Biologie Celulara - Curs 6 -Transport Membranar
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Transcript of Biologie Celulara - Curs 6 -Transport Membranar
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Transportul prin membraneDate generale
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2009
Membrana celulara
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Contextul Membrana separa celula vie de mediul
inconjurator, ne-viu bariera foarte subtire = 8nm grosime
Controleaza traficul in & dinspre celula permeablitate selectiva permite unor substante sa treaca mai usor
decat altora hidrofob vs hidrofil
Alcatuita din fosfolipide, proteine & alte macromolecule
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Fosfolipidele
Acid gras
Fosfat
Cozile acizilor grasi hidrofobe
Gruparea fosfat din capul moleculei hidrofila
Aranjate ca bistrat
Aaaah, unul dintre exemplele
structura–functie
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Bistratul fosfolipidic
capete hidrofilepolare
cozi hidrofobenonpolare
capete hidrofilepolare
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Mai mult decat lipide… In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicholson
propun ideea ca proteinele membranare sunt inserate in bistratul fosfolipidic
E ca un fluid…E ca un mozaic…
Este modelul “Mozaic fluid”!
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Membrana este un amestec de proteine & alte molecule incluse in matricea fluida a bistratului lipidic
Fluidul extracelular
Colesterol
Citoplasma
Glicolipid
Proteinetransmembranare
Filamente decitoschelet
Proteina periferica
Glicoproteina
Fosfolipide
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Compozitia lipidica membranara variaza
Compozitia lipidica afecteaza flexibilitatea membrana trebuie sa fie fluida & flexibila
cam la fel de fluida ca un ulei de salata gros % de acizi grasi nesaturati in fosfolipide
mentine membrana mai putin vascoasa utila organismelor adaptate la frig, (ca graul de
iarna) creste % toamna
colesterol in membrane
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Proteinele membranare Proteinele determina functiile specifice ale membranei
membrana celulei & membranele organitelor au fiecare colectii unice de proteine
Proteinele membranei: Proteine periferice
legate lax de suprafata membranei markeri de suprafata ai identitatii celulare (antigene)
Proteine integrale strabat bistratul lipidic, de regula in intregime
proteine transmembranare proteine de transport
canale, permeaze (pompe)
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2009
De ce suntproteinele moleculele perfecte
pentru a construi structuri in membrana celulara?
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Clase de aminoacizi
Ce au acesti aminoacizi in comun?Ce au acesti aminoacizi in comun?
nonpolari & hidrofobinonpolari & hidrofobi
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Clase de aminoacizi
Ce au acesti aminoacizi in comun?Ce au acesti aminoacizi in comun?
polari & hidrofilipolari & hidrofili
Cel mai tare imi plac
cei polari!
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Domenii proteice ce ancoreaza moleculele
In membrane aminoacizii nonpolari
hidrofobi ancore proteice
in membrane
Pe suprafetele externe ale membranelor aminoacizii polari
hidrofili se extind in fluidul
extracelular & in citosol
Polar areasof protein
Nonpolar areas of protein
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NH2
H+
COOH
Cytoplasm
Retinalchromophore
Nonpolar(hydrophobic)-helices in thecell membrane H+
Porin monomer
-pleated sheets
Bacterialoutermembrane
pompa protonica in bacterii
canal de apa in bacterii
functia indeplinita prin schimbare conformationala = schimbarea formei
functia indeplinita prin schimbare conformationala = schimbarea formei
Exemple
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Numeroase functii ale proteinelor membranare
Exterior
Membrana plasmatica
InteriorTransportor Receptor celular
de suprafataActivitate enzimatica
Marker de suprafatade identitate celulara
Atasare la citoschelet
Adeziune celulara
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Carbohidratii membranari Rol cheie in recunoastere celula-celula
abilitatea unei celule de a distinge o celula de alta antigene
importante in dezvoltarea
tesuturilor si organelor baza pt. respingerea
celulelor straine de catre
celulele sistemului imun
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2009
Transportul prin membrana celulara
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Transportul prin membraneDifuziunea pasiva
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Difuziunea Legea a 2 a a termodinamicii
guverneaza sistemele biologice universul tinde spre dezordine (entropie)
Difuziune miscare de la concentratie mare scazuta
Difuziune miscare de la concentratie mare scazuta
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Difuziune Miscare de la concentratie MARE la
concentratie SCAZUTA “transport pasiv” nu e necesar consum de energie
difuziune osmoza
miscarea apei
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Difuziunea prin membrana celulara
Membrana celulara este granita intre interior si exterior… separa celula de mediul sau inconjurator
INAUNTRUnutrienticarbohidratiproteineaminoacizilipidesaruri, O2, H2O
IN AFARAdeseuriamoniacsaruriCO2
H2O produsi de sinteza
celula are nevoie de materiale in & de produsi sau deseuri out
IN
OUT
Poate fi o granita impenetrabila ? NU!
