Biotek Pengolahan Limbah Cair
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PENGOLAHAN
LIMBAH CAIRSECARA BIOLOGIS
IRFAN D. PRIJAMBADA
Lab. Mikrobiolgi Tanah dan Lingkngan
Fak. P!r"anian# $ni%!r&i"a& Gad'ah Mada
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AIR, SUMBER KEHIDUPAN
Sebagian besar (70 %) tubuh ah!u"hi#u$ berisi air
e$at tingga! bagi sebagian &enis
ah!u" hi#u$ (tanaan, inse"ta, i"an,#an aa!ia)
'ungsi !ain trans$rtasi, !ahraga #an
re"reasi, $en*u*i, #an te$at buangan
KUA+IAS
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KUA+IAS,
MENENUKAN 'UN-SI Kua!itas .ang sesuai untu" suatu /ungsi
be!u tentu sesuai untu" /ungsi .ang !ain
Kua!itas air #anau .ang sesuai untu"!ahraga #a.ung ti#a" sesuai untu"
#iinu
Kua!itas air inu #a$at #iguna"an untu"air $en#ingin esin, teta$i ti#a"
seba!i"n.a
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KUA+IAS AIR,
Ditentu"an !eh "ebera#aansen.a1a "iia ter!arut #an
tersus$ensi
Ditentu"an !eh &u!ah sen.a1a
"iia ter!arut #an tersus$ensi
Ditentu"an !eh a"ibat #ari sen.a1a"iia ter!arut #an tesrsus$ensi
tersebut terha#a$ ah!u" hi#u$
$enghuni e"siste
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KUA+IAS AIR,
Air inu, sebagai *nth,#iharus"an engi"uti aturan"eera#aan #an &u!ah sen.a1a
"iia .ang "etat untu" e!in#ungi"esehatan anusia $ea"ain.a(#i$er"ira"an 20000 rang
eningga! setia$ hari #i #unia"arena $enggunaan air #engan"ua!itas buru" #an "urangn.asanitasi)
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KE+AS KUA+IAS AIR
(!la& &a"# da)a" dignakan n"k air bakair *in*+
(!la& da# da)a" dignakan n"k)ra&arana,&arana r!kr!a&i air#)!*bdida-aan ikan air "aar# )!"!rnakan#dan air n"k *!ngairi )!r"ana*an+
(!la& "iga# da)a" dignakan n"k)!*bdida-aan ikan air "aar# )!"!rnakan#dan air n"k *!ngairi )!r"ana*an+
(!la& !*)a"# da)a" dignakan n"k*!ngairi )!r"ana*an.
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PEN3EMARAN AIR
Pebuangan bahan sisa sangat u#ah#i!a"u"an e!a!ui air
Bahan sisa .ang #ibuang e!a!ui air
hi!ang #ari $an#angan teta$i ti#a"$ernah hi!ang sen.a1an.a
Air ei!i"i "ea$uan erba"
sen.a1a $en.usun bahan sisa, teta$iti#a" se*e$at &u!ah bahan sisa .ang
#iasu""an "e #a!a air
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PEN3EMARAN AIR
DE'INISI
masuknya atau dimasukkannyamahluk hidup, zat, energi dan ataukomponen lain ke dalam air olehkegiatan manusia sehingga kualitasair turun sampai ke tingkat tertentuyang menyebabkan air tidakberfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya
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ASA+ PEN3EMARAN AIR
6 +AN-SUN- ($int sur*e) Ruah tangga Se$ti* tan"s, -re.
