Book 2 CMYKoikos.in/html/newckfinder/userfiles/files/EcoEducation/...CnH«$_m Vrb nañnag ~ Y : 3 J...
Transcript of Book 2 CMYKoikos.in/html/newckfinder/userfiles/files/EcoEducation/...CnH«$_m Vrb nañnag ~ Y : 3 J...
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10, 11, d 12 d`mÀ`m _wbm§gmR>r (B`ËVm 5 dr Vo 7 dr)
"n`m©daU{df`H$ {deof H$m`©H«$_' hmVr KoVm `oB©b.
Am{W©H$ ghmæ`
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n`m©daU-{ejUmgmRr d n`m©daU-OmJ¥VrgmRr `m nwpñVHo$Vrb Ame`, `mo½` lo`{ZX}emgh dmnam`bm nadmZJr Amho.
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A{^n«m` KoÊ`mg CËgwH> AmhmoV. A{^n«m` XoÊ`mgmRr {Vgè`m
nwpñVHo$À`m eodQÀ`m nmZmdarb _wÔo ~Kmdo.
"n«Ë`oH> CnH«$_m'H>$aVm Amåhr AmnUmH$Sy>Z
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nwpñVH$m dmnaÊ`mAmYr n{hë`m nwpñVHo$Vrb àñVmdZm d
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hr nwpñVH$m Oar 11 df} `m d`moJQ>mgmR>r (6 dr gmR>r)
Agbr Var n{hë`m nwpñVHo$Vrb CnH«$_ KoVë`m{edm`
WoQ> ̀ m nwpñVHo$Vrb CnH«$_ KoD$ Z`o, hr {dZ§VrdOm gyMZm.
`mMo H$maU H$mhr CnH«$_, {df` ZrQ> g_OyZ KoÊ`mH$aVm
MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo `moObo AmhoV. Vo gwédmVrnmgyZ KoVbo Jobo
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C 4
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C 94
C 100
CnH«$_m§Mo KQ>H$ ...................................
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CnHŒ$_ `mXr .......................................
joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r {deof gyMZm ..................
CnHŒ$_ gm{hË` `mXr ...........................
CnHŒ$_ {dícofU .................................
g§X^©gm{hË` `mXr .............................
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CnH«$_m§Vrb nañnag§~§Y .
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1 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
dJm©Vrb CnH«$_ n[agamVrb CnH«$_
CnH«$_m§Vrb nañnag§~§Y : 3 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
àË`j eoVrcm gwédmV
A{Ydmg
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O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ_moOUo
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nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` hmoVo?
nmUr
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g|{Ð` eoVr Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVr `m§Mr VwcZm
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newnmcZ^yê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI
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4 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
1. 1 OyZ 9
2. O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ _moOUo 1 OyZ 11
3. àË`j eoVrcm gwédmV 2 OyZ 13
4. ZXrMr ghb (1) 2 Owc¡ 14
5. _mÂ`m ZXrMr Jmoï> 1 Owc¡ 16
6. {d{dY àXoemZwgma ~XcUmam nmD$g 1 Owc¡ 17
7. nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` hmoVo? 1 Owc¡ 19
8. hdm_mZmMo àH$ma 2 Owc¡ 20
9. A{Ydmg 1 Owc¡ 22
10. H$sQ>H$m§Mr AmoiI 1 Am°JñQ> 24
11. ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI 1 Am°JñQ> 26
12. C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI 2 Am°JñQ> 28
13. gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI 1 Am°JñQ> 30
14. ^ú` - ^jH$ Ioi 1 Am°JñQ> 32
15. ~m^yi PmS>m{df`rÀ`m H${dVm 2 Am°JñQ> 34
16. OmoS>çm cmdm - PmS>mMr nmZo Am{U PmS>mMo Zmd 1 gßQ>|~a 36
17. 1 gßQ>|~a 37
18. nmdgmV CJdUmè`m dZñnVr 1 gßQ>|~a 39
19. JdVmMo àH$ma 2 gßQ>|~a 40
20. PmS>m§Mo Cn`moJ 1 gßQ>|~a 43
21. ZXr ghc (2) 2 gßQ>|~a 44
22. añË`mH$S>oÀ`m dZñnVr 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 45
23. _mVrMo {d{dY àH$ma d Ë`mMo Cn`moJ 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 47
24. ^yê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 49
25. narg§ñWoVrc nañnamdc§~Z 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 50
26. AÞOmù`mVrc Jw§VmJw§V 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 51
nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m
ñWm{ZH$, AñWm{ZH$ dZñnVter AmoiI
CnH«$_mMo Zmd Vm{gH$m CnH«$_mMm _{hZm
nmZH«$_m§H$
CnH«$_H«$.
27. 1
28. eoVrVrc O¡d{d{dYVm 2 Zmoìh|~a 55
29. g|Ðr` eoVrbm ^oQ> 2 {S>g|~a 56
30. g|{Ð` eoVr Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVr wcZm 1 {S>g|~a 57
31. newnmcZ 2 {S>g|~a 59
32. \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>rcm ^oQ> 2 {S>g|~a 61
33. _gmë`mMr PmS>o - ñcmB©S> emo 1 {S>g|~a 63
34. eoVrVrc {~`mUm§Mm Aä`mg - ~mOma^oQ> 2 OmZodmar 66
35. nú`m§Mr AmoiI 1 OmZodmar 67
36. njr-{ZarjU 2 OmZodmar 69
37. njr aoImQ>Z 1 OmZodmar 71
38. H$WmdmMZ 1 OmZodmar 72
39. dñVrcm nmUrnwadR>m 1 OmZodmar 75
40. ZXr ghc (3) 2 \o$~«wdmar 76
41. {dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ-^mJ 1 1 \o$~«wdmar 77
42. ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì 1 \o$~«wdmar 78
43. ZyVZrH$aU-j_ d ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©-gmYZo 1 \o$~«wdmar 79
44. hdm_mZ Am{U Kam§Mo àH$ma 2 \o$~«wdmar 80
45. Z¡g{J©H$ a§J V`ma H$aUo 2 \o$~«wdmar 81
46. àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ 1 _mM© 83
47. JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d àXyfU 1 _mM© 84
{dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ - ^mJ 2 1 _mM© 85
49. H$Mè`mVyZ H$cm 1 _mM© 86
50. nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ `m§Mm AmcoI 1 _mM© 89
51. Zm{Q>H$m 2 _mM© 91
52. AmT>mdm - 2 1 _mM© 92
AmT>mdm 1 Zmoìh|~a 53
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5 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r {deof gyMZm
joÌ^oQ>rbm OmÊ`mnydu {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm Imbrb gyMZm ì`mV -
· joÌ^oQ>rbm OmVmZm gJù`m§Zr nm`mV Mßnb qH$dm ~yQ> KmbUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
· joÌ^oQ>rÀ`m {R>H$mUr MmbVmZm nm`mImbr `oUmao H$mQ>o, H$sQ>H$ BË`mXr ~KyZ Mmbmdo, C§M JdVmVyZ
MmbVmZm gmn, qdMy MmdUma ZmhrV ̀ mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
· joÌ^oQ>rbm OmVmZm {ZgJm©er {_iË`mOwiË`m a§JmMo H$nSo>> Kmbmdo.
· {ejH$mZo gm§{JVë`m{edm` XmQ> PwSw>nm§_Ü`o OmD$ Z`o, nmZo-\w$bo VmoSy> Z`oV.
· Amnë`m JQ>mg gmoSy>Z YmdmYmd H$ê$ Z`o.
· njr-{ZarjU H$aVmZm em§VVm nmimdr.
· {Xboë`m doio_Ü`o {ZarjU H$ê$Z R>aboë`m {R>H$mUr naV ̀ mdo.
· Xþ~uU / q^J ̀ m§Mm dmna OnyZ H$amdm d ̀ m dñVy EH$_oH$m§Zm dmnaÊ`mg X²`mì`m.
· joÌ^oQ>rÀ`m doir Q>monr, N>Ìr, nmUr, {ZarjUmgmR>r dhr, noZ, noÝgrb gmo~V R>odmdo.
· joÌ^oQ>rÀ`m gmo~V
X²`m
embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`mg§~§{YV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr R>odmdrV.
6 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
CnHŒ$_ gm{hË` ̀ mXr
÷ _hmamï´>mMm, ^maVmMm d OJmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$
ZH$mem
÷ JmdmMm Am{U VmcwŠ`mMm ZH$mem
÷ nO©Ý`_mnH$ (aoZ JoO)
÷ \w$Q>nÅ>r, _moOUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Q>on/_rQ>anÅr (3)
÷ ßcmpñQ>H$Mr 1 {cQ>aMr ~mQ>cr
÷ _mH©$a noZ
÷ "AÞ_Zmoam' ̀ m CnH«$_mÀ`m {MR²>R>çm
÷ 50 goâQ>r {nÝg
÷ 4-5 N>moQ>o XJS> qH$dm OmS> dmiy
÷ nmUr
÷ Vmn_mZ-_mnH$
÷ PmS>mMr OmS> H$mS>r
÷ {~`mUo
÷ _mVr, eoUIV
÷ Iwanr, H$mo`Vm
÷ KS>çmi / ñQ>m°ndm°M
÷ H$mJX, MmQ>© nona, AmcoI H$mJX
÷ Xw~uU (3), q^J (3)
÷ A{Ydmg d àmUr ̀ m§Mo \$moQ>mo
÷ {d{dY H$sQ>H$m§Mo \$moQ>mo
÷ ~m^yi PmS>mMo {MÌ / \$moQ>mo
÷ ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo \$moQ>mo
÷ ~oS>H$mMm \$moQ>mo
÷ n[agamVrb _mVrMo Z_wZo
÷ ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr
÷ Amocm H$Mam, H$mS>çm÷ OmS> H$mJX / H$mS>©~moS>©÷ àmoOoŠQ>a÷ a§J, a§JrV nopÝgbr, a§JrV ISy>÷ a§JdÊ`mgmR>r ~«e÷ qS>H$ / Ii, gwVir, H$mÌr÷ dmnacoë`m H$mJXr {neì`m, OwZo dV©_mZnÌ÷ OwÝ`m dhrMm nwÇ>m, OwÝ`m dhrMo H$mJX÷ ^maVmVrb {d{dY nÕVrÀ`m Kam§Mo \$moQ>mo÷ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o, ê$_mcmÀ`m AmH$mamMo nm§T>è`m
H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o (KamVrc OwZo H$mnS>hr Mmcoc. ZdrZ H$mnS Agë`mg YwVbobo Agmdo.)
÷ ^m§S>o, cmoI§S>r ^m§S>o, à`moJemioVrc ~Z©a, Ic~Îmm
÷ {MR²R`m (hdm - PmS>o; _mVr - PmS>o; nmUr -PmS>o; _mVr - nmUr; nmUr - àmUr Aem OmoS²`m {b{hboë`m)
÷ nwT>rcn¡H$s eŠ` VodT>o gm{hË` O_dmdo - ~rQ>; nmcH$; _|XrMr nmZo; hiX; Vm§Xyi nrR>; VmOr d gmdcrV dmidcocr \w$co, (nig, nm§Jmam, P|Sy>, O°H°$a§S>m, gmda, H$m§MZ, nm[aOmVH$, Omñd§X); S>mqi~mMr, ~oc\$imMr gmc; dmicoco Amdio; Jwcm~r H$m§ÚmMo gmc; {Ziw§~rMr \$io, R>goH$m_mgmR>r ~Q>mQ>m, H$m§Xm, ^o§S>r, ~m§~yMr H$m§S>r BË`mXr.
(Amdí`H$ Ë`m CnHŒ$_mV _wbo dhr, noZ, noÝgrb AmUVrb ̀ mMr {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr.)
{MÌH$coÀ`m {ejH$mgmR>r - {ejH$mZo Imbrb CnHŒ$_m§gmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr {MÌo "{MÌH$coÀ`m' {ejH$mH$Sy>Z Vm{gHo$À`m AmYr \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV AWdm _moR>çm MmQ>©nonada H$mTy>Z, H$mS>©~moS>©da {MH$Q>dyZ H$m`_ñdê$nr emioV R>odmdrV.
· · · àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ "C^`Ma àmUr' AmoiI njr-aoImQ>Z
7 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
CnHŒ$_
nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m
H¥ŸVru
CXmhaUmW© -
u nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwédmVrcm {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "nO©Ý`_mnH$' emioÀ`m AmdmamVë`m _moH$ù`m OmJoda ~gdm`cm gm§Jmdo. (nO©Ý`_mnH$mda PmS>m§Mo, N>namdaMo nmUr nS>Uma Zmhr Aem _moH$ù`m OmJr nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdmdm.)
u nmdgm_wio qH$dm Hw$Rë`m YŠŠ`mZo nS>Uma Zmhr Aem nÕVrZo nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdmdm. CXmhaUmW© - nO©Ý`_mnH$ Va 8-10 B§M C§MrMm Agoc Va 2-3 B§M O{_ZrImcr nm{hOo Am{U Cacocm ̂ mJ da. (ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mVrZo qH$dm N>moQ>çm XJS>m§Zr ^acocr Hw§$S>r KoD$Z {VÀ`mV nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdcm Var Mmcoc.)
u `m nO©Ý`_mnH$m_Ü`o 24 VmgmV nS>Umam nmD$g _moOmdm - gH$mir 7 dmOVm nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdë`mg Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir 7 dmOVm Ë`mVrc nmÊ`mMr nmVir g|._r. qH$dm B§Mm_Ü`o _moOmdr. (nmD$g _moOyZ Pmcm H$s nO©Ý`_mnH$ [aH$m_o H$ê$Z nwÝhm ~gdmdo.)
u Aem àH$mao Amnë`m ^mJmVrc nO©Ý`_mZmZwgma amoO nO©Ý`_mnH$m_Ü`o nS>Umam nmD$g _wcm§Zr _moOmdm d Imcrcà_mUo VŠVm ̂ amdm.
u ho _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Mm EH$ `mà_mUo JQ> H$amdo d EHo$H$m JQ>mcm AmR>dS>çmMm nmD$g _moOÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Úmdr. (_wcm§À`m dJ© H«$_m§H$mà_mUo JQ> R>adë`mg gmono OmB©c.)
u Aem n«H$mao _wcm§Zr df©^a {ZarjU H$aUo Ano{jV Amho ho gm§Jmdo.u Am»`m dfm©gmR>r nwT>rcà_mUo nO©Ý`_mnZmMm VŠVm _moR`m H$mJXmda
(MmQ© nonada) hmVr V`ma H$amdm.
u Aem nÕVrZo df©^a ho _mnZ Ho$ë`mg gmYmaU OyZ Vo E{àc `m 11 _{hÝ`mVcm nmD$g _moOcm OmB©c. _o _{hÝ`mVcm nmD$g _moOÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mcm Úmdr. `m_wio df©^a nS>Umè`m nmdgmMr Zm|X KoVcr OmB©c.
nmdgmMo _mnZ H$m _hÎdmMo Amho ̀ mMr {ejH$mZo _wbm§~amo~a MMm© H$amdr. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb nO©Ý`_mnZ ( nona, Q>rìhr, eoVH$è`m§~amo~a g§^mfU) ̀ mMmhr g§~§Y OmoS>mdm.
KQ>HŸŸnmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï
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nO©Ý`_mnH$ (aoZ JoO), dhr, noZ, \w$Q>nÅ>r, noÝg b, MmQ©> nona
rgm{hË`
u emio_Ü`o nO©Ý`_mnH$ CncãY Agë`mg Vmo CnH«$_mgmR>r KoD$Z R>odmdm.
u MmQ© nonada nO©Ý`_mnZmMm VŠVm V`ma H$ê$Z Rodmdm.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
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CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
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u _wcm§Zm Amnë`m àXoemVnS>Umè`m nmdgmMm A§XmO ̀ oUo.
u {Z`{_V {ZarjUmMr gd` cmJUo.
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`maru emio_Ü`o nO©Ý`_mnH$ CncãY Zgë`mg
ßcmpñQH$À`m ~mQ>crÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _wcm§gmo~V ~gyZ ~Zdmdm (H¥$VrgmR>r nwT>o {Xbobr A{YH$ _m{hVr nmhmdr).
_{hZm nmD$g (g|._r. qH$dm B§M)
9 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - - 30 31OmZodmar\o$~Œwdmar
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u nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr - — gm{hË` : ßcmpñQ>H$Mr 1 {cQ>aMr ~mQ>cr, \w$Q>nÅ>r, _mH©$a
noZ, H$mÌr, 4-5 N>moQ>o XJS> qH$dm OmS> dmiy, nmUr.— ßcmpñQ>H$Mr 1 {cQ>aMr ~mQ>cr ({MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma
gai n¥ð>^mJ Agcocr) ¿`m Am{U {VMm daMm ^mJ {MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma H$mnm.
— ~mQ>crÀ`m Vimer WmoS>o N>m oQ > o XJS> Q >mH y $Z Vo ~wS>Vrc EdT>o nmUr Q>mH$m d _mH©$a noZZo nmÊ`mMr hr nmVir ~mQ>crda AmIyZ ¿`m.
— `m nmVirÀ`m da \w$Q>nÅ>rMm dmna H$ê$Z g|._r. d B§MÀ`m IwUm§Mr AmIUr _mH©$a noZZo H$ê$Z ¿`m qH$dm IyU Ho$bobr nÅ>r {MH$Q>dm.
— ~mQ>crMm H$mncocm ^mJ {MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma CcQ>m H$ê$Z ~mQ>crV Q>mH$m. Ë`m`moJo Vmo Zagmù`mà_mUo H$m_ H$aoc.
— AmVm Vw_Mo nO©Ý`_mnH dmnaÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Pmco.— nO©Ý`_mnH$ dmnê$Z EH$Xm nmdgmMo _mnZ Pmë`mda,
nwÝhm Ê`mnydu, nO©Ý`_mnH$ [aH$m_o HŸê$Z Ë`mV nwÝhm N>moQ>o XJS> Q>mH$mdoV d ~mQ>brda AmIboë`m IwUon`ªV nmUr ^amdo. _J nO©Ý`_mnH$ nwÝhm OmJoda Ro>dyZ Xwgè`m {XderMo _mnZ H$amdo.
nmD$g _moO
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B§M
u dfm©À`m eodQ>r `m Zm|XtMm dmna H$ Z Amnë`mcm AmcoI ~Zdm`Mm Amho `mMr H$ënZm _wcm§Zm Úmdr d Ë`mH$aVm AMyH$ {Q>nU _hÎdmMo Amho hoXoIrc gm§Jmdo.
u
ê$
Agm nmD$g dfm©Zwdf} ZrQ> _moOë`mg Amnë`mbm H$m` \$m`Xo hmoVrb, Hw$R>br AmIUr ZrQ> H$aVm `oB©b Ago {dMmamdo.
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
10 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ _moOUo
H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ XmIdyZ, Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mMo gd© KQ>H$
åhUOoM, nmam (mercury) (H$mhr _mnH$m§_Ü`o AëH$mohmob AgVo.), _mnH$mda nm§T>è`m a§JmZo AmIcoco à_mU ho _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo. hdo Agë`mg, {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mMo {MÌ \$ù`mda H$mT>mdo.
u Á`m g§emoYH$mZo ‘Celsius’ ̀ m EH$H$m_Yrc Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ nÕV emoYcr Ë`mMo Zmd Anders Celsius Ago hmoVo d Á`mZo Fahrenheit EH$H$m-_Yrc Vmn_mZ nÕV emoYcr Ë`mMo Zmd Daniel Fahrenheit Ago hmoVo, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. emókm§Mr Zmdo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdrV.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, nmUr {H$Vr {S>J«r gopëgAgcm ~\©$ hmoVo Am{U {H$Vr {S>J«r gopëgAgcm nmUr CH$im`cm cmJVo? `mMr CÎmao _wcm§H$Sy>Z Amë`mda, ~amo~a Vr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.
u _J _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s `mdê$ZM Anders Celsius Zo gopëgAg _mnZ nÕVrVrc à_mU R>adco Amho. `mVrc _mnZ "0' bm Mmcy hmoVo H$maU, nmUr "0 {S>J«r gopëgAg' cm ~\©$ hmoVo Am{U "100' n`ªV KoVco OmVo H$maU "100 {S>J«r gopëgAg'cm nmUr CH$im`cm cmJVo, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. Vmn_mZ-_mnH$m_Ü`o AmnU gd©gmYmaUnUo gopëgAg EH$H$> nmiVmo, hohr gm§Jmdo.
u {ejH$mZo {Xcocr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ho gm§Jmdo H$s ̀ m Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mZo AmnU Ogo Amnë`m
earamMo Vmn_mZ _moOVmo VgoM nmÊ`mMo, O{_ZrMoXoIrb Vmn_mZ _moOy eH$Vmo.
u `mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AmnU O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ _moOUma AmhmoV Ago gm§Jmdo. Ë`mgmR>r emioÀ`m AmdmamV OmD$Z (_¡XmZ AWdm ~mJ) O{_ZrV PmS>mÀ`m OmS> H$mS>rZo gmYmaU 1 go§._r. Imoc N>moQ>m IÈ>m (Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ AmV OmÊ`mBVH$m IÈ>m) H$amdm. Ë`mV Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ 1 {_{ZQ> C^m Yê$Z R>odmdm d Z§Va Vmn_mZ _moOyZ XmIdmdo. _wcm§Zmhr _mnH$mda Vmn_mZ ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va emioÀ`m OdinmgM BVa XmoZ {R>H$mUr OmD$Z Vmn_mZ _moOUr H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - emioMo _¡XmZ, ~mJ, añË`mH$S>oMr OmJm, {demb d¥jmImcrc OmJm BË`mXr. _wcm§Zm Vmn_mZ dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d nŒË`oH$ JQ>mbm Xa AmR>dS²>`mV `mM àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr OmD$Z, eŠ`Vmo Xwnmar 12 dmOVm (AWdm BVa H$moUË`mhr R>aboë`m doir na§Vw Xa AmR>dS²>`mbm EH$M R>abobr doi nmimdr) Vmn_mZ _moOm`bm gm§Jmdo d df©^amMr {ZarjUo nwT>rb VŠË`mV ^am`bm gm§JmdrV. VŠË`m_Ü`o Vmn_mZ ̂ aVmZm nŒË`oH$ _{hÝ`mMr gamgar {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
KQ>HŸŸ_mVr
1 Vm{gH$m
u emioVrc Vmn_mZ - _mnH$ (W_m}_rQ>a) CnH«$_mgmR>r KoD$Z R>odmdm.
u hm CnH«$_ eŠ`Vmo Xwnmar 12 dmOVm ¿`mdm.u _mnZmV _wbm§À`m MwH$m hmoD$ eH$VmV Ë`mH$So>
{ejH$mZo bj R>odmdo d Ë`m gwYmamì`mV.
C{Ôï
nÕVr_moO_mn Am{U {ZarjUo
Vmn_mZ-_mnH$, dhr, noZ, PmS>mMr OmS> H$mS>rgm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
2
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
OyZCnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u dZñnVtMo AmÀN>mXZAgë`mda O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ Am{U AmÀN>mXZ Zgë`mg O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ `m§_Ü`o {H$Vr \$aH$ nS>Vmo ho _wcm§Zm H$iUo.
u df©^a hm CnH«$_ Ho$ë`m_wio àË`oH$ F$Vy_Ü`o O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV {XgUmam \$aH$ g_OUo.
11 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u dZñnVr Agcoë`m d dZñnVr Zgcoë`m O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. `m \$aH$mMm H$mhr \$m`Xm Amho H$m Agohr {dMmamdo d Vmo \$aH$XoIrc dhr_Ü`o {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.
u dfm©À`m eodQ>r Vmn_mZ-Zm|Xtdê$Z Amnë`mbm AmboI ~Zdm`Mm Amho ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. Ë`mH$[aVm AMyH$ Zm|Xr _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV hoXoIrb gm§Jmdo.OyZ
Owc¡
emioÀ`m _¡XmZmVrcO_rZ
_{hZm
añË`mH$S>oÀ`m PmS>mImcrcO_rZ
eoVmVrc/emioÀ`m~mJoVrcO_rZ
Vmn_mZ ({S>J«r gopëgAg_Ü`o)
12 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
àË`j eoVrcm gwédmV
H¥ŸVrKQ>HŸŸeoVr
2 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo Ë`m§À`m ^mJmV CJdUmè`m ^mÁ`m§Mr {~`mUo eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z qH$dm ~mOmamVyZ AmYrM {dH$V KoD$Z ̀ mdrV.
u emioÀ`m AmdmamV Á`m {R>H$mUr AmnU dm\o$ V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo Aer OmJm AmYrM emoYyZ R>odmdr d JaO Agë`mg nadmZJr H$mTy>Z R>odmdr.
C{Ôï_wcm§Mr eoVrg§X^m©Vcr _m{hVr
àË`j eoVr H$ê$Z AmUIr n¸$s H$aUo.
nÕVrhmVr H$m_ (àË`j H¥$Vr)
{~`mUo, nmUr, _mVr (dm\o$), eoUIV, Iwanr, _mVr _moH$ir H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$mo`Vm BË`mXr.
gm{hË`
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u
{ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z eoVr_Ü`o H$moUË`m à{H«$`m hmoVmV `mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm. `m àË`oH$ à{H«$`oMm H$m` \$m`Xm AgVmo Vo {dMmamdo. Z§Va _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, "AmO AmnU emio_Ü`o eoVr Mmcy H$aUma AmhmoV.'
u àË`j eoVr Mmcy H$aÊ`mnydu O{_ZrMr _emJV H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo d Ë`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$co nm{hOo Ago {ejH$mZo {dMmamdo.
u _wcm§Zr gm§{JVbobr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdrV, d _wcm§Zm CÎmao Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo gm§JmdrV. CXmhaUmW© - VU H$mT>Uo, O_rZ / _mVr _moH$ir H$aUo. `mnwT>rc H$m_ Ogo O{_ZrV eoUIV KmcUo / {_giUo, ~r noaUo BË`mXr XoIrc {chmdo.
u {ejH$mZo hr H$m_o \$ù`mda {c{hë`mda, _wcm§À`m g§»`oZwgma 4-5 JQ> H$amdoV. àË`oH$ JQ>mZo EH$ dm\$m V`ma H$am`Mm Agë`mZo, `mVrc H$m_o àË`oH$ JQ>m_Yë`m _wcm§_Ü`o dmQy>Z Úmdr.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm emioÀ`m AmdmamV R>a{dcoë`m ^mJmV KoD$Z Omdo d dmâ`mMr cm§~r-ê§$Xr gm§Jmdr. ho dm\o$ gmYmaU 5 \y$Q> cm§~ Am{U 3 \y$Q> ê§$X Ago Agy eH$VmV dm\o$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo.
u _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JQ>mà_mUo C^o amhÿZ AmYr dm\o$ _moOyZ V`ma H$am`cm gm§Jmdo. ̀ m_Ü`o JQ>mVcr 2 _wco H$m_ H$ê$ eH$VmV.
u VU H$mT>m`cm 2 _wco, eoUIV {_giÊ`mgmR>r 2 _wco, {~`mUo noam`cm 2 _wco Ago _wcm§Mo dmQ>n Agy eH$Vo. (O_rZ _moH$ir H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s Ë`m§Zm O_rZ Imoc IUm`Mr ZgyZ \$º$ _moH$ir H$am`Mr Amho.)
u H$moUVr {~`mUo AmhoV `mdê$Z {~`m§Mr noaUr {H$Vr A§Vamda H$am`Mr, ho R>admdo. CXmhaUmW© - H$moqW~ra, _oWr `mgmR>r OmJm Z gmoS>Vm ~r noacr Var Mmcoc. nU {_aMr, Q>mo_°Q>mo, ^|S>r ho Agoc Va 1.5 Vo 2 \y$Q> A§Va R>odmdo.
u docrdJu` dZñnVrMr ~r Agoc Va 1.5 Vo 1 \y$Q> A§Va Mmcy eH$Vo. _mÌ doc dmT>ë`mda Ë`m§Zm AmYmamMr JaO cmJUma, ho cjmV R>odyZ Ë`mZwgma AmYmamgmR>r H$mR>r cmdmdr.
u AemàH$mao {ejH$mZo _wcm§H$Sy>Z dm\o$ V`ma H$ê$Z ¿`mdo d àË`oH$ AmR>dS>çmcm EH$m JQ>mZo `m dmâ`mMr XoIaoI H$amdr d Xa {Xder nmUr Kmbmdo Aer gyMZm Úmdr.
_mJrb B`ÎmoV AmnU eoVrbm ^oQ> {Xbr Voìhm H$m` H$m` nm{hbo hmoVo `m~m~V _wbm§Mr COiUr ¿`mdr.
qH$dm {ejH$mZo OmJoÀ`m CnbãYVoZwgma R>admdo.
àË`oH$ JQ>mV
`m àË`oH$ JQ>mZo Xa AmR>dS>çmV eoVrVbo ~Xb - amonm§Mr dmT>, VUmMo àH$ma BË`mXr Jmoï>tMr Zm|X dhrV H$aÊ`m~m~VMr gyMZm {ejH$mZo Úmdr.
3
OyZCnH«$_mMm _[hZm
13 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
ZXrMr ghb (1)
2 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï
nÕVr
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m OdinmgMr dmhVr ZXr emoYyZ R>odmdr d {VWë`m n[agamMr d dZñnVtMr AmoiI ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m _XVrZo H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. {dÚmÏ`mªZm ~gyZ ZXrMo {ZarjU H$aVm `oB©c Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr.
u nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "AmoT>m-ghc' CnH«$_ Á`mà_mUo KoVcm Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo hm CnH«$_ ¿`mdm Am{U VoM _mnX§S> dmnamdoV.
u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va ZXrda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.
u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
4
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u nmdgmù`mV ZXrÀ`m ê$nmMo {ZarjU H$aUo; ZXrMo d ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mMo _hÎd _wcm§n`ªV nmohmoMdUo.
u ZXr_Ü`o d ZXrÀ`m n[agam_Ü`o àË`oH$ F$VyV {XgUmao ~Xc _wcm§Zm H$imdoV.
n[ag§ñWm
joÌ^oQ>, MMm© Am{U {ZarjU
dhr, noZ, noÝgrc, KS>çmi / ñQ>m°ndm°M, H$mJXmMm _moRm ~moim, Xw~uU, _rQ>anÅr, "ZH$memdmMZ' CnH«$_mV ~Z{dbobm ZH$mem
nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "ZH$memdmMZ' CnH«$_mV ~Z{dbobm ZH$mem dmnamdm. Ë`mV ZXr XmIdbr Zgë`mg, _wbm§À`m _XVrZo ZXrMm àdmh, {Xem ZH$memV XmIdmì`m.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ZXr{H$Zmar joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r Ý`mdo. {VWo Joë`mda _wcm§Zm ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda ~gdmdo. `m_wio _wcm§Zm ZXr Am{U AmOy~mOyMm n[aga nyU©nUo {Xgoc.
u
u n{hcr 10 - 15 {_{ZQ>o, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {ZarjU H$am`cm gm§Jmdo. `m_Ü`o ZXrMm {H$Zmam, PmS>m-PwSw>nm§Mr XmQ>r, ZXr_Ü`o Agcoco XJS> Ym|S>o, Vir, S>~H$s, Ë`m_Ü`o CJdcoë`m dZñnVr, ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm a§J,nmÊ`mMm AmdmO BË`mXrMo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. 10 {_{ZQ>o em§V ~gyZ nú`m§Mo doJdoJio AmdmO EoH$Ê`mg d njr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mdaÀ`m _mVrMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z a§J, ñne©, XJS>mMo / dmiyMo à_mU `mMr Zm|X H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. H$mR>mda {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr {XgV AmhoV Vo _moOm`cm gm§Jmdo. {ejH$mZo _m{hVr Agë`mg ̀ m dZñnVtMr Zmdo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdr.
u _wcm§À`m dhr_Ü`o Imcrc {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X Agmdr -— nmÊ`mMm a§J — nmÊ`mMm doJ — nmÊ`mMr nmVir— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$ — nmÊ`mMm dmna — nmÊ`mVco àXyfU— H$mR>mdaMr _mVr — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOm`Mm Amho ho gm§Jmdo d Ë`mMr H¥$Vr nwT>rcà_mUo gm§Jmdr.— nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mgmR>r 3 _wbm§Zm g_m{dï> H$amdo d ~mH$sÀ`m
_wbm§Zm H$mR>mda, WmoS>o A§Va R>odyZ C^o amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mgmR>r 2 _wbm§Zm ZXrÀ`m EH$mM H$mR>mda
EH$_oH$m¨nmgyZ 20 _rQ>aÀ`m A§Vamda C^o H$amdo. doi _moOÊ`mgmRr {Vgè`m _wbmbm ñQ>m°ndm°M / KS>çmi KoD$Z XmoÝhr _wbm§À`m _Yo C^o H$amdo.
— ZXrÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmZo H$mJXmMm ~moim Q>mH$VmZm "Q>mH$bm' Ago AmoaS>mdo d doi _moOUmè`m _wbmZo ñQ>m°ndm°M gwê H$amdo / KS>çmimV doi nmhmdr.
— hm H$mJXmMm ~moim 20 _rQ>a A§Vamda Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmn`ªV nmohmoMbm H$s Ë`mZo "nmoMbm' Ago AmoaS>mdo d doi _moOUmè`mZo ñQ>m°ndm°M ~§X H$amdo / KS>çmimV doi nmhmdr.
_mJrb B`ÎmoV Pmboë`m AmoT>m-ghbtMr COiUr ¿`mdr d H$mhr gmå` / \$aH$ OmUdVmo H$m ho {dMmamdo.
14 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
bmJbobm doi nmhyZ dhrV {bhyZ Rodmdm. `mdê$Z nmÊ`mMm doJ H$mT>Vm ̀ oB©b. CXmhaUmW© - 20 _rQ>a H$aVm "j' goH§$X bmJbo Va 1 goH§$XmV ~moim {H$Vr _rQ>a A§Va OmB©b Ago J{UV H$amdo. `mnŒ_mUo nmÊ`mMm doJ {H$Vr _rQ>a à{V goH§$X Amho Ago {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdo. `mMr Zm|X gJù`m _wbm§Zr dhr_Ü`o H$ê$Z R>odmdr.
— eŠ` Agë`mg BVa F$V§yV, nmdgmù`mÀ`m eodQ>r Am{U {hdmù`mV, CÝhmù`mV hm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnH«$_ KoD$Z Amboë`m {ZarjUm§Mr VwbZm H$amdr.
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nwT>rcà_mUo Vº$m V`ma H$ê$Z {ZarjUo _m§S>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.
u VgoM `m {ZarjUm§dê$Z _wcm§Zm ZXrMo EH$ {MÌ H$mT>m`cm gm§Jmdo.
— H$mJXmÀ`m ~moù`mbm 20 _rQ>a A§Va nma H$am`bm
nmÊ`mMm doJ
nmÊ`mMr nmVir
dZñnVr
nmÊ`mMm dmna
nmÊ`mMm a§J
njr/àmUr
àXyfU
{ZarjUmMoKQ>H$ Owc¡ gßQ¨>o~a \o$~w«dmar
15 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
_mÂ`m ZXrMr Jmoï>
nmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrcoIZ
dhr, noZ, JmdmMm, VmcwŠ`mMm Am{U amÁ`mMm ZH$mem
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u "ZXrMr ghc' hm CnH«$_ H$aVmZm _wcm§Zr Ho$cocr {ZarjUo øm CnH«$_mVyZ nwT>o `oVrc, Ë`m_wio {ejH$mZo Amnë`m JmdmMm, VmcwŠ`mMm Am{U amÁ`mMm ZH$mem AmUyZ R>odmdm d VmbwŠ`mÀ`m ZH$memV Vr ZXr emoYyZ R>odmdr.
u AmXë`m {Xder _wcm§Zm "ZXrMr ghc' `m CnH«$_mV H$mT>coco {MÌ gmo~V AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
— n`m©`r ObZrVr, àH$me Jmoio, BH$m°bm°OrH$b gmogm`Q>r, nwUo
u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVH$ :
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
5
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "ZXrMr ghc' `m CnH«$_mV H$mT>coco {MÌ nmhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. _wcm§er Ë`m§Zr {ZarjU Ho$coë`m "ZXrMo ê$n' øm~Ôc AmYr MMm© H$amdr.
u ghcrÀ`m doiocm ~{KVcoë`m dZñnVr, IS>H$, nmUr, njr, àXyfU øm _wX²X`m§§da _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoco àíZ \$ù`mda {chmdoV d _wcm§Zm EH$ EH$ àíZ {dMmamdm -— Vw_À`m JmdmV ZXrMm nŒdoe Zo_H$m Hw$R>o hmoVmo? — ZXrMm CJ_ Hw$R>o hmoVmo?— ZXrMo nmÌ Imoc Amho H$s CWi?— H$mR>m§er dZñnVr / PwSw>no / d¥j AmhoV H$m? H$moUVr?— ZXrMo nmÌ _moH$io dmhVo Amho H$m ~m§Y KmcyZ ~§{XñV Ho$co Amho?— cmoH$ ZXrMm dmna H$em-H$emgmR>r H$aVmV?— ZXrÀ`m Odinmg H$moUH$moUVo njr {XgVmV? Ë`m§Mr Zmdo H$m`? {H$Vr
g§»`oZo ZXrOdi njr {Xgco?— ZXrMm Vi {XgVmo H$m? Agë`mg Vimer H$m` {XgVo? C>XmhaUmW© -
_mVr, XJS>, dZñnVr, H$Mam BË`mXr.— øm ZXrda _moR>m ~m§Y Amho H$m? Agë`mg Zmd?
u hr MMm© H$aV AgVm§Zm {ejH$mZo ZXrMo {MÌ \$ù`mda aoImQ>m`Mm à`ËZ H$amdm. C>XmhaU åhUyZ gmo~V {Xbobo {MÌ nhmdo.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ZXrMm àdmg ZH$memda H$gm Amho ho emoYÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `mV {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr. Z§Va _wcm§Zm "ZXrMm àdmg d dU©Z' gm§JUmar EH$ Jmoï> qH$dm {Z~§Y {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.
Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
C{Ôïu _wcm§Zr Amnë`m OdiÀ`m
ZXrMo ñdê$n H$WoÀ`m ê$nmV {c{hUo.u `mVyZ ZXrMo ~maH$mdo, {VMo _hÎd,
Cn`moJ, {VWco àXyfU, Ë`m_wio _mUgm§Zm d àmÊ`m§Zm hmoUmam Ìmg g_OUo.
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
16 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
ZXr- H¥$îUm, eha- dmB©
KQ>HŸŸ
{d{dY àXoemZwgma ~XcUmam nmD$g
nmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï
nÕVrZH$mem d aoIm{MÌ
^maVmMm d _hmamï´>mMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem, noZ / noÝgrc, dhr
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmMr _m{hVr qH$dm gmYmaU A§XmO {ejH$mcm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a _hmamï´>mV gmYmaU H$moUË`m {OëømV H$moUVr {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV `mMrXoIrc _m{hVr {ejH$mZo H$mT>mdr.
u hm CnH«$_ ^yJmocmer OmoSy>Z KoVcm Va _wcm§Zm A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m H$ioc.
u CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem hmVr H$mT>mdm. Ë`mVco {d{dY ^m¡{VH$d¡{eîQ>ço (åhUOoM S>m|Jaam§Jm, ZX`m BË`mXr) {MÝhm§À`m ñdê$nmV H$mT>mdr. CXmhaU åhUyZ Imcr {MÌ {Xco Amho.
nÕVrZo
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
6
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ^maVmMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ ^maVmV nmD$g H$gm XmIc hmoVmo, gd©àW_ Hw$R>o nS>Vmo, ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zm gmono Omdo åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mg_moa ̂ maVmMm ZH$mem R>odUo Ano{jV Amho.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ Amncm VmcwH$m qH$dm Jmd emoYm`cm gm§JUo.
u _wcm§Zr emoYcoco Jmd ho H$moUË`m {Xeocm Amho Vo {dMmamdo, CXmhaUmW© - _hmamï´> amÁ`mV aËZm{Jar VmcwH$m npíM_ocm Amho.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JmdmV/VmcwŠ`mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmMm A§XmO {dMmamdm.
u _hmamï´>mVë`m gømÐrMo (npíM_ KmQ>mMo) _hÎd _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. øm S>m|Jaam§JoMm g§~§Y OcMH«$mer OmoS>Vm `oV Amho H$m, Ago _wcm§Zm{dMmamdo.
u gømÐr Am{U gmVnwS²`mÀ`m nd©Vam§Jm§_wio _hmamï´>mV nmdgm_Ü`o {XgUmao H$_r-OmñV à_mUmMo H$maU gm§Jmdo d Imcrc {MÌmà_mUo \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z XmIdmdo.
u `m_Ü`o, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nO©Ý`N>m`oMm àXoe hr g§H$ënZm gm§JUo Ano{jV Amho.
Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u {d{dY àXoem§_Ü`o nmdgmMo ~XcUmao ñdê$n g_OUo.
u _hmamï´>mÀ`m nmdgmMm {Oëømà_mUo A§XmO cmdVm ̀ oUo.
u {nH$m§Mm Am{U nmdgmMm g§~§Y g_OUo.
_hmamï´>mVrb
{H$ZmanÅ>rMm ^mJ gôçmXŒrnojm H$_r
nmD$g nS>Vmo
gôçmXŒrÀ`m nd©Vam§JmBWo gJù`mV OmñV nmD$g nS>Vmo
_Ü`_ nmD$g nS>Vmo(nO©Ý`N>m`oMm àXoe)
Ogo nydo©H$So> OmVmo Vgo nmdgmMo nŒ_mU H$_r hmoV OmVo
nydo©H$Sy>Z `oUmè`m _mog_r dmè`m_wio `m ^mJmV~è`mn¡H$s nmD$g nS>Vmo
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
17 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
({ejH$m _m{hVrgmR>r, À`m ZH$memV nmD$g_mZ A§XmOo XmIdbo Amho.)
u _wcm§Zm aoIm{MÌmVyZ Am{U ^yJmocmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo darcAmH¥$VrZwgma amÁ`mVrc {d{dY àXoemVrc nmD$g_mZ XmIdmdo. Ë`mVrc \$aH$ gm§Jmdm.
OmñV nmD$g _Ü`_ nmD$gH$_r nmD$g
g_wXŒ H$moH$U gô`mXŒr Xoe {dX^©
_Ü`_ nmD$g
gmVmam
gm§Jbr
gmobmnya
H$moëhmnya
nwUo
R>mUo
Zm{eH$
Z§Xwa~ma
Ywio OiJmd
Am¡a§Jm~mX
~wbT>mUm
OmbZm
~rS>
Ah_XZ aJ
Cñ_mZm~mX
bmVya
Zm§XoS>
na^UrqhJmobr
dm{e_
AH$mobm
A_amdVr
dYm©
ZmJnyaJmo§{X`m
^§S>mam
M§XŒnya
JS>{Mamobr
`dV_mi
aËZm{Jar
qgYwXwJ©
a `JS>m
_w§~B©
_hmamï´> amÁ`nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrÀ`m àH$mamZwgma à_wI {d^mJ
(H¥$fr hdm_mZ {d^mJ)
1. Om§^mÀ`m O{_ZrMm, A{V nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (X{jU H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅrMm àXoe) ................... 3100 .......2. {~ZOm§^mÀ`m O{_ZrMm, A{V nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (CËVa H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅrMm àXoe) ................... 2600 .......3. KmQ>_mÏ`mMm àXoe (npíM_ KmQ> àXoe) ............... 3000 Vo 6000 .......4. g§H«$_U àXoe (1) .................................... 700 Vo 2500 .......5. g§H«$_U àXoe (2) .................................... 700 Vo 1200 .......6. Anwè`m d A{Z`{_V nmdgmMm àXoe .................. 750 nojm H$_r .......7. {ZpíMV nO©Ý`Mm àXoe ............................... 700 Vo 900 .......8. nwaogm d ^anya nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (_Ü`_ nmdgmMm àXoe) .............................. 1130 .......9. g§{_l IS>H$mnmgyZ V`ma Pmboë`m O{_ZrMm, OmñV nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe ............................ 950 Vo 1700 .......
Vnerb dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý`_mZ ([_. _r.)
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "nmdgmZwgma Ë`m Ë`m ^mJmVrb _yiMr ñWm{ZH$ {nHo$ R>abobr AgVmV' `m{df`r _m{hVr X`mdr.
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr_hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY ^mJmVrb nmD$g_mZ
18 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` hmoVo?
nmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
u Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmÀ`m OdinmgnmÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ Oa H$mhr doJù`m nÕVrZo qH$dm nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo H$aV AgVrc Va Ë`mMr _m{hVr KoUo. CXmhaUmW© - H$mbdm AWdm \$S> nÕV.
u Ë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r ZoVm `oB©c H$m `mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
u hm CnHŒ$_ eŠ`Vmo nmD$g nS>V AgVmZm ¿`mdm.`m_wio _wcm§Zm nmdgmMo nmUr Hw$Ro Hw$Ro OmVo, _waVo Vo g_Oob.
C{Ôï
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, {ZarjU Am{U MMm©
dhr, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
7
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo Mma JQ> H$amdoV.u àË`oH$ JQ>mcm JmdmV doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr (eoVr, Jmd, emim Am{U
_moH$io _¡XmZ) OmD$Z "nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` H$m` hmoVo' `m{df`rÀ`m Zm|Xr H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo.
u `m_Ü`o JmdmV, Kam§da, emim§da nmdgmÀ`m nS>Umè`m nmÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`moOZ Ho$co Amho H$m Vo nmhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© - nÝhir cmdUo, nmdgmMo nmUr gmR>dUo Ë`m . _¡XmZmda nS>Umao nmUr O{_ZrV _waVo Amho H$s dmhÿZ OmV Amho ømMr Zm|X ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdr.
u _wcm§Zm Ë`m-Ë`m {R>H$mUr _moR>çm _mUgm§er, eoVH$è`m§er ~mocÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u dJm©V Amë`mda _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo {dMmamdrV.u
Ë`m
B Xr
_wbm§er MMm© H$aVmZm nwT>rb _wX²Xo nmohmoMdmdoV- Vù`mV, {d{harV gmR>Umao nmUr, ZXrVbo nmUr _mUgmbm dmnaVm `oVo VgoM BVa gOrdm§gmR>rhr _hËdmMo AgVo. añË`mH$So>Zo dmhÿZ OmUmao nmUr O{_ZrMr Yyn H$aV OmVo, Ë`m~amo~a _mVrXoIrb dmhÿZ OmVo B Xr.
Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dmVmcwŠ`mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ H$go H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vo ømMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
O{_ZrV _waVo
{d{harV gmR>Vo
dmhyZ OmVo
gmR>dbo OmVo
Iyn doJmZo dmhVo
Vù`mV, eoVVù`mV gmR>Vo.
ZXrbm {_iVo nmdgmMo nmUr
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
19 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo `m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
hdm_mZmMo àH$ma
hdm - hdm_mZ
2 Vm{gH$m
u
{ejH$mZo Aä`mgmdr.u nwTo> {Xboë`m ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memMr a§JrV
N>m`m§{H$V nŒV H$mT>mdr.
^maVmVrc hdm_mZ-àH$mam§{df`rMr _m{hVr
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ̂ maVmVrc _w»` hdm_mZ-àH$mam§Mr AmoiI hmoUo.
nÕVrMMm©
OJmMm Am{U ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem, gmo~V {Xboë`m ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memMr a§JrV N>m`m§{H$V nŒV, dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
8
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm OJmMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ Ë`m_Ü`o "^maV' Xoe XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. Ë`m_YyZ Jococr AmS>dr aofm {XgVo Amho H$m Vo {dMmamdo? `m aofocm H$m` åhUVmV? _wcm§Mr CÎmao Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "H$H©$d¥Îm' Ago {chmdo. Ë`mZ§Va ^maV XoemÀ`m ImcÀ`m ~mOyZo Jococr AmS>dr aof H$moUVr? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr CÎmao EoH$ë`mda {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "{dfwdd¥Îm' Ago {chmdo.
u ^maV Xoe hm `m {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m Odi Agë`mZo `oWrb hdm_mZ ho {deof àH$maMo Amho Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo d `mMmM AmO AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV ho gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gmo~V {Xboë`m ZH$memMr a§JrV N>m`m§{H$V nŒV XmIdmdr. hdm_mZMm àH$ma d Ë`mV `oUmar amÁ`o `mMr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. _J {ejH$mZo Ë`m-Ë`m amÁ`mV Ago hdm_mZ H$m Agob ho {dMmamdo.
u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem OdiyZ ~Km`bm Úmdm d Ë`mVrc S>m|Jaam§J>m, dmid§Q>, g_wÐ{H$Zmam ̀ m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV, EH$sH$S>o Vr \$ù`mda {chmdrV.
u `m_Ü`o "{h_mc`', "npíM_ KmQ>', "WaMo dmid§Q>', "qhX _hmgmJa', "Aa~r g_wÐ', "~§JmcMm CngmJa' Aer CÎmao `oVrc, Ë`mà_mUo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Zmdo {chmdrV. _wcm§Zr gd© CÎmao Z {Xë`mg hr `mXr {ejH$mZo nyU© H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ̀ m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr ̂ maVmVrc hdm_mZ d Ë`mVrc àH$ma R>a{dÊ`mV _hÎdmMr ̂ y{_H$m Amho.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo EHo$H$ KQ>H$ d Ë`m_wio V`ma hmoUmao "hdm_mZ' _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo Ogo {h_mc` nd©Vm_wio _Ü` Am{e`m I§S>mVyZ CÎma {XeoZo ^maVmH$S>o dmhV `oUmao W§S> dmao AS>dco OmVmV. Ë`m_wio CÎma ^maVmV D$~Xma hdm_mZ cm^Vo.
u Aem àH$mao {ejH$mZo ̂ maVmVrc _w»` hdm_mZàH$ma g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.
— Highland - nd©Vr` erV hdm_mZ— Humid Subtropical - g_ X_Q> erVmoîU hdm_mZ— Tropical Wet & Dry - CîUH$Qr~§Yr` AmXŒ© d H$moaS>o hdm_mZ— Arid - ewîH$ hdm_mZ— Semi - arid - {ZåZ-ewîH$ hdm_mZ
Tropical Wet - CîUH$Qr~§Yr` AmXŒ© hdm_mZ—
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ̂ maVmV hdm_mZmZwgma ̀ m gd© àXoemV {XgUmao nŒmUr, njr, dZñnVrXoIrb ~XbV OmVmV. CXmhaUmW© - aoVr_` dmid§Q>mV C§Q>, Amgm_ _Ü`o EH$qeJr Jo§S>m, XmQ> O§JbmV dmK AmT>iVmo BË`mXr.
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
20 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Owc¡
^maVmVrc hdm_mZmMo àH$ma
nd©Vr` erV hdm_mZg_erVmoîU X_Q> hdm_mZCîUH$Q>r~§Yr` AmXŒ© d H$moaS>o hdm_mZewîH$ hdm_mZ{ZåZ-ewîH$ hdm_mZCîUH$Q>r~§Yr` AmXŒ© hdm_mZ
Oå_y Am{UH$mí_ra
{h_mMb nŒXoe
n§Om~
h[a`mUmCËVamI§S>
amOñWmZ CËVanŒXoe
_Ü`nŒXoeJwOamVN>ËVrgJT>
{~hma
Amo[agm_hmamï—
Am§YŒnŒXoe
H$Zm©Q>H$
Ho$aiV{_iZmSy>
Jmodm
bjÛrn
Zdr {Xëbr
PmaI§S>$
Amgm__oKmb`
{_Pmoa_
_{Unya
{Ìnwam
ZmJmb±S>
npíM_~§Jmb
{gpŠH$_
A§X_mZAm{U {ZH$mo~ma
AéUmMbnŒXoe
21 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
A{Ydmg
n[ag§ñWm
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xboë`m VŠË`mZwgma H$mhr àmÊ`m§Mr Am{U Ë`m§À`m A{Ydmgm§Mr {MÌo Jmoim H$ê$Z R>odmdr. `m {MÌm§Mr g§»`m 20 - 25 Agmdr.
u `mgmRr {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb `m CnHŒ$_mgmRrÀ`m \$moQ>mo§Mr Nm`m§{H$V nŒV H$mTy>Z R>odmdr AWdm dV©_mZnÌ / nwñVHo$ / _m{gHo$ ̀ m§_YyZ ho \$moQ>mo O_m H$amdoV.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm àmÊ`m§Mo A{Ydmg g_OUo.
nÕVrMMm© Am{U Ioi
A{Ydmg d àmUr `m§Mo \$moQ>mo, dhr, noZgm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
9
H¥ŸVru
{~imV amhVmo, gaS>o XJS>mImcr gmnS>VmV, nú`mMm PmS> Aer dmŠ`o dmnamdr.
qH$dm {VWo amhm`bm bmJVmo.
{ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {bhmdo d MMm© gwê$ H$amdr. _r KamV amhVmo, njr PmS>mda {H§Ÿdm PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV KaQo> H$aVmo, C§Xra
"A{Ydmg' Ago
A{Ydmg Amho, dmKmMm A{Ydmg O§Jc Amho
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "A{Ydmg' `m eãXmMm H$m` AW© Agoc Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zm gm§{JVcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV. _J {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdo H$s EImÚm àmÊ`mMo amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU, Ë`mMm n[aga åhUOo A{Ydmg.
u _wcm§Zm AmVm "_mUyg' Hw$R>o amhVmo ho {dMmamdo. "Aí_`wJmV qH$dm \$ma \$ma nydu ' _mUyg Hw$R>o amhm`Mm Am{U AmVm AmnU Hw$R>o amhVmo? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u AmnU Amnë`m amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU H$go R>adVmo, ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - EH$m {M_UrZo Vw_À`m KamV KaQ>o Ho$co Va {VZo Vo KaQ>o H$moUVm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m {R>H$mUr ~m§Ybo Agoc?
u `mda _wcm§Mr doJdoJir CÎmao ̀ oVrc Ogo {VWo H$moUmMm hmV nmohMV Zmhr. Vo KaQ>o bdH$a {XgV Zmhr. KaQ>çmcm dmam, nmD$g `mMm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr. KaQ>o H$am`cm nwaoer OmJm Amho BË`mXr. _J {ejH$mZo _wcm§er AOyZ MMm© H$amdr d "{OWo EImÚm gOrdmcm Ë`mMo AÞ, nmUr {_iVo Am{U gwa{jVVm dmQ>Vo Aem {R>H$mUr gOrd Ë`mMo Ka ~m§YVmo
' ho gm§Jmdo, \$ù`mda {chmdo. `mcmM Ë`m gOrdmMm "A{Ydmg' åhQ>co OmVo Ago gm§Jmdo. ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdo.
u gJioM gOrd EH$mM àH$maÀ`m {R>H$mUr amhVmV H$s doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m {R>H$mUr? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - gmn Am{U njr XmoÝhr O§JcmV amhV Agco Var gmn {~im_Ü`o / XJS>mImcr amhVmo Am{U njr PmS>m§da amhVmo. VgoM JmoS>çm nmÊ`mVcm _mgm hm ZXrV qH$dm VcmdmVM {XgUma H$s g_wÐmV nU {XgUma? ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. Aem àH$mao àíZmoÎmam§À`m ghmæ`mZo H$mhr CXmhaUo ÚmdrV.
u _wcm§Zm ho g_Odmdo H$s Ogo Amnë`mcm àmÊ`m§dê$Z Ë`mMm A{Ydmg AmoiIVm ̀ oVmo VgoM A{Ydmg ~KyZ A§XmO ̀ oVmo H$s BWo H$moUH$moUVo àmUr Agy eH$VmV.
u hr g§H$ënZm ZrQ> H$iÊ`mH$[aVm {ejH$mZo EH$ Ioi ¿`mdm.u `m IoimgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo 4 JQ> H$amdo Am{U gyMZm Úmdr H$s JQ>mcm
EH$ \$moQ>mo XmIdcm OmB©c. hm \$moQ>mo àmÊ`mMm Agy eH$Vmo qH$dm EImÚm A{YdmgmMm. Oa àmÊ`mMm Agoc Va Ë`mMm A{Ydmg gm§Jm`Mm Am{U A{YdmgmMm \$moQ>mo Agoc Va àmÊ`mMo Zmd gm§Jm`Mo. {ejH$mZo AmcQy>Z-nmcQy>Z àË`oH$ JQ>mcm àíZ {dMmamdo.
Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
22 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u \$moQ>mo XmIdm`Mr gmo` Zgë`mg A{Ydmg Am{U àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§JyZ hm Ioi KoÊ`mV ̀ mdm.
u `mZ§Va doi Caë`mg, {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm "O§Jb' `m A{YdmgmV H$moUVo AgVmV Ago {dMmamdo, Ë`mMr ̀ mXr \$i`mda H$amdr.
N>moQo> N>moQo> A{Ydmg
23 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
A{Ydmg / N>moQo A{Ydmg>
àmUr
O§Jb
PwSw>no
XJS>
PmS>o
Tmobr
~ri
q^VrVcr \$Q>
Vio, ZXr
{demb d¥j
S>mo§JamVbo H$S>o
dmid§Q>
Obme`
JdVmi àXoe
Añdb, dmK
njr, _mH$S>
njr, Kw~S>, Ima, nmonQ>, CX_m§Oa
qdMy, gmn
nmb
njr, N>moQ>o àmUr
nmUnjr - ~XH$, ~Jim BË`mXr. nmUdZñnVr - H$_i
_Y_mí`m§Mo nmoio, eoH$ê$
{JYmS>
C§Q>, H$mQo>ar dZñnVr - H°$ŠQ>g
{Q>Q>dr, _miT>moH$, Ym{dH$, _mi{Q>Q>dr
_Ja, _mgm, njr, gmn
C§Xra, Kwg, ggm
KQ>HŸŸ
H$sQ>H$m§Mr AmoiI
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm H$sQ>H$m§~m~V A{YH$_m{hVr {_iUo.
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ, {d{dY H$sQ>H$m§Mo \$moQ>mo
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
10
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "H$sQ>H$m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.
u H$sQ>H$m§Mr H$moUH$moUVr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV, Vo _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdr.— H$sQ>H$m§Mo Ad`d - S>moHo$ (Á`mda H$sQ>H$mMo Vm|S>, S>moio, ñneuH$m
AgVmV), N>mVrMm ̂ mJ Am{U nm`mÀ`m 3 OmoS>çm. — n§I (gd© H$sQ>H$m§Zm ZgVmV)— An¥ð>d§er` (`mMm AW© _wcm§Zm àíZmoËVamVyZ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm.)— W§S> aº$mMo àmUr
— \w$â\w$go ZgVmV nU A§J^a {N>Ðo AgVmV Á`mVyZ H$sQ>H$ œmg KoVmV.
u H$sQ>H$ åhUë`mda H$moU-H$moUVo àmUr _wcm§À`m S>moù`mg_moa `oVmV ho {dMmamdo d Ë`m§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdr.
u _wcm§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m Zmdm§_YyZ {ejH$mZo H$moUË`mhr 3 H$sQ>H$m§Mo \$moQ>mo _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo d `m \$moQ>mo_Yë`m H$sQ>H$m§À`m Ad`dm§_Ü`o H$m` gmå` Amho Vo {dMmamdo.
u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdr.u hr MMm© Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s \w$cnmIamMr Air
qH$dm H$moe H$moUr nm{hco Amho H$m? \w$cnmIê$ {H$Vr {Xdg OJVo?u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo \w$cnmIamMo OrdZMH«$ \$ù`mda H$mT>mdo d _wcm§Zm
g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.\w$cnmIamMo OrdZMH«$ - A§S>o - Air - H$moe - \w$cnmIê$
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
24 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u
embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVHo$ :
{ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr H$sQ>H$m§~m~V nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.
u H$sQ>H$m§
— Insects, M. S. Mani, National Book
Trust of India
— H$sQ>H$ n[aM` d g§J«h, S>m°. nw. {d. Omoer
\w$cnmIamMoOrdZMH«$ Air
H$moeH$moe \$moSy>Z ~mhoa `oVmZm \w$cnmIê$
\w$cnmIê$
A§S>r
u
— _Y_mer _Y V`ma H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ H$aVo.— "amV{H$S>m' Omo {H$S>m Amho, `m_Ü`o \$º$ Za {H$S>m AmdmO
H$aVmo.— "_Y_mer' hr A§Q>mQ>uH$m hm I§S> gmoS>ë`mg Am»`m
OJm_Ü`o AmT>iVo.— "Pwai' hm H$sQ>H$, OJmVcm gJù`mV Mni H$sQ>H$ Amho.
hm H$sQ>H$ 1 _rQ>aMo A§Va 1 goH§$XmV nma H$ê$ eH$Vmo.— "Pwai' hm EH$_od Agm H$sQ>H$ Amho Omo Ë`mÀ`m
S>moŠ`m{edm` 1 AmR>dS>m {Od§V amhÿ eH$Vmo H$maU Ë`mMr ídgZ`§ÌUm S>moŠ`mda ZgyZ earamV AgVo.
— "_Y_mer' {VMo n§I, 1 goH§$XmV 90 doim hcdVo.— S>mgm§_Ü`o \$º$ "_mXrM' MmdVo. Za S>mg H$YrM MmdV
Zmhr.— EH$ _Y_mer Ooìhm 4000 \w$cm§_Ycm ag {nVo, Voìhm Hw$R>o
1 M_Mm BVH$m _Y V`ma hmoVmo.
J§_V åhUyZ nwT>rb _m{hVr Úmdr-u `mMà_mUo BVa H$sQ>H$m§Mohr OrdZMH«$ AgVo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo d ~rQ>c ̀ m H$sQ>H$mMo OrdZMH«$ g_Odmdo.
Air(hw_Ur)
A§S>r
H$moe
am`Zmogoam°g ~rQ>cMoOrdZMH«$
nyU© dmT> Pmbobm~rQ>c
25 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u ho Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo H$sQ>H$m§~Ôc _wcm§Zm Imcrc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr -— OJm_Ü`o H$sQ>H$m§À`m A§XmOo 55 cmI OmVr gmnS>VmV.
— H$sQ>H$m§Mr {ZgJm©Vrb ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho. namJr-^dZmMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$sQ>H$ H$aVmV. `m_wio eoVrbm _XV hmoVo, O§JbmVrb {d{dY PmS>r-PwSw>no amIbr OmVmV.
— H$sQ>H$m§Mo S>moio _moR>o J_VrXma AgVmV. hOmamo NmoQ`m NmoQ`m ZoÌm§§eH$m§Zr ~Zboë`m `m Smoù`m§Zm "g§`wŠV Smoio' Ago åhUVmV. `mVë`m àË`oH$ ZoÌm§§eH$m_YyZ {XgUmè`m {MÌm§Mo EH$ EH${ÌV {MÌ V`ma hmoVo d Ë`mdê$Z H$sQ>H$mbm AmOy~mOyÀ`m n{agamMm A§XmO ̀ oVmo.
