bmw motorade- internship training report munic bmw

UniversidadeFederaldeSantaCatarinaCentroTecnolgico

DepartamentodeEngenhariaMecnicaCoordenadoriadeEstgiodoCursodeEngenhariaMecnica

CEP88040970FlorianpolisSCBRASILwww.emc.ufsc.br/estagiomecanica

[email protected]

INTERNSHIPREPORT2/3ActivitiesdevelopedintheBodyVehicledepartment

BMWMotorcycleDevelopmentCenter03/04/2009to03/06/2009

BMWMotorradA.G.

Thisreportcontainsconfidentialinformationandprotectedfromdisclosure.Itmustbeusedonlyforthepurposeofevaluatingthestudent.

Student:ThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWTutor:Dipl.Ing.HansWolfmllerUFSCTutor:Prof.Dr.Ing.LauroCsarNicolazzi

MunichGermany,June8th2009

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page2of201. Introduction

ThisreportpresentstheactivitiesdevelopedbytheacademicThiagoSchimmelpfennigduring

his period of practical training at BMWs Research and Innovation Center inMunich,Germany. Theinternship takes place in theMotorcyclesDevelopmentDepartment, in the division of Body VehicleEngineeringUXEK1.

In summary, the second twomonthsof the internship involved theworkwithprojectanddevelopment of Motorcycles Seats. The activities included studies of ergonomics, tests andmeasurement of components, brainstorming of new solutions and 3Dmodeling of components andsurfaceswiththesoftwareCATIAV5.

Forabetterunderstandingoftheinternshipactivities,thisreportisdividedintothreemainsections.Thefirstsectionwillprovideabackgroundabouttheimportanttopicsfortheconstructionofseatstructures.Thesecondsectionisadetailedstudyofseatsofdifferentmotorcycles.Abriefsectionattheenddisclosesabouttheelaborationofanewconceptforamotorcycleseat.

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page3of202. Index1. Introduction................................................................................................................................22. Index............................................................................................................................................33. Indexofpictures.........................................................................................................................44. Indexoftables.............................................................................................................................45. Importanttopicsforseatsdevelopment....................................................................................55.1. Vehiclepositionoftheseat...................................................................................................55.2. Seatsurface............................................................................................................................65.2.1. Thepressuredistributionduetothehumanbodystructure........................................65.2.2. Theseatingposition.......................................................................................................75.2.3. Theidealsurfaceforcomfort.........................................................................................95.3. Designguidelines...................................................................................................................95.4. Typesofseat........................................................................................................................105.5. Seatparts.............................................................................................................................116. Productsoverview....................................................................................................................136.1. ConclusionsregardingthedifferentSeats...........................................................................167. DevelopmentofanewSeatconcept........................................................................................187.1. Boundaryconditions............................................................................................................187.2. Stepsfortheseatdevelopment..........................................................................................187.3. Internshipactivities.............................................................................................................198. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................219. References................................................................................................................................21

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page4of203. IndexofpicturesPicture1TriangleofergonomicswiththeHpoint(SAEJ826)...................................................................5Picture2ShiftdirectionforthemotorcycleSeat,accordingtodifferentindividuals................................6Picture3Analysisofthepressuredistributioninamotorcycleseat.........................................................7Picture4Differentpositionsforthedriverwhileseatedinthemotorcycle..............................................8Picture5Seatsurface.(a)Regionforthesupportofthelegs.(b)RegionforthePelvicsupport..............9Picture6DifferentpositionsfortheseatofthemotorcycleBMWR1150RT.........................................10Picture7Differentconfigurationsformotorcycleseats..........................................................................11Picture8KTM990Adventureseatdetails...............................................................................................11Picture9InternalseatheightadjustmentsystemforHondaPaneuropean............................................12Picture10KTM990AdventureOverview..............................................................................................13Picture11KTM990AdventureOverview..............................................................................................14Picture12KTM990AdventureOverview..............................................................................................14Picture13BMWR1200GSOverview...................................................................................................15Picture14BMWR1200GSOverview...................................................................................................16Picture15Referenceforthemeasurementoftheseatsurfaces............................................................17Picture16Phasesinthedevelopmentofanewmotorcycleseat............................................................19Picture17ExampleofaparametricsurfacemodelinthesoftwareCATIAV5........................................204. IndexoftablesTable1KTM990AdventureSeatdata...................................................................................................13Table2MotoGuzziNorgeSeatdata......................................................................................................14Table3MotoMoriniGranpassoSeatdata.............................................................................................14Table4BMWR1200GSSeatdata.........................................................................................................15Table5HondaPaneuropeanSeatdata..................................................................................................16Table6Measurementresultsforthestudiedmotorcycleseats..............................................................17