1ater
Pertanian Ktran $eterna"an Per"taan ibunan $ebuangan
sa$ah, tibunan en#a$an IPA+,
te$at $ea"aan uu, tibunanbahan $engerasan &a!an
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ASA+ PEN3EMARAN AIR
6 +AN-SUN- ($int sur*e) In#ustri Keb*ran tang"i #an $i$a
in.a", "eb*ran #an tu$ahanbahan "iia bahan ba"u in#ustri,suur in&e"si !ibah in#ustri, bahan$enga1et, tai!ing8 #i in#ustri$ertabangan, #ebu terbang #ari
insta!asi $ebang"it tenaga, buangan!u$ur in.a" #i in#ustri $engi!anganin.a", #an sisa $en*u*ian a!atin#ustri
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ASA+ PEN3EMARAN AIR
9 IDAK +AN-SUN- (nn5$int sur*e)
Pu$u" #ari !ahan $ertanian
Pestisi#a #ari !ahan $ertanian #an hutan 4atuhan bahan "iia ter!arut:tersus$ensi
e!a!ui hu&an
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PEN3EMARAN AIR +E;A UDARA A"ti/itas anusia enghasi!"an
sen.a1a5sen.a1a "iia .ang#i!e$as"an "e u#ara
Sen.a1a5sen.a1a "iia tersebut
en.ebar e!a!ui a!iran u#ara e!e1atibatas5batas 1i!a.ah $eerintahansehingga #isebut long-rangetransboundary air pollution (LRTAP)
Sen.a1a5sen.a1a tersebut easu"i!ing"ungan air e!a!ui $engen#a$anbasah au$un "ering
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PEN3EMARAN AIR +E;A UDARA Huan asam, eru$a"an /enena +RAP
.ang sering #i$ub!i"asi"an, berasa! #ari gasbuang esin berbahan ba"ar batu bara #anin.a", in#ustri $e!eburan !ga, in#ustri$engi!angan in.a", #an in#ustri $u!$ #an
"ertas -as S<9 #an N<9 #iubah en&a#iH9S<= #an HN<2 #i u#ara sete!ah berea"si#engan air
Di Kana#a bagian tiur, hu&an asa
#i$erhitung"an berasa! #ari Aeri"a Seri"atSe#ang"an hu&an asa #i bagian tiur !autAeri"a seri"at #i$er"ira"an berasa! #ariKana#a
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PEN3EMARAN AIR +E;A UDARA Hu&an asa engan*a !ing"ungan
.ang ti#a" tahan asa Berbagai &enis
i"an, serangga, tanaan air, #an
i"rrganise enga!ai gangguan
re$r#u"si #an "eatian Penurunan$$u!asi rganise ini #a$at
e$engaruhi åan a"anan
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MAH+UK HIDUP PEN3EMAR AIR
H!an T*bhan
Ja*r
(ha*ir
Bak"!ri
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BAHAN KIMIA PEN3EMAR AIR
T!rda)a" ha*)ir /0.000.000 bahan ki*ia# krangl!bih /00 000 di an"aran-a dignakan &!1arako*!r&ial.
Ha*)ir &!*a bahan ki*ia b!ra1n dil!)a&kan k!lingkngan air &!1ara lang&ng# &!bagian lainn-a
*!lali r!*b!&an a"a aliran air )!r*kaan. Bahan2bahan ki*ia )!n1!*ar air da)a"
*!ngakiba"kan )!rbahan ra&a# ba# dan arnaair.
Bahan ki*ia )!n1!*ar air -ang b!ra1n da)a"*!ngakiba"kan )!nrnan 3!r"ili"a&# )!rbahanb!n"k "bh# k!r&akan &i&"!* k!"ahanan "bh#dan )!ningka"an k!bol!h'adian "*or )ada h!an.
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Limbah cair banyak dihasilkanoleh industri dan rumah tangga.
Limbah cair sering mengandung:
Bahan organik tersuspensi (tinggi) Bakteri (coliforms dan pathogen) Pencemar kimia, pestisida dan logam
berat
Sebagian besar dapat dihilangkan olehaktiftas mikroba
PENCEMAAN A! "LE# L!M$A# CA!
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SEN>A;A <R-ANIK >AN-
DIHASI+KAN <+EH MAH+UK HIDUP
(arbohidra"
L!*ak Pro"!in
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L!M$A# CA! !N%&S'!