— ImÚ àË`oH$ OmVrà_mUo doJdoJio AgVo.CXmhaUmW© : ® \w$bnmIao,$$_Y_mer - \w$bmVrb _H$a§X, namJH$U® ZmH$VmoSm - JdV, \w$bo, YmÝ`, {~`m® H$mS>r{H$Sm - PmSmMr nmZo
KQ>HŸŸ
ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcocr _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§À`m \$moQ>mo§Mr Nm`m§{H$V àV H$mTy>Z Ro>dmdr AWdm _m{gHo$ / nwñVHo$ / dV©_mZnÌ ̀ mVyZ ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo \$moQ>mo O_m H$amdoV.
u ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r
embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ, ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo \$moQ>mo
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
11
u {ejH$mZo ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§À`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u _wcm§Zm d¡{eîQ>ço {dMmê$Z Vr \$ù`mda {chmdrV.— n¥ð>d§er` (`mMm AW© _wcm§Zm àíZmoËVamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_OmdyZ
gm§Jmdm.)— A§S>r KmcUmao— A§Jmda Idco— erV aº$mMo
u AmT>mdm KoD$Z Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV Am{U _wcm§Zr gm§{JVcocr Zmdo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm darc àmÊ`m §M o A{Ydmg Am{U ImÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr {dMmamì`m d Ë`m \$ù`mda VŠË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {chÿZ H$mT>mì`mV.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm H$mhr \$moQ>mo XmIdmdo, CXmhaUmW© - _Ja Am{U gwga, doJdoJù`m àH$maMo gmn, gaS>o Am{U nmcr.
u XmIdcoë`m àË`oH$ \$moQ>mo_Ü`o H$mhr \$aH$ Amho H$m, ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d Ë`mMr CÎmao \$ù`mda {chÿZ ¿`mdrV.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ̀ m àmÊ`m§Mo OrdZMH«$ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.u H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ ganQ>Umao àmUr A§S>r Z KmbVm WoQ> {nëbm§Zm OÝ_
XoVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
A§S`mVyZ {nëby ~mhoa `oVmZm
g_wXŒr H$mgdmMo OrdZMH«$
{nëbm§Mm g_wXŒmH$So>
àdmgnyU© dmT> Pmbobog_wX«r H$mgd
g_wX«{H$Zmè`mdaA§S>r KmbVmZm H$mgd
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_iUo.
gaS>m
gmn
H$mgd
_Ja
nmc
A{Ydmg ImX²`
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
26 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
H$s øm àmÊ`m§À`m OJÊ`mZo _mUgmcm H$gm \$m`Xm hmoD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm Oa ho àmUr ZgVrc Va _mUgmcm H$mhr \$aH$ nS>oc H$m?
u hr MMm© H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AÞgmIirMo CXmhaU Úmdo - H$mgd Oa ZXr_Ü`o Agoc, Va Vmo gJir KmU ImD$Z Q>mH$Vmo Á`m_wio nmUr ñdÀN> amhVo. nmUr ñdÀN> am{hco Va _mUgmcmXoIrc \$m`XmM hmoUma. Oa gmn g§nco Va eoVmVco C§Xra H$moU ImUma? eoVmVco C§Xra dmT>co Va eoVrMo ZwH$gmZ åhUOoM _mUgmMo ZwH$gmZ. Aer CXmhaUo XoD$Z {ejH$mZo ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo _mUgmÀ`m Am`wî`mVco _hÎd gm§Jmdo.
u
CXmhaUmW© -
u hr _m{h r _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
gmnm§Zm _mam`À`m _mUgmÀ`m àd¥Îmr{df`r MMm© H$amdr, _wbm§Mo AZw^d {dMmamdoV. _Zwî`dñVr EImÚm {R>H$mUr Oer dmT>Vo Vgo ganQ>Umao àmUr gmn H$_r hmoD$ bmJVmV.
V
u ømda MMm© Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§~Ôc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr.— Amnë`m XoemV 408 hÿZ OmñV àH$maMo ganQ>Umao àmUr
gmnS>VmV.— ^maVr` Kar`mc `mMr g§»`m qMVmOZH$[aË`m H$_r
Pmcr Amho.— H$mgdmMo Amnë`m XoemV 7 àH$ma AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o
JmoS>çm nmÊ`mVcm H$mgd Am{U Imè`m nmÊ`mVë`m H$mgdmMm g_mdoe Amho.
— Amnë`m XoemV 4 àH$maÀ`m KmoanS>r AmT>iVmV.— Vm{_iZmSy> amÁ`mV ̂ maVmVcr gJù`mV _moR>r nmÊ`mVcr
KmoanS> gmnS>Vo.— Amnë`m XoemV 240 àH$maMo gmn AmT>iVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s
52 àH$maMo gmn {dfmar AmhoV. qH$J H$mo~«m hm gJù`mV _moR>m Am{U {dfmar gmn Amho.
u hr _m{hVr gm§JyZ Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmamdm
27 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
C^`Ma AmoiIàmÊ`m§Mr
àmUr
2 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr "C^`MaàmÊ`m§{df`r' nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.
u CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr ~oS>H$mMo {MÌ "{MÌH$coÀ`m' {ejH$mH$Sy>Z MmQ>© nonada H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo.
u C^`Ma àmÊ`m§{df`r embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm C^`Ma àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_imdr.
nÕVrMMm©
~oS>H$mMm \$moQ>mo / aoIm{MÌ, dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
12
H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "C^`Ma àmUr' åhUOo H$moUVo Vo {dMmamdo d ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm
Ago Zmd H$m {Xco Agoc Agm àý {dMmamdm.u _wcm§Zr àmÊ`m§Mr CXmhaUo gm§{JVë`mda, {ejH$mZo Vr \$ù`mda {chmdr d
Ë`mMr H$m` H$m` d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV Vo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.u \$ù`mda C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {c{hVmZm {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr H$s
AemM àmÊ`m§Zm C^`Ma àmUr åhUVmV Oo O{_Zrda Am{U nmÊ`mV œmg KoD$ eH$VmV. CXmhaUmW© - ~oSy>H$, H$moH$U n[agamV AmT>iUmao XodJm§Sy>i ({ggr{b`Z)
u H$mgd qH$dm _Ja ho àmUr C^`Ma AmhoV H$m ? Ago {dMmamdo. ho àmUr œmg ¿`m`cm àË`oH$ doiocm nmÊ`mÀ`m da `oVmV. Ë`m_wio Oar ho àmUr nmÊ`mV Agco Var øm§Zm C^`Ma àmUr åhUVm `oUma Zmhr, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jmdr :>— n¥ð>d§er` àmUr — W§S> aº$mMo àmUr— ho àmUr Ë`m§À`m ËdMoZo œmg KoVmV - øm àmÊ`m§Zm ídmg KoÊ`mgmR>r
ZmH$nwS>çm Va AgVmVM nU ho Ë`m§À`m ËdMoZohr ídmg KoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Mr ËdMm Amobga AgVo Am{U ËdMoImbr ~marH$ ~marH$ aº$dmhrÝ`m§Mo Omio AgVo. Amobga ËdMoV nmÊ`mVbm d hdoVbm Am°pŠgOZ {daKiVmo, aŠVdm{hÝ`m Vmo AmV emofyZ KoVmV Am{U H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> ~mhoa Q>mH$VmV. `m_wio nmÊ`mImbr VgoM O{_ZrImbr AgVmZm ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm ídmg KoVm ̀ oVmo.
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
~oS>H$mMr earaaMZm
nmoQ>
S>moHo$
S>moio
YS
_mJMm nm`
nwT>Mm nm`
nm`mÀ`m 2 ~moQ>m§_Ycm
nS>Xm
H$mZmMm nS>Xm
~moQo>
ZmH>>>nwSr
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
28 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mdarb ~oS>H$mMo {MÌ _wcm§Zm XmIdyZ ~oS>H$mMo Ad`d g_Odmdo - S>moHo$, S>moio, Vm|S>, Or^, _mJMo nm`, nwT>Mo nm`, nm`mÀ`m 2 ~moQ>m§_Ycm nS>Xm. ho Ad`d _wcm§Zm nwT>o `oD$Z {MÌmV XmI{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u _wco Oer `oD$Z EH$ EH$ Ad`d XmIdVrc Vgo Ë`m§Zm àË`oH$ Ad`dmMo H$m`© {dMmamdo.— Or^ : ~oS>H$m§Mr Or^ Iyn _moR>r AgVo, Ë`m§À`m
earamnojm XwßnQ> cm§~rMr. ̀ m_wio Ë`mbm {H$So> nH$S>m`bm _XV hmoVo.
— nm` : ~oS>H$m§Mo _mJMo nm` Ë`m§À`m nwT>À`m nm`m§nojm cm§~ AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm cm§~ CS>çm _maÊ`mH$[aVm Vo Cn`moJr nS>VmV.
— ~moQ>m§_Ycm nS>Xm : nmÊ`mV nmohVmZm hm nS>Xm Cn`moJr nS>Vmo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mo {ZgJm©Vco H$m`© _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo. CXmhaUmW© - ~oSy>H$ eoVmVrb CnXŒdr {H$So> ImVmo Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mo g§ajU hmoVo.
u
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ~oS>H$mMr A§S>r, N>moQ>m H$m Ago {dMmamdo. Imbr {Xbobo ~oS>H$mMo
OrdZMH«$ \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z _wcm§Zm g_OmdyZ u da gm§{JVcoë`m gd© Jmoï>r _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ ¿`m`cm
gm§Jmì`mV.
_hmamï´>mVë`m H$mhr ̂ mJmVbo ~oSy>H$ ho \$º$ Ë`m Ë`m ̂ mJmVM gmnS>VmV. CXmhaUmW© - gømÐrVbo PmS>mdaMo ~oSy>H$. Vo OJmV BVaÌ Hw$R>oM ZmhrV. Aem Ordm§Zm àXoe{Zð> åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho ho _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
~oSy>H$ H$Yr nm{hbm Amho
gm§Jmdo.
~oSy>H$ (nyU© dmT> Pmbobm)
A§S>²`m§Mmnw§OH$m
qS>^H$ (Q°>S>nmob)
nm` AgbobmqS>^H$
N>moQ>m ~oSy>H$
u
~oS>H$ Amnbr A§S>r nmÊ`mV Amobga OmJr KmbVo. EH$mdoir hOmamo A§S>r EH${ÌV EH$m nw§OŠ`mV KmVbr OmVmV, øm nw§OmŠ`m~mhoa EH$ JwiJwirV ómd AgVmo Á`m_wio A§S>çm§Mo ̂ jH$m§nmgyZ ajU hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
— A§S>çmÀ`m EH$m noernmgyZ XmoZ, XmoZmnmgyZ Mma Aem nÕVrZo AZoH$ noer V`ma hmoV A§S>çmMr hiyhiy dmT> hmoD$ bmJVo. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 6 Vo 21 {XdgmV A§S>çmVyZ qS>^H$ (tadpole) ~mhoa `oVmo. A§S>çmVrb Caboë`m AÞÐì`mda hm qS>^H$ WmoSo> {Xdg OJVmo. ̀ mbm Vm|S>, eonyQ> d nyU© dmT> Z Pmbobo H$„o (gills) AgVmV. Vo nmÊ`mVrb JdV / dZñnVrbm {MH$Qy>Z amhVmV. Ë`m§ZVa gmYmaU 7 Vo 10 {Xdgm§Zr Vo nmÊ`mV nmohÿ bmJVmV d nmÊ`mVrb e¡dmb ImVmV.
— Ë`m§ZVa hiyhiy Ë`m§Mo H$„o Zmhrgo hmoD$Z, ËdMm V`ma hmoVo, XmV `oVmV. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 6 Vo 9 AmR>dS>çm§Zr `m qS>^H$mbm N>moQ>o N>moQ>o nm` `oD$ bmJVmV, S>moHo$ ì`dpñWV {Xgy bmJVo d eara WmoSo> bm§~ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m AmhmamV AmVm H$mhr dZñnVr, _obobo {H$So> XoIrb `oD$ bmJVmV. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 9 AmR>dS>çm§Zr hm qS>^H$ _moR>r eonyQ> Agboë`m, N>moQ>çm ~oS>H$mgmaIm {Xgy bmJVmo.
— `m ~oS>H$mMr dmT> gwê$ AgVmZm Ë`mMr eonyQ> N>moQ>r hmoVo, \w$â\w$go V`ma hmoVmV d hiyhiy Ë`mMr dmT> nyU© hmoD$Z Vmo nmÊ`m~mhoa `oD$Z ahm`bm bmJVmo. `mg A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 12 Vo 16 AmR>dSo> bmJVmV. ~oS>H$mMr OmV H$moUVr Amho d Ë`mMm AmOy~mOyMr n`m©daUr` pñWVr (CXmhaUmW© - Obme`mVrb nmUr, Vmn_mZ) `mZwgma ~oS>H$mÀ`m nyU© dmT>rgmR>r {H$Vr {Xdg bmJVrb ho R>aVo.
— ~oS>H$mZo KmVboë`m hOmamo A§S>çm§n¡H$s H$mhr A§S>çm§nmgyZM nwT>o ~oSy>H$ V`ma hmoVmo. H$mhr A§S>r nyU© dmTy eH$V ZmhrV Va H$mhr A§S>r nmÊ`mVrb _mgo, ~XH$, H$sQ>H$ d BVa àmUr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Imëbr OmVmV.
~oS>H$mÀ`m OrdZMH«$mVrb _w»` Q>ßno -
— r {H§$dm
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
~oS>H$mMo OrdZMH«$
29 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm gñVZ àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_imdr.
nÕVrMMm©
noZ, dhr
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
13
u gñVZ àmÊ`m§À`m AmYr {eH$coë`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmT>mdm {ejH$mZo ¿`mdm.
u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdrV -— n¥ð>d§er` àmUr— CîU aº$mMo àmUr— A§Jmda Ho$g AgUmao àmUr— A§S>r Z KmcVm ZdrZ Ordmcm OÝ_ XoUmao àmUr— ñVZJ«§Wr AgUmao àmUr— {nëbm§Zm XyY nmOUmao àmUr
u AmT>mdm KoVë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {d{dY gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV.
u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo VŠË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV \$ù`mda {chmdrV. u hm Vº$m H$mT>ë`mda, {ejH$mZo
_wcm§Zm darc àmÊ`m§À`m A{Yd mg m {df` r Am {U ImÊ`mÀ`m gd`r § {df`r _m{hVr {dMmamdr d darcVŠË`m_Ü`o ^amdr. `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm gmono àíZ {dMmadoV. CXmhaUmW© - dmK Hw$R>o amhVmo? H$m` H$m` ImVmo? BË`mXr.
u VŠË`mVrb _m{hVr {chÿZ Pmë`mda _wcm§Zm VŠË`mdê$Z `m àmÊ`m§Mo H$mhr JQ> H$aVm `oV AmhoV H$m {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© : \$io - dZñnVr ImUmao, àmUr ImUmao, dZñnVr d àmUr XmoÝhr ImUmao. _wcm§H$Sy>Z CÎmao Amë`mda Ë`m§Zm emH$mhmar, _m§gmhmar Am{U {_lmhmar ̀ m g§km§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr.
u `m dJuH$aUmMm AW© _wcm§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm.— emH$mhmar : dZñnVr (nmZo, \$io, \w$bo) ImUmao— _m§gmhmar : _m§g ImUmao— {_lmhmar : _m§g Am{U dZñnVr XmoÝhr ImUmao
u hm Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr :— ^maVm_Ü`o 410 àH$maMo gñVZ n«mUr AmT>iVmV.
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
ImX²`A{Ydmg
_mUyg
dmK
KmoS>m
Hw$Ìm
dQ>dmKyi
Ima
_mH$S>
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
30 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr gñVZ àmÊ`m§-~m~VMr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.
u gñVZ àmÊ`m§{df`r embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
A§Jmda Ho$g AgUo $
— `mn¡H$s 81 àH$maÀ`m àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m qMVm dmQ>Ê`mBVH$r H$_r Pmbr Amho. `mMr CXmhaUo - Am{e`mVcm qgh, O§Jcr Hw$Ìr, dmK, O§Jcr _m§Oa, cm§S>Jm, ^maVr` hÎmr BË`mXr.
— dQ>dmKyi hm CS>Umam EH$_od gñVZ àmUr Amho.— gñVZ àmUr hm BVa àmÊ`m§nojm nŒJV, CËHŒ$m§V _mZbm
OmVmo. Vmo ñdV:À`m {nëbm§Mo g§JmonZ AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ Am{U Zo_Ho$nUmZo H$aVmo. CXmhaUmW© - hËVr, dmK.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s øm àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m Oa dmT>dm`Mr Agoc Va Amnë`mcm H$m` H$amdo cmJoc?
u `mMo CÎma _wcm§Zm XoVm Amco Zmhr, Va {ejH$mZo g_Odmdo H$s Oa øm àmÊ`m§Mm A{Ydmg dmT>dcm Am{U {Q>H$dcm VaM ho àmUr dmMVrc Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§»`oV dmT> hmoB©c.
u hr gd© _m{hVr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m dhr_Ü`o {chm`bm gm§Jmdr.
ñVZ J«§Wr {nëbm§Zm OÝ_
31 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
^ú`-^jH$ Ioi
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo AÞ-_Zmoè`mMm ({na°{_S>Mm) {dMma H$ê$Z nwT>rcà_mUo {MR²>R>çm ~Zdmì`mV - 15 "JdV', 10 "ZmH$VmoS>m', 5 "gaS>m', 2 "gmn', 1 "Jê$S>', 5 "_mUyg'.
u {MR²>R>çm ~Z{dVmZm {ejH$mZo AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc EH$m JQ>mcm EH$ a§J dmnamdm (H$mJXmMm AWdm AjamMm a§J) CXmhaUmW© - CËnmXH$ (JdV) {haì`m a§JmV, emH$mhmar (ZmH$VmoS>m) Vn{H$ar a§JmV BË`mXr.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm AÞgmIirVrc KQ>H$m§Mo _hÎd g_OUo.
nÕVrIoi
{MR²>R>çm, 35 goâQ>r {nÝg
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
14
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§À`m gh^mJmZo "AÞgmIir Am{U AÞOmio' `m CnH«$_mVrc Jmoï>tMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.
u dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo XmoZ JQ> H$amdoV. dJm©_Ü`o 60 _wco Agë`mg EH$m JQ>mV 33 _wco d Cacocr gd© _wco Xwgè`m JQ>mV {d^mJmdr. n{hë`m JQ>mVrc 33 _wcm§Zm {MR²>R>çm X²`mì`mV d goâQ>r {nZZo JUdoemcm AS>H$dÊ`mg gm§Jmì`mV.
u dJm©_Ü`o 40 nojm _wco H$_r Agë`mg _wcm§Mo gma»`m g§»`oMo XmoZ JQ > H$amdoV d 6 Vo 7 "JdV', 4" ZmH$VmoS>m', 3 "gaS>m', 2 "gmn', 1 "Jê$S>'
AemnŒH$mao EH$m JQ>mg {MR²>R>çm Úmì`mV.u Xwgè`m JQ>mcm Jmoc H$ê$Z C^o amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d {MR²>R>çm bmdcoë`m
_wcm§Zm Jmocm_Ü`o C^o H$amdo. JmobmV C^o am{hcoë`m H$mhr _wbm§Zm "_mUyg' Ago {b{hbobr {MÇ>r Úmdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s AÞgmIirMr gédmV Jmocm_Yrc _wcm§n¡H$s H$moUmnmgyZ hmoB©c? "JdV' Ago CÎma Amë`mda, gJù`m "JdV' Pmcoë`m _wcm§Zm EH$m am§JoV eoOmar eoOmar ~gÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u _J {ejH$mZo `m JdVm_Ü`o H$moU Amnco AÞ emoYVo Ago {dMmamdo.. _J "ZmH$VmoS>m' Pmcoë`m _wcm§Zm n{hë`m am§JoÀ`m _mJo WmoS>o A§Va R>odyZ ~gÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.Aem àH$mao AÞgmIir OmoS>V "AÞ-_Zmoam' nyU© H$amdm. "AÞ-_Zmoam' `m eãXmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr. AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc CËnmXH$, emH$mhmar, _m§gmhmar ̀ m gd© JQ>m§Mr AmoiI _wcm§Zm MM}Ûmao H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
u AmVm {ejH$mZo "_mUyg' Aer {MÇ>r Agboë`m _wbm§Zr nwT>o `oD$Z JdV H$mnÊ`mMr H¥$Vr H$amdr Ago gm§Jmdo. _J n{hë`m am§JoVrb JdV H$_r Pmbobo XmIdmdo. CËnmXH$m§_Yrc (JdV) H$mhr _wcm§Zm CRy>Z ~mhoa C^o amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. AmVm _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmamdm H$s Ago Ho$ë`mg darc AÞ-_Zmoè`mMo H$m` hmoB©c?
u CËnmXH$ H$_r Pmco Va emH$mhmar àmUr H$_r hmoVrc d Ë`m_wio _m§gmhmar àmÊ`m§Zm nwaogo ̂ ú` {_iUma Zmhr d Ë`m§Mr g§»`mhr H$_r hmoB©c qH$dm _J ho _m§gmhmar àmUr Ogo {~~Q>çm _Zwî`dñVrVrc eoir, ~H$ar, Jm`, Hw$Ìo `mÀ`m§da hëcm H$aVrc Ago CXmhaU X²`mdo. `mdê$Z {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, CËnmXH$ åhUOoM O§Jco, JdVmi ^mJ dmM{dUo ho AÞ-_Zmoam {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r JaOoMo Amho.
u `mZ§Va n{hë`m JQ>mÀ`m {MR²>R>çm Xwgè`m JQ>mg XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm darbà_mUo AÞ-_Zmoam ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdm. n{hë`m JQ>mVrb _wcm§Zm JmobmV C^o amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. Aem àH$mao Ioi IoiV AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc gd© ñVa _hÎdmMo Agë`mMo _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
32 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
AÞ-_Zmoam
CËnmXH$(JdV)
emH$mhmar àmUr(ZmH$VmoS>m)
_m§gmhmar àmUr (gaS>m)
_m§gmhmar àmUr (gmn)
_m§gmhmar àmUr
(Jê$S)>
nmMdm ñVa
Xwgam ñVa
Mm¡Wm ñVa
{Vgam ñVa
n{hbm ñVa
u CnHŒ$_ KoVmZm doi Caë`mg, \$ù`mda AÞ-_Zmoam H$mTy>Z Ë`mVrc {d{dY ñVa _wcm§Zm XmIdmdoV d dhrV {bhyZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
33 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
~m^yi PmS>m{df`rÀ`m H${dVm
H¥ŸVrKQ>HŸŸdZñnVr
C{Ôï
nÕVrMMm©
~m^yi PmS>mMo {MÌ/\$moQ>mo, dhr, noZ, MmQ© nona
gm{hË`
2 Vm{gH$m
u dg§V ~mnQ> d B§{Xam g§V `m§À`m ~m^yi PmS>m-{df`rÀ`m Imcr {Xcoë`m H${dVm dmMmì`mV.
u XmoÝhr H${dVm§_Ü`o ~m^yi PmS>mÀ`m doJdoJù`md¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z Amco Amho, Vo g_OyZ ¿`mdo.H${dVoMo agJ«hU Mm§Jë`m arVrZo hmoÊ`mgmR>r "^mfm' {df`mÀ`m {ejH$mMr _XV ¿`mdr.
u emioOdiÀ`m n[agamV ~m^yi PmS> emoYyZ R>odmdo.
u dg§V ~mnQ>m§À`m H${dVoVrb ~m^yi PmS>mMm "Q>UH$nUm' Va B§{Xam g§Vm§À`m ~m^yi PmS>mMm "ZmOyH$nUm Am{U gm¢X`©' {ejH$mZo Aä`mgmdo.
H${dVoVrb
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u _wcm§Zm n[agamV ZoD$Z ~m^yi PmS> XmIdmdo d {VWoM hr Vm{gH$m ¿`mdr (n[agamV PmS> Zgë`mg nwñVH$mVrc ~m^yi PmS>mMo {MÌ / \$moQ>mo _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo d XmoÝhr H${dVm \$ù`mda {bhmì`mV.)
u {ejH$mZo ~m^yi PmS>m{df`rÀ`m XmoÝhr H${dVm MmQ>© nonada {chmì`mV d Vo H$mJX ~amo~a KoD$Z OmdoV. Vo H$mJX gJù`m§Zm {XgVrb Ago Yê$Z XmoZ _wcm§Zm C^o amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u ~m^yi PmS> nmhyZ Vwåhmbm H$m` dmQ>bo Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. AmVm H$drbm H$m` dmQ>bo Vo nmhy`m Ago gm§JyZ H${dVm dmMmì`mV.
u H${dVm dmMVmZm _wcm§Zm ~m^yi PmS>mÀ`m doJdoJù`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z Úmdr. CXmhaUmW© - {ndirY_H$ Jmoc-Jmoc \w$co, e|Jm, H$mQo>, PmS>mMm AmH$ma, Q>UH$ cmHy$S>, Ë`mdaë`m nú`m§Mr KaQ>r BË`mXr. ~m^yi PmS>mMo H$moUH$moUVo Cn`moJ Vwåhmbm _mhrV AmhoV Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u EH$mM PmS>m{df`r XmoZ ì`º$s¨Zr Ho$coë`m ̀ m H${dVm§_Ü`o PmS>mMr H$moUVr XmoZ {^Þ ê$no OmUdVmV ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u H${dVocm N>mZer Mmc cmdyZ _wcm§Zm Ë`m åhUmd`mg gm§Jmì`m.u _wcm§À`m AmdS>rÀ`m EImX`m PmS>m{df`r Ë`m§Zr N>moQ>rer H${dVm H$amdr
Agohr gm§Jmdo. ̀ mH$aVm _wcm§Zm 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQo doi X²`mdm.
15
u H${dVm§_Ü`o Amcoco ~m^yiPmS>mMo dU©Z _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.
u {ZgJm©Vrc KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z H$am`cm "H${dVm' ho gwÕm EH$ gwaoI _mÜ`_ Amho ho _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.
Am°JñQ>
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
34 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
'~m^wiPmS>'
Añgc cmHy$S>, ^¸$_ JmR>VmR>a H$Um, Q>UH$ nmR>
dmam ImV Jmam ImV ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoXohm \w$Q>co ~mam \$m§Q>oA§JmdaMo {nH$co H$mQ>o
Am^mim§V IwngwZ ~moQ>| ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoA§JmdaMr cdcd {_Q>cr_mÏ`mdaMr hiX {dQ>cr
N>mVmS>mMr T>cnr \w$Q>cr ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoOJc| Amho, OJV| AmhoH$mHw$iVrZo ~KV| Amho
Im§ÚmdaVr gwVmamMo KaQ>| KoD$Z C^oM AmhoQ>H²$.... Q>H²$... Q>H²$... Q>H²$...{MQ>a² \$Q>H²$... {MQ>a² \$Q>H²$....
gwVmanjr åhmVmè`mcm gmocV Amho, emofV AmhoAmR>dVo V| ^cVo AmhoCam§V _mÂ`m gcVo Amho
Am§V H$mhr H$iVo Amho, Am§V \$ma OiVo AmhoAñgc cmHy$S>, ^¸$_ JmR>
VmR>a H$Um, Q>UH$ nmR>dmam ImV Jmam ImV ~m^wiPmS> C^|M Amho.
- dg§V ~mnQ>
~m^ir
cdcd {hadrJma nmcdr H$mQ>çm§Mr da _mohH$ OmirK_K_ H$[aVr cmocH$ {ndio \$m§Xr Va H$mimoIr H$mir
{Pa{_a PaVr e|Jm ZmOyH$ docm§Q>rMr diUo diUoË`m gmè`mVyZr {Pa{_a PaVr a§J Z^mMo cmo^gdmUo
Hw$ga H$cmH¥$Vr Aer ~m^ir {Vcm Z R>mdr ZmJa arVrXya Hw$R>oVar ~m§YmdaVr PwHw$Z Oamer C^r EH$Q>r
A§JmdaVr Ioi{d amKy cmJQ> eoù`m nm`mOdir~mi JwamIr hmoD${Z`m _Z a_Vo VoWo gm§OgH$mir
`oWo `oD$Z ZdoM hmoD$Z coD$Z {hado ZmOyH$ coUoA§JmdaVr _mIw{Z Ad¿`m Yw§X gwdm{gH$ {ndio CQ>Uo..
- B§{Xam g§V
35 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
OmoS>çm cmdm - PmS>mMr nmZo Am{U PmS>mMo Zmd
dZñnVr
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï
nÕVrIoi, MMm©, {ZarjU
dhr, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u CnH«$_mAmYr {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m n[agamVrc PmS>m§Mr nmZo O_m H$amdrV. gmYo Am{U g§`wº$ nmZm§Mo {H$_mZ Xhm-Xhm Z_wZo Jmoim H$éZ AmUmdoV. OmoS>çm cmdÊ`mMm Ioi Agë`mZo àË`oH$ PmS>mMr EH$ NmoQ>r \$m§Xr d EH$ nmZ AmUmdo. EHy$U 20 OmoS>çm hmoVrc - 10 gmÜ`m d 10 g§`wº$ nmZm§À`m.
u gmYo nmZ d g§`wº$ nmZ `mVrc \$aH$ Aä`mgyZ R>odmdm.
u Amnë`m AmOy~mOybm ghO gmnS>Umar nmZo - gmYr nmZo - Am§~m, Om§^yi, ̂ moH$a, ~Hw$i, noê$, Omñd§X, dS>, qnni, C§~a, ^o§S>, {edU, H$X§~ BË`mXr.g§`wº$ nmZo - qMM, Jwb_mohmoa, ~m^yi, Jwbm~, {earf, nO©Ý`d¥j, eodJm, e_r, ~hmdm, nig, H$a§O BË`mXr.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
16
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$Vrc aoIm{MÌmZwgma \$ù`mda gmYo d g§`wº$ nmZ `mMo aoIm{MÌ H$mT>mdo. (gmYo d g§`wº$ hr Zmdo {bhy Z`o). _wcm§Zr Aer nmZo nm{hbr AmhoV H$m? Ë`m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV ho _wcm§Zm _mhrV Amho H$m? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr _m{hVr OmUyZ ¿`mdr d Ë`mZ§Va Zmdo gm§Jmdr.
u `mZ§Va O_m Ho$coë`m nmZm§Mo XmoZ JQ> H$amdoV, EH$m JQ>mV PmS>m§À`m NmoQ²>`m \$m§X²`m R>odmì`mV d EH$m JQ>mV PmS>m§Mr gwQ>r nmZo Ro>dmdrV. àË`oH$ JQ>mV àË`oH$ PmS>mMr nmZo Agbr nm{hOoV.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u AmVm _wcm§Zm ̀ m XmoZ JQ>mVë`m PmS>m§À`m ̀ mo½` OmoS>çm cmdyZ PmS>m§Mr Zmdo
AmoiIÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. _wcm§Zm JQ>m-JQ>mZo ho H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.u ho H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm gmÜ`m nmZm§À`m OmoS>çm cJoM O_Vrc nU g§`wº$ nmZmV
Ë`m§Mm Jm|Yi hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW© - qMM, Jwc_moha.u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm gmYo nmZ d g§`wº$ nmZ ̀ mVrc \$aH$ nmZo XmIdyZ g_OmdyZ
gm§Jmdm. nmZmÀ`m XoR>mH$S>rc ^mJ \w$Jra AgVmo (bulbous leaf base), _w»` Xm§S>m d nmZmMm XoR> ̀ m§À`m ~oMŠ`m_YyZ \y$c CJdVo (flowers from
axil) BË`mXr ~m~r nmZo XmIdyZ g_OyZ gm§Jmì`mV. \w$Jra ^mJmÀ`m da EH$M nmZ Agob Va gmYo nmZ. CXmhaUmW© - Am§~m. \w$Jra ^mJmÀ`m da EH$mnojm OmñV nmZo AgVrb Va g§`wº$ nmZ. CXmhaUmW© - qMM, ho _wbm§À`m bjmV AmUyZ Úmdo.
g§`wº$ nmZ
gßQ>|~aCnH«$_mMm _[hZm
_wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>mdr d PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§er AmoiI ìhmdr.
gmYo nmZ
nmZm§Mo nŒH$ma
XoR>mMm \w>>>>Jra ^mJ
XoR>mMm \w>>>>Jra ^mJ
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
36 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
ñWm{ZH$, AñWm{ZH$ dZñnVter AmoiI
dZñnVr
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVr_wcmIV, MMm©
H$mJX, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u {ejH$mZo nargamVrb ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ PmSo> àË`j ~KyZ `mdr d Ë`m§Mr Zmdo emoYyZ R>odmdrV.
u {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mr nwT>o {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.
u nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb ñWm{ZH$ dZñnVtMo _hÎd gm§JUmam coI dmMmdm.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
17
u {ejH$mZo _mJrc CnH«$_mÀ`m doir {Xcocm J¥hnmR> _wcm§Zr Ho$cm Amho H$m Vo {dMmamdo.
u H$mhr _wcm§Zm dJm©V Amncr `mXr dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr d EH$sH$S>o {ejH$mZo Vr \$ù`mda {chmdr.
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>r d PmS>r ̀ mVrc \$aH$ {dMmamdm. Ë`m§Mr CÎmao Amë`mda {ejH$mZo hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§Jmdr. _wX²X
u `mZ§Va \$ù`mda {c{hcoë`m PmS>m§À`m Zmdmg_moa Ë`m-Ë`m PmS>mMm Xoe {ejH$mZo eŠ` VoWo {chmdm.
u _wcm§Zr O§JcmVrc PmS>m§Mr A{YH$ ̀ mXr _wcmIVrXaå`mZ Ho$cr Agë`mg Vr {dMmamdr. hr Zmdo gd© _wcm§Zm H$iÊ`mgmR>r \$ù`mda {chmdrV d Ë`mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mo _hÎd WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© -ñWm{ZH$ àmUr / njr `m§Zm Amgam nwa{dUo, n[ag§ñWocm nyaH$ nÕVrZo dmT>Uo, ñWm{ZH$ hdm_mZmZwgma dmT>rgmR>r ̀ mo½` BË`mXr.
u \$ù`mdarc ̀ mXr d hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
ñWm{ZH$ AñWm{ZH$
Oo PmS> Amnë`m O§JbmV ZgVo Am{U _mUyg naXoemVyZ m_ AmUyZ BWo bmdVmo Vo AñWm{ZH$.