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page5of205. Importanttopicsforseatsdevelopment5.1. Vehiclepositionoftheseat

As previously discussed in the last report, the motorcycle project is connected to threeimportantpointstogetherdescribedastheTriangleofErgonomics(Picture1).Anextrapointwasaddedtothestructure,accordingtothestandardSAEJ826,theHPoint.TheHPointcanbedescribedasthepoint inthemiddlesectionofthedriverwhereoccursthemovementbetweenthetorsoandthe legs.This point is constantly used for the project of vehicles and plays an important role inmotorcyclesdevelopment,whilecanbealsoconsideredthegravitycenterofthedriver.

Picture1TriangleofergonomicswiththeHpoint(SAEJ826).

The HPoint is located in different positions (x,z) for each person when seated in a

motorcycle, according to its dimensions. When seated in a comfortable position in the motorcycle,differentdrivershaveadifferentposition for theirHPoint.Amapof thosepositions is shown in thePicture2,whereispossibletoseethatsmallindividualswithsmalllegsnormallyseatmoreinthefrontofthebikeandmoreclosetotheground.Ontheotherhand,higherindividualswithlonglegsprefertoseat in an up position, further from the handling bar. The graphic represents, in case of a heightadjustmentsystem,thatthere isaspecialdirectionforthedisplacementoftheseat inthebike,beingpossibletoattendtoallthedifferentindividuals.

Thisstudy(Picture2)wasconductedaccordingtotheStandardDIN33402,consideringthatundertheminimumvalueisjust5%ofthesmallestfemaleindividualsandabovethehighestpointstays5%ofthehighermaleindividuals.

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page6of20

Picture2ShiftdirectionforthemotorcycleSeat,accordingtodifferentindividuals.

5.2. Seatsurface5.2.1. Thepressuredistributionduetothehumanbodystructure

Thepelvisorpelvicgirdleistheirregularbonystructurelocatedatthecaudalend(thebase)ofthespine.Thelowestbonewhichcomposesthepelvisistheischium,alsoknownastheseatingbone.Thisregionofthebodyisresponsibleforsupportingmostoftheweightofanindividualwhenseated.Toproduceacomfortableseat,itisveryimportanttodistributethepressureovertheischiuminordernottofatiguethemusculatureinitssurrounding.

Whenanindividualisseated,about6065%ofitsbodyweightlaysovertheseatsurface.Ofthat6065%,about50%iscompressingtheischiumbones.Foranindividualwhoweightsabout85kg,itispossible toassume that inasmallareaof8 to16cm2 (eachbone) there isa forceofabout21kgf(Carstens,2004).Inordertoguaranteeacomfortabledriveforalongperiodoftime,itisimportantdodesignsurfaceswhichcandistributethispressurearoundtheseatingregion.

The Picture 3 shows exactly the pressure distribution in a seat, where the pressureconcentration on the ischium bones region is clearly visible. The measurement in the picture wasconductedinaseatsurfacewithamesharrayofabout200individualsensors,beingthiswaypossibletodetermineexactlythepressureconcentrationpoints(Ottilinger,2005).


Picture3Analysisofthepressuredistributioninamotorcycleseat.

5.2.2. Theseatingposition

Duetothedifferentproportionsofthehumanbodyandtoitsstructureintheseatingregion,a long timeor travel in the same seatingpositioncanconduct to themuscular fatigue in the seatingarea. This way, the drivers always look for alternative positions in order to relax the musculature.Therefore,therearetwodifferentpositions inwhichthedrivercanstay,asshown inPicture4.Thosepositions change the angle of the pelvic and the curvature of the column, giving different pressuredistributionsforeachcase.

The possibility of changing the seating position in a motorcycle can be achieved by twodifferentstrategies,whichcanbealsocombined:

Seatwithinclinationadjustment:Theangle/inclinationismeasuredwiththehorizontallineand if it ispositive, thedriver isgoing tobepushed forwardon thebike,achievingmorepressureintheregionofthelegsandseatingmorestraight.Iftheangleisnegativethedriverisgoingtobepushedbackwardsandtheseatingposition isgoingtobemoresimilartothePicture4(b),wherethecolumnpresentsaslightlycurvature.

