BIOLOGI -ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI - · PDF fileBIOLOGI -ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI SOMATIC AND ASOMATIC...
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Electronic noises can spoil the enjoyment of this lecture
Please TURN OFF all mobile phones, WAPs and PADs
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SelSel BerdasarkanBerdasarkanJumlahJumlah KromosomKromosom
1. Sel somatis (2n)– Sel tubuh (sel yang menyusun seluruh
tubuh hewan)2. Sel asomatis (1n)
– Sel kelamin (sel gamet)• Spermatozoa → spermatogenesis (testis)• Oosit → oogenesis dan folliculogenesis (ovary)
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Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells
(b) A thin section through thebacterium Bacillus coagulans(TEM)
Pili: attachment structures onthe surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where thecell’s DNA is located (notenclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles thatsynthesize proteins
Plasma membrane: membraneenclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outsidethe plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coatingof many prokaryotes
Flagella: locomotionorganelles ofsome bacteria
(a) A typicalrod-shaped bacterium
0.5 µmBacterial
chromosome
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic cellcell
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Animal cellAnimal cell
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2 nm
Chromosomes
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Nucleosome
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RibosomeRibosomeproduces proteinproduces protein
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Two Types of Two Types of RibosomesRibosomes
• Free ribosomes- make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm and are used there.
• Bound ribosomes- make proteins for export or for membrane construction.
ER Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes Cytosol
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
0.5 µm
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SelSel Spermatozoa Spermatozoa
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StrukturStruktur SpermatozoaSpermatozoa
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StrukturStruktur KepalaKepala SpermatozoaSpermatozoa
• Sebagian kepaladiselubungi oleh akrosomyang didalamnya terdapatenzim-enzim yang berguna untuk fertilisasi(pro acrosin danhyaluronidase)
• Enzim ini diaktifkan saatterjadinya reaksi akrosom
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EkorEkor SpermatozoaSpermatozoa
Bagian Middle Piece :• Mitochondrial sheat
– menghasilkan energi untukmenggerakkan spermatozoa
• Axoneme– menggerakkan mikrotubulus yang
berpola 9+2, sehinggamemungkinkan spermatozoa bergerak sliding
• Semua bagian spermatozoa diselubungi membran kecualipada end piece
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AxonemeAxoneme
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AxonemeAxoneme (SEM)(SEM)
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Spermatozoa abnormalSpermatozoa abnormal
Mitochondria Mitochondria padapada leherleher spermatozoaspermatozoa
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SeluruhSeluruh TubuhTubuh Spermatozoa Spermatozoa DiselaputiDiselaputiMembranMembran ((PerluPerlu DijagaDijaga))
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SeluruhSeluruh TubuhTubuh Spermatozoa Spermatozoa DiselaputiDiselaputiMembranMembran ((PerluPerlu DijagaDijaga))
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Spermatozoa Spermatozoa manusiamanusiaSpermatozoa Spermatozoa TikusTikus
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OOSIT (SEL TELUR)OOSIT (SEL TELUR)
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OOGENESISOOGENESIS• Mitosis• Meiosis I dan II
– Meiosis I (pembentukanoosit primer ke oositsekunder)
– Meiosis II(pembentukan ovum dengan polar bodi)
• Oosit siap untukfertilisasi pada saatMeosis II (metafase)
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Every folliculogenesis step, oocytes undergo atresia and then the best oocytescan be ovulated.
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-50 -4 +10-9 +1-180Time (days)
0
Very little atresia
Ovulation
Corpusluteum
Large antral
Recruited
Growing
50 - 80% atresia
Primordial SmallAntral
Pre-ovulatory
Possible time of action of nutrition on folliculogenesis
Selecte
d
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Development ofDevelopment ofGerm Cell BiotechnologyGerm Cell Biotechnology
ClonningClonning
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Development ofDevelopment ofGerm Cell BiotechnologyGerm Cell Biotechnology
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Embryonic Stem CellEmbryonic Stem Cell