PmS>mMo Zmd ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$
gßQo§>~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
`m CnHŒ$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm J¥hnmR> åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m 10 PmS>m§Mr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. hr KoD$Z KamVrb / JmdmVrb d{S>bYmè`m _§S>ir§er MMm© H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mVrb H$moUVr PmS>o ñWm{ZH$ (Xoer) AmhoV (_yiMr Amnë`m O§JbmVbr), H$moUVr AñWm{ZH$ (~mhoê$Z AmUyZ bmdbobr) AmhoV Vo {dMmê$Z PmS>mÀ`m Zmdmg_moa ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ Ago {bhyZ AmUmd`mg gm§Jmdo. eŠ` Pmë`mg Amnë`m O§JbmVrb BVa PmS>m§Mr `mXrXoIrb _wbmIVr-Xaå`mZ ~ZdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar
C{ÔïdZñnVtÀ`m _yi ñWmZm{df`r_wcm§Zm _m{hVr ìhmdr d ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ dZñnVt_Yrc \$aH$ Ë`m§Zm g_Omdm.
~hmdm ( )ñWm{ZH$
{Jarnwîn ( )AñWm{ZH$
{Zc{Jar (AñWm{ZH$)
nig ( )ñWm{ZH$
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
37 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u Amnë`m n[agamV {XgUmè`m dZñnVt_Ü`o dS>, qnni, nig, nm§Jmam `mgma»`m PmS>m§~amo~aM Jwc_moha, OH$ma§X, nO©Ý`d¥j Aer PmS>oXoIrc AgVmV.
u dZñnVr åhUOo _yiÀ`m Amnë`m O§JcmMm ^mJ Agcoë`m dZñnVr Va dZñnVr åhUOo Amnë`m Xoemì`{V[aº$ OJmÀ`m BVa ^mJmVyZ AmUyZ bmdcoë`m dZñnVr. ~hþVoH$ doim `m dZñnVr emo^ogmR>r~mJoV AWdm añË`mH$S>ocm cmdë`m OmVmV.
AñWm{ZH$ñWm{ZH$
AñWm{ZH$
AñWm{ZH$
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
Zoh_r {XgUmè`m PmS>m§Mr `mXr ñWm{ZH$/AñWm{ZH$
u Amnë`m XoemVhr R>am{dH$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemVrc ñWm{ZH$ dZñnVt_Ü`o AgUmam \$aH$ cjmV KoÊ`mOmoJm Amho.
38 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
darb VŠË`mV {Xbobr PmS>m§Mr emñÌr` Zmdo hr {ejH$mÀ`m A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV, Vr _wcm§Zm gm§JUo Ano{jV Zmhr, `mMr {ejH$mZo Zmo§X ¿`mdr. hr emñÌr` Zmdo "{ÛZm_H$aU nÕVr' Zwgma XoÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ `m{df`rMr A{YH$ _m{hVr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xbr Amho.
PmS>
H$mQ>ogmda / Silk Cotton tree
H$a§O
dS> / Banyan tree
qnni / Peepal
Jwc_moha / Flamboyant tree
nO©Ý`d¥j / Rain tree
{earf
_hmê$I
OH$ma§X /Jacaranda
gmVdrU / Devil's tree
noëQ>mo\$moa_ / Copperpod tree
nig / Flame of the Forest
nm§Jmam / Indian Coral tree
{Jarnwîn / Gliricidia
{Zc{Jar
~hmdm / Indian Laburnum
qMM / Tamarind
Q>UQ>Ur, KmUoarObnUu / Water hyacinth
emór` Zmd
Bombax ceiba
Pongamia pinnata
Ficus benghalensis
Ficus religiosa
Delonix regia
Albizia saman
Albizia lebbeck
Ailanthus excelsa
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Alstonia scholaris
Peltophorum roxburghii
Butea monosperma
Erythrina suberosa and
Erythrina stricta
Gliricidia sepium
Eucalyptus sp.
Cassia fistula
Tamarindus indica
Lantana camara
Eichhornia crassipes
_yi Xoe
^maV^maV
^maV
^maV
_mXmJmñH$a
_opŠgH$mo, ~«mPrc
^maV
^maV
X{jU A_o[aH$m
^maV
X{jU-nyd© Am{e`m
^maV
^maV
_Ü` A_o[aH$m, _opŠgH$mo
Am°ñQ´>o{b`m
^maV
^maV
_Ü` d X{jU A_o[aH$mX{jU A_o[aH$m
KQ>HŸŸ
nmdgmV CJdUmè`m dZñnVr
dZñnVr
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, MMm©
dhr, noZ, noÝg c, a§JrV ISy>-nopÝgcr r
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr {ejH$mZo nmdgmù`mV n[agamV CJdyZ `oUmè`m dZñnVtMr Zmdo ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m _XVrZo g_OyZ ¿`mdrV.
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb "{~`m§Mm I{OZm' hm boI dmMmdm.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
18
u {ejH$mZo dJm©V _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr H$s nmD$g gwê$ Pmë`mda AmOy~mOycm Ë`m§Zm H$m` H$m` ~Xc {XgVmV? _wco gm§JVrc H$s.. nmÊ`mMr S>~H$s V`ma hmoVmV, gJir PmS>o {hadrJma hmoVmV, nmÊ`mMo Amohmoi dmhÿ cmJVmV, gJirH$S>o {hado hmoVo, JdV CJdyZ ̀ oVo.. Aer MMm© H$aVm H$aVm _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm ZdrZ dZñnVr CJdcoë`m {XgVmV H$m? Hw$R>o Hw$R>o {XgVmV? `mZ§Va gm§Jmdo H$s Aem dZñnVr añË`mH$S>ocm, q^Vrda, H$m¡cm§da, \$aerÀ`m _Ü`o CJdyZ `oVmV... Aem àíZmoÎmam§Ûmao _wcm§Zm {df`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr.
u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d Ë`m§Zm emioOdiÀ`m n[agamVrc ~mJ, q^V, \$aer ̀ mda nmdgmù`mV CJdyZ Amcoë`m dZñnVtMo [ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u H$moUH$moUË`m, {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr {Xgë`m d Ë`m§Mo dU©Z _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo, O_ë`mg {MÌ H$mT>mdo Ago gm§Jmdo. {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Zmdo {c{hÊ`mg _XV H$amdr.
u {ZarjUmgmR>r 15 {_{ZQ>o ÚmdrV d Z§Va 4-5 _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. ho H$aV AgVmZmM {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Zmdo {chmdrV. (CXmhaUmW© - VoaS>m, ZoMo, JdVmMo àH$ma BË`mXr.)
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s øm dZñnVr Aem AMmZH$ nmdgmù`mV H$em CJdV AgVrc? `m _mVrV AmYrnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo "~r' Agoc H$m? _J _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, _mVrVcm {~`m§Mm hm "Nw>nm I{OZm' Amnë`mcm nmdgmù`mVM g_OVmo. ̀ m {~`m df©^a _mVrV AgVmV, nmD$g nS>cm H$s CJdyZ `oVmV. `m dZñnVtMo Am`wî` H$_r AgVo, H$mhtMo nmdgmù`mnwaVo Va H$mhtMo nmdgmZ§Va EH$-XmoZ _{hZo. Ë`m§Zm \w$co - \$io - ~r `oÊ`mMr à{H«$`m nmdgmù`mXaå`mZ hmoVo d "~r' nwÝhm _mVrV OmVo, nwT>À`m dfu CJdÊ`mgmR>r. Aem àH$mao _mVrVë`m {~`m§À`m I{OÝ`mMr AmoiI _wcm§Zm H$ê$Z Úmdr. CXmhaUmXmIb eodi§, Hw$aSy>, Q>mH$im, H$aQ>wb§, Kmoiy `m nmdgmir ̂ mÁ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jmdr.
u `m nmdgmir ^mÁ`m§nŒ_mUoM H$mhr Am¡fYr dZñnVrXoIrb nmdgmù`mV {_iVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
gßQo§>~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
C{Ôï
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
39 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo `m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
_wcm§Zm nmdgm_wio n[agamVë`m dZñnVt_Ü`o hmoUmam ~Xc g_Omdm d nmdgmMo _hÎd g_Omdo.
KQ>HŸŸ
JdVmMo àH$ma
dZñnVr
2 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, _wcmIV
dV©_mZnÌ, H$mJX, noZ, noÝg c, MmQ>© nonar
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
19
u {ejH$mZo dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV.u _wcm§Zm eoVmÀ`m ̂ mJmV qH$dm JmdmV {OWo doJdoJir JdVo {XgVrc Aem
_moH$ù`m ̂ mJmV KoD$Z Omdo.u `m ̂ mJmV JQ>mZo {\$ê$Z 5 Vo 6 doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m JdVm§Mo Z_wZo _wcm§Zm
O_dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. u JdVmMm Z_wZm O_m H$aVmZm Vmo dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m XmoZ nmZm§_Ü`o Xm~yZ
Ë`mda dOZ / OS> nwñVH$ R>odÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.u `m_Ü`o gmYmaU, H$mir Hw$gir, nm§T>ar Hw$gir, ndÝ`m, _madoc Aer
JdVo {_iVrc.u `mZ§Va {ejH$, d`ñH$a _§S>ir, eoVH$ar, JdV H$mnUmao H$m_Jma
`m§n¡H$s Oo H$moUr joÌ^oQ>rÀ`m doir {XgVrb Ë`m§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z `m gd© JdVm§Mr _m{hVr VŠË`mV {Xcoë`m _wX²X`m§Zwgma O_m H$amdr.
VŠË`mMm Z_wZm -
u JdVmMr _m{hVr O_m H$aVmZm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ (CXmhaUmW© - ho JdV Imëë`mg OZmdamcm XyY OmñV `oVo; Kamg_moaÀ`m _m§S>dmda KmcÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr) Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço (CXmhaUmW© - Hw$gir JdV nm`mcm Q>moMVo), Aem àH$maMr _m{hVr {_idmdr.
u Z§Va {ejH$mÀ`m _XVrZo gd© _wcm§Zr JdVmÀ`m _m{hVrMm EH${ÌV Vº$m ~Zdmdm d dJm©V cmdmdm.
u `m VŠË`mda O_m Ho$boë`m JdVm§Mo Z_wZoXoIrb {MH$Q>dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
C§MrJdVmMoñWm{ZH$ Zmd Cn`moJ BVa d¡{eîQ>ço
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u JdV d Ë`mMo {d{dY àH$ma, Cn`moJ, d¡{eîQ>ço `m{df`r nwTo> {Xcocr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo dmMmdr.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r ZoÊ`mgmR>r, {OWo JdVmMo doJdoJio àH$ma {XgVrc Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr.
u eŠ` Pmë`mg, JmdmVrc d`ñH$a _§S>ir, eoVH$ar, JdV H$mnUmao H$m_Jma `m§Zm joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r ~mobdmdo.
gßQo§>~a
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
40 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u n[agamVrc ñWm{ZH$ JdVm§À`m {d{dY OmVter _wcm§Mr AmoiI ìhmdr d Ë`m§Mo Cn`moJ, _hÎd g_Omdo.
u JdVmÀ`m OmVr CJdyZ `m`Mr doi, Ë`m§Mr OmVrZwê$n Agcocr d¡{eîQ>ço, Cn`moJ _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.
C{Ôï
S>mo§Jar_madob
H$mir Hw$gir nm§T>ar Hw$gir
Hw$gir
ndÝ`m
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
41 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Zoh_r {XgUmè`m JdVmÀ`m H$mhr OmVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
Zoh_r {XgUmè`m JdVmÀ`m H$mhr OmVr
A.HŒ$. JdVmMo ñWm{ZH$ Zmd emñÌr` Zmd C§Mr Cn`moJ BVa d¡{eîQ²>`o
2. nm§T>ar Hw$gir 50 Vo 120 go§._r.
4. _madob 50 Vo 150 go§._r.
5. S>mo§Jar, JmoJa,dmKZIr
20 Vo 120 go§._r.
6. Hw$gir 100 Vo 200 go§._r.
3. ndÝ`m 10 Vo 120 go§._r.
H$modio JdV, Jwam§gmR>rMmam åhUyZ Cn`wŠV.
Jwam§Zm CË _ àVrMmMmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.`mV nmofU_yë` OmñVAgVmV.
V
Jwam§Zm Mmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.
Jwam§Zm Mmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.
Jwam§Zm CË _ àVrMmMmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.
V
1. H$mir Hw$gir 20 Vo 100 go§._r.
Aristida setacea
Dichanthium
annulatum
Chrysopogon
fulvus
Themeda
triandra
Sehima
nervosum
Heteropogoncontortus
H$modio JdV, Jwam§gmR>rMmam åhUyZ Cn`wŠV.H$mhr ^mJmV ho JdV Kad Kamg_moarb _m§S>demH$mam`bm dmnaVmV.
_miamZmda, añË`mH$S>obm IS>H$mi^mJmV {XgVo.\w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo OmZodmar
{ZH¥$îQ> O{_ZrVbdH$a CJdyZ `oVo dO{_ZrMr Yyn amoIVoåhUyZ _hËËdmMo.\w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo Zmoìho§~a_miamZmda AmT>iVo.\w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo {S>go§~a
_miamZmda, eoVmÀ`m~m§Ymda d añË`mH$S>obm AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo {S>go§~a
_miamZmda AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo {S>go§~a
AmoT`mH$mR>r dS>mo§JaCVmamda AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo Zmoìho§~a
gd© àH$maMo JdV O{_Zrdarb _mVr Yê$Z Ro>dV Agë`mZo VŠË`mV JdVm§Mr
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O{_ZrMr Yyn amoIÊ`mg Cn`moJr AgVo. darb
42 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
PmS>m§Mo Cn`moJ
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u nwpñVHo$gmo~V PmS>m§À`m _m{hVrMm Aä`mg H$amdm, PmS>m§Mo {d{dY Cn`moJ OmUyZ ¿`mdoV.
u emioÀ`m n[agamVrc, JmdmVrc PmS>m§Mr Zmdo d Ë`m§À`m Cn`moJm{df`r _m{hVr {_idmdr.
{Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr _m{hVr AmUcr Amho H$m Ago {dMmê$Z, 4 Vo 5 _wcm§À`m døm ~Kmì`mV, _wcm§Zr _m{hVr H$moUmH$moUmcm {dMmacr hohr {dMmamdo.
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Imcr {Xë`mZwgma Vº$m AmImdm.u AmUcocr _m{hVr JQ>mZwgma _wcm§Zm dmMÊ`mg gm§JyZ Vr EH$sH$S>o VŠË`mV
^amdr.u EImX²`m PmS>mMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Ë`mMm H$moUVm ^mJ H$emgmR>r
dmnacm OmVmo `mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imcr Zgë`mg Vr {ejH$mZo X²`mdr / {chmdr.
u àË`oH$ PmS>mMm Cn`moJ {c{hVmZm _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr, Ë`m§Zr `mVrc H$moUH$moUVo Cn`moJ nm{hco AmhoV Vo {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - gmJmMo cmHy$S> Hw$R>o Hw$R>o dmnaco OmVo? OZmdam§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m PmS>mMm nmcm {Xcm OmVmo?
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm hm Vº$m dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdm d PmS>m§Mo Ago AZoH$ Cn`moJ Agë`mZo PmS>m§Mo ajU, OmonmgZm H$aUo {H$Vr _hÎdmMo Amho Vo _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.
VŠË`mMm Z_wZm -
u PmS>mÀ`m {d{dY ̂ mJm§MmH$emH$emgmR>r dmna Ho$cm
OmVmo `m{df`rMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr. {deofV: PmS>m§Mo ñWm{ZH$ Cn`moJ g_OmdoV.
u PmS>mMr _mUgmgmR>r Agcocr Cn`wº$Vm g_Omdr.
gßQ>|~a
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CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
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KQ>HŸŸ
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u"ZXr ghc' hm CnH«$_ VrZ doim R>odÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo, F$Vwà_mUo AmoT>çm_Ü`o hmoUmam ~Xb _wcm§Zm H$imdm d Ë`mMà_mUo AmoT>çmer {ZJS>rV Agcoco KQ>H$ åhUOoM dZñnVr, njr, àmUr ̀ m§Mm AmoT>çmer Agcocm g§~§Y H$imdm.
u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va AmoT>çmda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.
u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m{R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, MMm© Am{U {ZarjU
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u `m {ZarjUm§_Ü`o Imcrc ~m~tMr Zm|X H$amdr.— nmÊ`mMm a§J— nmÊ`mMm doJ— nmÊ`mMr nmVir — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$— nmÊ`mMm dmna— nmÊ`mVco àXyfU
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u gd© {ZarjUo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nmdgmù`mZ§Va ZXr d Ë`mÀ`m n[agamV H$go ~Xc hmoV OmVmV Ago {dMmamdo Am{U _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.
C{Ôïu ZXr d ZXrÀ`m n[agam_Ü`o
àË`oH$ F$VyV {XgUmao ~Xc _wcm§ZmH$imdoV.
u _wcm§Mr ZXrer EH$ nŒH$maMr OdirH$ d ~m§{YcH$s {Z_m©U ìhmdr.
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CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
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nmÊ`mMm doJ
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u gmYmaUV: añË`mH$S>ocm dS>, qnni, nO©Ý`d¥j, {earf, _hmê$I, OH$ma§X, gmVdrU, Jwc_moha, noëQ>mo\$moa_ Aer PmS>o cmdcocr {XgVmV. H$mhr PmS>o gmdcrgmR>r Va H$mhr emo^ogmR>r, AmH$f©H$ \w$cm§gmR>r añË`mH$S>ocm cmdbr OmVmV. `m PmS>m§{df`r nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr {ejH$mZo dmMmdr.
u {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m añË`mH$S>ocm {XgUmè`m PmS>m§Mr Zmdo `m CnH«$_mnydu _mhrV H$ê$Z ¿`mdrV.
u hm CnH«$_ _wcm§Zr gH$mir 7 Vo 9 AWdm Xwnmar 4 Vo 6 `m doimV Ho$ë`mg A{YH$ Mm§Jcr {ZarjUo {_iVrc. Ë`m_wio CnH«$_mgmR>r eŠ`Vmo Aer doi {ZdS>mdr.
u dZñnVr, njr
embo` dmMZmb`mV `m§{df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm emioOdiÀ`m EImX²`m añË`mda KoD$Z Omdo d añË`mH$S>ocm {XgUmè`m PmS>m§er AmoiI H$ê$Z X²`mdr. _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV, Ë`m§Zm Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$amdr.
u dhr_Ü`o PmS>mÀ`m Zmdm~amo~aM Ë`mMo dU©Zhr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© - nmZo (_moR>r / ~marH$), \w$cm§Mm a§J, \$im§Mm / AmH$ma / a§J, PmS>mda nú`m§Mr KaQ>r AmhoV H$m, H$moUH$moUVo njr PmS>mda {XgVmV, gmdcr (OmñV / H$_r), PmS>mMm AmH$ma (JmocmH$ma / C^Q> / ngaQ>) Aem àH$maMr _m{hVr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `m_Ü`o PmS>m{df`r nydu nm{hcoë`m Jmoï>tMmhr _wco g_mdoe H$ê$ eH$VmV.
u `mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o doi X²`mdm.u Z§Va dJm©V `oD$Z H$mhr _wcm§Zm _m{hVr dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ho
H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda añË`mH$S>oÀ`m PmS>m§Mr `mXr {chmdr d Z§Va àË`oH$ PmS>mMo EImXo d¡{eîQ>ç _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo, CXmhaUmW© - gmdcr XoUmao PmS>, gw§Xa \w$cm§Mo PmS>, nú`m§gmR>r _hÎdmMo PmS> (Iyn \$io, \w$co Agcoco) BË`mXr. Aem àH$mao PmS>mMo Zmd d Ë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Aer `mXr V`ma H$amdr.
u
H$amdr. u Aer Mm§Jbr PmSo> VmoS>m`À`m H$mhr ~mVå`m / àg§J Ë`m§Zr ~{KVbo
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Agcoë`m, eoVrÀ`m ~m§Ymda Agcoë`m PmS>m§Mr ̀ mXr KamVrc _§S>itÀ`m _XVrZo ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
àË`oH$ PmS> bmdbobo Amho H$s Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m Ambo Amho `mMr MMm©
C{Ôï_wcm§Mr n[agamVrc PmS>m§er A{YH$ AmoiI ìhmdr d _wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>mdr.
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>
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añË`mH$S>ocm Zoh_r {XgUmar H$mhr PmS>o -
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
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Ficus benghalensis
Albizia saman
Peltophorum roxburghii
Albizia lebbeck
Ailanthus excelsa
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Delonix regia
Azadirachta indica
Ficus racemosa
Tamarindus indica
Emblica officinalis
Syzygium cumini
Mangifera indica
Ficus religiosa
Pongamia pinnata
Alstonia scholaris
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nÕVrMMm©
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u ^maVmMm ZH$mem _wcm§Zm XmIdmdm d Ë`m_Ü`o ̀ m VrZ àH$mam§Mo Hw$R>o Hw$R>o {XgVmV ho {dMmê$Z, ZH$memV XmIdm`cm gm§Jmdo.
u _hmamï´>mV H$moUË`m àH$maMo {XgVmV Vo {dMmamdo, d VoXoIrc \$ù`mda {chmdoV.
u {ejH$mZo _J _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s Oa Amnë`m _hmamï´>m_Ü`o "H$mir _mVr' gmnS>Vo, Va H$moH$U ̂ mJmV "cmc _mVr' H$er H$m` {_iVo?
u `mMo CÎma _wcm§Zm Z XoVm Amë`mg, {ejH$mZo H$mù`m Mo ê$nm§Va Om§ä`mV H$go hmoVo ho _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.
u Ooìhm H$mù`m ISH$mVrb X«mì` nXmW© {daKiyZ ISH$mMr Yyn hmoVo Voìhm "Om§^m' hm V`ma hmoVmo, Ë`mÀ`m _yiÀ`m amgm`{ZH KQ>H$m§_Ü`o ~Xb hmoVmo. hr Yyn nmÊ`mMm qH$dm dmè`mMm gVV _mam Pmë`m_wio hmoD$ eH$Vo. øm à{H«$`ocm ~amM H$mi åhUOo H$mhr bmI dfo© CcQ>mdr cmJVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u hr _m{hVr {Xë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§g_moa _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem R>odmdm d H$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr Hw$R>o {_iVo ho {dMmamdo. VgoM Ë`mMo H$maUXoIrc _wcm§ZmM {dMmamdo.
u ZH$mem XmI{dë`mda, _hmamï´>mV H$moUË`m {d{dY n[ag§ñWm / àXoe {XgVmV ho {dMmamdo, _wcm§Zm Z O_ë`mg gm§Jmdo d Vo \$ù`mda {chmdo.— g_wÐ{H$Zmam — S>m|Ja— nR>ma (S>m|Jami ̂ mJmVrc)— XoemMm àXoe (nR>ma)
u ho {c{hë`mda, àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr H$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr {XgVo ho {dMmamdo d Ë`mà_mUo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdo.— g_wÐ{H$Zmar - dmbwH$m_` H$moaS>r — H$moH$Um_Ü`o - cmc _mVr— S>m|Ja / Xoe / nR>ma - H$mir _mVr— gømÐr nd©Vmdarb A{V nmdgmÀ`m nŒXoeVrc nR>mao - cmc _mVr— gømÐrÀ`m H$S`mMm ̂ mJ - cmc _mVr
u {ejH$mZo Amnë`mM ̂ mJmV {XgUmè`m _mVrMo {d{dY àH$ma dJm©V _m§Sy>Z Ro>dmdo d _wcm§Zm XmIdyZ darb 4 àH$mam§n¡H$s `mV H$moUVo {XgV AmhoV Vo d Ë`mVrc _mVrÀ`m H$Um§Mr {d{dYVm ~Km`bm gm§Jmdo.
u `m{edm` Amnë`m ZXr{H$Zmar {_iUmar _mVr hr AË`§V Mm§Jë`m àVrMr, gwnrH$ _mVr AgVo H$maU Ë`mV Jmi gmMcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio øm _mVrcm
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CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
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® H$YrH$Yr `m _mVrMm a§J {ndiga {Xgy eH$Vmo. Ooìhm OmñV à_mUmV nmUr emofco Voìhm øm _mVr_Ü`oH$mOygmaIr PmS>o CÎm_[aË`m dmTy> eH$VmV.
® hr _mVr H$moH$UnÅ>m, gô`mÐr Am{U nR>mao Aem {R>H$mUr {XgyZ ̀ oVo.
® Ka~m§YUrgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo. — JmimMr _mVr® hr _mVr gd© ZXr{H$Zmar {XgyZ ̀ oVo.® ZXrZo àË`oH$ nwam~amo~a dmhyZ AmUbobm Jmi H$mR>mda
gmMyZ nya _¡XmZo V`ma hmoVmV, Ë`mda JmimMr _mVr V`ma Pmbobr {XgyZ ̀ oVo.
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® `mM _mVrnmgyZ {d{dY àH$maMr _mVrMr _S>H$s V`ma Ho$cr OmVmV.
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u {ejH$mZo hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdr.
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_mVrMo à_mU gmaIo AgVo.® hr _mVr {H$ZmanÅ>rOdi {XgyZ ̀ oVo.
— H$mir _mVr® øm _mVrV bmoh, A°ë`w{_{ZA_, _°½Zo{eA_ Am{U
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AgVo.® hr _mVr nmUr ghOmghOr emofyZ KoV Zmhr d Ë`m_wio
Aem _mVrda nmUr A{YH$ à_mUmV gmMy eH$Vo.® `m _mVrV "H$mnyg' ho nrH$ A{YH$ KoVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio
øm _mVrcm 'black cotton soil' åhQ>co OmVo.® _hmamï´>mV 70-80% _mVr ̀ m àH$maMr AmT>iVo>.
— cmc _mVr® øm _mVrV bmoh Am{U A°ë`w{_{ZA_ X«ì`m§Mo
Am°ŠgmB©S> OmñV AgVo. `m_wio hr _mVr cmc a§JmMr AgVo.
48 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
^yê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI
_mVr
2 Vm{gH$m
u {OWyZ AmOy~mOyÀ`m O{_ZrdaMo {d{dY KQ>H$ {Xgy eH$Vrc Aer EImXr emioOdiMr / JmdmVcr OmJm qH$dm S>m|Ja {ejH$mZo emoYyZ H$mT>mdm. CXmhaUmW© - S>m|JamMm CVma, nR>ma, O§Jc, JdVmi ^mJ, AmoT>o, EImXr ZXr, Kao, N>moQ>o Vio, g_wÐ BË`mXr. (`mn¡H$s 3-4 KQ>H$ Var {Xgco nm{hOoV Aer OmJm emoYmdr.)
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ> Am{U {ZarjU
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
24
u {ejH$mZo R>a{dcoë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r KoD$Z Omdo.u gd© _wcm§Zm EHo$ {R>H$mUr ~gm`cm cmdmdo d dhrV Ë`m{R>H$mUÀ`m {Xem
{c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmì`m. `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm doiodê$Z d gy`m©dê$Z {Xem AmoiIÊ`mg _XV H$amdr.
u {Xem {chyZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`mg_moa H$m`-H$m` {XgV Amho Vo {dMmamdo. {OWn`ªV ZOa OmV Amho, {VWo {XgUmè`m gd© Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mr ̀ mXr V`ma H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. ̀ mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o X²`mdrV.
u S>m|JaCVmamMm ^mJ Agë`mg, `mXr_Ü`o S>m|Ja, ZXr, eoVr, Kao, N>moQ>o AmoT>o, nR>ma, H$S>m, O§Jc, Y~Y~m Ago ̀ oD$ eH$Vo.
u g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mMm ^mJ Agë`mg S>m|JaCVma, {H$Zmam, g_wÐ, ZXr, ImS>r Ago ^mJ Agy eH$VmV. nR>mar ^mJ Agë`mg gnmQ> O_rZ, PwSw>no, Kao / dñVr AgoXoIrc dU©Z Agy eH$Vo.
u _wcm§Mr ̀ mXr Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Zm ̀ mXr dmMÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.u hr ̀ mXr {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {VWë`m ̂ yê$nm§Mr aMZm gm§JyZ
_m{hVr X²`mdr.u `m§ZVa {ZgJm©Mr OS>UKS>U d _mUgmMo ApñVËd `m§Mm g§~§Y H$gm Amho
`mda _wbm§er MMm© H$amdr. eoVr Hw$R>o Ho$br OmVo? _mUgmMr dñVr Hw$R>o Ho$br OmVo? Va {OWo nmUrgmR>m CnbãY Agob Aem {R>H$mUr. VgoM eoVrgmR>r _mVrMr àV _hÎdmMr. Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm AmOy~mOybm H$mhr ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_, {dH$mgH$m_o, ImUH$m_, YaUo Pmbr AmhoV H$m? Ë`m_wio ^yê$no ~Xbbr AmhoV H$m? Ago àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbm§er MMm© H$amdr.
u {XgUmè`m Ñí`mMo {MÌ qH$dm dU©Z _wcm§Zm {VWoM ~gyZ H$am`cm gm§Jmdo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm AmOy~mOyÀ`m ^yê$nm§Mr AmoiI hmoUo.
AmoT>m d H$mR>mMo O§Jb EH$gwar bmJdS>
PwSw>nr O§Jb
Vio
eoVr
ZXr
nwamUd¥j
JdVmi àXoe
dñVr
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
49 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
n[ag§ñWoVrc nañnamdc§~Z
n[ag§ñWm
1 Vm{gH$m
hdm - PmS>o; _mVr - PmS>o; nmUr - PmS>o; _mVr -nmUr; nmUr - àmUr Aem OmoS²`m {b{hboë`m {MÇ`m ²~Zdmì`mV. dJm©V OodTr _wco AgVrb Ë`mÀ`m {Zåå`m g§»`oBVŠ`m {MÇ`m V`ma H$amì`mV. EH$ ²OmoSr Agcoë`m AZoH$ {MÇ`m MmbVrb.²
C{Ôïn[agamVrc KQ>H$m§Mm EH$_oH$m§er Agcocm g§~§Y _wcm§Zm H$imdm.
nÕVrMMm©, g§dmXcoIZ, ^y{_H$mXe©Z
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
25
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "n[agamVrc KQ>H$m§er AmoiI' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.
u Ë`m CnH«$_mV V`ma Ho$coë`m gOrd-{ZOud KQ>H$m§À`m `mXrMr COiUr H$amdr d EH$sH$S>o Vr ̀ mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr.
u V`ma Ho$coë`m `mXr_Yë`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o H$mhr g§~§Y Amho H$m, Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d nwT>rb OmoS²>çm \$ù`mda {chmì`mV.— CXmhaUmW© - hdm - PmS>o
_mVr - PmS>onmUr - PmS>o_mVr - nmUrnmUr - àmUr BË`mXr
u darc OmoS>çm§_Ycm EH$ Oar KQ>H$ Zgcm Va H$mhr \$aH$ nS>oc H$m? Ago `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u hr MMm© H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo Imcrcà_mUo _wX²X`m§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm.CXmhaUmW© - _mVr - PmS>o : {ZgJm©_Ü`o ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$ Oar KQ>H$ Zgcm Var Xwgam KQ>H$ amhÿ eH$Uma Zmhr. PmS>m§Zm Ë`m§Mo nmofU _mVrVyZ {_iVo d _mVrcm VoM nmofU {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r PmS>mÀ`m Jicoë`m nmZm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Ooìhm hr nmZo O{_Zr_Ü`o Hw$OVmV, Voìhm ̀ m nmZm§_Yco ZÌ, \$m°ñ\$moag BË`mXr KQ>H$ _mVr_Ü`o nwÝhm {_giVmV. ̀ m_wio _mVrVbr H$_r Pmcobr AÞÐì`o nwÝhm ̂ ê$Z {ZKVmV.
u _mVr - àmUr : _mVr_Ü`o Agcoco g|{Ð` KQ>H$ ho _mVrVë`m Jm§Sy>i, _w§½`m `m àmÊ`m§Mo VgoM gyú_Ordm§Mo AÞ AgVo. ho ImÚ Imëë`mda ømM àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m _mVrMm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mg / {Q>H$dÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. Jicocr nmZo, H$ù`m, \$io, _moR>çm àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m `m gd© Jmoï>r ho gyú_Ord ImVmV d Ë`mVco ZÌ, H$~©, \$m°ñ\$moag, qPH$ ho KQ>H$ _mVrV {_gim`cm _XV H$aVmV.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Mo XmoZ-XmoZ Mo JQ> H$ê$Z EHo$H$m JQ>mbm {MÇr CMbÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. Pmcoë`m MM}À`m AmYmao, JQ>mbm {_imcoë`m OmoSrVrb KQ>H$m§Mm nañnag§~§Y "g§dmX' ñdê$nmV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.
u H$mhr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mo g§dmX dJm©g_moa gmXa H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `m_Ü`o Amnmnë`m ̂ y{_Ho$V OmD$Z _wcm§Zm ~mocÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
CnH«$_mMm _[hZmAm°ŠQ>mo~a
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
50 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
AÞOmù`mVrc Jw§VmJw§V
n[ag§ñWm
2 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo AÞgmIir-AÞOmio ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r KQ>H$m§Mr ̀ mXr ~ZdyZ R>odmdr. ̀ mgmR>r nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "AÞgmIir d AÞOmio' ̀ m CnH«$_mVrc {Xcoco KQ>H$ ¿`mdoV d ̀ mì`{V[aº$ nmÊ`mVë`mhr gOrdm§Mr Zmdo {chmdrV CXmhaUmW© - _mgm, Oocr{\$e, ñQ>ma{\$e, VgoM nmÊ`mVco gyú_Ord Am{U _mVr_Yco gyú_Ord ̀ m§MmXoIrc g_mdoe Agmdm. (PmS>r, \w$co, njr `m§Mr {d{eï> Zmdo, gy`©, \w$cnmIao, nV§J, H$sQ>H$, àmUr, IoH$S>m, _mgm, e¡dmc, H$dH$, ~waer, OrdmUy BË`mXr. Zmdo {chmdrV.)
u hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mgmR>r {ZXmZ 15 AÞgmIù`m hmoD$ eH$Vrc BVHo$ KQ>H$ \$ù`mdarb `mXrV AgmdoV.
