Pharmacobotanic characterization of young stems and stem barks of
Blahblah Stems
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Transcript of Blahblah Stems
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Stems
Functions
Movement of materials
Water & minerals from roots to leaves
Manufactured food from leaves to roots Support leaves & reproductive structures
Food storage
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External Stem Structure
Lenticels
Breathing pores.
Bud Scale Scars
Show where terminal buds have been
located.
Leaf Scars
Show where leaves were attached.
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External Stem Structure
Terminal Bud
Bud on the end of the stem.
Axillary Lateral Bud
Bud on the side of the stem.
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The stem growserect& lifts the leaves ,exposing them tosunlight.it alsoconducts materialsfrom roots toleaves. Based onnature ofstem,plants aredivided into
herbs,shrubs &trees
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Function of Stems
supportleaves tomaximizelight
absorption part of
conduit fortransport ofwater,minerals,andorganicsolutes
storage
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Stem anatomy
Dermal, ground and vascular tissues
pith
cortexepidermis
Vascularbundles
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Types of Stems
Monocot stem Dicot stem Root
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Types of stems
Herbaceous vs. Woody
stems
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Tissues of stems
Epidermis (Dermal tissue type)
Provides protection
Has cuticle (wax) prevents water loss
Trichomes (hairs) for protection, torelease scents, oils, etc.
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Stem Vascular tissue
Vascular bundles composed of bothxylem and phloem
Xylem
Conducts water Support
Phloem
Conducts food Support
Vascularcambium
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Vascular cambium
Occurs in woody stems
Vascular cambium located in the
middle of the vascular bundle, between
xylem and phloem
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Vascular tissue: Trees
Vascular tissue is located on the outerlayers of the tree.
wood
phloem
xylem
bark
Vascular
cambium
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Girdling: cutting around a tree
Damages the phloem and xylem,
eventually killing the tree!
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Vascular tissue forms rings in
trees
Annual rings: xylem formed by thevascular cambium during one growing
season
One ring = one year
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History of the tree: annual rings
1489: Tree is planted
by Native American
1492: Columbus lands in
the Americas
1620: Pilgrims land
in Plymouth, Mass.
1776: Declaration
of US independence
1861: Start ofCivil War
1969: Man
lands on Moon
1917 & 1945: Tree
Survives two World
Wars
1971: Birth Year
of the IDIOT
who cut down
this tree!!!
Dendrochronology : tree time-keeping
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Internal Stem Structure
(Monocots) Vascular bundles
contain both xylem
& phloem. Examples:
Grasses
Corn
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Monocot Stems
(Vascular Bundle)
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Internal Stem Structure
(Dicots) Plant stems have
xylem & phloem
separated by thecambium.
Example:
Trees
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Internal Stem Structure
(Dicots)
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Specialized Types of Stems
Corm
Underground
Solid, fleshy, scale
covered
Examples
Gladiolus
Crocus
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Specialized Types of Stems
Bulb
Layers of fleshy
scales that overlapeach other
Underground stem
Examples
Tulips
Lilies
Onions
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Specialized Types of Stems
Tubers
Food Storage Area
Short, thickunderground stem
Examples
Potato
Caladium
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Specialized Types of Stems
Crown
Closely grouped
stems or plantlets Just above or
below ground
Examples
African violet Ferns
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Specialized Types of Stems
Spurs
Short stems found on
woody limbs adaptedfor increased fruit
production
Examples
Apple
Pear
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Specialized Types of Stems
Rhizomes
Underground stems
that produce roots onthe lower surface and
extend leaves and
flower shoots above
ground Examples
Iris
Lily of the Valley
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Specialized Types of Stems
Stolens
Stem that growshorizontally above
the soil surface
Examples
Strawberries Airplane Plant
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Specialized Types of Stems
Stolens
Stem that growshorizontally above
the soil surface
Examples
Strawberries Airplane Plant
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ARIEL MODIFICATIONS OF STEM
TENDRILSIN grapes
Axillary bud is
modified into
tendrils.
CLADOPHYLL
/
PHYLLOCLADE
The entire
shoot is
flattend & leaf
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CLADODEBranch of asingle internodewhich is
flattened tostimulate a leaflike.
BULBILINDIOSCOREAIt is a modifiedfloral bud whichbecomes
vegetative
CLADODE
ACACIA
BULBIL
DIOSCOREA