Sisa atau hasil buangan produksi yang berupa zatcair dan diolah melalui IPAL
!ika hasil analisis menun"ukkan bah#a limbahtersebut beracun berdasarkan baku mutu, harusdikirim ke pusat pengolahan limbah cair
!ika sesuai baku mutu dapat digunakan untukinternal production consumption atau dibuang ke
lingkungan dengan i"in BAPP$%AL
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!" #enya$a bera%un pen%emar air
6 ARSENI3
9 +EAD
2 MER3UR>
= ?IN>+ 3H+<RIDE
@ P<+>3H+<RINAED BIPHEN>+S
BENENE
7 3ADMIUM
C P<+>3>3+I3 AR<MAI3 H>DR<3ARB<NS
BEN<(A)P>RENE
60 BEN<(B)'+U<RANHENE
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!" #enya$a bera%un pen%emar air
66 3H+<R<'<RM
69 DD, P,P5
62 AR<3+<R 69@=
6= AR<3+<R 690
6@ DIBEN<(A,H)ANHRA3ENE
6 RI3H+<R<EH>+ENE
67 3HR<MIUM, HEFA?A+EN6C DIE+DRIN
6 PH<SPH<RUS, ;HIE
90 3H+<RDANE
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Peraturan tentang baku mutu airlimbah.
$eberapa perlakuan dibutuhkan untuk
memenuhi baku mutu:Perlakuan primer
Penghilangan &sik bahan tersuspensi
Perlakuan sekunder
%egradasi oleh mikroba untuk menghilangkansenya#a organik terlarut
Perlakuan tersier
Pemisahan bahan terendapkan
PEN("LA#AN $!"L"(!S&N'&) L!M$A# CA!
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Pri*ar- S!""ling
Ba&in&
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Pri*ar- S!""ling
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Pri*ar- S!""ling Tank D!&ign
Si4!r!1"anglar5 6278 * id! 9 /:2/00 * long
1ir1lar5 62;0 * dia*!"!r D!"!n"ion "i*!5 /.:27.: hor&
O%!r3lo ra"!5 7:2<0 *6,*7=da-
T-)i1al r!*o%al !33i1i!n1i!&&olid&5 :02<0>
BOD:5 6026:>
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S!1ondar- Tr!a"*!n"
Pro%id! BOD r!*o%al b!-ond ha" i&a1hi!%!d in )ri*ar- "r!a"*!n"r!*o%al o3 &olbl! BODaddi"ional r!*o%al o3 &&)!nd!d &olid&
Ba&i1 a))roa1h i& "o &! aerobic biologi1al d!grada"ion5
organi1 1arbon ? O7 @ CO7
Ob'!1"i%! i& "o allo "h! BOD "o b!!9!r"!d in "h! "r!a"*!n" )lan" ra"h!r "hanin "h! &"r!a*
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Ho i& "hi& a11o*)li&h!d Cr!a"! a %!r- ri1h
!n%iron*!n" 3orgro"h o3 a di%!r&!
*i1robial 1o**ni"-
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Ba&i1 Ingr!di!n"&
High d!n&i"- o3 *i1roorgani&*& k!!)organi&*& in &-&"!*
Good 1on"a1" b!"!!n organi&*& and
a&"!& )ro%id! *i9ing Pro%id! high l!%!l& o3 o9-g!n a!ra"ion
Fa%orabl! "!*)!ra"r!# )H# n"ri!n"&
d!&ign and o)!ra"ion No "o9i1 1h!*i1al& )r!&!n" 1on"rol
ind&"rial in)"&
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Di&)!r&!d gro"h %& Fi9!d
Gro"h Di&)!r&!d Gro"h &&)!nd!d
organi&*&
A1"i%a"!d &ldg!
O9ida"ion di"1h!&,)ond&
A!ra"!d lagoon&# &"abili4a"ion )ond&
Fi9!d Gro"h a""a1h!d organi&*&
Tri1kling 3il"!r&
Ro"a"ing Biologi1al Con"a1"or& RBC&
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A1"i%a"!d Sldg!
