Biodiversity 17 Oct Sarnam

7/30/2019 Biodiversity 17 Oct Sarnam

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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERIZATION ATLANDSCAPE LEVEL USING SATELLITE REMOTESENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEM

Dr. SARNAM SINGHForestry & Ecology Division

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (ISRO)


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Biodiversity = Biological + Diversity (variability of livingorganisms includes all Plants and Animals)

Characterization = Classification or categorization

Landscape = Large area i.e. aggregation of landforms

Remote Sensing = Earth Observation Systems

Geographic Information System = a tool for data

collection, storing, organizing, retrieving, displaying,integration and analyses as per user requirement, asand when and the way required, in computer domain

Terms in the title


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The term Biological diversity was first defined byNorse & Mc Manus (1980) and its abridged form

Biodiversity was coined by Walter G Rosen in 1985.

The biodiversity has been defined in various ways,an appropriate definition of biodiversity is thetotality of genes, species and ecosystem in a region(IUCN & UNEP.1992).

The simple definition is the variety and variabilityof living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms)on planet earth.

This lecture focuses on Phytodiversity


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Global Scenario

In 600 million year, 5 to 50 million species

on planetOnly 1.6 m species have been identified

Animals 1.17 millions

One higher plant species is lost per dayfrom Tropical Rain Forest

About 25% of the total 2,50,000 higherplants species will be lost in the next fewdecades, and another 25% by the end of21st century


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DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY

DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY IS NOTUNIFORM !!!

It increases :

from pole to equator

from high to low attitude


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TREASURE HOUSE OF BIODIVERSITY

7% of the total land surface but more than of thespp. on earth

80% of word's Insects live in these forests.

Flora of India occur in Western Ghats ofPeninsular India

Tropical Rain Forests

17 Mega Biodiversity Centers in the world

Area with high concentration of Biodiversity are known as

Biodiversity Hotspots


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Himalayas 3160

Western Ghats- Sri Lanka

3049

Indo-Burma7000

Map of Biodiversity Hot Spots and Number of Endemic species



Source: R.A. Mittermeter, Primate diversity & Tropical forest: case studiesfrom Brazil & Madascagar & Importance of Megadiversitycountries,Biodiversity, 1988 National Academy Press

Areas with high levels of Biodiversity

BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS MAP OF WORLD HUMAN DISTURBANCE MAP OF WORLD

Source: Data from Lee Hannah & David Lohse, 1993Annual Report,Conservation Institution, Washington, D.C.

A Human disturbance-map comparespredominantly natural areas with thosethat are partially disturbed or humandominated

BIODIVERSITY - GLOBAL SCALE

HOWEVER ???



Mega centres of endemism in India

Hot spots No. species

Western Ghats 1500

Eastern Himalayas 1808

Western Himalayas 1195

Endemism is the occurrence of species in a particularlocality, area or the country

It is most important criteria for declaring such areas



16 forest types and 221 sub-typesprobably unique in the world

Ecosystem diversity from sea level(Mangrove) to Alpine in the Himalayas

Diverse habitats from extreme icy cold inHimalayas to extreme hot in western India

Biodiversity Scenario in India



3000 wild edible plant species used in rural& tribal areas.

3000 medicinal species - 85% of whichare wild.

27 Breeds of Sheep.

20 Breeds of Goats.




India ranks 7th in the world incontribution of agricultural plants

6th amongst centre of diversity and origin

as far as Agro-bio-diversity is concerned. Local land races-

Rice (60000)

Mango (5000)




Genetic Diversity of India167 species of crops, 335 species of wild relatives, and

several species of domesticated animals have originatedhere. The genetic diversity within these species isastounding. Some examples:

Rice: 50,000 varietiesMango: 1000 varieties

Sorghum: 5000 Varieties

Pepper: 500 varieties

Cattle: 27 breeds

Goats: 22 breeds

Sheep: 40 breedsPoultry: 18 breeds

Buffalo: 8 breeds

Camel: 8 breeds

Horses: 6 breeds

Donkey: 2 breeds

COS S S



ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

Forest Ecosystems Grassland Ecosystems

Cold Desert EcosystemsHot Desert Ecosystems

Wetland Ecosystems Coastal & Marine Ecosystems
http://web1.shastacollege.edu/biology/dkirk/biol11a/module.07.jpg



FLOWERING PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONALSYSTEMS OF MEDICINE IN INDIA

Courtesy : NBRI , 2001

Particulars SpeciesFlowering Plants 17,500

Tribal Medicine 8,000

Folklore/LHT 5,000Ayurveda 900

Siddha 800

Unani 700Amchi 300

Modern 30



Endemic flowering plants in India

In India about 5725 species distributed in 148

genera and 47 families (33%) are endemic out of

17,500 species. Three Phytogeographic areas where

endemism and floristic diversity maximum are:

Region Species

Himalayas 3471

Peninsular India 2015

Andaman &

Nicobar Islands

239



Men made Natural

Habitat loss

Causes of Loss of biodiversity

Quarrying of stones

Grazing, Fire

Over exploitation of med plants

Environmental pollution

Invasive of foreign weeds

Flood

Diseases

Lack of pollinator

Draught

Landslides

(90% collected from forests.Out of which 70% collected indistractive manner.