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb "Jmoï dmK AZ² _Y_merMr' hm boI dmMmdm.
C{Ôï
nÕVrJQ>-AÜ``Z, H¥$Vr, MMm©
4 Vo 5 _moR>o MmQ>© nona, noZ, a§JrV nopÝgc , dhrrgm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
26
u {ejH$mZo "AÞgmIir d AÞOmio' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u
u `m CnH«$_mVrc KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdrV d \$ù`mda `mXr H$amdr. AmVm _wcm§Zm g_wÐmVrc Ordm§Mr Zmdo {dMmê$Z Vrhr `mXrV {chmdrV. `mì`{V[aº$ {ejH$mZo ñdV: ~Z{dcoë`m `mXrVrc Zmdohr {chmdrV.
u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo 4 Vo 5 JQ> H$amdoV d Ë`m§Zm MmQ>© nona ÚmdoV. _wcm§Zm EH$Ì JQ>mV ~gyZ, H$mJXmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr "gy`©' {chÿZ Ë`mÀ`m AmOy~mOybm JmobmH$ma nÕVrZo \$ù`mdarb gd© KQ>H$ {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. gy`m©nmgyZ AÞgmIirMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mV gm§Jmdr. \$ù`mda {b{hcoco gd© KQ>H$ dmnê$Z N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm AÞgmIù`m H$mJXmda ~mUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo OmoSy>Z H$mT>mì`mV VgoM EH$ KQ>H$ _wco EH$mnojm OmñV doim {chÿ eH$VmV Ago gm§Jmdo, Ogo 3 dmK, 4 Jê$S> Aem àH$mao. AÞgmIù`m OmoS>VmZm a§JrV nopÝgbMm dmna H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo H$m_ Mmcy AgVmZm XoIaoI H$amdr d gm§Jmdo H$s EH$m àmÊ`mMo ImÚ AZoH$ àH$maMo N>moQ>o àmUr Agy eH$VmV Ogo H$moëhm gaS>çmbm ImVmo, nú`mcm ImVmo Am{U gí`mcmhr ImVmo. Aem àH$mao {dMma H$ê$Z AÞgmIù`m EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>mì`mV. gmo~V {Xboë`m AmH¥$Vrà_mUo AÞOmio V`ma hmoV Amho ho {ejH$mZo nmhmdo.
AÞOmio nm{hbo H$s Amnë`mbm {ZgJm©Vrb nañnamdb§~Z g_OVo. AÞOmio ho gJirH$So>, gJù`m àH$maÀ`m hdm_mZmV AJXr A{VCîU Agboë`m dmid§Q>r ^mJmVhr VgoM g_wÐm_Ü`oXoIrb AgVo ho _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
AÞOmù`m_Ü`o AgUmar Jw§VmJw§V d àË`oH$ KQ>H$mMo {ZgJm©Vco H$m`© _wcm§Zm H$imdo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~aCnH«$_mMm _[hZm
gy`©
nmZ
JdV
e¡dmb\y$bJdV
N>moQ>m _mgm
emH©$
gy`©njr
H$moH$sim~waer
Airnjr
H$moëhm
ZmH$VmoS>m
N>moQ>m njr
gmn
~oSy>H$Jê$S>
h[aU
amZHw$Ìm
Ima Jê$S>
_mH$S>
\$io
{~~Q`m{JYmS>
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
51 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u Aem àH$mao _wcm§Zr MmQ>© nonada gd© KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§er OmoSy>Z Pmë`mda "AZoH$ AÞgmIù`m {_iyZ ho AÞOmio H$go V`ma Pmco' `mda _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr. Omù`mVrb Jw§VmJw§VrH$S>o _wcm§Zm ~Km`cm gm§Jmdo.
u `m_Ü`o {ejH$mZo EH$sH$S>o ho gm§Jmdo H$s EImÚm àmÊ`mMo "^ú`-àmUr' {ZgJm©V g§»`oZo Iyn AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ̂ jH$ àmÊ`mMr g§»`m H$_r Pmcr Va Ë`mÀ`m ̂ ú` àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m AmnmoAmn dmT>Vo Am{U Am»Ir gmIir {dñH$irV hmoVo. åhUOoM, CXmhaUmW© - Oa dmKm§Mr g§»`m H$_r Pmcr Va haUo Iyn dmT>Vrc, JdV H$_r hmoB©c Am{U eoVrMohr ZwH$gmZ hmoB©c åhUOoM _mUgmMo ImÚ (eoVr-YmÝ`) H$_r hmoB©c. Ë`m_wio dmKmcm dmMdUo Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho Am{U dmK dmMdm`Mm Agoc Va dmKmMo Ka åhUOo O§Jc dmMdUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. Aem àH$mao CXmhaU gmono H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u
u `mMà_mUo _Y_mí`m H$_r Pmë`m Va H$m` hmoB©b Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr CËVao Amë`mda, {ejH$mZo nwTrc _wX²X`m§da _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr - _Y_mí`m H$_r Pmë`m Va {ZgJm©Vrb namJr^dZmÀ`m H$m`m©da H$gm {dnarV nraUm_ hmoB©b, Ë`m_wio eoVrMo H$go ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b, eoVr CËnÞ H$go H$_r hmoB©b BË`mXr.
u n[agamMm àË`oH$ KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgyZ Vmo `mo½` à_mUmV n[ag§ñWoV AgUo JaOoMo Amho d `m gd© n[ag§ñWm / AÞOmio {Q>H$co VaM _mUyg AmZ§XmZo OJy eH$Vmo ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
dmKm§Mr g§»`m H$em_wio H$_r hmoV Amho? _mUgmZo Ë`mMr {eH$ma H$aUo ̀ mo½` Amho H$m? ho _wbm§Zm {dMmamdo.
52 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
AmT>mdm 1
H¥ŸVr
27
1 Vm{gH$m
u Imcr {Xcoë`m àíZm§_YyZ d AmYr Pmcoë`m CnH«$_m§À`m AmYmao ñdV: H$mhr àíZ V`ma H$ê$Z, àíZm§Mr ̀ mXr àíZ_§OwfogmR>r V`ma R>odmdr.
u {ejH$mZo {Zå_m doi _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m àíZ_§OwfogmR>r X²`mdm. ̀ m_Ü`o _wcm§Zr {H$Vr àíZ H$mT>bo ho _hËËdmMo ZgyZ nŒ{HŒ$`m d _wcm§Mm gh^mJ _hËËdmMm Amho.
u AmT>mdm H¥$VrV _wbm§Zr AZwnpñWV amhÿ Z`o `mMr {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zr AmYr Ho$coë`m CnH«$_m§Mr COiUr H$aUo.
nÕVràíZ_§Oyfm
noZ, dhr
gm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
CnH«$_mMm H$mbmdYru {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoco àíZ, àíZ_§OwfoÀ`m ñdê$nmV KoUo Ano{jV Amho.u {ejH$mZo 6 Vo 7 _wcm§Mm EH$ JQ> Ago dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JQ>mà_mUo ~gyZ ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdo d àË`oH$ JQ>mMo EH$ Zmd
R>adÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. `mgmR>r {ZgJm©Vrc KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo XoVm `oVrc CXmhaUmW© - "H$m§MZ', "nig', "Am§~m', "Om§^yi', "h[aU', "dmK', "Jdm' BË`mXr.
u àíZ_§OwfoH$aVm Amdí`H$ Vo {Z`_ {ejH$mZo R>admdo.u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda JwU {c{hÊ`mgmR>r JQ>m§À`m Zmdmà_mUo Vº$m ~Zdmdm.
"MyH$ H$s ~amo~a', "[aH$må`m OmJm ̂ am', EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao X²`m' - Aem àíZm§Zm 1 JwU Am{U "dU©Z H$am' nÕVrÀ`m àíZm§Zm 2 JwU X²`mdoV.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV. -— AmnU nmD$g H$moUË`m CnH$aUmZo _moOVmo?— AmnU O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$emZo _moOVmo? Ë`mMo EH$H$> H$m`?— H$emMo Vmn_mZ OmñV AgVo? CKS>çm _mVrMo H$s AmÀN>mXZ Agcoë`m
_mVrMo? {H$Vr \$aH$ AgVmo ? H$m ?— eoVmV nrH$ bmdÊ`mAmYr, eoVH$ar H$m` H$aVmo?— nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m ^aVmZm, H$moUË`m _{hÝ`m_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV
nmD$g nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ Amco?— ZXrÀ`m ghcrÀ`m doiocm {Xgcoë`m H$moUË`mhr nmM PmS>m§Mr Zmdo
gm§Jm.— ZXrÀ`m ghcrÀ`m doiocm {Xgcoë`m H$moUË`mhr nmM nú`m§Mr Zmdo
gm§Jm.— eoVr H$aVmZm AmnU H$moUH$moUVr AdOmao dmnaVmo? Ë`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— ZXrVë`m / AmoT>çmVë`m nmÊ`m_Ü`o Am°pŠgOZ H$gm {_giVmo?— ZXr_Ü`o _mgo gmnS>Uo Mm§Jco H$s dmB©Q>?— PmS> _mVrcm H$m` H$m` XoVo? H$moUË`mhr VrZ Jmoï>r gm§Jm.— _mVr PmS>mcm H$m` H$m` XoVo? H$moUË`mhr VrZ Jmoï>r gm§Jm.— _hmamï´>m_Ü`o gJù`mV OmñV nmD$g Hw$R>o nS>Vmo?- n{íM_ _hmamï´>,
_Ü` _hmamï´> H$s nyd© _hmamï´>— S>m|Jam§À`m am§Jm§_wio nmdgmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?— nmdgmMo nmUr Hw$R>o Hw$R>o gmR>Vo?— dmKmMo ̂ ú` àmUr H$moUH$moUVo? Mma Zmdo gm§Jm.— ~oSy>H$ ̀ m àmÊ`mMo ̂ ú` H$m`?— ^maVmVrb hdm_mZmMo àH$ma gm§Jm.— gmYo nmZ åhUOo H$moUVo d g§`wº$ nmZ åhUOo H$moUVo, ho \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z
XmIdm.— ~m^yi PmS>mMo dU©Z H$am. (VrZ - Mma dmŠ`o)
Zmoìh|~aCnH«$_mgmR>r doi
53 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
\$iPmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.PmS>m§Mo nmM Cn`moJ gm§Jm.JdVmMo {d{dY Cn`moJ gm§Jm.
— ~oSy>H$ \$º$ O{_ZrdaM amhVmo. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?— "A{Ydmg' åhUOo H$m`?— Kw~S> ho PmS>mÀ`m T>mocr_Ü`o amhVmV. Ë`m_wio "PmS>' ho
Kw~S>mMm A{Ydmg Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?— H$moUVohr VrZ àmUr Am{U Ë`m§Mo A{Ydmg gm§Jm.
Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmOdi JdVmi ^mJ {XgVmV H$m? Ë`m ̂ mJmMo gm§Jm.AmnU _mVrMo {H$Vr àH$ma ~{KVco?Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmOdi _mVrMo {H$Vr àH$ma {_iVmV?
u `m§ZVa {ejH$mZo _wbm§ZmM JQ>m-JQ>mV àíZ H$mT>Ê`mg d EHo$H$m JQ>mZo nwT>o ̀ oD$Z àíZ_§Oyfm KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
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—
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emioOdi qH$dm añË`mH$S>oZo Vwåhmcm {Xgcoë`m VrZ — ZmH$VmoS>m, gaS>m, H$moir, _Y_mer `mn¡H$s H$m` doJio Amho Vo gm§Jm.
— Jm§Sy>i hm ganQ>Umam àmUr Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.— H$mgd hm ganQ>Umam àmUr Zmhr. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.— PmS>m§Zm AmnU PmS>o H$Yr åhUVmo?— nmM Xoer) PmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— emioÀ`m AmdmamV nmdgmù`mV CJdUmè`m dZñnVtMr
Zmdo gm§Jm._mVr_Ü`o Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ gmnS>VmV?^ú` åhUOo H$moU?^jH$ åhUOo H$moU?gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm."^wê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI' _Ü`o AmnU H$m` {eH$cmo?Amnë`m JmdmMr "Vm|S>AmoiI' Vwåhr H$er H$ê$Z X²`mc? H$moUH$moUVo ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ KQ>H$ {XgVmV?emioOdi Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUË`m dZñnVr qH$dm PmS>o {XgVmV?
AñWm{ZH$ñWm{ZH$ (
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
54 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
eoVrVrc O¡d{d{dYVm
eoVr
2 Vm{gH$m
u `m CnH«$_mgmR>r eoVm_Ü`o joÌ^oQ> H$am`Mr Agë`mZo {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m OdiÀ`m eoVH$è`mMr nadmZJr KoD$Z R> odmdr d ^oQ>rXaå`mZ eoVH$è`mg CnpñWV amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u eŠ`Vmoda _moRo> joÌ\$i Agbobo eoV {ZdS>mdo. `m_wio _wcm§Mo JQ>mVrb H$m_ doJdoJi`m {R>H$mUr hmoD$ eHo$b.
u eoVmVrc O¡d{d{dYVm _wcm§Zm ì`dpñWV {XgÊ`mgmR>r `m CnH«$_mMr doi eŠ`Vmo gH$mir 10 À`m AmYrMr Ro>dmdr.
u dZñnVr, njr, \w$cnmIao `m§
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.
embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg gmo~V R>odmdrV.
C{Ôï
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, {ZarjU, coIZ
dhr, noZ, Xw~uU (CncãY Agë`mg)
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
28
u {ejH$mZo dJm©V _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d joÌ^oQ>rXaå`mZ njr, \w$cnmIao, H$sQ>H$, àmUr, PmS>r BË`mXr nhm`Mo Amho d hr {ZarjUo dhrV {chm`Mr AmhoV ho gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm JQ>m-JQ>mZoM eoVmÀ`m doJdoJù`m ^mJmV OmD$Z {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMm njr, PmS>o BË`mXr Z H$ië`mg eoVH$è`mcm qH$dm {ejH$mcm {dMmamdo Aer gyMZm XoÊ`mV ̀ mdr.
u ~{KVcoë`m nú`mMo Zmd _m{hVr Zgë`mg, Ë`mMo dU©Z åhUOoM - a§J, gmYmaU AmH$ma d Vmo njr H$m` H$aV hmoVm ho gd© _wX²Xo dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ R>odÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u nú`m§à_mUoM H$sQ>H$m§MoXoIrb {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. EImXm H$sQ>H$ Hw$R>ë`m a§JmMm Amho , AmH$ma Ho$dT>m Amho , H$m` ImVmo Amho ̀ m~amo~arZoM Ë`mMr gmYmaU g§»`m {H$Vr Amho `mMm A§XmO KoD$Z {ZarjUo {chm`bm gm§JmdrV.
u _wcm§Zm {ZarjUmgmR>r 20 - 25 {_{ZQ>o XoÊ`mV ̀ mdr.u _wcm§Mo {ZarjU Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zm eoVmV eoVH$è`mg_moa {ZarjU Ho$coë`m
gd© àmÊ`m§Mo-nú`m§Mo dU©Z / Zmdo gm§Jm`cm cmdmdrV. eoVmÀ`m ~m§Ymda bmdë`m OmUmè`m dZñnVt{df`r MMm© H$amdr.
u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s ̀ m_Yco H$moUVo àmUr,
`m~m~V
eoVH$è`mg ñWm{ZH$ àmUr - nú`m§Mr Zmdo dmnê$Z hr _m{hVr XoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `m MM}Vrc _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
njr, H$sQ>H$ eoVrbm, {nH$m§Zm _XV H$aV AmhoV? H$go? {H§$dm H$moUVo àmUr, njr,
H$sQ>H$ {nH$m§Zm Anm` H$aV AmhoV? ̀ mH$aVm H$m` H$aVm ̀ oB©b?
eoVmVrc O¡d{d{dYVoMo{ZarjU d àË`oH$ KQ>H$mMm eoVrgmR>r Agcocm Cn`moJ _wcm§Zm H$iUo.
Zmoìh|~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
55 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
g|{Ð` eoVrbm ^oQ>
eoVr
2 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, _wbmIV Am{U boIZ
noZ, dhr
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
29
u {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm eoVH$è`mbm {dMmam`À`m àíZm§Mr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo, _wbmImVrÀ`m doir Hw$R>bo àíZ H$moUr {dMmam`Mo Vo R>adyZ X²`mdo d R>a{dboë`m eoVmV _wbm§Zm KoD$Z Omdo.
u {ejH$mZo eoVH$è`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr. _wbm§À`m àíZm§Zr eoVH$è`mÀ`m _wbmImVrg gwédmV H$amdr. `m_Ü`o {ejH$mZohr àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbmImVrXaå`mZ gd© _wX²X`m§Mr _m{hVr {_iob Ago ~Kmdo. _m{hVr XoV AgVmZm eoVrVrb {d{dY à{H«$`m _wbm§Zm XmIdÊ`m~m~V eoVH$è`mg gm§Jmdo.
u eoVH$ar _m{hVr XoV AgVmZm Oa H$mhr àíZ _wbm§Zm gwMbo Va Vohr Ë`m§Zr dhr_Ü`o {bhÿZ Z§Va eoVH$è`mg {dMmamdo Ago gm§Jmdo.
u _wbmIV Pmë`mda, eoVH$è`mZo {Xbobr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm {bhm`bm gm§Jmdr.
u g|{Ð` eoVr, Z¡g{J©H$ n[ag§ñWm§Zm H$_r YmoH$m H$gm nmoh MdVo Vo dJm©V gm§Jmdo.
mo {ejH$mZo
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u {ejH$mZo JmdmVrb g|{Ð` eoVr H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mMr _m{hVr {_idyZ Ë`mÀ`mer g§nH©$ gmYmdm d CnH«$_m{df`r _m{hVr XoD$Z joÌ^oQ>rMr doi R>admdr.
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.
u {ejH$mZo eoVH$è`mbm H$ënZm XoD$Z R>odmdr H$s _wbm§Zm H$moUH$moUË`m _wX²X`m§~Ôb _m{hVr gm§JUo Ano{jV Amho. ho _wX²Xo Imbrbà_mUo Agy eH$VmV. `m_Ü`o g|{Ð` eoVrÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eï²>`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. — eoVH$è`mMo Zmd, {H$Vr df© g|{Ð` eoVr H$aV
Amho ?— g|{Ð` eoVr åhUOo H$m` ?— AmYrnmgyZ g|{Ð` eoVr H$aVm H$m?— H$moUVr {nHo$ KoVmV ?— eoVr H$aVmZm H$m` H$m` H$aVmV? — gmYmaU CËnÞ {H$Vr ̀ oVo?
{S>g|~a
— CËnmXZ {dH$Vm H$m ?— IVo / H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ / {~`mUo {dH$V ¿`m`Mm IM© dmMVmo H$m ?— g|{Ð` {nH$mda H$sS> Amë`mg H$m` H$aVm? VU Ambo Va H$m` H$aVm? — AÞmÀ`m MdrV / JwUdÎmoV \$aH$ AgVmo H$m?
C{Ôï_wbm§Zm g|{Ð` eoVr_Yrb {d{dY à{H«$`m§Mr _m{hVr hmoUo.
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
56 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
g|{Ð` eoVr Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVr `m§Mr VwcZm
eoVr
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo "g|{Ð`' eoVr~Ôc OmñVrV OmñV _m{hVr {_idyZ Vr g_OyZ ¿`mdr.
u `mgmR>r AmgnmgÀ`m eoVH$è`merXoIrc MMm© H$aVm ̀ oB©c.
u `m CnHŒ$_mV `oUmao ZdrZ d AdKS> eãX {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gmono H$ê$Z gm§JmdoV.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm g|{Ð` Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVrg§~§{YV _m{hVr XoUo d `mVrb VwcZm XmI{dUo.
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
30
u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "g|{Ð`' Ago {chmdo d Ë`m eãXmMm AW© _wcm§Zm {dMmamdm. "eoVr H$aVmZm Ooìhm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr agm`Zo dmnacr OmV ZmhrV Ë`mcm g|{Ð` eoVr åhUVmV. ̀ m àH$maÀ`m nÕVr_wio O{_ZrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr' ho gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s Amnë`m JmdmV H$moUË`m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$cr OmVo? amgm`{ZH$ H$s g|{Ð`? AmÎmmn`ªV Vwåhr {OVŠ`m doiocm eoVH$è`mbm ^oQ>co AmhmV, Ë`m_Ü`o H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m eoVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMr _m{hVr {_imcr Amho? g|{Ð` eoVrV H$m` H$m` H$aVmV?
u `mMr CÎmao _wco XoV AgVmZm, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "g|{Ð` eoVr' `m erf©H$mÀ`m Imcr {chmdr. Ë`m_Ü`o gmYmaU nwT>rb CÎmao Agy eH$VmV - A_¥VnmUr, H$mo§~S>rIV, eoU BË`mXr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm `m gmoß`m Zmdm§H$Sy>Z nwT>rb g§km§H$So> Ý`mdo d Ë`m§Mo AW© ñnîQ> H$amdo.
g|{Ð` eoVr :
— A_¥VnmUr O¡{dH$ {_lUmMm, O¡{dH$ IVmMm dmna— H$mo§~S>rIV — doJdoJir {nHo$ KoUo — eoU — O¡{dH$ nÕVrZo H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ
u ho gd© _wX²Xo {c{hë`mda, {ejH$mZo àË`oH$ _wX²X`mda MMm© H$amdr (`mgmR>r nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr ~Kmdr) d Ë`mMr CXmhaUoXoIrc _wcm§Zm {dMmamdrV.
u hr _m{hVr XoVmZm {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdo.u `mZ§Va amgm`{ZH$ eoVr åhUOo H$m`? d Ë`mV H$moUH$moUVr agm`Zo dmnacr
OmVmV ̀ mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {dMmamdr.u _wcm§Mr CÎmao XoD$Z Pmcr, qH$dm _wcm§Zm CÎmao XoVm Amcr Zmhr Va,
{ejH$mZo CÎmao \$ù`mda {chmdrV - "amgm`{ZH$ eoVr åhUOo O{_ZrMr / _mVrMr àV Z dmT>dVm ~møñdê$nm_Ü`o {nH$m§Zm agm`Z nwadyZ Ë`mMo CËnmXZ dmT>dUo. `m_Ü`o gVV agm`Zm§Mm ^{S>_ma Ho$ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr àV ImcmdVo. _mVr_Ü`o AgUmao gyú_Ord Zï> hmoVmV, Ë`m_wio _mVrMr _yiMr CËnmXZmMr j_Vm H$_r hmoVo.'
u {ejH$mZo ho _wX²Xo EH$sH$S>o \$ù`mda {chmdoV d `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm `m XmoZ nÕVtMr VwcZm H$aUmam EH$ Vº$m dhrV ~Zdm`cm gm§Jmdm.
_wcm§Zm g|{Ð` eoVr_Ü`o H$m` H$m` nm{hbo Ago {dMmamdo.
—
{S>g|~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
57 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u _wcm§Mm Vº$m ~ZdyZ Pmë`mda, _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmaV {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda gd© _wX²X`m§§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z EH${ÌV Vº$m ~Zdmdm, d _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s "n[ag§ñWm {OVH$s _O~yV {VVHo$ eoVrcm ZwH$gmZ H$_r'. _J `mVrc H$moUVr nÕVr eoVrgmR>r, {nH$m§gmR>r Am{U Amnë`m Amamo½`mgmR>r Mm§Jcr Amho?
g|{Ð` eoVr amgm`{ZH$ eoVr
g|{Ð` eoVr_Ü`o g|{Ð` KQ>H$ åhUOoM eoU, àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m, dZñnVr BË`mXr H§$nmoñQ> åhUyZ dmnaco OmVmV.
`m nÕVrV KoVcocr {nHo$ Amamo½`mcm Mm§Jcr AgVmV.
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo àXyfU hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aV Zmhr.
O{_Zr_Yë`m Mm§Jë`m gyú_Ordm§Zm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMm nmoV dmT>{dÊ`mg _XVM hmoVo.
øm eoVr_Ü`o O{_ZrÀ`m n[ag§ñWocm Y¸$m cmJV Zmhr.
amgm`{ZH$ eoVr_Ü`o O{_ZrV qH$dm {nH$m§da agm`ZmMr \$dmaUr H$aÊ`mV `oVo. CXmhaUmW© - `w[a`m, Wm`_oQ> BË`mXr.
`m nÕVrV KoVcocr {nHo$ Amamo½`mcm hmZrH$maH$ R>ê$eH$VmV.
_mVr d nmUr `m§Mo àXyfU hmoVo.
agm`Zo dmnaë`m_wio _mVr_Yë`m gyú_Ordm§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo d CnÐdr H$sQ>H$m§~amo~a Mm§Jë`m H$sQ>H$m§Mmhr Zme hmoVmo.
agm`Zo dmnaUo O{_ZrÀ`mn[ag§ñWocm nyaH$ ZgVo.
g|{Ð` eoVr
u O¡{dH$ {_lU / O¡{dH$ IV : åhUOoM Amnë`m KamV AgUmè`m nmird àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m, VgoM Amnco Cacoco AÞ, ^mOrnmbm qH$dm {dKQ>Z hmoUmao H$moUVohr nXmW© EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Oa _mVr_Ü`o nwaco Va 20-30 {XdgmZ§Va Ë`mMo IV V`ma hmoVo d ho IV _mVrMr àV dmT>{dÊ`mg AË`§V Cn`moJr R>aVo. O¡{dH$ nXmWm©Mo {dKQ>Z Pmë`m_wio H$~©, \$m°ñ\$ag, H°$pëe`_ BË`mXr `m§Mo à_mU _mVrV Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
u doJdoJir {nHo$ KoUo : R>am{dH$ O{_Zrda Oa EH$mM àH$maMr {nHo$ dfm©Zwdf} KoV am{hco Va H$mcm§VamZo Ë`m O{_ZrMr àVhr ImcmdVo. `m_wio CËnmXZmV \$aH$ nS>Vmo d Vo H$_r hmoVo. CXmhaUmW© - gcJ 5 Vo 7 df© \$º$ "D$gM' KoVcm Va O{_ZrMo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ H$_r hmoD$Z {VMr àV ImcmdVo. Ë`m_wio g|{Ð` eoVr nÕVrV {d{dY nŒH$maMr nrHo$ KoVbr OmVmV d _mVrMr àV amIbr OmVo.
u O¡{dH$ nÕVrZo H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ : agm`Zm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Oa H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ Ho$co, Va dmB©Q> H$sQ>H$m§~amo~a Mm§Jë`m Am{U eoVmV JaOoÀ`m AgUmè`m H$sQ>H$m§MmXoIrc Zme hmoVmo. Oa Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ dmnê$Z {Z`moOZ Ho$co, Va H$moUmcmM Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. CXmhaUmW© - agm`Zo dmnaÊ`mnojm H$Sw>qZ~mMm nmcm / Ywar qH$dm Jmo_yÌ Ago Z¡g{J©H$ nÕV dmnacr Va {nH$mgmR>r Zìho Va _mVrgmR>rXoIrc Vo Mm§Jco AgVo.
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr
58 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
newnmcZ
eoVr
2 Vm{gH$m
{ejH$mZo newnmcZm{df`r nwpñVHo$gmo~V gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.
{Xcoë`m
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm newnmcZmMm B{Vhmg,gX²`pñWVr Am{U newnmcZmMm n[ag§ñWm§er, AW©emñÌmer Agcocm g§~§Y H$iUo.
nÕVrMMm©, coIZ
dhr, noZ, OJmMm ZH$mem
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
31
u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "newnmcZ' Ago {chmdo d _wcm§Zm ̀ m eãXmer {ZJS>rV AgUmar gd© _m{hVr {dMmamdr.— H$moUH$moUË`m àmÊ`m§Zm _mUgmZo nmico Amho? d Ë`mMr H$maUo H$m`?
u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Imcrcà_mUo Vº$m H$amdm d _wcm§Zm nwT>o ̀ oD$Z Ë`mV _m{hVr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
u H$maUo {c{hVmZm {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.u CXmhaUmXmIc Vº$m -
u AmnU nmicoë`m àmÊ`m§gmaIo {XgUmao H$mhr O§Jcr àmUr AmhoV H$m? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. amZHw$Ìo, amZ_m§Oa, Jdm Aer CÎmao H$mhr _wco XoVrc. _wcm§Zm Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo ho gm§Jmdo. ̀ mdê$Z nmird àmUr ho _yi O§Jcr àmÊ`m§nmgyZM V`ma Pmco AmhoV Ago g_OVo ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u hr MMm© Pmë`mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm newnmcZmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr Jmoï gm§Jmdr, nwT>rb _wX²Xo dmnê$Z Jmoï V`ma H$amdr. _hÎdmMo _wÔo \$ù`mda {chmdoV.— \$ma nydu ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm hmVmiUoM _mUgmcm AdKS> hmoVo. ho H$mcm§VamZo
eŠ` Pmco.
{S>go§~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
Jm`
~¡c
åh¡g
eoir / ~H$ar
_|T>r
Sw>¸$a
Hw$Ìm
H$m|~S>r
hÎmr
nmird àmUr
KmoS>o
C§Q>
`mH$
XyY, eoU, Jmo_yÌ `mgmR>rIV, B§YZ,
eoVr, dmhVyH$ `mgmR>r
XyY, eoU `mgmR>r
c|S>çm, XyY, _m§g `mgmR>rIV,
cmoH$a, _m§g `mgmR>r
_m§g, Ma~r `mgmR>r
g§ajU, `mgmR>r{eH$ma, {Xem emoYUo
A§S>r, _m§g `mgmR>r
OS> dñVy, nS>cocr PmS>o, Am|S>Ho$CMcÊ`mgmR>r; `wÕ, dmhVyH$$`mgmR>r$
aW, `wÕ, Zm§JaUo (BVa XoemV) `mgmR>r
dmhVyH$, YmdÊ`mMr ñnYm©,
dmhVyH$, `mgmR>r`wÕ, XyY
bmoH$a, XyY `mgmR>r
àmUr nmiÊ`mMr H$maUo
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
59 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Amho.— 8000 eoir-_|T>r nmcZ Mmcy Pmco.— {¼ñVnyd© 5000 dfmªnydu newnmcZmcm Omoa Amcm.