Pro1!&& in hi1h a *i9"r! o3 a&"!a"!r and
*i1roorgani&*& biologi1al &ldg! i& agi"a"!d
and a!ra"!d L!ad& "o o9ida"ion o3 di&&ol%!d organi1&
A3"!r o9ida"ion# &!)ara"! &ldg! 3ro*
a&"!a"!r
Ind1! *i1robial gro"h
N!!d 3ood# o9-g!n
an" Mi9!d Lior S&)!nd!d Solid& MLSS
o3 6#000 "o <#000 *g,L
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A1"i%a"!d Sldg!
'ied
Liuor Air
Secondaryclari&er
#*#
+asteActiate
d
Sludge
-eturnActiate
d Sludge(-AS)
.reated
#*#%ischarge to-ier or LandApplication
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A1"i%a"!d &ldg!
$ast Lansing ++.P
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S!1ondar- Clari3i!r
$ast Lansing ++.P
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A1"i%a"!d Sldg! D!&ign
Ma'or d!&ign )ara*!"!r5 3ood "o *i1roorgani&*ra"io5
MLSS&olid&&&)!nd!d
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A1"i%a"!d Sldg! D!&ign "d a))ro9i*a"!l- < 2 hr Long r!1"anglar a!ra"ion ba&in&
Air i& in'!1"!d n!ar bo""o* o3 a!ra"ion
"ank& "hrogh &-&"!* o3 di33&!r& A!ra"ion &-&"!* &!d "o )ro%id! *i9ing
MLSS and F,M 1on"roll!d b- a&"ing a
)or"ion o3 *i1roorgani&*&
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F,M Para*!"!r
Lo F,M lo ra"! o3 a&"ing&"ar%!d organi&*&
*or! 1o*)l!"! d!grada"ion
larg!r# *or! 1o&"l- a!ra"ion "ank&
*or! O7 r!ir!d
high!r )o!r 1o&"& "o &))l- O7
l!&& &ldg! "o handl!
High F,M high ra"! o3 a&"ingorgani&*& ar! &a"ra"!d i"h 3ood
lo "r!a"*!n" !33i1i!n1-
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Tri1kling Fil"!r&
Ro"a"ing di&"rib"ion ar* &)ra-& )ri*ar-!33l!n" o%!r 1ir1lar b!d o3 ro1k or o"h!r
1oar&! *!dia
Air 1ir1la"!& in )or!& b!"!!n ro1k& Bio3il*K d!%!lo)& on ro1k& and *i1ro2
organi&*& d!grad! a&"! *a"!rial& a&
"h!- 3lo )a&" Organi&*& &logh o33 in 1l*)& h!n 3il*
g!"& "oo "hi1k
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Tri1kling Fil"!r&
/ilter 'aterial
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Tri1kling Fil"!r&
No" a "r! 3il"!ring or &i!%ing )ro1!&&
Ma"!rial onl- )ro%id!& &r3a1! on hi1h
ba1"!ria "o gro
Can &! )la&"i1 *!dia ligh"!r 2 1an g!" d!!)!r b!d& ) "o /7 *
r!d1!d &)a1! r!ir!*!n"
larg!r &r3a1! ar!a 3or gro"h
gr!a"!r %oid ra"io& b!""!r air 3lo
l!&& )ron! "o )lgging b- a11*la"ing &li*!
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Tri1kling
Fil"!r&
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Tri1kling Fil"!r Plan" La-o"
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Ro"a"ing Biologi1al Con"a1"or&
Call!d RBC&
Con&i&"& o3 &!ri!& o3 1lo&!l- &)a1!d di&1&
*on"!d on a hori4on"al &ha3" and ro"a"!dhil! 80> o3 !a1h di&1 i& &b*!rg!d in
a&"!a"!r
Di&1&5 ligh"2!igh" )la&"i1 Sli*! i& /26 ** in "hi1kn!&& on di&1
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Ro"a"ing Biologi1al Con"a1"or&
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Ro"a"ing Biologi1al Con"a1"or&
Aeration
Shearing of ecessmicroorganisms
Attached microorganismspick up organics
/ilmmies #ith
#aste#ater
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Ro"a"ing Biologi1al Con"a1"or&
PrimarySettling
Sludge .reatme
nt
SecondarySettling
Sludge .reatment
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Lo2"!1h &ol"ion&
A!robi1 )ond&
Fa1l"a"i%! )ond&
Ana!robi1 )ond&
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A!robi1 )ond&
Shallo )ond& / *
d!!)
