Bt Hoa Dai Cuong 3332

7/24/2019 Bt Hoa Dai Cuong 3332

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Bi tp ha i cngChng 1: Cu to nguyn tCu 1. Vn dng nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli tnh s electron ti a c trong mt phn

lp(v d phn lp 3d) v trong mt lp (v d lp N).2. Trong mt nguyn t c bao nhiu electron ng vi:

a) n = 2b) n = 2, = 1

c) n = 3, = 1, m= 0

d) n = 3, = 2, m= 0, ms= + 3. Lp cu hnh electron ca nguyn t zirconi (Z = 40) trng thi c bn.Nguyn t

zirconi c lp l thun hay nghch t?4.Trong nhng cu hnh sau cho nguyn t niken (Z =28):

a) 1s22s

22p

63s

23p

63d

104s

0

b) 1s22s

22p

63s

23p

83d

64s

2

c) 1s22s

22p

63s

23p

63d

84s

2

d) 1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

3d

6

4s

2

4p

2

trong nhng cu hnh ny:1) Cu hnh no khng tun theo nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli?2) Cu hnh no biu th nguyn t niken trng thi c bn?3) Cu hnh no khng c electron c thn?

5.Xc nh cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y trng thi c bn: 8O,13Al

3+, 17Cl

-, 19K, 26Fe, 80Hg.

6.Cho bit cc ion di y, mi ion c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng: 16S2-

, 20Ca2+

,

24Cr3+

, 30Zn2+

, 35Br-, 50Sn

4+. Ion no c cu hnh tng t kh tr?

7.C th c mt electron trong mt nguyn t no c b bn s lng t nh saukhng?

a) n = 3, = 3, m= + 1, ms= +

b) n = 3, = 2, m= + 1, ms= +

c) n = 2, = 1, m= + 2, ms=

d) n = 3, = 1, m= + 2, ms= +

e) n = 4, = 3, m= 4, ms=

f) n = 2, = 1, m= 1, ms= 8. Hy vitcc gi tr bn s lng t cho cc electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t

c Z = 7 (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu mgim dn)

9.Cho bit gi tr cc s lng t n, ng vi cc AO 1s, 2p, 3d, 4s, 4f.

10.Hy cho bit tn ca cc AO c:a) n = 4, = 0

b) n = 3, = 1, m= + 1

c) n = 6, = 2, m= 011.Cho bit electron c bn s lng t di y thuc lp no? Phn lp no? V l

electron th my ca phn lp ny? (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu mtng dn)


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a) n = 2, = 0, m= 0, ms= +

b) n = 3, = 2, m= + 2, ms= +

c) n = 3, = 1, m= 1, ms=

d) n = 4, = 3, m= + 2, ms=

12. Electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t c bn s lng t nh sau:a) n = 2, = 0, m= 0, ms=

b) n = 2, = 1, m= 0, ms=

c) n = 3, = 1, m= 1, ms= +

d) n = 4, = 2, m= 2, ms= + Hy xc nh tn orbital ca cc electron ny v in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t.13. Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t: 17Cl, 26Fe, 20Ca,34Se.

14. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t di dng ch v lng t ca cc nguyn t cZ= 14, 22, 27, 34 v 37. Nhng nguyn t ng vi s th t no c cha hai electron cthn trng thi c bn?15.Hy cho bit s th t ca cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cc phn lpha tr nh sau: 4s1, 4s23d7v 4p5.16.Trong s ccnguyn t di y, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh electron nguynt bt thng, nguyn nhn dn n hin tng bt thng ?

a) 23V 3d34s

2

b) 24Cr 3d54s1

c) 25Mn 3d54s

2

d) 28Ni 3d84s

2

e) 29Cu 3d10

4s1

f) 30Zn 3d10

4s2

Chng 2: Bng h thng tun hon(HTTH) v s tun hon tnh cht ca ccnguyn t1. Cho bit v tr trong HTTH (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca ccnguyn t c s th t 19, 28, 35, 582. V sao mangan (Z = 25) thuc nhm VII l kim loi trong khi cc halogen cngthucnhm VII li l phi kim?3. Khng dng bng HTTH hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t cin tch ht nhn Z = 15, 36, 39, 43. Xc nh bn s lng t ca electron cui cng vv tr ca chng trong HTTH.4.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30 vxc nh:

a) V tr (chu k, phn nhm) ca cc nguyn t .b) Tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t .c) S oxy ha dng cao nht v m thp nht (nu c) ca tng nguyn t. Hy

vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion .5.Electron cui cng ca hai nguyn t X v Y c bn s lng t nh sau:

X n = 4, = 2, m

= 1, ms= +

Y n = 3, = 1, m

= 1, ms=


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a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t, in tch ht nhn ca X v Y.b)Xc nh v tr (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X v Y.c) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cacc ion c th c ca X v Y

6. Ion A2+

c 24 electron. Hi A c bao nhiu lp, phn lp. Vit gi tr bn s lng tcho cc electron phnlp ngoi cng ca A.