Am{e`m I§S>m_Ü`o gdm©V A{YH$ à_mUmV ho {Xgy cmJco hmoVo. (ho gm§JVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mr nyd© {¼ñV / {¼ñV _¥Ë`y ̀ mMr COiUr ¿`mdr.)
— {¼ñVnyd© 4000 dfmªnydu KmoS>çm§Mm dmna `wÕmgmR>r Am{U dmhVyH$ gJù`mV OmñV hmoD$ cmJcm.
— O_©Zr_Ü`o Va `wÕmgmR>r hÎmr, dmK Am{U qgh `m àmÊ`m§MmXoIrc dmna Ho$cm Jocm hmoVm. (ho gm§{JVë`mda _wcm§Zm OJmÀ`m ZH$memV "O_©Zr' emoYÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.)
— newnmcZ gmYmaU 10,000 dfmªnydunmgyZ Mmcy Pmco
{¼ñVnyd© dfmªnydu
60 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
— _mUgm§Zr àmUr nmim`cm gwédmV H$aÊ`mAmYrM, O§Jcm_Yco H$mhr àmUr CXmhaUmW© - amZHw$Ìr, amZ_m§Oa, amZSw>¸$a BË`mXr _mUgm§À`m dñVrÀ`m Amgnmg `oD$Z amhÿ cmJco. Ë`mZ§Va ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm nmico Joco.
— newnmcZ d eoVr Mmcy Pmë`m_wioM ^Q>Š`m O_mVrVcm _mUyg pñWa Pmcm d Ë`m_wio "dñVr'Mr g§H$ënZm Amcr.
— newnmcZ AZoH$ Jmoï>tgmR>r Ho$co OmV Ago - _m§g, eoVrMr H$m_o, dmhVyH$, XyY, cmoH$a BË`mXr.
— AmVmhr H$mhr g_mO eoVr Z H$aVm \$ŠV newnmcZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. CXmhaUmW© - _hmamîQ—>mVrb YZJa, {h_mb`mVrb JwOa.
u {ejH$mZo hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
\$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>rcm ^oQ>
n[ag§ñWm
2 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, _wcmIV Am{U MMm©
dhr, noZ, Xw~uU (CncãY Agë`mg)
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u {ejH$mZo emioOdiMr EImXr \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r emoYyZ {VWë`m _mbH$mMr nadmZJr KoD$Z Ro>dmdr.
u \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r_Ü`o OmÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo gH$miMr doi R>admdr åhUOo {VWco njr d àmUr _wcm§Zm {Xgy eH$Vrc.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
32
u _wcm§Zm J¥hnmR> åhUyZ V`ma H$amd`mg gm§{JVcocr àíZmdcr {ejH$mZo ~Kmdr. Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr _wÔo am{hco Agë`mg {ejH$mZo Vo gm§JmdoV d _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u ho àíZ Imcrcà_mUo Agy eH$VmV -— ~mJoMr / dmS>rMr OmJm {H$Vr Amho ( J§wRo> / EH$a )?— n{hbr bmJdS> H$Yr Pmbr? — BWo nydu H$m` hmoVo (Hw$R>br n[ag§ñWm hmoVr?)— {H$Vr PmS>o AmhoV ? hrM PmS>o H$m cmdcr ?— PmS>m§_Ü`o A§Va {H$Vr R>odmdo bmJVo? — Hw$R>br PmSo>/PwS>wno VU åhUyZ H$mnVm?— nmUr {H$Vr cmJVo ?— PmSo> dmT>m`bm / \$io X`m`bm {H$Vr df} bmJVmV.— PmS>m§Zm H$moUVm amoJ hmoVmo H$m ? Hw$R>bo H$sQ>H$ AgVmV?— H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ dmnamdr cmJVmV H$m ?— hr \$io Hw$R>o OmVmV? ~mOmamMo Zmd ? BË`mXr.— dmS>r / \$i~mJoMr XoIaoI H$am`cm {H$Vr IM© ̀ oVmo ?— øm dmS>r_Ü`o {H$Vr _mUgo H$m_ H$aVmV ?— EImX`m dfu \$io H$_r Amcr Va H$m` H$aVm ?— BWë`m PmS>m§da njr KaQ>r H$aVmV H$m? Hw$R>bo njr?— ~mJoV gmn / ~oSy>H$ {XgVmV H$m?
u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§À`m g§»`oZwgma {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdo Am{U dmS>r_Ü`o/\$i~mJoV OmÊ`mAmYr _wcm§Zm joÌ^oQ>r~m~VÀ`m gyMZm X²`mì`mV.
u dmS>rV/\$i~mJoV Joë`mda _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JQ>mV ~gdyZ AmOy~mOycm {XgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr Zm|X H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo dJuH$aU O¡{dH$ Am{U AO¡{dH$ Aem JQ>m§_Ü`o H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u {VWo {XgUmao njr, àmUr, N>moQ>o H$sQ>H$, dZñnVr BË`mXr gJù`mMr Zm|X H$amdr. _wcm§Zm PmS>o AmoiIVm Amcr ZmhrV Va {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr. qH$dm _wcm§Zr dmS>rÀ`m _mcH$mcm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV.
u `m {ZarjUm§gmR>r 15-18 {_{ZQ>o XoÊ`mV `mdr. {ZarjUo nyU© Pmë`mda _wcm§Zm EH$m {R>H$mUr ~gdyZ nwT>rb MMm© H$amdr.
u {Xgcoë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U àmUr-nú`m§Mm H$mhr g§~§Y cmJVmo Amho H$m Vo _wcm§Zm ~Km`cm gm§Jmdo. EImXr AÞgmIir V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo H$m Vo {dMmê$Z, _wcm§Zm {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.
u AÞgmIir {chÿZ Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmV ~{KVcoë`m ~mJo_Ü`o Am{U øm dmS>r_Ü`o H$moUË`m àH$maMm \$aH$ {XgV AmhoV Vo {dMmamdo d _wcm§er ̀ mda MMm© H$amdr.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm _mZd{Z{_©V n[ag§ñWoMr AmoiI, Aä`mg d {Z`moOZ g_OUo.
{S>go§~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar`m CnH«$_mÀ`m 1 - 2 {Xdg AmYr _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, nwT>rc Vm{gHo$cm "\$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r'cm ^oQ> X`m`Mr Amho. {VWo \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r _mcH$mcm àý {dMmam`Mo Agë`mZo, _wcm§Zr Amncr {H$_mZ 10 àíZm§Mr ̀ mXr V`ma H$ê$Z AmUmdr Ago gm§Jmdo. `m_Ü`o gmYmaU ~mJoMr/dmS>rMr OmJm {H$Vr Amho?, dmS>rV {H$Vr PmS>r AmhoV? amoO {H$Vr nmUr cmJVo? PmS>m§Zm amoJ hmoVmo H$m? Ago àíZ Agy eH$VmV ho gm§Jmdo.
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
61 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u \$i~mJoÀ`m / dmS>rÀ`m {Z`moOZmMm _wcm§Zm A§XmO `mdm `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm dmS>rYmaH$mcm Ë`m§À`m àíZmdcrVrc àíZ {dMmam`cm gm§Jmdo.
u Aem àH$mao _wcmIV Pmë`mZ§Va, _wcm§Zm Pmcocr MMm© dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.
62 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
_gmë`mMr PmS>o - ñcmB©S> emo
dZñnVr
1 Vm{gH$m
u nwpñVHo$gmo~V "ñcmB©S> emo' ~KyZ Ë`mV {Xcoë`m _m{hVrMm Aä`mg H$amdm. `m _m{hVrMm dmna _wcm§Zm "ñcmB©S> emo' XmIdVmZm H$amdm.
u "ñcmB©S> emo'Mr gmo` Zgë`mg, {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xcoë`m A{YH$ _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao hm CnHŒ$_ ¿`mdm.
{Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb
nÕVrÑH²$lmì` _mÜ`_mMm dmna, MMm©
àmoOoŠQ>a, ^maVmMm d OJmMm ZH$mem
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u "ñcmB©S> emo' _wcm§Zm XmIdVmZm gmo~V {Xcocr _m{hVr gm§Jmdr.u "ñcmB©S> emo' Pmë`mda ̀ mVrc H$moUH$moUVr PmS>o _wcm§Zr nm{hcr AmhoV d
Ë`m§Mo AOyZ H$m` Cn`moJ Ë`m§Zm _mhrV AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m Kar H$moUH$moUVo _gmë`mMo nXmW© dmnaco OmVmV ̀ mda MMm© H$amdr.
u hr PmS>o Hw$R>ë`m àXoemV, hdm_mZmV Mm§Jbr dmT>VmV ho gm§Jmdo. `mH$aVm ZH$mem dmnamdm.
u PmS>mMm H$moUVm ^mJ _gmbm åhUyZ dmnaVmV, H$moUVr à{H«$`m H$ê$Z dmnaVmV hoXoIrb _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
33
C{Ôïu _gmë`mÀ`m
PmS>m§Mr AmoiI _wcm§Zm ìhmdr.u `m PmS>m§Mm H$moUVm ^mJ "_gmë`mMm
nXmW©' åhUyZ H$gm dmnacm OmVmo ̀ mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr.
{d{dY
{S>g|~a
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
Zoh_rÀ`m dmnamVë`m _gmë`mÀ`m PmS>m§Mr ̀ mXr -(Imbrb `mXrV _gmë`mMo Zmd, H§$gmV Á`m dZñnVrnmgyZ hm _gmbm {_iVmo {VMo emñÌr` Zmd d Ë`mnwT>o dZñnVrMr, _gmë`mMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.)
XmbMrZr / V_mbnÌ (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
gXmh[aV d¥j ^mVmVrb npíM_ KmQ>mÀ`m O§JbmV AmT>iVmo. `m PmS>mMo AmVbo ImoS> åhUOo Xmb{MZr Va nmZo åhUOo V_mbnÌ. Xmb{MZrV ^anya Am¡fYr JwUY_© AmhoV. Xmb{MZrMo Vob gyú_Ord {damoYH$ Am{U ~waer à{V~§YH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio nXmW© {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>rhr Xmb{MZrMm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Xmb{MZrMm Cn`moJ _Yw_oh, H$H©$amoJ, CƒaŠVXm~, öX`{dH$ma, AH$mbr dmY©Š` Aem ì`mYtZm Xÿa R>odm`bm hmoVmo. Xmb{MZrÀ`m dmgmZo ñ_aUeŠVrV gwYmaUm hmoVo. ñd`§nmH$mVgwÕm AZoH$ nXmWm©V Xmb{MZr dmnabr OmVo. V_mbnÌgwÕm _gmë`m§_Ü`o dmnabo OmVo.
Om`\$i (Myristica fragrans)
Om`\$iMm d¥j _yiMm B§S>moZo{e`m _Ybm Amho. `m PmS>mÀ`m \$imVrb "~r' bm AmnU Om`\$i åhUVmo. Om`\$imMm Cn`moJ Vob, gm¢X`© àgmYZo Am{U Am¡fYm§_Ü`o Ho$bm OmVmo. Am`wd}XmV Om`\$i Iyn _hËdmMo Amho. nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma d ËdMmamoJmda Om`\$i JwUH$mar Amho. em§V Pmon `oÊ`mggwÕm Om`\$i Cn`moJr Amho. nMZ{H«$`m gwYmaUo, XmVXwIr Xÿa H$aUo, _|Xybm MmbZm XoUo, ZOa gwYmaUo Ago AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. ñd`§nmH$mVgwÕm ømMm Iyn Cn`moJ Amho.
bd§J (Syzygium aromaticum)
bd§JmMo PmS> gXmh[aV Amho. ho PmS> _yiMo B§S>moZo{e`m _Ybo Amho. øm PmS>mÀ`m H$ù`m åhUOo AmnU dmnaVmo Vr bd§J. `m H$ù`m Iyn gwJ§YrV AgVmV. bd§Jm§Mm Cn`moJ ñd`§nmH$mV _gmë`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.
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CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
63 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
{_ar (Piper nigrum)
_yiMm X{jU ^maVmVrb O§JbmV AmT>iUmam H$mo AmT>iVmo. ̀ m dobmMr
\$io åhUOo gmR>r
{Oao (Cuminum cyminum)
{Oè`mMo NmoQo> PwSwn AgVo Am{U _yiMo ̂ maVmVrb Amho. åhUOo AmnU KamoKar dmnaVmo Vo {Oao. {Oè`mMr \$moS>Ur
{Xboë`m ̂ mÁ`m d S>mitMm ñdmX Iyn N>mZ ̀ oVmo. ømÀ`mV bmoh Am{U "A', "~', "B©' OrdZgËd ^anya AmhoV. {Oè`m_wio nMZeº$s Am{U ñ_aUeº$s dmT>Vo, H$moboñQ´>m°b H$_r hmoVo, ËdMm gw§Xa Am{U ñdñW hmoVo, amoJà{VH$maH$ eŠVr dmT>Vo, gXu, ImoH$bm Am{U Vmn ̀ oV Zmhr.
qhJ (Ferula assa-foetida)
hr dZñnVr _yiMr BamUMo dmid§Q> d A\$Jm{UñVmZ _Ybr Amho. `m N>moQ>`m dZñnVrÀ`m gmoQ>_wimnmgyZ {ZKmbobm {MH$ dmidyZ qhJ V`ma H$obm OmVmo. qhJ Xmb, ̂ mOr, gm§~a BË`mXr nXmWm©V dmnabm OmVmo. øm{edm` ho nXmW© AnyU© dmQ>VmV. qhJmbm nmoQ>mMm {_Ì _mZVmV. AnMZ, nmoQ>XþIr Am{U nmoQ>mÀ`m BVa {dH$mam§da qhJ JwUH$mar Amho. bhmZ _wbm§nmgyZ Vo åhmVmè`m bmoH$m§n`ªV gJù`m§ZmM qhJ \$m`Xoera Amho. S>moHo$XþIr, AY©{eer, XmVXþIr, H$mZ XwIUo, ídgZmÀ`m g_ñ`m ømda qhJmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
XJS>\y$b
O§JbmV {d{dY nŒH$ma {XgVmV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr OmVr
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H$m {_arMm dob Amnë`mH$S>o H$UmVhr bmdbobm
H$mio {_ao. ømbm _gmë`m§Mm amOm _mZbo OmVo. {_è`m§Mm Cn`moJ \$ŠV OodUmV ñdmX dmT>dÊ`m Zmhr Va ñdmñÏ`dY©H$ åhUyZ gwÕm Amho. S>moù`m§Mr H$miOr ¿`m`bm {_ao dmnabo OmVmV. ídgZamoJ, nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma ømda ho JwUH$mar Amho. dOZ H$_r H$aÊ`mg {_ao _XV H$aVmV. ËdMm gVoO amhÊ`mg Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gXu ImoH$ë`mda Cn`wŠV Amho d ^yH$ gwÕm dmT>dVmo.
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`mÀ`m {~`m
u
u (Parmelia sp.)
XJS>\y$bmMo Amnë`m Añgb ^maVr` ñd`§nmH$mV _gmbm åhUyZ
dmna OmVmV. H$~m~, añgm Aem nXmWmªÀ`m _gmë`m_Ü`o `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. emH$mhmar Am{U _m§gmhmar nXmWmª_Ü`oAmdOy©Z ømMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ømbm EH$ Vrd« ñdmX AgVmo Ë`m_wio WmoS>çm à_mUmV dmnabo Var nwaogo AgVo.
ù`m
ñd`§nmH$mV nXmWmªZm ñdmX `oÊ`mgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Am`wd}XmV AZoH$ Am¡fYm§_Ü`o bd§J dmnabr OmVo. bd§J S>moù`m§gmR>r Cn`moJr, nMZepŠVdY©H$, {VIQ>, nmMH$ Am{U ê$MrH$maH$ Amho. bd§J VhmZ, CMH$s, ImoH$bm, aŠV{dH$ma Zmhrgo H$aVo. XmVm§À`m {haS>çm _O~yV H$am`bm gwÕm bd§J Cn`wº$ Amho.
dobMr (Elettaria cardamomum)
dobMr ho _yiMo X{jU ^maVmVrb NmoQ>o Amho. `m dZñnVrMo \$i åhUOo dobMr. dobMr ñd`§nmH$mV _gmë`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. {VIQ> Am{U JmoS> XmoÝhr nXmWmª_YyZ dobMrMm dmna hmoVmo. dobMrMo Am¡fYr JwUY_© gwÕm AmhoV. dobMrMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. nMZ gwYmaUo, \w$â\w$gmMo {dH$ma d _yÌqnS>mMo {dH$ma Xÿa H$aUo, Ho$gm§Zm _O~yV H$aUo, ËdMm gVoO H$aUo, XmVmÀ`m g_ñ`m Xÿa H$aUo BË`mXr.
{Va\$i (Zanthoxylum rhetsa)
{Va\$i hm _yiMm ̂ maVmVrb, _Ü`_ AmH$mamMm nmZPS>rMm d¥j Amho. gmb, _wimMo gmb Am{U \$io Am¡fYm§_Ü`o Cn`wŠV AmhoV. _wimMr gmb aoMH$ Amho. gmb MmdyZ Imëë`mg AYmªJdm`y Am{U XmVXþIrda Cn`moJr Amho. aº$ ewÕ H$aÊ`mggwÕm `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. \$im§Mm Cn`moJ nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma, Owbm~ øm_Ü`o hmoVmo. {~`m§Mm Cn`moJ _gmë`m§_Ü`o hmoVmo.
hiX (Curcuma longa)
^maVmVrb O§JbmV hiXrMr NmoQ>r PwSwno AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ^maVmV gJù`mV OmñVr Cn`moJmV `oUmè`m _gmë`m§_Ü`o hiXrMo Zmd gdm©V àW_ ̀ oVo. ñd`§nmH$mV AZoH$ nXmWmª_Ü`o hiXrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Am¡fYm§_Ü`o gwÕm hiXrMo AZoH$ Cn`moJ AmhoV. hiX hr nmofH$ Amho. Moham COiUo, ZOa VrúU H$aUo, XmV ~iH$Q> H$aUo, gm§YoXþIr H$_r H$aUo,nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma Xÿa H$aUo Ago hiXrMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV.
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64 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u _mohar (Brassica juncea)
_mohar hr ñd`§nmH$mVrb àË`oH$ nXmWm©V \$moS>Ur XoVmZm bmJUmar gJù`mV n{hbr Jmoï>. EH$m PwSw>nmÀ`m H$mù`m Vn{H$ar {~`m åhUOo AmnU dmnaVmo Vr _mohar. ho PwSw>n _yiMo {h_mb`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mÀ`m ^mJmV dmT>Umao. `mbm {ndù`m a§JmMr gw§Xa \w$bo `oVmV. _moharMm ImÚnXmWm©Vrb dmna nydm©nma MmbV Ambm Amho. hm dmna àm_w»`mZo ̂ maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, ~m§JbmXoe, O_©Zr `m ^mJmV hmoVmo. _moharÀ`m nmZm§Mm dmnahr H$mhr ImÚ-nXmWmª_Ü`o Ho$bm OmVmo. _mohar, _moharMr nmdS>a, noñQ>, Vob, gm°g Aem {d{dY àH$mao _mohar ñd`§nmH$mV dmnabr OmVo. CÎma ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZmV _w»`Îdo _moharMo Vob ñd`§nmH$mV dmnaVmV. bmoUMo ~Z{dÊ`mVbm _mohar hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. _mohar Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ H$mT>bobo Vob ho XmoÝhr Am¡fYr AmhoV. _moharMo Vob gXu, A§JXwIr, gm§YoXwIr, ñZm`y§Mo XwIUo, g§{YdmVmda Cn`moJr Amho. ho Vob Ho$gm§ZmXoIrb bmdVmV. _mohar_Ü`o "~' d "B©' OrdZgÎd _moR>`m à_mUmV AgVo, Ë`mM~amo~a H°$pëeA_, _±JoZrO, bmohXoIrb AgVo.
_gmë`mV AmdS>rZo gJirH$So> dmnabo OmUmao {VIQ> ho bmb {_aMr dmidyZ {VÀ`mnmgyZ ~Z{dbo OmVo. ho {_aMrMo PwSw>n _yiMo A_o[aHo$Mo. 16 ì`m eVH$mV nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§~amo~a {_aMrMo ^maVmV AmJ_Z Pmbo. AmVm `m dZñnVrÀ`m AZoH$ OmVtMr bmJdS> OJ^a Ho$br OmVo, Ë`mVrb H$mhr H$_r {VIQ> Va H$mhr A{V {VIQ> AmhoV, H$mhtMo AmH$ma bm§~ Va H$mhtMo Jmob AmhoV. g§nyU© OJmV doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m ImÚnXmWmª_Ü`o {_aMrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.{_aMr dmidyZ ~Z{dbobo {VIQ> ho àm_w»`mZo Am{e`m I§S>mV _gmbm åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. bmb {_aÀ`m§_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV "H$' OrdZgÎd AgVo d Ë`mM~amo~a "~' OrdZgÎd, nmoQ>°{eA_, _°¾o{eA_ Am{U bmoh gwÕm AgVo. `m {_aÀ`m§Mo H$mhr Am¡fYr JwUY_©hr AmhoV. {_aMrVrb KQ>H$Ðì`m_Ü`o OrdmUy à{V~§YH$, doXZmem_H$, H$°Ýga Am{U _Yw_oh à{V~§YH$ JwUY_© AmhoV. ̀ mMm dmna doXZmem_H$ _b_ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. gm§YoXwIrdahr Cn`wŠV.
u {VIQ> (Capsicum annuum)
65 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
eoVrVrc {~`mUm§Mm Aä`mg - ~mOma^oQ>
eoVr
2 Vm{gH$m
{ejH$mZo Ë`m§À`m JmdmV ~mOma ^aÊ`mMm {Xdg ~KyZ Ë`m {Xder hm CnH«$_ ¿`mdm.
nÕVr~mOma^oQ>>, coIZ
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u `m ~mOma^oQ>rMm CX²Xoe OmñVrV OmñV ñWm{ZH$ Am{U doJdoJù`m {~`mUm§Mr _m{hVr {_idUo Agm Amho ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u {ejH$mZo dJm©VM _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdo d àË`oH$ JQ>mZo OmñVrV OmñV {~`mUo, Ë`m§Mr Zmdo, Cn`moJ, cmJdS>rMm H$mi, eoVH$è`mMo Zmd, Ë`mÀ`m JmdmMo / nmS>çmMo Zmd, {~`mUm§Mr qH$_V d H§$nZr ̀ m gd© Jmoï>tMr _m{hVr AmUmdr ho gm§Jmdo. ho _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mMr gyMZm X²`mdr. ~mOmamV {~`mUo {dH«o$Ë`m§~amo~arZo IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amboë`m J«mhH$ eoVH$è`m§erXoIrb ~mobmdo ho gm§Jmdo.
u JmdamZ / JmdR>r {~`mUo Am{U ~mOmamV doJdoJù`m H§$nZrMr {_iUmar {~`mUo `mV H$m` \$aH$ Amho ? H$mhr H§$nÝ`m§À`m {~`mUm§~amo~a Ë`m§MrM {d{eï> CËnmXZo (CXmhaUmW© - H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$) dmnaUo Amdí`H$ AgVo H$m? Xadfu ZdrZ àVrMo {~`mUo ̀ oVo H$m? eoVH$ar {~`mUo gmR>dVmV H$m? {~`mUo noT>çm Hw$R>o AmhoV H$m? hoXoIrb _wcm§Zm {dMmaÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u ~mOmamV Joë`mZ§Va, JQ>mZwgma _wcm§Zr {\$amdo d _m{hVr KoVë`mda R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr 30 {_{ZQ>m§Z§Va gd© _wcm§Zm ̂ oQ>Ê`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va dJm©V ̀ oD$Z {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zr O_{dcocr _m{hVr Ë`m§Zm dmMÊ`mg gm§JyZ, {~`mUm§Mr {d{dYVm d ñWm{ZH$ {~`mUm§Mo _hÎd `mda MMm© H$amdr.
34
C{ÔïñWm{ZH$ {~`mUm§Mr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr.
OmZodmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
66 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo `m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
nú`m§Mr AmoiI
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "nú`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço' `m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.
u nú`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moÊmH$moUVr AmhoV, Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.— n¥ð>d§er` AgVmV.— gd© nú`m§Zm A§Jmda {ngo AgVmV.— CîU aº$mMo AgVmV.— A§S>r KmcVmV.— nú`m§Zm CS>Ê`mgmR>r n§I AgVmV.
u _wcm§Zm H$mhr nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm`cm cmdmdrV d {ejH$mZo Vr VŠË`mÀ`m ê$nmV \$ù`mda {chÿZ ¿`mdr.
u \$ù`mda nú`m§Mr Zmdo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, àË`oH$ nú`mÀ`m amhÊ`mÀ`m OmJo{df`r Am{U ImX²`m{df`r _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. hr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.
u Ë`mM~amo~a {ejH$mZo nú`m§Mm AmH$ma, a§J, Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ`o (MmoM, nm`, n§I) BË`mXr {df`r _wcm§Zm _m{hVr {dMmamdr.
u _wcm§Zm gd© CÎmao XoVm Amcr ZmhrV Va {ejH$mZo Vr Imcrc _m{hVrMm dmna H$ê$Z gm§JmdrV :— ~XH$ : nmÊ`mV {XgVo, N>moQ>o
_mgo, H$sQ>H$ ImVo, JQ>m~amo~a amhVo, n§I Amoco hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m n§Im§da VocmMm Wa AgVmo.
— H$mdim : O§JcmV, dñVrOdi amhVmo, {_lmhmar Amho, ̀ mcm ñdÀNVm {_ÌXoIrc åhUVmV.
— Kw~S> : amÌr OmñV g{H«$` AgVmo, gaS>o, gmn, A§S>r ImVmo, PmS>m§À`m T>mocrV, XJS>m§À`m ImUrV amhVmo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nú`m§Mo OrdZMH«$ H$go AgVo Vo {dMmamdo. H$moUr nú`mMr KaQ>r, A§S>r nm{hcr AmhoV H$m Vo {dMmamdo.
u \$ù`mdarc Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhrV {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.u {ejH$mZo AmVm _wcm§Zm, nú`m§Mr {ZgJm©V H$m` ^y{_H$m Amho, njr
n[agam_Ü`o H$m Agco nm{hOoV ho {dMmamdo. njr H$m` H$m` H$aVmV? {H$S>o ImVmV H$m? \w$cmVrc _Y KoVmV H$m? Ago gmono àíZ {dMmê$Z _wcm§Zm nú`m§Mr {ZgJm©Vcr ̂ y{_H$m ñnï> H$amdr.
OmZodmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm nú`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_iUo.
35
ImX²`A{Ydmg
~XH$
H$mdim
Kma
Kw~S>
nmonQ>
njr
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
67 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u
embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.
u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVHo$ :
{ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb nú`m§~m~VMr _m{hVr Aä`mgyZ ¿`mdr.
u nú`m§
— XmoñVr H$ê$`m nú`m§er, {H$aU nwa§Xao— njr-Amnbo g»Io eoOmar, {H$aU nwa§Xao— njr-nmUWirVbo, {H$aU nwa§Xao— The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali
u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV d Imcrcà_mUo WmoS>r A{YH$ _m{hVr _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdr, \$ù`mda {chmdr -— njr namJrH$aUmMr _hÎdmMr ̂ y{_H$m gmH$maVmV.— njr H$sQ>H$ ImVmV Á`m_wio {nH$m§da qH$dm \$im§da H$sS>
nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVo.— nú`m§À`m {dð>o_YyZ PmS>m§À`m {~`m nS>ë`m H$s PmS>mÀ`m
"~r'cm A§Hw$a \w$Q>m`cm _XV hmoVo.— H$mhr njr {ZgJm©V "ñdÀNVm {_Ì' åhUyZ _mobmMo H$m_
H$aVmV.u \$ù`mdarc _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
68 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
njr-{ZarjU
àmUr
2 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo ̀ m CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr emioOdi qH$dm JmdmOdi 1 - 2 {R>H$mUr, {OWo njr {ZarjU hmoD$ eH$Vo Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr - ZXr, AmoT>m, ñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mo dZ, ImS>r, g_wÐm-OdiMr dmS>r, _miamZ ̀ mn¡H$s H$mhr OmJm.
u njr OmñV H$ê$Z gH$miÀ`m (7 Vo 9) qH$dm g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m (4 Vo 6) doimV {XgVmV, Ë`m_wio hm CnH«$_ Aem doir KoÊ`mV ̀ mdm.
u Amnë`m n[agamV AmT>iUmè`m nú`m§Mo \$moQ>mo Am{U Zmdo _wcm§Zm XmIdÊ`mgmR>r O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdrV. "nú`m§Mr _m{hVr Agcoco nwñVH$' KoD$Z R>odmdo. nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.
u JmdmVrc nú`m§Mr _m{hVr Agcoë`m ì`º$sg joÌ^oQ>rÀ`m doir _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r ~mocdmdo.
u g§X^©gm{hË` `mXr_Yrb njr{df`H$ nwñVHo$ {ejH$mZo dmMmdrV d nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.
nÕVrjoÌ^oQ>, {ZarjU, Zm|Xr.
dhr, noZ, Xw~uU (CncãY Agë`mg)
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r ZoÊ`mAJmoXa H$mhr Jmoï>r g_OyZ gm§Jmì`mV.— _mVr, XJS>, PmSo> `mV CRy>Z {XgUma ZmhrV Ago _iH$Q> a§JmMo H$nSo>
KmbmdoV.— R>acoë`m {R>H$mUr Joë`mda _wcm§Zr A{O~mV AmdmO H$ê$ Z`o. AmdmO
Ho$ë`mg {VWo AgUmao njr CSy>Z OmVrc Am{U H$moUË`mM àH$maMo {ZarjU H$aUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr.
— {VWo OmÊ`mAJmoXa Oa _wcm§Zr Xw~uU H$er hmVmimdr Vo {eHy$Z KoVco Va njr-{ZarjU gmono OmB©c.
— njr {Xgë`mda Ë`mMo {ZarjU dhrV {chmdo - AmH$ma, a§J, MmoM, AmdmO `mMr _m{hVr. (nú`mMm AmH$ma " {M_Ur +, {M_Ur - , H$mdim +, H$mdim -, Agm Zmo§XVm ̀ oVmo.)
u {ejH$mZo 5 Vo 10 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV Am{U R>acoë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm ZoD$Z ~gdmdo.
u {ZarjU H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm Oar nú`m§Mr Zmdo _mhrV ZgVrb qH$dm AmR>dcr ZmhrV Var doJdoJù`m nú`m§Mo àH$ma ~KyZ Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.
u {ZarjU H$aVmZm nú`mMo dU©Z, Vmo njr Z¸$s H$m` H$aV Amho, åhUOoM ImVmo Amho, ~gcm Amho, KaQ>çm_Ü`o Amho `mMrXoIrc Zm|X KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u njr ~KV AgVmZm, Zoh_r {XgUmè`m nú`m§nojm H$mhr doJio njr {XgV AmhoV H$m ho _wcm§Zm ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {ZarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r 20-30 {_{ZQ>o ÚmdrV.u Ë`mZ§Va _wcm§À`m dhrVrc Zm|Xr ~KyZ {H$Vr àH$maMo njr {Xgco Vo
{dMmamdo. {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH$ d ñWbm§V[aV nú`m§~Ôb ~mobmdo.
~wb~wb +, ~wb~wb -
u Imbrb njr Amnë`mcm R>am{dH$ A{YdmgmV {Xgy eH$VmV -
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm doJdoJù`m nú`m§Mr AmoiI ìhmdr Am{U njr-{ZarjUmMr gd` cmJmdr.
OmZodmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
36
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
69 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_miamZ \$i~mJ/dmS>r/O§Jc
S>mo§Ja g_wÐ {H$Zmam/ImS>r
ZXr/AmoT>m
g_wÐ JéS>
VwVmar
gwVmanjr
amo{hV (âboq_Jmo)ñdJu` ZV©H$
gr Jbgy`©njr
YZoe
_mi{Q>Q>dr
cmdar
Ym{dH$
I§S>çmJ S>ê$
I§S>çm
Jm`~Jim
{Q>Q>dr
{MÌ~cmH$
H$_bnjr
ZXrgya`
Q>Z©
ggmUm
H$moVdmc
_moa
{eH«$m
~wb~wb
{Q>Q>dr
amIr~Jim
u gd©Ì ghO {XgUmao njr - ~wb~wb, X
u joÌ^oQ>rMm A{Ydmg VŠË`mV {Xboë`m H$moUË`m A{Ydmgm-gmaIm Amho Vo ~Kmdo d gmYmaU H$moUVo njr {XgVrc ̀ mMm A§XmO ¿`mdm. VŠË`mV {Xboë`m gd© A{Ydmgm§_Ü`o gbJVm AgVo d Ë`m_wio EImX`m A{YdmgmVrb Ë`mÀ`m OdiÀ`m BVa A{YdmgmVXoIrb {Xgy eH$VmV `mMr{ejH$mZo Zmo§X ¿`mdr.
gy`©njr, nmonQ>, `mi, Mî_odmbm, I§S>çm, H$mo{H$i, Vm§~Q>, H$moVdmb,
^maÛmO BË`mXr.
njr
70 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
njr-aoImQ>Z
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
u `m CnH«$_mV {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mMr _XV hmoUma Agë`mZo Ë`m {ejH$mg Vm{gHo$gmR>r ~mobdmdo.
u nú`m§{df`rMr nwñVHo$ / _m{gHo$ `mVrb {MÌo Z_wZm åhUyZ _wbm§Zm XmIdmdrV.
nÕVr{ZarjU, a§JH$m_
H$mJX, noZ, noÝgrb, a§J, a§JrV nopÝgbr
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u
COiUr ¿`mdr. _wbm§Zr nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§{JVë`mda AmO AmnU `m nú`m§Mr {MÌo H$mT>Uma AmhmoV Ago gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va H$mS©>~moS©>da H$mT>bobr a§JrV {MÌo _wbm§À`m g_moa gJù`m§Zm {XgVrb Aer _m§S>mdrV.
u nú`m§Mr ~mø-AmH$ma H$mT>bobr {MÌo _wbm§Zm X²`mdrV. _wbm§Zr Ho$boë`m njr {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmao VgoM, H$mS©>~moS©>darb a§JrV {MÌo ~KyZ Ë`m§Mr {MÌo a§J{dÊ`mg gm§JmdrV.
u _wbm§Mo a§JH$m_ Mmby AgVmZm {ejH$mZo, {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mZo bj R>odmdo, JaO dmQ>ë`mg _wbm§Zm _XV H$amdr.
{ejH$mZo AmYrÀ`m Vm{gHo$bm _wbm§Zr H$moUH$moUVo njr nm{hbo Ë`mMr
nwñVH$mgmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r. _Ü`o Imbrb nú`m§Mr Nm`m{MÌo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV -{M_Ur, H$moVdmb, I§S>çm, ~wb~wb, ̂ maÛmO, gw^J, hiÚm, qenr, Vm§~Q>, X`mi, hþXhþX, ñdJu` ZV©H$, {MÌ~bmH$, ZXrgwa`, eoH$mQ>çm, {Q>Q>dr, Ym{dH$, gwVmanjr, gy`©njr, nmonQ>, Mî_odmbm, gr Jb, g_wÐ Jê$S>, {JYmS>, {eH«$m, amIr YZoe, _b~mar YZoe, {RnHo$dmbr _w{Z`m, Om§^ir nmUH$mo§~S>r, N>moQ>m {ZIma, {ZbH§$R>, {Q>Ho$bMm ZmMam, Q>H$mMmoa, doS>m amKy, gwJaU, _moa, dQ>dQ`m BË`mXr.
C{Ôïu
{Za jU H$ê$Z nú`m§Mr ê$n-d¡{eï>`o g_OyZ ¿`mdrV.
u _wbm§Zm nú`m§À`m a§Jm§§Mr OdiyZ AmoiI ìhmdr.
_wbm§Zr nú`m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zor
OmZodmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
37
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`maru {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r._Yrb
nú`m§À`m {MÌm§_YyZ Amnë`m ^mJmV {XgUmao gmYmaU 25 njr {ZdS>mdoV d Ë`m nú`m§Mr a§JrV {MÌo emioVrb {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV, Vr H$m`_ñdê$nr Cn`moJmV `oÊ`mgmR>r H$mS©>~moS©>da {MH$Q>dyZ R>odmdrV.
u `m nú`m§Mr \$º$ ~mø - AmH$ma H$mT>bobr {MÌo-XoIrb gmÜ`m H$mJXm§da {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$m-H$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV. Ë`mÀ`m N>m`m§{H$V àVr H$mT>mì`mV. dJm©Vrb _wbm§Mr g§»`m 25 nojm OmñV Agë`mg H$mhr {MÌm§À`m XmoZ àVr H$mT>mì`mV.
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
71 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Vm§~Q>
{Q>Ho$bMm ZmMam I§S>çm
gw^J
H$WmdmMZ
C{Ôïu _wcm§Zm {hdmù`mV ̀ oUmè`m
ñWbm§V[aV nú`m§Mr _m{hVr ìhmdr.u _wcm§Mr AmH$cZ j_Vm, ldU H$m¡eë`
gwYmamdo.
H¥ŸVr
38
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo {Xcocr H$Wm hr Jmoï>rê$nmV _wcm§Zm gm§Jm`Mr Amho. Vm{gHo$nydu H$Wm dmMyZ nhmdr. `m_wio _wcm§g_moa H$Wm gm§JVmZm AmdmOmVco MT>-CVma, ^mdZm AmUyZ hr H$Wm a§OH$[aË`m gm§JVm ̀ oD$ eHo$c Am{U _wco H$WoMm OmñV AmZ§X KoD$ eH$Vrc.
u {ejH$mZo dJm©V Jmoï dmMÊ`mnydu nwTo> A{YH$ _m{hVrV {Xbobo _wcm§gmR>rMo AdKS> eãX d Ë`m§Mo AW© ~KyZ Ro>dmdoV.
nwTo>
nÕVrldU, coIZ
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
OmZodmar
AmH$memVyZ nmhþUo `oVmV- àH$me Jmoio (nwñVH$ -{ZgJ©`mÌm)
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
72 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u
u
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boIH$ n[aM` -
lr. àH$me Jmoio (1938 - 2013) ho njrVk d {ZgJ© Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ à{gÕ. _yiMo AW©emómMo Aä`mgH$ Agboë`m àH$me Jmoio `m§Zr {ZgJ© d njr{df`H$ Aä`mgmZ§Va 1982 _Ü`o "{ZgJ© g§dY©Z' hm {df` OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohMdÊ`mgmR>r nwUo `oWo "BH$m°bm°{OH$b gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. "{ZgJ© nwZé‚mrdZ' ̀ m joÌmV àË`j H$m_ H$ê$Z Vr g§H$ënZm éO{dÊ`mMo _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$bo. 1998 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr BH$m°bm°{OH$b gmogm`Q>r_Ü`o, "Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo emídV ì`dñWmnZ d {ZgJ© g§dY©Z' `m{df`rMm EH$ dfm©Mm nXì`wÎma {S>ßbmo_m Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm. lr. àH$me Jmoio `m§Zr {ZgJ©{df`H$ emór` VgoM b{bV {bImU Agbobr nwñVHo$ {b{hbr AmhoV. `m_Ü`o amZdm, {ZgJ© Am{U _mUyg, {ZgJm©À`m AmemdmQ>m, H$Wm H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mMr, dmñVd ̀ m nwñVH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
H$mhr {Xdgm§nyduMr Jmoï>. Ë`m g§Ü`mH$mir dmQ>odaë`m AmohmoimÀ`m H$mR>r AMmZH$ _cm Vmo {Xgcm. _r Zoh_rà_mUo _mÂ`m AmdS>Ë`m añË`mZo {\$am`cm Mmccmo hmoVmo. dmQ>oeoOmê$Z dmhUmè`m AmohmoimZo {OWo diU KoVco hmoVo, {VWo Zoh_rà_mUoM H$cH$cmQ> H$ê$Z {Q>Q>drZo _mPo ñdmJV Ho$co. nU
{VÀ`m AcJX CR>cm Am{U {Q>d² - {Q>d² - {Q>d² Aer cHo$a _moR>çm VmcmV \o$H$sV doJmZo CSy>Z Jocm. "AmO Zm CÚm VwPr JmR> nS>Uma, `mMr ImÌrM hmoVr ~oQ>çm !' _r _ZmVë`m _ZmV åhUmcmo. `m h§Jm_mV VwVmar nú`mMr ^oQ> gßQ>|~aÀ`m gwê$dmVrgM Pmcr. AmVm Va H$m`, Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hZm gwê$ Pmcm. ñWcm§V[aV nú`m§À`m {~ZrÀ`m VwH$S>çm Amnë`m XoemV `oD$Z XmIc Pmë`mgwÕm.
nmdgmim gwê$ Pmcm H$s, _mÂ`mgma»`m njrdoS>çm _mUgmMr CËH§$R>m dmTy> cmJVo, EH$ àH$maMr AZm{_H$ hþahya _Z ì`mnyZ Q>mH$Vo. Kam~mhoa nS>co H$s, AmO H$moUVm Zdm Moham {XgVmo` - åhUyZ ZOa {^a{^ê$ cmJVo.
`m dfu MmVH$ nú`mcm _r OyZÀ`m n{hë`m n§YadS>çmVM nm{hco. eri KmcrV EH$_oH$m§Mm nmR>cmJ H$aÊ`mV Jw§J Pmcr hmoVr MmVH$m§Mr Vr OmoS>r ! EoQ>~mO H$mim Vwam Am{U H$S>m H$mVacoco cm§~ eonyQ> Agcocm hm H$mim-nm§T>am njr {Xgm`cm _moR>m {~c§Xa {XgVmo Am{U Vmo AmhogwÕm VgmM ! H$mo{H$imM Amho hr EH$m OmVrMr. H$mdù`mMr ZOa MwH$dyZ H$mo{H$im Oer Ë`mÀ`m KaQ>çmV A§S>r KmcVo, VX²dV MmVH$ njr gmV^mBªZm MwH$dyZ Ë`m§À`m KaQ>çmV A§S>r KmcVmV. `m {~c§Xa nú`mZo emñÌkm§Zmhr AgmM Jw§Jmam {Xcm` ! H$maU nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwê$dmVrcm hr ñdmar AH$ñ_mV H$moRy>Z CJdVo Am{U Z§Va Hw$R>o Jm`~ hmoVo, ho AOyZ Ë`m§Zmhr ZrQ>go g_Ococo Zmhr. H$moUr åhUVmV, MmVH$ njr Am{\«$Ho$VyZ Aa~ñVmZ-nm{H$ñVmZ_mJ} ̂ maVmV ̀ oVmo !
MmVH$mÀ`m AmJ_ZmÀ`m gw_mamgM "H$méÊ` H$mo{H$imhr' EoHy$ `oD$ cmJVo. ~wc~wcmÀ`m AmH$mamMr, ^waH$Q> H$minQ> a§JmMr hr N>moQ>r H$mo{H$im PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§V ghO cnyZ OmVo Am{U MQ>H$Z {XgV Zmhr. nU nr@@d nr@@d Aer {VMr H$éU cHo$a Iyn cm§~da EoHy$ ̀ oVo. nmdgmim g§nV Amcm H$s, hm njrhr BWyZ Jm`~ hmoVmo.
nmR>monmR> AmUIr EH$ chmZga njr nmÊ`meoOmê$Z Am°JñQ> - gßQ>|~aÀ`m gw_mamg _mÌ Iè`mIwè`m ñWcm§V[aV nú`m§À`m AmKmS>rÀ`m VwH$S>çm XmIc hmoÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. VwVmar njr Am°JñQ> AIoargM {Xgy cmJVmV. nmUWi OmJodê$Z, nmÊ`mÀ`m H$mR>mZo, nmíd©^mJ hcdrV C^o am{hcoco qH$dm VwéVwé YmdUmao ho njr _moR>o J_VrXma {XgVmV ! nm§T>è`m nmíd©^mJmMm, {hadQ> a§JmMm VwVmar njr hm BVam§À`m _mZmZo AJmoXa `oD$Z XmIc hmoVmo, Agm _mPm AZw^d Amho. VwVmar nú`m§À`m OmVt_Ü`o hm AmH$mamZo _moR>m Amho. Vmo EH$Q>m-XwH$Q>mM AmT>iVmo, Va Ë`m nmR>monmR> gmÜ`m VwVmar nú`m§Mo M_y `oD$Z nmÊ`mÀ`m Amgnmg CVaVmV. H$m|~S>rÀ`m {ncmhÿZ WmoS>çm _moR>çm AmH$mamMm, _mVH$Q> a§JmMm hm njr H$mí_ra, JT>dmc qH$dm Ë`mnojmhr CÎmaoH$S>rc ̂ mJm§VyZ Amnë`mH$S>o ̀ oVmo Am{U Z§Va `oVmV {R>nHo$dmë`m VwVmar nú`m§Mo H$in Am{U Jù`m^modVr nm§T>ar H$m°ca Am{U H$nmimda nm§T>am {R>nH$m Agcoco ßcmoìha njr. Vo `oVmV gm`~o[a`m Am{U CÎma `wamonÀ`m A{V W§S> àXoemVyZ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m gwédmVrg, ñWcm§VamÀ`m h§Jm_mg Aer _moR>çm OmoemV gwédmV hmoVo Am{U EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ {hdmir nmhþUo Amnë`mcm ^oQ>Ê`mg `oD$ cmJVmV. _mÂ`mgma»`mMr EH$M Ym§Xc CSy>Z OmVo Ë`m_wio. nmhVm nmhVm Ymo~r nú`m§À`m Q>moù`m§Zm S>moio gamdVmV. JmoS> {H$c{~c H$arV, hdoVyZ Imcr-da PmoHo$ KoV Am{U O{_Zrda CVaë`mda Amncr eonQ>o O{_Zrda AmnQ>rV ho {M_wH$co njr {hadirVyZ VwéVwé Ymdy cmJco H$s, {hadirMm VOocm AmUIrZM OmUdVmo. amIr a§JmMo Am{U {ndù`m nmoQ>mMo Ymo~r, H$mio-nm§T>ao Ymo~r, {ndù`m S>moŠ`mMo, {Zù`m S>moŠ`mMo, H$mù`m S>moŠ`mMo Ymo~r Aem Ymo~r nú`m§À`m {H$VrVar OmVmo WoQ> _o _{hÝ`mn`ªV Amnë`m BWo dmñVì` H$ê$Z AgVmV.
Am°ŠQ>mo~aÀ`m gwédmVrgM {h_mc`mVyZ "H$m°cS>© ~weM°Q>' hm AmUIr EH$ _mohH$ a§JmMm njr BWo `oD$Z XmIc hmoVmo. {ndiQ>, Zm[a¨Jr a§JmMo Am{U Jù`m^modVr nm§T>ar H$m°ca Agcoco {M_UrÀ`m AmH$mamMo ho njr PwSw>nm§À`m Q>moH$mda Am{U Q>o{cJ«m\$À`m Vmam§da ~gcoco {Xgy cmJVmV Am{U Am°ŠQ>mo~aÀ`m eodQ>r eodQ>r gm`~o[a`mVyZ "{cQ>c pñQ>¨Q>' ho chmZgo njr hOmamo _¡cm§Mo A§Va H$mQy>Z Vù`mH$mR>r CVaVmV; Va gmoZoar S>moŠ`mMm Am{U JS>X-Vn{H$ar a§JmMm XcXc-ggmUm n§I ngê$Z g§WnUo Vù`mdê$Z {KaQ>çm Kmcy cmJVmo. Vmo `oVmo nyd© `wamonmVyZ.
73 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV `m nmhþÊ`m§À`m V¡ZmVrV _mPr \$maM Ym§Xc CS>Vo. Iyn Iyn nmhþÊ`m§Mr Vwåhm§cm AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUma Amho _r; nU Ë`m§n¡H$s nwîH$im§er _mÌ AmVm _mPr Mm§JcrM JÅ>r O_cr Amho ! R>am{dH$ {Xder Zo_H$s hOoar cmdUmao AmhoV Zm Vo! EImXm {Xdg _mÌ Agm CJdVmo H$s, ZdrZM Moham AZno{jVnUo ^oQ>Vmo. Joë`m dfu "Q>Z©ñQ>moZ' AgmM Ad{MV ^oQ>cm. `wamonmVyZ `oUmam hm gmJar njr Zoh_r Amnë`mH$S>ohr g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdaM _w¸$m_ H$ê$Z AgVmo. nwÊ`mcm Ë`mZo YmdVr ^oQ> H$m {Xcr, ho _cmhr CcJS>co Zmhr. AmVm ̀ mdfu Agm H$moU ^oQ>Vmo Vo nmhm`M§ !
u H$WoVrc, _wcm§Zm AdKS> dmQ>y eH$Vrc Aem eãXm§Mm AW© Imbr {Xbm Amho. `mMm dmna {ejH$mZo H$Wm dmMVmZm H$amdm.— Amohmoi - AmoT>çmnojm N>moQ>m Agbobm nmÊ`mMm àdmh— H$bH$bmQ> - _moR>m AmdmO— bHo$a - Vmbm-gwamVrb AmdmO — ñWbm§V[aV njr - {hdmù`mV W§S> àXoemVyZ ^maVmV
ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z `oUmao njr. Iyn W§S> hdm_mZmV `m nú`m§Zm Im`bm AÞ {_iV Zgë`mZo, {hdmi`m_Ü`o ho njr ^maVmgma»`m XoemV, {OWo {hdmù`mV CnOr{dH$m H$aUo eŠ` Amho {VWo ̀ oVmV.
— {~ZrÀ`m VwH$S>çm - gwédmVrMm JQ>— {~b§Xa - hþema — nú`m§Mm M_y - nú`m§Mm JQ>
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u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmVë`m gd© nmÊ`mÀ`m òmoVm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV d `mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr.
u `mXr {chÿZ Pmë`mda, JmdmVë`m Kar qH$dm emioVë`m Zimcm nmUr H$go `oVo ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u _wcm§Zm darc _wÔm ZrQ> H$icm Zmhr, Va {ejH$mZo CcQ>r à{H«$`m H$er Amho Vo {dMmamdo d _wcm§Zm gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z CÎmao emoYÊ`mg _XV H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - Zi H$emcm OmoS>cobm AgVmo? ZimV nmUr Hw$Ry>Z d H$em_wio `oVo? Ago gyMH$ àíZ {dMmamdo. _wcm§À`m CÎmamZwgma \$ù`mda AmH¥$Vr H$mT>mdr. CXmhaUmW© - Zi ! Zimcm OmoS>cocm N>moQ>m nmB©n ! N>moQ>m nmB©n _moR>çm nmB©ncm OmoS>cm OmVmo ! _moR>m nmB©n nwT>o _moR>çm Q>mH$scm ! Q>mH$sVyZ {ZKmcocm _moR>m nmB©n ! Q>mH$sMm nmB©n YaUmcm OmoS>cocm BË`mXr.
u {ejH$ Aer AmH¥$Vr JmdmVrc nmUrnwadR>çmZwgma, {d{dY òmoVm§nmgyZ gwê$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. EImX²`m JmdmV / dmS>rV nmUr YaUmVyZ nwadbo Z OmVm WoQ> Pè`mMoM Agy eH$Vo. CXmhaUmW© - Pam " Q>mH$s " nmB©n " Zi.
u JmdmV nyU© doi ZimMo nmUr Agob Va - nmUr dmnamÀ`m `m nÕVr_wio g_mZ nmUr dmQ>n hmoVo H$m? Hw$Ur CYinÅ>r H$aV Agob Va H$iy eHo$b H$m? gmR>dbobo nmUr Z dmnaVm \o$Hy$Z {Xbo OmVo H$m? BË`mXr MMm© H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm \$ù`mdarc AmH¥$Vr dhrV H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.
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u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va AmoT>çmda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.
u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m{R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.
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u `m {ZarjUm§_Ü`o Imcrc ~m~tMr Zm|X H$amdr.— nmÊ`mMm a§J— nmÊ`mMm doJ— nmÊ`mMr nmVir — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$— nmÊ`mMm dmna— nmÊ`mVco àXyfU
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo "ZXr-ghc (1)' _Yrb VŠË`mV _{hÝ`mÀ`m aH$mÝ`mV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
u gd© {ZarjUo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {hdmim gwê$ Pmë`mda ZXr d Ë`mÀ`m n[agamV H$go ~Xc hmoV OmVmV Ago {dMmamdo Am{U _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - ZXr{H$Zmar doJdoJio njr {XgVmV d OmñV g§»`oZo {XgVmV BË`mXr.
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u {ejH$mZo `m àXyfH$m§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©V H$go hmoV Agoc? {dKQ>Z hmoV Agoc H$m? qH$dm Ë`mMo nwT>o H$m` hmoV Agoc Ago àíZ _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z WmoS>r MMm© H$amdr.
u _wcm§Mr CÎmao gm§JyZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo EH$ dmŠ` gm§Jmdo.u "Oo {ZgJm©VyZ ̀ oVo Vo {ZgJm©V nwÝhm {_giVoM', "Oo {ZgJm©VyZ ̀ oV Zmhr, Vo
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u {ejH$mZo 4-5 _wcm§Zm gm§JyZ {VWo 3 IÈ>o H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. ho IÈ>o gmYmaU 6 B§M ImocrMo Am{U 2-3 B§M ê§$XrMo AgmdoV d àË`oH$ IS²>S>çm_Ü`o {ZXmZ 2 \w$Q>mMo A§Va Agmdo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u IÈ>o IUyZ Pmë`mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo 2-3 _wcm§Zm EH$m IS²>S>çmV ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr, Xwgè`m IS²>S>çmV H$mJXmMo _moR>o VwH$S>o Am{U {Vgè`m IS²>S>çmV Amocm H$Mam Ago Q>mH$m`cm gm§Jmdo. Ë`mda naV _mVr Q>mH$Ê`mg gm§Jmdo.
u àË`oH$ IS²>S>çmV H$m` Amho ho H$iÊ`mgmR>r _wcm§Zm IS²>S>çmOdi EH$ H$mR>r ImoMÊ`mg gm§Jmdr, H$mR>rcm OmS> H$mJX {MH$Q>dyZ Ë`mda _mVrV {dKQ>ZmgmR>r Q>mH$coë`m KQ>H$mMo Zmd d VmarI {chÿZ Ë`mda \$cH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ~amo~a EH$m _{hÝ`mZo `m IS²>S>çmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z (IÈ>m nwÝhm IUyZ) AmVrc KQ>H$mMo H$m` Pmco ho ~Km`Mo Amho Aer gyMZm X²`mdr. {ZarjUmMr Zm|X dhr_Ü`o KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
\o$~«wdmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
C{ÔïàXyfH$m§À`m {dKQ>Zmcm {H$Vr doi cmJVmo ho _wcm§Zm g_OUo.
41
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
77 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì
àmUr
1 Vm{gH$m
H$MamH§w$S>rOdi OmñV g§»`oZo H$mdio, SwŠH$a ho nŒmUr {XgyZ `oVmV. ho nŒmUr H$Mam ImD$Z ñdÀNVm H$aV Agbo Var Ë`m§Mr A{VnŒ_mUmV Agbobr g§»`m n[ag§ñWm Imbmdbobr Amho ho Xe©{dVo. hm {dMma CnH«$_mXaå`mZ MMm© H$aV AgVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§n`ªV nmohmoMdmdm.
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì åhUOo H$m`? Am{U {ZgJm©Vrc ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì H$moU AgVrc? Ago àíZ {dMmamdo. `mda _wbo Or H$mhr CËVao XoVrb Vr \$ù`mda {bhmdrV.
u H$mdim, Kma `m§Zm Vwåhr H$m` H$m` ImVmZm nm{hbo Amho ? Vo Hw$Ro {XgVmV? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zr {Xcoë`m CÎmamdê$Z Ë`m§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ho njr {ZgJm©V Pmcoë`m H$Mè`mMr g\$mB© H$aVmV, Ë`m§Zr Amocm H$Mam Imëë`m_wio "ñdÀN>Vm' hmoVo... åhUyZM ho ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xcoë`m nú`m§Mr Am{U àmÊ`m§Mr `mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr - H$mdim, Kma, {JYmS>, Sw>¸$a, Vag, _w§½`m, emH©$ _mgm BË`mXr.
u `mVrc àË`oH$ àmUr H$m` ImVmo Vo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d \$ù`mda {chmdo. `mV CÎmao emoYÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo `mn¡H$s Amnë`m emioÀ`m AmOy~mOycm d KamÀ`m AmOy~mOycm H$moUVo njr àmUr {XgVmV Vo _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u Amnë`m JmdmV EImXm n«mUr _ocm Am{U ho àmUr Zgco Va H$m` hmoB©c? Ago _ococm àmUr O{_Zrda VgmM nSy>Z amhÿZ Iyn XwJªYr `oB©c d AmOy~mOyMo dmVmdaU Xy{fV hmoB©c ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u {ZgJm©V _¥VXohm§Mo {dKQ>Z hmoÊ`mMr gmo` ZgVr Va H$m` Pmbo AgVo? gd© gOrdm§Mo _¥VXoh eVH$mZweVHo$ gmMVM am{hbo AgVo. åhUyZM {ZgJm©Mo MH«$ Ago Amho H$s _¥VXohm§Mo {dKQ>Z, ^jU H$aUmao H$mhr Ord AmhoV `mda _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.
u _ococo àmUr, Amocm H$Mam ImD$Z Oo àmUr / njr OJVmV Vo {ZgJ© ñdÀN> R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV, `m_wio ho àmUr {ZgJm©V AgUo JaOoMo Amho, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm dhrV "{ZgJm©Vrc ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì' `m {df`mda CVmam {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
ho ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì ZgVrc Va H$m` hmoB©c? {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì àmÊ`m§Mo "n[ag§ñWm Am{U AÞOmio' `m_Yco H$m`© H$imdo.
\o$~Œwdmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
42
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
78 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
{JYmS>
KQ>HŸŸ
ZyVZrH$aU-j_ d ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©gmYZo
D$Om©
1 Vm{gH$m
C{Ôï
nÕVrMMm©, coIZ
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
43
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmOy~mOycm, JmdmV, Jmdm~mhoa dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY D$Om©-òmoVm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV. D$Om©-òmoVm§Mr Zmdo AmR>dÊ`mgmR>r WmoS>m doi Úmdm. Z§Va _wcm§Zm Zmdo {dMmê$Z \$ù`mda ̀ mXr {chmdr. ̀ m_Ü`o H$moigm, cmHy$S>, gm¡aD$Om© Aer CÎmao gmYmaUnUo {Xcr OmVrc. `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo
u \$ù`mda {c{hcoë`m `mXr_Yco H$moUVo D$Om©-òmoV nwÝhm nwÝhm dmnaVm `oÊ`mgmaIo AmhoV Am{U H$moUVo ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.
u _wcm§Zm Z H$ië`mg, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s `mn¡H$s H$moUË`m D$Om©-gmYZmMm gmR>m g§nVmo Am{U H$moUË`mMm g§nV Zmhr? `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm H$mhr gyMH$ àíZ {dMmamdoV - Ogo O§JcmVrc gd© PmS>o g§në`mda cmHy$S> Hw$Ry>Z {_ioc? H$moigm g§në`mda Hw$Ry>Z AmUm`Mm? gy`m©Mr D$Om© H$Yr H$_r hmoB©c H$m? noQ´>moc Amnë`mbm V`ma H$aVm ̀ oB©b H$m ? BË`mXr.
u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao XmoZ JQ> H$ê$Z \$ù`mda {chmdrV. Ë`m§ZVa {ejH$mZo "ZyVZrH$aU-j_' Am{U "ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_' ho eãX _wcm§Zm gm§JyZ, Ë`m XmoÝhtMm AW© g_Odmdm.
u "ZyVZrH$aU-j_' - Á`mV nwÝhm nwÝhm V`ma hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVo. CXmhaUmW© - gy`© D$Om©, dm`y D$Om©, dZñnVr§nmgyZ {_iUmar D$Om©.
u "ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_' - Á`mV nwÝhm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm ZgVo. CXmhaUmW© - H$moigm, noQ´>moc.
u D$Om òD$Om ñÌ
_wX²X`m _wcm§er MMm©
H$amdr.
I{ZO VobmnmgyZ AmnU noQ´>mob, {S>Pob
~Z{dVmo ho gm§Jmdo.
dmnê$Z Zme nmdVmV / g§nVmV
Amnë`mbm Zmed§V ©- moVm§H$Sy>Z Zoh_r nwaUmè`m / {Ma§VZ ©- moVm§H$So> àdmg H$am`Mm Amho, H$maU dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`o_wio
Amnbr D$O}Mr JaO dmT>V Mmbbr Amho `m da
\o$~«wdmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u {ejH$mZo Z¡g{J©H$ XJS>r H$moigm H$gm V`ma hmoVmo, noQ´mob H$go ~Z{dVmV ̀ m à{H«$`m§Mr _m{hVr KoD$Z Ro>dmdr. `mgmR>r nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xbobr COm©-òmoVm§{df`rMr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.
— D$Om©-g§`_, {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uuu g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVH$ :
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u ZyVZrH$aU-j_ dZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©gmYZm§Mr _m{hVr hmoUo.
u _wcm§Mr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>Uo.
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
79 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
hdm_mZ Am{U Kam§Mo àH$ma
dñVr
2 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo ^maVm_Yrc {d{dY KamÀ`m àH$mam§Mr N>m`m{MÌo O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdrV. AWdm nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb \$moQ>mo§Mr àV H$mT>mdr.
u ISH$>m§Mo àH$ma, _mVrMo àH$ma Am{U Vo Hw$R>o {_iVmV ̀ mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.
nÕVrMMm©, {MÌJßnm
{d{dY nÕVrÀ`m Kam§Mo \$moQ>mo, dhr, noZ, ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo "hdm_mZmMo àH$ma' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u `mZ§Va _wcm§g_moa ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem Ro>dmdm d XoemV {XgUmao
{d{dY ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoe EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.u ho H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§~amo~a àË`oH$ àXoemMo d¡{eîQ>ç (åhUOoM
Vmn_mZ, nmD$g, cmoH$, eoVr, g§ñH¥$Vr) Aem _wX²X`m§da MMm© H$amdr.u darc MMm© H$aV AgVmZmM `m doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$m§Mr "Kao' H$er
AgVrc ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. ̀ mgmR>r _wcm§Zm {d{dY àXoemVë`m Kam§Mr N>m`m{MÌo XmIdmdrV.
u `m N>m`m{MÌm§dê$Z àË`oH$ àXoemà_mUo {VWcr Kao H$er AmhoV, Kam§gmR>rMm H$ƒm _mc H$m` H$m` dmnacocm {XgVmo` øm gd© Jmoï>r _wcm§Zm {dMmamì`mV. `m_Ü`o N>ßna, q^V, {IS>H$s, \$aer / O_rZ, H$ƒm _mc `m gd© Jmoï>r ~Km`cm gm§Jmì`mV d `mdê$Z Vo Ka H$moUË`m àXoemVrc Agoc, VoWrb hdm_mZ H$go Agoc `mMm A§XmO _wcm§Zm ~m§Ym`cm cmdmdm.
u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemà_mUo JQ> Ho$co Va MMm© H$am`cm A{YH$ gmono OmB©c.
u Z§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm g{dñVa _m{hVr X²`mdr d dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. eŠ` Pmë`mg KamMr {MÌo H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.
44
C{Ôïhdm_mZ Am{U Ka~m§YUr / KamMm àH$ma `mVcm g§~§Y _wcm§Zm H$imdm.