Seatwithbigsurface:Withabigsurfacefortheseat,thedrivercanchooseinwhichpositionheisgoingtoseat.Whenheseatstothefrontofthebike,heisinthestraightconfiguration.Seatingmore intheback isgoingtobringthedrivertotheconfigurationas inthePicture4(b).


A motorcycle can eventually dispose of a seat kit which can provide both inclinationadjustmentandbigseatsurface.Theseactionsembraceawide rangeof individualsand, ifcombinedwithaheightadjustmentcanleadtoafullcustomizedandergonomicseatkit.

Picture4Differentpositionsforthedriverwhileseatedinthemotorcycle.

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page9of205.2.3. Theidealsurfaceforcomfort

Asexplained intheprevioussection,havinga longerseatsurface isagoodwaytopromote

differentdriverpositions and thereforemore comfortable seats. The shapeof the surface,however,requiressomespecificconstruction techniques thatallowabetterpressuredistribution rather thanaflatsurface.

As a consequence of the different driving positions the seat can be divided in twomainregions,asshowninthePicture5.TheregioninthebackoftheseatPicture5(b)canbelongerandisgoingtobeusedmainlyfortallerindividualsorthosewhoprefertoseatatthebackofthebike,havingadrivingpositionsimilartothePicture4(b).ThefrontoftheseatistheregionwhichsupportsthelegsofthedriverPicture5(a).Inthisregiontheseatmusthaveacurvaturewhichfollowstheopenlegsofthedriver,pushinghimmore incontactwiththefrontofthebike inapositionwhich isstraighter,suchasdescribedinPicture4(a).

Picture5Seatsurface.(a)Regionforthesupportofthelegs.(b)RegionforthePelvicsupport.

5.3. Designguidelines

Mainlyintheautomotivesector,wherethecompetitionisextremelyhighandallthedetailsare considered by the costumers, the design plays a very important role for the costumers firstimpressionandneedtobeanimportantvariableintheprojectphase.

Tomatchtheprojectrequirements,thefunctionalityoftheparts,thecomfortandasmoothandcontinuousdesignisanextremelyhardtaskfortheengineersandrequiresadetailedstudyofthegeometries.

Formotorcycleseatstherearesomerulesinwhichtheengineersmustpayattention.


Smoothlines:Thecornersandedgesoftheseatmustalwaysbeinagreementwiththelinesand joininggapsofthebike.Incaseofaseatwhichhasan interchangeableposition,foralltheconfigurationsitisimportanttokeepthoseparametersinagreement.

Coverage of internal parts: This topic is very important in seats with interchangeableposition.Evenforthehigherposition,itmustnotbepossibletoseetheinternalsideofthemotorcycle,where thesupportpartsstays,suchas tools,electronicsand lockers.This rulelimitsmany times the highest point of the seat,whereas it reduces the thickness of theavailablefoamoftheseat.ThePicture6illustratesamotorcycleseatwithpositionadjustment.Atthehighestpositionis

alreadypossible to see thebeginningof thediscontinuitybetween the seat linesand themotorcyclelines.Itisalsopossibletoobservethenecessityofagapinthebodyinordertohidetheinternalpartsofthemotorcycle.

Picture6DifferentpositionsfortheseatofthemotorcycleBMWR1150RT.

5.4. Typesofseat

Normallythemotorcyclesuse3differentconfigurationsforitsseats,accordingtothedrivingstyleandthemarket(seefirsinternshipreport).ThoseconfigurationscanbeobservedinthePicture7,whichare:

Twopartseat:Thisseatisnormallyusedinbikeswhichcomewithseatheightadjustment.Inthose cases,mostof the times just thedriver seat canbe adjusted,while thepillion seatremains in itsoriginalposition.Thepillionseatcanbe insomecasesremovedand itsbaseusedasluggagesupport.

Integerseatwithstep:Thisconfiguration ismoreused forsportmotorcycleswithoutseatadjustment.Thestepbetweenthedriverandpillionseatgivesamoreaggressivestyletothemotorcycle.