7.Ion X

2+

c phn lp ngoi cng l 3d2

a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2+.b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2+.c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X. d) Hai electron 3d

2ng vi nhng gi tr no ca s lng t chnh n v s lng

t ph .8. Ion X

2c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2.b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2.c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X.d) Vit cng thc oxit ng vi s oxy ha dng cao nht ca X, cng thc phn

t vi hydro ng vi s oxy ha m thp nht ca X.9.Nguyn t Xc 5 electron lp ngoi cng v thuc chu k 4.Hy:

a) Xc nh phn nhm ca X.b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t Y cng chu k v nhm

(nhng khc phn nhm) vi X.10.Cc ion X

+, Y

v nguyn t Zcng c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p6

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Xv Y.b) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim; cc s oxy ha c th c ca X, Y v Z.c) Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca X, Y v Z.

11. Nng lng ion ha th nht I1ca dy cc nguyn t nh sau:

CK2 Li Be B C N O F NeI1 5,392 9,322 8,298 11,26 14,534 13,618 17,442 21,564

CK3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

I1 5,139 7,646 5,986 8,151 10,486 10,36 12,967 15,759

Hy v th I1 Z, nhn xt quy lut bin i ca I1theo Z trong mt chu k v giithch quy lut .12.V sao cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA v cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB u c 1electron lp ngoi cng nhng cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA c nng lng ion hanh hn so vi cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB?13.Gi tr nng lng ion ha th nht I1(tnh ra eV) ca cc nguyn t p v nguyn t dca nhm V nh sau:

Cc nguyn t p(VA) Cc nguyn t d(VB)Z I1 Z I1

As 33 9,82 V 23 6,74

Sb 51 8,61 Nb 41 6,88

Bi 83 7,29 Ta 73 7,89

Nhn xt quy lut bin thin I1 hai nhm nguyn t trn. Dng quan nim hiu ngchn v hiu ng xmnhp gii thch cc quylut .


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14. So snh nng lngion ha th nht I1v bn knh nguyn t R ca cc nguyn t71Lu, 58Ce, 29Cu, 22Ti nh sau:

R(Lu) < R(Ce) R(Cu) < R(Ti)I1(Lu) > I1(Ce) I1(Cu) > I1(Ti)

Hy dng hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch hin tng trn.

Chng 3: Lin kt ha hc v cu to phn t1.Nu cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ha hc.2. Da vo m in hy phn bit lin kt ion v cng ha tr.3. Trong cc phn t sau: HF, HCl, HBr, HI phn t no phn cc nht? Ti sao?4.Hin tng lai ha l g? iu kin cc AO tham gia lai ha v so snh khuynhhng lai ha ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k, phn nhm.Hy nu c im ca cc kiu lai ha v gii thch trng thi lai ha ca cacbon trongcc phn t: C2H6, C2H4, C2H25.Phn bit cc loi lin kt v .6.Nguyn tc t hp tuyn tnh cc AO thnh cc MO? Th no l MO lin kt, phnlin kt, khng lin kt?

7. Lin kt hydro l g ? Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt hydro. nh hngca lin kt hydro n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht? Nu v d.8.Cho bit cu hnh khng gian ca cc phn t CO2v SO2. So snh nhit si v ha tan trong nc ca chng.9.Th no l s phn cc ca lin kt, phn cc phn t v phn cc ion.10. Hy gii thch v sao phn t NH3c dng thp tam gic, cn phn t BH3c dngtam gic phng.11.Hy so snh bn v di ca lin kt O O trong cc phn t 22222 O,O,O,Ov cho bit t tnh ca cc ion, phn t .12. Vit cu hnh electron phn t ca LiF, BeF v BF.So snh bn, v bi lin ktca cc phn t .

13. Hy gii thch cu hnh electron phn t ca BN: 1

p21

p22

p22*

s22

s2 zyx (z

l trc lin nhn)

14. Bn knh ion ca Na+v Cu+u bng 0,89. Hy gii thch v sao nhit nngchy ca NaCl (8000C) li cao hn ca CuCl (4300C).15. Bit nhit si (Ts) v nhit ha hi (Hhh) ca cc hp cht trong cc dy sau :

HF HCl HBr HI

Ts(K) 292 189 206 238

Hhh(kJ/mol) 32,6 16,3 17,6 19,7

BF3 BCl3 BBr3 BI3

Ts(K) 172 286 364 483Hy gii thch cc quy lut bin thin ca cc i lng ny v nhng trng hp

ngoi l so vi cc quy lut .16. So snh v gii thch nguyn nhn c s khc bit:

a) Nhit si ca CO2v CS2; CO2v NH3; H2O, NH3v HF.b) tan trong nc ca NH3v CH4 ; SO2v CH4.