\o$~«wdmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
80 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
Z¡g{J©H$ a§J V`ma H$aUo
dZñnVr
2 Vm{gH$m (2 {Xdg)
nÕVrH¥$Vr
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o, ê$_mcmÀ`m AmH$mamMo nm§T>è`m H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o (KamVrc OwZo H$mnS>hr Mmcoc. ZdrZ H$mnS Agë`mg YwVbobo Agmdo.), nmUr, ^m§S>o, cmoI§S>r ^m§S>o, à`moJemioVrc ~Z©a, Ic~Îmm, nwT>rcn¡H$s eŠ` VodT>r nmZo, \w$co, \$io O_dmdrV - ~rQ>; nmcH$; _|XrMr nmZo; hiX; Vm§Xyi nrR>; VmOr d gmdcrV dmidcocr \w$co; (nig; nm§Jmam; P|Sy>; O°H°$a§S>m; gmda; H$m§MZ; nm[aOmVH$; Omñd§X); S>mqi~mMr, ~oc\$imMr gmc; dmicoco Amdio; Jwcm~r H$m§ÚmMo gmc; {Ziw§~rMr \$io; nm§T>am H$mJX;a§JH$m_mgmR>r ~Œe; R>goH$m_mgmR>r ~Q>mQ>m, H$m§Xm, ^o§S>r, ~m§~yMr H$m§S>r BË`mXr.
gm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
H¥ŸVru n{hcr Vm{gH$m - n{hcm {Xdg— _wcm§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ d amgm`{ZH$ a§Jm§_Ycm \$aH$ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm d
Z¡g{J©H$ a§J n`m©daUmg d Amamo½`mg H$go {hVH$maH$ AgVmV ho gm§Jmdo.— AmnU ñdV: dJm©V Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dUma AmhmoV ̀ mMr H$ënZm X²`mdr.— _wcm§Mo 3-4 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV.— _wcm§À`m àË`oH$ JQ>mg XmoZ a§J ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d Ë`mZwgma gm{hË`
nwadmdo.— nwToo {Xcoë`m A{YH$ _m{hVrZwgma, gmonr nÕV {ZdSy>Z, _wcm§Zm a§J
~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr gm§Jmdr.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r amÌ^a \w$co-nmH$ù`m nmÊ`mV R>odm`À`m AmhoV Vo
{_lU AmYr ~ZdyZ ~mOycm R>odÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {_lU CH$idm`Mo Amho Ë`mgmR>r à`moJemioV
OmD$Z {dkmZ {df`mÀ`m {ejH$m§Mr _XV KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r nmZm§Mm cJXm, ^wH$Q>r V`ma H$am`Mr Amho
Ë`mgmR>r Ic~Î`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— `mZ§Va ~Z{dcoco a§J d V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r R>odcoco a§J dJm©V EH$m ~mOycm
R>odmdoV.u Xwgar Vm{gH$m - Xwgam {Xdg — _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coco a§J ~KÊ`mg gm§JmdoV, ho a§J gd© _wcm§À`m
_Ü`^mJr R>odmdoV.— `m a§Jm§À`m ghmæ`mZo nm§T>ao H$mnS>/H$mJX a§J{dÊ`mg, Ë`mda ZjrH$m_
qH$dm R>goH$m_ H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ho a§J dmnê$Z hmoir / a§Jn§M_r XoIrb IoiVm ̀ oD$ eH$Vo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.
45
\o$~Œwdmar
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u gXa CnH«$_mg XmoZ gcJ {Xder Agm XmoZ Vm{gH$m§Mm (70 {_{ZQ>) doi Úmdm.
u PmS>m§Mr nmZo, \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m, \$io `m§nmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ghO gmoß`m nÕVrZo ~Z{dVm `oVmV. nwTo> {Xcocr Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dÊ`m{df`rMr _m{hVr dmMmdr.
u Or \w$co / \$io dmidUo Ano{jV Amho Vr {ejH$mZo CnHŒ$_mÀ`m AmYr EImXm AmR>dS>m^a dmidV R>odmdr d CnHŒ$_mÀ`m {Xder Vr nyU© dmibobr \w$co / \$io V`ma R>odmdrV.
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
81 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
C{ÔïZ¡g{J©H$ a§J n`m©daUmg d Amamo½`mg {hVH$maH$ AgVmV. gmÜ`m - gmoß`m nÕVrZo nmZm - \w$cm§nmgyZ, \$im§nmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ a§J H$go ~ZdmdoV ho _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.
u Ho$ear a§J— nm§Jmè`mMr / nigmMr / H$mQ>ogmdarMr \w$co gmdcrV
dmidyZ Ë`m§Mr ̂ wH$Q>r ~Zdcr H$s H$moaS>m a§J V`ma hmoVmo.— hr \w$co amÌ^a nmÊ`mV {^OdV R>odm, d Z§Va ho {_lU Mm§Jco
CH$iyZ ¿`m - Amocm a§J V`ma hmoVmo. ̀ mcm gwJ§Yhr AgVmo.— nm[aOmVH$mÀ`m \w$cm§Mo XoR> dmidyZ, nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ R>odm,
N>mZ dmgmMm Ho$ear a§J V`ma hmoVmo.u Vn{H$ar a§J— H$mW nmÊ`mV {_gim.— Mhm qH$dm H$m°\$sMr nmZo nmÊ`mV CH$im.
u H$mim a§J — dmicoco Amdio cmoI§S>r ^m§S>çmV CH$idm. amÌ^a R>odm,
`mV Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmUr Q>mH$mdo.u {Zim a§J— O°H°$a§S>mMr \w$co gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ̂ wH$Q>r H$am.— {Z ~rMr \w$co (Phyllanthus reticulatus) nmÊ`mV
{^Odmdr.u Om§^im a§J — ~rQ> H$mnyZ Ë`mMo ~marH$ VwH$S>o nmÊ`mV Q>mH$m (1 ~rQ> + 1
{cQ>a nmUr) amÌ^a R>odm, Amdí`H$VoZgwma nmUr Q>mH$m.u Jwcm~r a§J
— H$m§MZMr \w$co amÌ^a nmÊ`mV R>odm.
iw§
u cmc a§J— Omñd§XrMr \w$co gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ^wH$Q>r nmÊ`mV
CH$idyZ ¿`mdr. ho {_lU Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmÊ`mV {_gimdo.
u {ndim a§J— H$moaS>m a§J - hiX, H$ñVwar hiX, ~ogZ nrR> {_lU;
{ndù`m P|Sy>À`m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m qH$dm ~hmì`mÀ`m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ^wH$Q>r d ~ogZ nrR>; ~oc\$imMr gmc dmidyZ Ë`mMr ̂ wH$Q>r.
— Amocm a§J - `m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m amÌ^a nmÊ`mV {^OdV R>odm, Ë`mV WmoS>r hiX Q>mHy$Z {_lU Mm§Jco CH$iyZ ¿`m.
u {hadm a§J— Jwc_mohmoa, _oh§XrMr nmZo d JìhmMo H$m|~ `m§Mr noñQ> V`ma
H$ê$Z amÌ^a EImX²`m nrR>m_Ü`o {^OV R>odm. H$moqW~ra Am{U nmcH$mÀ`m nmZm§Mm cJXm V`ma H$ê$Z ̀ m {_lUmV {_gim.
— {hadm Ðdê$n a§J V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 2 M_Mo _|Xr KoD$Z EH$ {cQ>a nmÊ`m_Ü`o {_lU H$ê$Z T>dië`mg {hadm a§J {_iVmo.
— nmcH$, H$moqW~ra, nw{XZm qH$dm Q>mo_°Q>moÀ`m nmZm§Mr noñQ> V`ma H$ê$ZXoIrb {hadm a§J {_idVm ̀ oVmo.
Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕV -
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
82 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU
_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.
KQ>HŸŸ
àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ
àXyfU
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVr{MÌcoIZ
{MÌ / Ñí`, dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
46
_mM©
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm \$ù`mdarc / H$mJXmdarc àXyfUmMo Ñí` XmIdmdo d Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z EImXr H$Wm / {Z~§Y / H${dVm {chm`bm gm§Jmdr. AWdm `m {MÌmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z {OVHo$ àíZ gwMVrc {VVHo$ àíZ {chm`cm gm§Jmdo.
u `mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o X²`mdrV d Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr H$Wm / {Z~§Y / H${dVm àíZ dmMm`bm bmdmdo.
u Amnë`m JmdmV ho {MÌ {XgVo H$m ? Ago {dMmê$Z Ë`mda MMm© H$amdr.u ñWm{ZH dV©_mZnÌmVrb àXyfUm~m~VÀ`m ~mVå`m, {MÌo CncãY
Agë`mg Ë`mdaXoIrb MMm© H$amdr.
u
`m CnH«$_mgmR>r ~Z{dcoco {MÌ dJm©V AmUmdo. VgoM nwTo> >{Xcocr {MÌo {MÌH$coÀ`m {ejH$mH$Sy>Z `m Vm{gHo$À`m AmYr \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV.
u CncãY Agë`mg {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH dV©_mZ- nÌmVrb àXyfUm~m~VÀ`m ~mVå`m, {MÌo O_m H$amdrV.
{ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "àXyfUmMo n[aUm_'
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
83 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
C{Ôïu _wcm§Zm àXyfUmÀ`m
n[aUm_m§Mm A§XmO ̀ oUo.u _wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>Uo.
KQ>HŸŸ
JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d àXyfU
àXyfU
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrMMm©
dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
u {ejH$mcm Jmdm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmda gmOè`m hmoUmè`m gUm§Mr _m{hVr Agmdr.
u ho gU AmVm H$em àH$mao gmOao Ho$co OmVmV Am{U AmYr H$em àH$mao gmOao Ho$co Om`Mo ̀ mMr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo {_idmdr.
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmV gmOè`m hmoUmè`m _w»` gUm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV d gUm§Mr ̀ mXr \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdr.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ho gU H$go gmOao Ho$co OmVmV Vo {dMmamdo. {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda `mXrÀ`m nwT>o EH$ Vº$ V`ma H$amdm d Ë`mV gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMr nÕV {chmdr. CXmhaUmW© -
u H$mT>cocm Vº$m nyU© Pmcm H$s Ë`m VŠË`m_Ü`o "nydu gU H$gm gmOam H$am`Mo' Agm AmUIrZ EH$ aH$mZm dmT>dmdm.
u AmVm _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s ho gU AmVm Ogo gmOao Ho$co OmVmV VgoM AmYrnmgyZ Ho$co OmV AgVrc H$m? `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm KamVrc / JmdmVrc d`ñH$a _§S>iter ~mocyZ, {chÿZ AmUcocr _m{hVr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mdê$Z àË`oH$ gUmMr nyduMr nÕV aH$mÝ`mV {chmdr.
u `m XmoÝhr nÕVrVrc \$aH$ _wcm§Zm {dMmamdm. Ë`mVrc _wX²X`m§da MMm© H$amdr, H$moUË`m nÕVrV àXyfU hmoV Amho Vo {dMmamdo d nyduMr nÕV n`m©daUmg hmZrH$maH$ ZìhVr ho ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§Jmdo.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo hm Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdm.
gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMr AmËVmMr nX²YV
47
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar{ejH$mZo CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm KamVrc / JmdmVrc d{S>bYmè`m _§S>iter ~mocyZ "JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU, Vo nydu H$go gmOao H$am`Mo' `mMr _m{hVr {dMmê$Z dhrV Zm|X H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
u Amnë`m JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d Ë`m§Mm àXyfUmer Agcocm g§~§Y ̀ mMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
u gU gmOao H$aÊ`mMr nma§n[aH$ VWm n`m©daUnyaH$ nÕV g_OUo.
C{Ôï
_mM©
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
84 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
CXmhaUmW©JUoemoËgd
- ßbmñQ>a Am°\$ n°[agMm JUnVr- W_mo©H$mob, ßbmpñQ>H$ dmnê$Z Amamg- H$a_UwH$sH$aVm bmD$S>ñnrH$a, qhXr {gZo_m§Mr JmUr BË`mXr.- ßbmpñQ>H$ ßboQ>
- _mVrMm JUnVr- _mVr, H$mJX, \w$bo dmnê$Z Amamg- H$a_UwH$sH$aVm H$sV©Z, ZmQ>H$, nWZmQ²` BË`mXr.- PmS>m§À`m nmZm§nmgyZ ~Zdboë`m nÌmditMm dmna
gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMrAmËVmMr nX²YV nydu H$gm gmOam H$am`Mo
KQ>HŸŸ
{dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ - ̂ mJ 2
àXyfU
1 Vm{gH$m
{ejH$mZo {d{dY Jmoï>tÀ`m {dKQ>ZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m H$mbmdYr~m~V nwT>o {Xbobr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.
nÕVrMMm©, à`moJ
Iwanr, dhr, noZ
gm{hË`
H¥ŸVr
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
u {ejH$mZo _wbm§er "{dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ-^mJ 1' `m CnH«$_mV Ho$boë`m à`moJm{df`r MMm© H$amdr. Ë`m{Xder H$m` H$m` Ho$bo hmoVo Vo {dMmamdo.
u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm _¡XmZmV {OWo à`moJ Ho$bm Amho {VWo KoD$Z Omdo. Á`m IS²>S>çm§_Ü`o ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr, H$mJXmMo VwH$So> Am{U Amobm H$Mam `m Jmoï>r Q>mH$ë`m hmoË`m Vo IÈo> 2 Vo 3 _wbm§Zm naV IUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u AmVm gd© _wbm§Zm ̀ m {VÝhr IS²>S>çmV H$m` H$m` Amho Vo ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr, H$mJXmMo VwH$So> Am{U Amobm H$Mam `mn¡H$s H$m` H$m` {XgVo Amho Vo ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. {ZarjUmMr Zm|X _wbm§Zm dhr_Ü`o KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.
u `m {ZarjUm§da {ejH$mZo MMm© H$amdr. Amobm H$Mam, H$mJX ho bdH$a Hw$OVmV Va ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr Iyn {Xdg VerM amhVo `m_mJo H$m` H$maU Agy eHo$b Ago gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbm§Zm {dKQ>Z hmoUmao d {dKQ>Z Z hmoUmao nXmW© ̀ mda A{YH$ _m{hVr X²`mdr.
48
àXyfH$m§À`m {dKQ>Zmbm {H$Vrdoi bmJVmo ho _wbm§Zm g_OUo.
C{Ôï
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CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr
{dKQ>ZmgmR>r cmJUmam doi -
(g§X^© : "OmoSy>`m ZmV§ {ZgJm©er', S>m°. A{OV OJVmn)
H$mMoMr dñVy/~mQ>cr
ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr
Aë`w{_{Z`_
Q>rZMm S>~m (noßgr, Wåg An H°$Z)
Mm_S>r dñVy/boXa
cmHy$S>
cmoH$arMo _moOo
H$mnS>r dñVy
H$mJX, H$mJXmMr {nedr
Ho$irMo gmc
dñVy {dKQ>ZmgmR>r cmJUmam doi
_mhrV Zmhr
700-1000 dfo©
200-500 dfo©
50-100 dfo©
40 Vo 50 dfo©
10 Vo 15 dfo©
1 df©
5 _{hZo
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3 Vo 4 AmR>dS>o
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
85 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
H$Mè`mVyZ H$cm
H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo 5 Vo 6 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u àË`oH$ JQ>mcm gm{hË` Úmdo.u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mg {eH$dmdo d àË`oH$
JQ>mVrc gd© _wcm§Zm EH$ EH$ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `mV {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm `m H$mJXr {neì`m XaamoOÀ`m H$m_mgmRr dmnaÊ`mg gwMdmdo.
u `m V`ma Ho$coë`m {neì`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z AWdm OwÝ`m H$mJXr {neì`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm "H$R>nwVcr' XoIrc ~Z{dVm `oB©c Ago gm§Jmdo. `mgmR>r H$mJX, a§J, ~«e dmnê$Z doJdoJù`m àmUr / nú`mMo Mohao a§J{dVm `oVrc. ̀ mMr nÕVr {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdr, nwT>rc {MÌ XmIdmdo.
u _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m H$mJXr H$R>nwVë`m§Mm dmna "Zm{Q>Ho$'gmR>r H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gwMdmdo.
u `mMo \$m`Xo H$m` `mda MMm© H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - dV©_mZnÌ {nedr dmnaë`mg ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedrMm dmna H$_r hmoB©b, H$mJXr H$R>nwVë`m dmnaë`mg Hw$R>bmhr IM© Z H$aVm N>mZ IoiUo V`ma hmoB©b.
u dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ '{nedr' d H$mJXr {nedrnmgyZ 'H$R>nwVbr' ~Z{dÊ`mMr nwT>rb nmZm§da {Xbr Amho.H¥$Vr
49
1 Vm{gH$m
u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.
u nwT>o {Xbobr OwÝ`m dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕV {ejH$mZo ~KyZ R>odmdr.
u emioVrc OwZo dV©_mZnÌ O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdo.u _wcm§Zmhr OwZr dV©_mZnÌo, OwÝ`m dhrMm nwÇ>m,
OwÝ`m dhrMo H$mJX, a§JrV ISy> Am{U dmnacoë`m H$mJXr {neì`m AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmì`m.
u CnH«$_mXaå`mZ Ii, Q>mMÊ`m, gwVù`m dmnamì`mV Am{U {MH$Q>nÅr, \o${dH$m°b, ñQo>nba `m dñVy eŠ`Vmo Q>mimì`mV.
nÕVrhmVrH$m_, H$cm
OwZo dV©_mZnÌ, a§J, a§JdÊ`mgmR>r ~«e, a§JrV ISy>, qS>H$ ( , gwVir, dmnacoë`m H$mJXr {neì`m, OwÝ`m dhrMm nwÇ>m, OwÝ`m dhrMo H$mJX,
noZ, H$mÌr, qH$dm Ii)
\w$Q>nÅ>r.
gm{hË`
{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm
_mM©
CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
u H$Mè`mVyZXoIrc {d{dY Cn`wº$ Jmoï>r V`ma H$aVm `oD$ eH$VmV ho _wcm§Zm g_OUo.
u _wcm§Mr H$cmË_H$Vm dmT>dUo.
C{Ôï
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
86 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
dV©_mZnÌmMr KS>r (gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mZwgma) R>od>mdr.
ho dV©_mZnÌ AmS>do R>odyZ Ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy _Ü`^mJr EH$_oH$m§da (gmYmaU 1 B§M ^mJ) KoD$Z, XmoÝhr H$S>m§Zm H$mJXmbm KS>çm nmS>mì`mV. _Ü`^mJr EH$_oH$m§da Ambobo H$mJX qS>H$ / Ii dmnê$Z {MH$Q>dmdo.
`m§ZVa AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mZwgma H$mJXmMr EH$m ~mOyMr H$S>m AmV 1 B§Mmda Xþ_S>mdr, {VWo KS>r nmSy>Z ¿`mdr. hr KS>r nwÝhm CKSy>Z {VMr H$S>m AmV Kmbmdr. AmYr nS>boë`m KS>çm§À`m aofodaM nwÝhm KS>r ̀ oB©b Ago ~Kmdo. hrM H¥$Vr H$mJXmÀ`m Xþgè`m ~mOybmhr H$amdr.
AmVm `m V`ma Pmboë`m {nedrgma»`m ^mJmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyMm H$mJX 2 B§M da KoD$Z Xþ_S>mdm d qS>H$mZo / Ii dmnê$Z {MH$Q>dmdm.
`m {nedrÀ`m darb ~mOyg {N>Ðo nmSy>Z Ë`mV gwVirMo N>moQ>o VwH$So> AS>H$dyZ {nedrMo ~§X V`ma H$amdoV. {nedrÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV N>moQ>m nwÇ>m Q>mHy$Z {nedrMm ~wS>mMm ^mJ ì`dpñWV gai H$amdm.
87 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
3
1. dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ ~Z{dbobr N>moQ>r {nedr KoD$Z, {VÀ`m _mnmMm EH$ nwÇ>m H$mnyZ ¿`mdm.
2. nwR²>R>çmMr _Ü`^mJr KS>r KmbyZ Vmo {nedrÀ`m VimMr ~mOy da H$ê$Z {VWo {MH$Q>dmdm.
3. `m nwR²>R>çmbm `mo½` Vmo AmH$ma (àmÊ`mMm / nú`mMm Moham) XoD$Z Ë`mda a§JrV H$mJX {MH$Q>dmdm.
4. AmVm `m {nedrda d nwR²>R>çmda a§JrV H$mJX, a§J, a§JrV noZ / nopÝgbr `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z hì`m Ë`m àmÊ`mMm / nú`mMm Moham H$mT>mdm.
5. `m {nedrV hmV KmbyZ ho Mohao hbdVm `oVrb, "H$R>nwVbr' åhUyZ dmnaVm ̀ oVrb.
H$mJXr {nedrnmgyZ "H$R>nwVë`m' ~Z{dUo
4
1 2
88 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
KQ>HŸŸ
nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ `m§Mm AmcoI
nmUr d _mVr
1 Vm{gH$m
nÕVrAmcoI, MMm©
AmcoI H$mJX, dhr, noZ, nÅ>r, _wcm§Zr ~Z{dcocm nO©Ý`_mnZmMm d O{_Zr n_mZ Zmo§XUrMm Vº$m
À`m Vm
gm{hË`
CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar
H¥ŸVr1. nO©Ý`_mZ AmcoI
u _wcm§Zr ~Z{dcocm nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m g_moa R>odyZ _wcm§Zm Ë`mVrc _{hÝ`mÀ`m nmdgmMr ~oarO H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo Ë`m§Zm _XV H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo Vº$m ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdm, {ejH$mZo hm Vº$m \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z ̂ amdm.
u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm AmcoI H$mJX XoD$Z, `m VŠË`mÀ`m AmYmao "nO©Ý`_mnZmMm' AmcoI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. AmcoI H$mJXmda AmS>ì`m "j' ~mOycm "_{hZo' d Cä`m "`' ~mOyg "nmD$g' Ago {chÿZ _J AmcoI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdo. ̀ m H$m_mV {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm _XV H$amdr. {ejH$mZohr EH$sH$S>o \$ù`mda AmcoI H$mT>mdm.
u AmcoI H$mTy>Z Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AmcoImda àíZ V`ma H$am`bm gm§Jmdo. ̀ mV {ejH$mZo JaO dmQ>ë`mg _wcm§Zm _XV H$amdr.
u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imbrbà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV d MMm© H$amdr.df©^amV H$moaS>o {Xdg {H$Vr?EHy$U Amoco {Xdg {H$Vr?H$moaS>o {Xdg Vo Amoco {Xdg ̀ m§À`mVco à_mU H$go Amho?ho à_mU JmdmÀ`m hdm_mZmZwgma ̀ mo½` Amho H$s A`mo½`?ho nO©Ý`à_mU {nH$m§H$aVm ̀ mo½` H$s A`mo½`?Vwåhr O_m Ho$boë`m _m{hVrVrb, dS>rbYmè`m cmoH$m§À`m AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao nyduMm d AmÎmmMm nmD$g ̀ mV H$mhr VwcZm H$aVm ̀ oVo Amho H$m ?
2. Vmn_mZ AmcoI
u hm AmboI H$mT>VmZm _wbm§Zr Vmn_mZ Zm|XrÀ`m doir Ogo JQ> Ho$bo hmoVo VgoM JQ> H$ê$Z AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg ~gmdo Aer gyMZm {ejH$mZo X²`mdr.
u _wbm§Zr ~Z{dbobm O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZ Zm|XUrMm VŠVm g_moa R>odyZ _wbm§Zm Ë`mVrb Zm|Xr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmì`mV.
—
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u `m CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm JmdmVrc dS>rbYmè`m _mUgm§er Imcrc Jmoï>tda MMm© H$ê$Z dhrV _m{hVr {chÿZ AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— nydu nmD$g df©^amV H$gm H$gm nS>V Ago?
H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV OmñV nS>m`Mm? {Z`{_V hmoVm H$s A{Z`{_V? eoVrH$aVm ̀ mo½` hmoVm H$s A`mo½`?
u CnH«$_ 1 _Yrc nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m d CnH«$_ 2 _Yrc O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZ Zmo§XUrMm Vº$m _wcm§Zm `m Vm{gHo$g AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
C{Ôïu df©^amV nO©Ý`_mZ H$go
~XcVo Vo _wcm§Zm g_OUo.u O{_Zr n_mZm df©^amV H$go
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CnH«$_mMm _[hZm
50
CnH«$_mgmR>r doi
89 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
u AmboI H$mTy>Z Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm AmboImda àíZ V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm H$mhr gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z MMm© H$amdr, Vmn_mZmMm AmboI nmhÿZ H$m` H$m` g_OVo
Amho? gJù`mV OmñV Vmn_mZ H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV Amho? {hdmim, nmdgmim, CÝhmim `m F$Vy§Zwgma O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m?
u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm BVa JQ>m§Mohr AmboI ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d doJdoJù`m OmJodarb O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m? hm \$aH$ H$em_wio Agob? Aem àíZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo MMm© H$amdr.
CXmhaUmW© -
u `mZ§Va _wbm§Zm AmboI H$mJX XoD$Z `m VŠË`mÀ`m AmYmao "O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmMm' AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. AmboI H$mJXmda AmS>ì`m ~mOybm "_{hZo' d Cä`m ~mOyg "Vmn_mZ ({S>J«r gopëgAg)' Ago {bhÿZ _J AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. `m H$m_mV {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm _XV H$amdr. {ejH$mZohr EH$sH$So> \$ù`mda H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma AmboI H$mT>mdm.
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u Jmoï>rV Amcoco gd© KQ>H$ _wcm§À`m g§dmXmV `oUo Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago {ejH$mZo gwMdmdo.
u "Jmoï>rMr' gw dmV Imcrcà_mUo...
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u àíZ_§OwfoH$aVm Amdí`H$ Vo {Z`_ {ejH$mZo R>admdo.u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda JwU {c{hÊ`mgmR>r JQ>m§À`m Zmdmà_mUo Vº$m ~Zdmdm.
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u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV -nO©Ý`_mnZmÀ`m AmcoImV H$moUË`m _{hÝ`m§_Ü`o nmD$g A{O~mV ZìhVm?Jmdm_Ü`o JUoemoËgdmV JUnVrMr _yVu nydu H$emnmgyZ ~Zdm`Mo?nmdgmù`mVë`m ZXr_Ü`o Am{U OmZodmar _{hÝ`mVë`m ZXrÀ`m ghcr_Ü`o {Xgcoco H$moUVohr VrZ \$aH$ gm§Jm.OmZodmarVë`m ZXrÀ`m ghcrV {Xgcoë`m VrZ nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.Vw_À`m JmdmVë`m qH$dm JmdmOdiÀ`m ZXrMo qH$dm AmoT>çmMo Zmd gm§Jm."njr' ̀ m àmUrJQ>mMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.nú`m§À`m n§ImImbr hdoÀ`m {neì`m AgVmV. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?nú`m§À`m nwT>À`m nm`mMo ê$nm§Va n§Im§_Ü`o Pmco Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?_mUyg "newnmcZ' H$m H$am`cm cmJcm?dQ>dmKyi, H$mdim, H$mo{H$im, ~XH$ ̀ mn¡H$s H$m` doJio Amho Vo gm§Jm. H$m Vo gm§Jm.\$i~mJ/dmS>r ̀ m n[ag§ñWo_Ü`o Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ {Xgco?Amnë`m Jmdmcm nmUr Hw$Ry>Z {_iVo?Amnë`m JmdmOdi H$moUVo YaU Amho / ZXr Amho?njr-{ZarjUmÀ`m CnH«$_mV H$moUVo H$moUVo njr {Xgco?njr-{ZarjUmÀ`m CnH«$_mV H$moUË`m PmS>mda gJù`mV OmñV njr {Xgco?njr-{ZarjUmgmR>r Vwåhr H$m` gm{hË` dmnaco?H$moUË`mhr XmoZ nú`m§Mo dU©Z H$am.H$moUË`m dñVy§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©_Ü`o hmoVo?H$moUË`m dñVy§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©_Ü`o hmoV Zmhr?"ñdÀN>Vm {_Ì' åhUOo H$moU?
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C{Ôï_wcm§Zr AmYr Ho$coë`m CnH«$_m§Mr COiUr H$aUo.
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— Iyn nmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoem_Yë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z H$am.— Amnë`m Jmdm_Yë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z H$am.
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H$moU-H$moUVm àH$maÀ`m Kam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm? H$moUË`mhr VrZ àH$maÀ`m Kam§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm."_gmco' XoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr VrZ PmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
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96 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
97 J {ZgJ©emim - ^mJ 2
Fishes, Mary Chandy, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Insects, M. S. Mani, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
The ailing forests of India, C.K.Karunakaran, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
The Monsoons, P.K.Das, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Among tigers and tuskers, Ramesh Bedi, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Common Trees, H. Santapau, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
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Back to Nature, B.K.Trehan, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Elephant: Lord of the Jungle, Ramesh Bedi, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
The Planet Earth, S.M.Mathur, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Amazing adaptations, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Environmental Pollution, N. Manivasakam, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Primer on Characterising biodiversity, P.S.Ramkrishnan, National Book Trust of India,
New Delhi
Social life of Plants, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Social life of Animals, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi
Exploring the Biological World, Rohini Muthuswami, Sukanya Datta, National Book
Trust of India, New Delhi
The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali, Bombay Natural History society
Common Indian wild flowers, Issac Kehimkar, Bombay Natural History society
The book of Indian Trees, K.C.Sahni, Bombay Natural History society
The environment education handbook, a teachers resource, Centre for Environment
Education, Ahmadabad
Joy of Learning, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad
The beautiful world of butterflies, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad
The book of Indian Butterflies, Issac Kehimkar, Bombay Natural History Society
Field guide to Marine Life of India, Deepak Apte
The book of Indian Animals, S.H.Prater, Bombay Natural History Society
The book of Indian Reptiles & Amphibians, J. C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society
& Oxford University Press
Field guide to Mangroves of Maharshtra, N. Vasudevan, Merwyn Fernandes,
Mangrove cell, Maharshtra Forest Department, Mumbai
Field guide to Indian Mammals, Vivek Menon, DK Delhi
The book of Indian Shells, Deepak Apte, Bombay Natural History Society
Flowers of Sahyadri, Shrikant Ingalhalikar, Corolla Publications, Pune
Further flowers of Sahyadri, Shrikant Ingalhalikar, Corolla Publications, Pune
Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp & Tim Inskipp,
Oxford
Butterflies of Peninsular India, Krushnamegh Kunte, University Press
Textbook of Botany, First Year, B.Sc.
Textbook of Geology, First Year, B.Sc.
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http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/publications.html
http://bnhs.org/bnhs/
http://www.kalpavriksh.org/
http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/wwf_publications/
http://cere-india.org/publications/
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/digilib/
www.grammangal.org
http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/publications
http://www.oikos.in/
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Fishes of India, B. F. Chhapgar, Oxford University Press & WWF India
Seashore life of India, B.F.Chhapgar, Oxford University Press & WWF India
Birds of Peninsular India, a pocket guide to 135 familiar birds, early bird and nature
conservation foundation (available at BNHS)
Trees of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment
Improvement society
Insects of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment
Improvement society
Butterflies of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment
Improvement society
Moths of BNHS BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment
Improvement society
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{eH$Ê`mMm AmZ§X, n`m©daU {ejU CnH«$_m§Mr hñVnwpñVH$m ({dkmZ), B`Îmm 6 Vo 8 gmR>r, n`m©daU
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hbHo$ \w$bHo$ {dkmZ, {ejH$-nwñVH$, B`Îmm n{hbr d Xþgar, hmo_r ̂ m^m àmW{_H$ {dkmZ Aä`mgH«$_
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hbHo$ \w$bHo$ {dkmZ, nmR>çnwñVH$, B`Îmm Mm¡Wr, hmo_r ̂ m^m àmW{_H$ {dkmZ Aä`mgH«$_The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali, Bombay Natural History society
Field guide to Indian Mammals, Vivek Menon, DK Delhi
Joy of Learning, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad
Small Science, a series in Primary Science, Teacher's Book, Class 5, Developed by Homi
Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Published by Oxford University Press
Small Science, a series in Primary Science, Textbook, Class 5, Developed by Homi
Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Published by Oxford University Press
http://cere-india.org/publications/
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J«m__§Jb hr g§ñWm _w»`V: Am{Xdmgr _wbm§À`m {ejUmV Jobr Vrg df} H$m_ H$aV Amho. g§ñWoZo emór` d AmZ§XXm`r ~mb{ejUmgmR>r ZdZdrZ à`moJ H$ê$Z {ejUjoÌmV _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. kmZaMZmdmXmda AmYm[aV d {dÚmÏ`m©bm H|$ÐñWmZr R> odUmar {ejUàUmbr éOdUo ho H$m_mMo _w»` d¡{eï>ç. {ejUmVrb à`moJ, àgma Am{U à{ejU ho g§ñWoMo à_wI H$m`© Amho. A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r - http://grammangal.org/
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