Ligh" )!n!"ra"!& "obo""o*
A1"i%! algal
)ho"o&-n"h!&i&
Organi1 *a""!r 1on2
%!r"!d "o CO7# NO62#
HSO82# HPO8
72# !"1.
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Fa1l"a"i%! )ond&
Pond& / 2 7.: * d!!)
"d 60 2 /0 d
no" !a&il- &b'!1" "o
)&!"& d! "o
3l1"a"ion& in #
loading lo 1a)i"al# OM 1o&"&
/acultatie
Aerobic
Anaerobic
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O9ida"ion Di"1h!&
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Ana!robi1 Pond&
Pri*aril- &!d a& a )r!"r!a"*!n" )ro1!&&
3or high &"r!ng"h# high "!*)!ra"r! a&"!&
Can handl! *1h high loading& 7 &"ag!5 A1id 3!r*!n"a"ion5 Organi1& → Org. a1id&
M!"han! 3!r*!n"a"ion Org. A1id& → CH8 and
CO7
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Land and !"land A))li1a"ion
S)ra- irriga"ion and in3il"ra"ion
O%!rland 3lo
!"land&
Source0 $nironmentalScience, 1th ed, B! 2ebeland -. +right, Prentice34all, 2!, c 5675
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S)ra- irriga"ion
$&all- 3ollo& o9ida"ion )ond&# a!ra"!d lagoon& A))li1a"ion l!ad& "o 3il"!ring# biologi1al
d!grada"ion# ion !91hang!# &or)"ion#
)ho"od!grada"ion
N!!d abo" / a1r!,/00 )!o)l!
Secondary .reatment
/looding, channeling
spray irrigation
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S)ra- irriga"ion
Probl!*&
1li*a"!)a"hog!n&
n!!d b33!r 4on!
Source0 $nironmental Science, 1th ed, B! 2ebeland -. +right, Prentice34all, 2!, c 5675
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O%!rland 3lo
a"!r irriga"!d on"o long narro 3i!ld&
$&! gra&&!& "ha" "ak! ) larg! a*on"& o3
ni"rog!n
$nd!rl-ing &oil &hold b! 3airl- i*)!r%io&
Secondary .reatment
Application to landslopped at 8379
O l d Fl
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O%!rland Flo5
E**i"&brg# MD
Tr!a"& / MGD on 700
a1r!&
S!""ling )ond "h!nirriga"!d
Fi!ld& )lan"!d i"h
r!!d 1anar- gra&&
B!lo / 3" "o)&oil i&
1o*)a1"!d 1la-Source0 $nironmental Science, 1th ed, B! 2ebeland -. +right, Prentice34all, 2!, c 5675
O l d Fl
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O%!rland Flo5
E**i"&brg# MD
, a))li!d "o on! &id! o3
3i!ld# )!r1ola"!& "hrogh
"o)&oil "o a 1oll!1"ing g""!r
a"!r in g""!r 1l!ar and
n"ri!n"23r!!
Coll!1"!d in ano"h!r
r!&!r%oir and &)ra-2irriga"!don"o 3orag! 1ro)&
Source0 $nironmental Science, 1th edB! 2ebel and -. +right, Prentice34all2!, c 5675
O l d Fl
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O%!rland Flo5
E**i"&brg# MD
Land 3or irriga"ion a&
dona"!d b- "on&)!r&on
h- ha" !r! "h!b!n!3i"& o3 &1h a )ro'!1"
ha" old b! "h!
