figure 3.28a

Nucleus & Nucleolus

Selectively permeable double membrane barrier

containing pores.

Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains

essential solutes.

Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules

into and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic reticulum )ER(

Endoplasmic reticulum )ER(

Endo-membrane System

Plasma membrane

ER

Nuclear membrane

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Figure 3.23

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs.

Functions in modification, concentration, and

packaging of proteins.

Transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi.

Secretory vesicles leave the Golgi stack and move to

designated parts of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Role of the Golgi Apparatus )Shipping department(

Figure 3.21

Spherical membranous bags containing digestive

enzymes.

Digest ingested bacteria, etc.

Degrade nonfunctional organelles.

Lysosomes

Cytoskeleton

The “skeleton” of the cell

Series of rods running through the cytosol

Consists of Microtubules – hollow tubes

Microfilaments – thin, solid strands of actin

Intermediate filaments – coiled strands of protein

Figure 3.24

Centrioles

Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the

centrosome near the nucleus

Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

Form the bases of cilia and flagella

Centrioles

Cilia

Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed

surfaces of certain cells

Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

Cilia

Cilia

Mitochondria )Power house(

Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae

Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular

respiration

Contain their own DNA and RNA

Mitochondria

Motor Molecules

Protein complexes that function in motility

Powered by ATP

Attach to receptors on organelles

Motor Molecules

Motor Molecules

Figure 3.25b

Motor Molecules