Integerseatwithoutstep:Thisconfigurationisalsoaintegerpartbutwithoutthestep.Itismoresuitableforenduremotorcycles.


Picture7Differentconfigurationsformotorcycleseats.

5.5. Seatparts

Motorcycleseatsareusuallycomposedofsimilarcomponents,independentofthebrandofthevehicle.Inordertomakeabetterexplanationaboutitscomponents,themotorcycleKTMAdventure990willbeusedaccordingtothePicture8.

Picture8KTM990Adventureseatdetails


Themotorcycleseatitselfiscomposedbasicallyofthreecomponents:thecovering,thefoamandtheseattray.Thecoverandthefoamarebasiccomponents,ontheothersidetheseattrayisthemostexpensivepartandpresentsmostofthefunctionalityoftheset.InthePicture8(a)itispossibletoseetheunderareaoftheseat.Theredcirclesrepresentthefixingpointsoftheseatontheframe,aslongastheyellowlinespointtothedampingelementsoftheseat.Thedampingelementsareusedtohelpinthereductionofthevibrationwhichcomesfromtheengineandfromtheroad.Itcanbelocatedeitherintheseattrayorintheframeofthebike.

The Picture 8 (b) shows the motorcycle region where the seat is fixed. The red circlesrepresentthepointswheretheseatisproperlyfixed,howeverthosepointsarejustnecessarytoavoidthe removalof the seat from thebike.All the forcepropagation from thedriver to thebikeand theoppositearegoingthroughthedampingelements.

ThePicture8(c)and(d)showsthedetailsofthefixingcomponents.InthePicture8(d)itisshownthelockersystemforthisbike,whichisconnectedtothesidelockerandopenedwiththekey.

Fordifferentmotorcycleshowever this configuration can completely change,mainly if themotorcycle presents height adjustment systems, such as the BMW R 1200 GS and the HondaPaneuropean. The Picture 9 illustrates the interior of the height adjustment system for the HondaPaneuropean, where it is easy to perceive that such systems require more expensive and detailedcomponentsforthebike.

Picture9InternalseatheightadjustmentsystemforHondaPaneuropean

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page13of206. Productsoverview

Inordertohaveabetterunderstandingaboutsomedifferentbikesnowadaysinthemarket,as a part of the internship activities a specific study was conducted with several bikes, detailingcharacteristicssuchas:

Presenceofdriverheightadjustmentsystem; Measurementoftheseatusablesurface; Directionoftheheightadjustmentsystem; Principleofworkofthesystems.

The analysis was conducted with 5 different motorcycles and the tables 15 shows thesignificantaspectsforeachbike.Amethodologyfortheevaluationoftheseatssurfacewasadoptedandisdescribedinthesection4.7.

DatasheetSeatAdjustmentSystem

KTM990AdventureClass:EndureYear:2008

Picture10KTM990AdventureOverview

Heightoftheseat: 860mm

(uniqueseat)Typeoftheseat: [X]Onepiece[]Twopieces(DriverandPillion)Heightadjustmentsystem: []Yes[X]No

Table1KTM990AdventureSeatdata



MotoGuzziNorgeClass:TourerYear:2007


Heightoftheseat: 800mm(uniqueseat)Typeoftheseat: [X]Onepiece[]Twopieces(DriverandPillion)Heightadjustmentsystem: []Yes[X]No

Table2MotoGuzziNorgeSeatdata


MotoMoriniGranpassoClass:EndureYear:2008


Heightoftheseat: 870mm(uniqueseat)Typeoftheseat: [X]Onepiece[]Twopieces(DriverandPillion)Heightadjustmentsystem: []Yes[X]No

Table3MotoMoriniGranpassoSeatdata



BMWR1200GSClass:EnduroYear:2006

Picture13BMWR1200GSOverview


(lowseat)840mm860mm

(normalseat)860mm880mm(highseat)

Typeoftheseat: []Onepiece[X]Twopieces(DriverandPillion)Typeoftheadjustmentmechanism: []Electrical[X]MechanicalTotalheightadjustment: 20mmAngleofheightadjustment: 90withhorizontallineNeedoftools: []Yes[X]NoSeatangleadjustment: []Yes[X]No