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Difuziunea prin bistratul lipidic Ce molecule pot trece direct?
grasimi & compusi amfifili
interior
exterior
lipid
sare
aa H2Ozahar
NH3
Ce molecule NU pot trece direct?
molecule polare H2O
ioni Na, K, Ca, Cl, amoniu
molecule mari amidon, proteine
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Transportul prin membraneCanalele ionice
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Canale prin (din) membrana celulara Membrana devine semi-permeabila cu
autorul proteinelor-canal canale specifice permit unui material
specific sa treaca prin membrana celulara
interior
exteriorNH3
H2O aa Zahar
ioni
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Canale de Ca, Na, K, Cl• Subfamilii
• 100 M ioni/s
• Tinta moleculara pt. medicamente
• Electrofiziologie; mutageneza dirijata
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Difuziune facilitata Difuziune prin proteine canal
canalele transfera molecule specifice prin membrana celulara
nu necesita energie
“proteina canal”“proteina canal”
canal deschis = transport rapid
facilitat = cu ajutor
mare
mic
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Transportul prin membraneCanalele de apa
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Aquaporine Apa trece rapid in interiorul si catre
exteriorul celulelor dovezi ale existentei canalelor de apa
1991 | 2003
Peter AgreJohn Hopkins
Roderick MacKinnonRockefeller
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2009
Transportul apei
Miscarea apei prin membrana celulara
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Osmoza e difuziunea apei Apa este foarte importanta pt viata,
de aceea vom examina separat transferul prin membrane al apei
Difuziunea apei de la concentratie mare apei la concentratie mica a apei printr-o bariera
semi-permeabila
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Concentratia apei Directia osmozei este determinata prin compararea
concentratiilor substantelor dizolvate Hipertonic – mai multe substante dizolvate, mai putina apa
Hipotonic – mai putine substante dizolvate, mai multa apa
Izotonic – substante dizolvate in concentratii egale, apa in
concentratie egala
hipotonic hipertonic
apa
miscarea neta a apei
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apa proaspata
echilibru apa sarata
Managementul balantei de apa Supravietuirea celulara depinde de
echilibrul intre aportul si pierderea apei
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Celula (comparativ cu vasul) hipertonic sau hipotonic
Vasul (comparativ cu celula) hipertonic sau hipotonic
In ce directie trece fluxul de apa? in sau out
.05 M .03 M
Osmoza…
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Managementul balantei de apa Izotonic
celula animala imersata in solutie usor usor sarata exemplu:
celula sanguina in plasma sanguina
problema: nici unanu apare o miscare neta a
apei fluxuri prin membrana, egale, in
ambele directii
volumul celular este stabil
echilibrat
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Transportul prin membraneDifuziunea facilitataUniport
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Simport
Exemple: Na/glucoza Na/aminoacizi
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Antiport
Exemple: Na/aminoacizi
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simportantiport
Difuziunea facilitata Numeroase modele & mecanisme
ATP ATP
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Transport activ
“proteina-pompa”“proteina-pompa”
schimbare conformationala
Celulele pot avea nevoie sa transporte molecule impotriva gradientului de concentratie modificarea de conformatie transporta substanta
dizolvata de pe o parte pe cealalta a membranei proteina “pompa” “costul” energetic = ATP
ATP
mic
mare
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Transportul prin membranePompele ionice
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Glicoproteina P
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Transferul prin membrana celulara Transport pasiv
Difuziune simpla difuziune a moleculelor nonpolare, hidrofobe
lipide mare mic (gradient de concentratie)
Difuziune facilitata difuziunea unor molecule polare, hidrofile printr-o proteina canal
mare mic (gradient de concentratie)
Transport activ difuziune impotriva gradientului de concentratie
mic mare utilizeaza o proteina cu functie de pompa necesita ATP
ATP
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Transport - Sumar
difuziunesimpla
difuziune facilitata
transportactiv
ATP
Transport pasiv
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Moleculele mari? Transfer al moleculelor in & out
prin vezicule & vacuole endocitoza
fagocitoza = “cellular eating” pinocitoza = “cellular drinking”
exocitoza
exocitoza
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Transportul prin membraneExocitoza si endocitoza
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Endocitoza
fagocitoza
pinocitoza
endocitoza mediata de receptor
fuziune cu lizozomii pentru digestie
proces nespecific
declansat de un semnal molecular
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Endocitoza
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Transportul prin membrane Endocitoza mediata de
receptori
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Transportul prin membrane Fagocitoza ca tip particular de
endocitoza mediata de receptori
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Pinocitoza (si transcitoza)
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Simplu, nu ??