1on1!rn&
Source0 $nironmental Science, 1th edB! 2ebel and -. +right, Prentice34all2!, c 5675
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O%!rland Flo5
E**i"&brg# MD
Ad%an"ag!& 3r!! a"!r
3r!! n"ri!n"& )lan"& 1an b! 3!d "o
ani*al&
lo21o&"
lo2*ain"!nan1! a"!r *!!"& di&1harg!
r!gla"ion& NPDES
Di&ad%an"ag!& ill no" ork in 1old
1li*a"!&
)a"hog!n di&)!r&ion in
air
n!!d b33!r 4on!&
n!!d larg! a*on" o3land
(From: http://www.city.pg.bc.ca/finished.htm)
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!"land&
$&! o3 na"ral or ar"i3i1ial !"land&
Floa"ing )lan"& a1" a& 3il"!r& and &))or"
3or ba1"!ria
(/rom0 $nironmental Science, 1th ed, B! 2ebeland -. +right, Prentice34all, 2!,: 5675)
(From: http://www.city.pg.bc.ca/finished.htm)
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Fa1ili"- O)"ion&
Con&id!ra"ion& 3or a&"!a"!r "r!a"*!n"
3a1ili"- o)"ion&
→
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Fa1ili"- O)"ion&
Con&id!ra"ion& 3or a&"!a"!r "r!a"*!n"
3a1ili"- o)"ion&1o&"&
1a)i"al
o)!ra"ion and *ain"!nan1! in1lding !n!rg-
a%ailabili"- o3 &)a1!
d!gr!! o3 "r!a"*!n" r!ir!d b- NPDES )!r*i"*ni1i)al or *ni1i)al )l& ind&"rial
3lora"!
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Fa1ili"- O)"ion&
Con&id!ra"ion& 3or a&"!a"!r
"r!a"*!n" 3a1ili"- o)"ion&
di&"an1! 3ro* r!&id!n"ial )ro)!r"i!& )robl!*& i"h5 odor&# 3li!&# o"h!r ni&an1!&
agri1l"ral &ag! or land a))li1a"ion
o)"ion&
)r!&!n1! o3 )a"hog!n&
!9)!ri!n1! o3 d!&ign !ngin!!r&
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Pemisahan fsik bahan
organik tersuspensi dalambak pengendapan untukmengurangi kebutuhan
oksigen biologis *$"%+.
PELA)&AN P!ME
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%egradasi oleh mikroba untukmengurangi kandungan senya,aorganik.
%ua cara: %egradasi anaerobik dalam sludge tank *
actiated sludge tank %egradasi aerobik menggunakan trickling
bed <er
PELA)&AN SE)&N%E
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;$B<.<4A2 =;SI>$2
;ebutuhan oksigenmencerminkan proses biologis
%inyatakan dalam Biological=ygen %emand (B=%) yangmerupakan kebutuhan oksigen
untuk merombak senya#aorganik dalam limbah cairselama ? hari pada suhu 8@o
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%inyatakan "uga dalam bentukhemical =ygen %emand(=%) yang merupakan "umlah
oksigen ang diperlukan untukmengoksidasi senya#a organikselama
Perbedaan B=% dan =%mencerminkan e&siensi prosesbiologi yang dilakukan
;$B<.<4A2 =;SI>$2 8
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&ntuk menghilangkan sisa senya,a
organik dan mineral *biasanyaberbeaya tinggi dan tidak selaludibutuhkan+. /osfat dapat diendapkan dengan
okulasi menggunakan garam yangmengandung aluminium, besi ataukalsium
'ikroba pathogen dapat dihilangkandengan khlorinasi atau penyinaran <C
Arang aktif dapat digunakan untukmenghilangkan senya#a oganik
rekalsitran
PELA)&AN 'ES!E
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PA-A'$.$- 4ASIL =LA4A2
B=% (Biological =igen %emand) =% (hemical =igen %emand) SS (Suspended Solid) .SS (.otal Suspended Solid) 23Ammonium (2itrogen -emoal) 232itrit (2itrogen -emoal) 232itrat (2itrogen -emoal) P3Phospat (Phospourus -emoal) p4