Table4BMWR1200GSSeatdata



HondaPaneuropeanClass:TourerYear:2006

Picture14BMWR1200GSOverview


(lowposition)790mm

(middleposition)805mm

(highposition)Typeoftheseat: []Onepiece[X]Twopieces(DriverandPillion)Typeoftheadjustmentmechanism: []Electrical[X]MechanicalTotalheightadjustment: 30mmAngleofheightadjustment: 50withhorizontallinebackdirectionNeedoftools: []Yes[X]NoSeatangleadjustment: []Yes[X]No

Table5HondaPaneuropeanSeatdata6.1. ConclusionsregardingthedifferentSeats

The seats presented in the tables 15were allmeasured according to a special standard,

assuming some constants for theevaluationof themaindimensionsof the seat.Thisprocedurewasdone according to the Picture 15 both for the driver and pillion seat. The Table 6 presents themeasurementresultswhichwereafterusedfortheevaluationofthenewprojecttargets.


Picture15Referenceforthemeasurementoftheseatsurfaces

KTMAdv. MotoMoriniGranpasso

HondaPanEuropean

MotoGuzziNorge

BMWR1200GS

Driver

A 150 150 200 170 170B 250 270 310 310 310C 5 11,5 6 5 1,5D 320 250 330 290 335E 580 480 370 360 390

Pillion

F 210 260 270 280 230G 240 280 300 310 280H 280 310 310 300 300I 8 6,7 0,5 1 4

Table6Measurementresultsforthestudiedmotorcycleseats

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page18of207. DevelopmentofanewSeatconcept7.1. Boundaryconditions

In the construction of a new motorcycle, some components are previously developed in

ordertobeusedasareferenceintheproductionofthesecondaryparts.Thefirst inputfortheprojectteamcomesfromthedesigndepartment,wheretheconcept

prototypeisfullythreedimensionallyscannedanditssurfacesareplacedinfilesonthedatabaseofthesoftwareCATIAV5.Thosesurfacesarebasicallyfromtheexteriorofthebikeanditdefinesthelimitsforthesizeandgeometryoftheinternalcomponents.

Inastepfurther,theengineeringteamoftheframestartswiththedevelopmentofthemainstructureof thebike,whichwill supportall the secondary components.Several frame configurations(tubular frame,castframe)canbeadopted forthebikeandthis is fundamentallythemost importantcomponentofthemotorcycle,aslongasitneedstobecompletelysimulatedandadaptedfordifferentmotorcycles.

After thedevelopmentof the firstconceptof the frame, the responsibleengineers for theother components can start itsmodeling on CAD, such as the seats. For eachmotorcycle there is adifferentframeanddesign,makingthedevelopmentofeveryseatalwayssingular.Themissionoftheseatsproject team is to reach thecomfort targets trying tonotchangenor the frameor theexteriordesign of the motorcycle. In many cases this task is not tangible, given the small geometry of thecomponents or their proximity. When the motorcycle comes with height adjustment or positionadjustment, it becomes very complicated to have a smooth and continuous design and also thefunctionalityofthecomponents.Inthiscasetheprojectleadersneedtochoosethebestwayaccordingtotheneedsofthecostumers.7.2. Stepsfortheseatdevelopment

Thestartingpoint in thedevelopmentof theseat is theanalysisof thespacebetween the

seat surface (which has a height target) and the frame of the bike. If this space is too reduced, itbecomesimpossibletoprojectasupportstructurethatmustbebetweentheframeandthesurface.Inaddition,thethicknessofthefoamintheseatingregioncannotbesmallerasastandardvalue,inordertoaccomplishthebasiccomforttargets.

Secondly, it is importanttocheckthedimensionsofthedesignedseatsurface,asshown inthe Picture 15. Those dimensions play an important role in the comfort of the seat and must befollowed.

Athirdstep inthedevelopment isthedefinitionoftheheightadjustmentdirection.This isstrategicfortheconceptoftheseatsupports,to itsattachmenttotheframeandtothedesign.Inthetouringbikesthisinclinationusestostayaround45degrees.Forendurebikeshoweverthisnumbercanbeincreasedupto90degrees.


Oncethosedefinitionsareready, it ispossibletostartwiththeproperlydesignoftheseatsupportparts.Thegeometryandfunctionalityofthosepartsdependsonitsapplicationandduringtheprojectisalsoveryimportanttotrytoaggregatethehighestnumberoffunctionsforthesameparts.