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Bi tp Chng 4:HIU NG NHIT CA CC QU TRNH HA HC

4.1: un nng mt cylinder cha oxy p sut khng i 1atm t th tich1,2 lt n th tch 1,5 lt bng mt lng nhit 1kcal. Tnh bin thin ninng ca qu trnh. (Cho 1lit.atm = 24,21cal) (S : 993 cal.)4.2: Phn ng ca cyanamidern , NH2CN vi oxy c thc hin trongmt bom nhit lng k. Bin thin ni nng ca NH2CN (r) l 742,7kj/mol 298K. Tnh H298ca phn ng sau :

NH2CN(r) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (S = -741,5kJ )4.3: Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng 60 gam nhm t 35oC ln 55oC.Cho nhit dung mol ca nhm l: 5,8 cal/moloC. (S : 258 cal)4.4: Xc inh nhit cui cng ca h thng gm 100 gam km 95oCnhng vo 50 gam nc 15oC. Cho nhit dung mol ca Zn l 6,06 cal/moloC , ca nc l 18 cal/moloC. (S : 28oC )4.5: Mt nhit lng k c cha 45 gam nc 23oC, sau khi c hp

th2,00 kJ nhit th nhit ln n 32oC. Tnh phn khi lng ca nhitlng k tng ng vi nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nhit.

(S : 8 gam )4.6: Tnh bin thin enthalpy khi 1,00 gam nc ng c 0oC v 1atm.Cho bit nhit nng chy ca nc l H298(nc)= 1,435 kcal/mol.

(S : -79,7 cal/g )4.7: Tnh nhit lng cn thit chuyn 100 gam nc 0 oC thnhhi nc 100oC. Cho nhit nng chy, nhit bay hi v nhit dung canc l: H298(nc)= 80 kcal/kg . H298(bh)= 540 kcal/kg . Cp= 1 kcal/kg.K

(S : Htotal= 72,00 kcal )

4.8: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ng c 1mol nc lng -100

Cthnh nc -100C. Cho nhit nng chy ca nc 00C: H298(nc)=1,435kcal/mol v nhit dungca nc: Cp= 1 cal/g.K. (S: - 1343cal)4.9: Nhit t chy ca kh etan C2H6l 368 kcal/mol . Gi s ch c 60%nhit c ch. Hi cn t chy bao nhiu m3kh etan ktc lm 50kgnc 100C bay hi 1000C. (Dng cc s liu cn thit bi 4.7).

(S : 3,21 m3)4.10:Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca cc cht tng ng trong phngtrnh nhit ha. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau;

N2O4(k) + 3CO(k) N2O(k) + 3CO2(k) , H0298 = ?

H0298 tt(kJ/mol) 9,7 -110 81 -393,5( S: H0298= -778kJ )

4.11: Tnh H0298 ttC6H12O6(r) t cc d kin sau:H0298 cC6H12O6(r) = -2816 kJ/mol, H

0298 ttCO2(k) = -393,5 kJ/mol,

H0298 tt H2O(l) = -285,9 kJ/mol.(S: H0298 ttC6H12O6(r) = -1260 kJ/mol)

4.12: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).


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Cho H0298 cC2H4(k) = -337,2 kcal/mol, H0298cC2H6(k) = -368,4

kcal/mol, H0298 tt H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0298= -37,1 kcal)

4.13: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: 2CH4(k) C2H2(k)+3H2(k).Cho H0298 cCH4(k) = -210,8 kcal/mol, H

0298 cC2H2(k) = -310,4

kcal/mol . H0298 tt H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0298= 93,76 kcal)

4.14: Nhit t chy ca metan, etan, propan ln lt l: -210,8; -368,4; -526,3 kcal/mol. Hy c tnh tng H0298 ctrung bnh mi khi thmmt nhm (-CH2-) vo mt hydrocacbon. Trn c s d on nhit tchy ca octan ( C8H18) v so snh vi gi tr thng thng nhn c l(-1302,7 kcal/mol) . (S: -157,75 ; -1310 kcal/mol)4.15: t chy 12,0g cacbon bng oxy to thnh CO v CO2 25

0C v psut khng i, lng nhit ta ra l 75 kcal v khng c cacbon cn d.Tnh khi lng oxy tham gia phn ng theo cc phng trnh sau:

C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k) , H0

298= -94,05 kcal.C(r) + O2(k) CO(k) , H

0298= -26,41 kcal.

( S: 27,5 g O2)4.16:

Nng lng Ng.t hat n cht(kJ/mol)

Nng lng lin kt trung bnh(kJ/mol)H C C C N N N O O

H 218,0 436 413 391 463C 716,7 413 348 615 812 292 615 891 351 728N 472,7 391 292 615 891 161 418 945O 249,2 463 351 728 139 498S 278,8 339 259 477

F 79,0 563 441 270 185Cl 121,7 432 328 200 203Br 111,9 366 276I 106,8 299 240

Da vo bng nng lng trn tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun caCCl2F2(k) ( dicloro difluorometan hay cn gi l Freon-1,2, dng lm tcnhn lm lnhv c tnh d bay hi v kh nng phn ng km; ngngs dng v ph hy tng ozon).Hng dn: Phn tch qu trnh to thnh Freon-1,2 t n cht bn thnh

2 giai on:C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H0

298 tt= ? {C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) ; H

01

C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H02 }

(S: - 420 kJ/mol )

Bt Hoa Dai Cuong 3332

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