Followedbythedesignofthesupports isthedesignoftheseattraysand lockers.Actually,boththedesignsmustbedonealmosttogethersincethosepartsmustbetogetherassembled.Theseattrayisoneofthemostexpensivecomponentsofthemotorcyclebody,sinceitssizerequiresbigmoldsandmachinesforitsproduction.Theseatlockersarethecomponentswhichwillmaintaintheseatonitspositiontohidetheinternalcomponentsandthetoolsofthebike.

Oneofthefinalstepsforthedevelopmentoftheseatisitssurroundingarea.Assoonastheconceptisready,thecomponentswhichstayattheborderoftheseatmustbechangedduetocollisionsin theparts.Thosepartsare, for instance, the fuel tank, thebodyof the tankandotherplasticpartswhichstaysundertheseat.ThePicture16resumestheentiredevelopmentphaseoftheseats.

Picture16Phasesinthedevelopmentofanewmotorcycleseat.

7.3. Internshipactivities

Basedon thepresentedconcepts for thedevelopmentofa seatand the studyofanothermotorcycles on the market, the activities in the last 2 months of internship involved basically theconceptandmodelingofanewmotorcycleseat.Thetaskswerebasically:

Adequationofthedesignedsurfacetothecomforttargets; Conceptofacheapandefficientheightadjustmentsystemforfixingtheseatontheframe; ModelingoftheseattrayandsurfaceonCATIAV5; Conceptandmodelingofseatlockers; Analysisandcorrectionoftheboundaryparts(tankandvehiclebody).

Unfortunately,duetotheconfidentialityoftheproject it isnotpossibleto listanddescribeallthedetailsoftheconcept.ThePicture17howevergivesanoverviewoftheparametricsurfaceofonemotorcycledevelopedbytheinterninthesoftwareCATIAV5.


Picture17ExampleofaparametricsurfacemodelinthesoftwareCATIAV5

InternshipReportThiagoSchimmelpfennigBMWMotorradProductDevelopmentUXEK1Page21of208. Conclusions

The second third of the internship fortunately leaded to good results in the field of theactivities.Theknowledgeacquiredinthefirsttwomonthswasveryimportanttogetmoreresponsibilityinthepredevelopmentphaseoftheproject.

Theseatinamotorcyclerepresentsaverycomplexcomponent,bothinitsgeometryandinthecomfortrequirements.Thepossibilityofworkingwiththeseatwasverygoodtoimproveboththeprojectconceptskills(solidmechanics,constructiontechniques)asthesurfacemodelingtechnique.Itisimportanttoenhancethatbeforethemodelingofthecomponentstheideasmustbepreciselystudiedandevaluated,inordertonotrepresentfutureconceptfailswhichcancostmuchtimeandmoneyforthecompany.

The internship goes, however, more to a practical area of the engineering, where thescientificknowledgeisnotusuallydirectlyapplied.Ontheotherhand,theprojectdevelopmentrequiresalotofcreativityandstudyofcomponents,marketandcustomerpreferences.

The progress with the German language played also an important role in the last twomonths,makingpossible to the intern to integratedifferentproject teamsand towork togetherwithengineersresponsibleforothermotorcyclecomponents.

9. ReferencesCarstens, C. (2004). Analyse heutiger Motorradsitzverstellsysteme nach ergonomischen und

betriebwirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten und Konstruktion einer Vorzugsvariante. Hamburg:HochschulefrAngewandteWissenschaftenHamburg.

Gbel, F. (2006). Erarbeitung eines Sitzverstellkonzeptes fr Motorrder unter Bercksichtigung von

ErgonomieundDesignAnforderungen.Wrzburg:FachhochschuleWrzburg.Kolling, J. (1997). Validierung und Weiterentwicklung eines CADMeschmodells fr die

Fahrzeuggestaltung.Munich:TUMnchen.Ottilinger, K. (2005). Konstruktion einer parametrisierten MotorradSitzbank auf Basis

anthropometrischerDaten.Munich:FachhochschuleAugsburg.Pheasant,S.(1986).Bodyspace:anthropometry,ergonomics,anddesign.London:Taylor&Francis.Spenninger,M. (2007).KonzeptionierungeinerstufenlosenSitybankverstellung freinBMWMotorrad

unterBercksichtigungvonBaugruppenverhltnissen,Designvorgaben, sowiewirtschaftlicherUmsetzbarkeit.Munich:FachhochschuleMnchen.

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