Cutting of forests

Competitors, predators and pests

Socioeconomic changes



Fragmentation often reduces biodiversityand consequently decreases genetic diversity.

One of the major causes of biodiversity loss and extinction

Causes of Loss of biodiversity



Skulls of wild animals hanging at communitycentre in Arunachal Pradesh



IRS LISSFCCs showing

deforestationSonitpur,Assam

1994

1999

2000

Habitat Loss



PA Types Number Area(km2)

GeographicalArea (%)

PAs 603 156000 4.57

Biosphere Reserves 15

National Parks 99 38029 1.16Wildlife Sanctuaries 515 118128 3.55

Conservation

Reserves

2 Uttrakhand

Community Reserves

World Heritagesites

6

Conservation status in India

T f Bi di i



Species Diversity: variety of species within a

region Genetic Diversity: variations of genes within a

species

Ecosystem Diversity: different types ofecosystems/ habitats

Alpha Diversity (Within Community Diversity)

Beta Diversity (Between Community Diversity) Gamma Diversity (Diversity of the habitats in the

whole geographic region)

Types of Biodiversity

H h f B l l



Biosphere

Biomes

Landscape

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Species

A structurally distinct geographical space, which is kilometres wide, iscalled a landscape. Biosphere is the limited zone of life on earth

Hierarchy of Biological Organisation

Amenability to SatelliteRemote Sensing



Conventional Time Consuming

High extinction rate ?Overtaking inventoryprocess

Gene

Species

Population

Community

EcosystemLandscape

Approaches for Inventorying Biodiversity

Geospatial Stratified approach Extrapolation on large landscapes Systematic Monitoring Spatial Environmental Database


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Landscape Characterization

What is Landscape?

Landscape commonly refers to the landforms ofa region in the aggregate (Websters New

Collegiate Dictionary, 1980) or

Most simply, a landscape can be considered a

spatially heterogeneous area.


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Landscape Characterization

Unit of Landscape is Patch, thereforelandscape characterization is basicallybased on patch characteristics i.e. patchcharacterization

What is a patch ?

Patch is a non-linear relativelyhomogeneous contiguous area.


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Why at Landscape level ??

Because every species needs a minimum(optimum) area for evolution, survival andadaptations to changing climatic conditions

Because biodiversity of small forest areas/patches is poor therefore, conservation ofsmall areas/patches is not viable as a long

term conservation strategy

Because conservation of single species is notfeasible in long term


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Large area provides better chances ofsurvival and evolution

In situconservation is essential for speciesto evolve

Adaptations to changed climatic andenvironmental conditions

Ecosystem goods and services will notfunction properly

Nutrient cycle will be always threatened insmall area



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Because conservation of one or fewecosystems may not represent thebiodiversity of the region

Large areas have more core & intact foresthence less biotic interference

Fewer Extinctions

Constancy of Environment

Varied Habitats due to topography, soils,climate, etc.


P t h Ch t isti s


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SIZE

SHAPE

CORE

BUFFER

Patch Characteristics

IDEAL

Good

Small-MediumMedium-High

Small Size

Peoples

Criss-cross

High Biotic

Pressure

HighDisturbance

Not

Suitable

Symmetric

Small Large

Small

Good


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Role of Geoinformatics - Remote Sensing

Data Available for Global to Local level studies

From Coarse resolution: NOAA-AVHRR, SPOTVegetation, MODIS for Global studies/scenarios/decision and policy making

To Moderate resolution: WiFS and AWiFS forNational - Regional studies / scenarios / decision andpolicy making

To High Resolution: Landsat TM, IRS LISS III,

ASTER, SPOT for State/District/ localstudies/scenarios / planning and management

To Very High Resolution: IKONOS, LISS IV, Cartosat1, 2, Quickbird, etc. for village level planning and

management


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Scale diversity of Remote Sensing Data


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APPROACH

BIODIVERSITY

PRIORITY ZONE

TERRAINCLIMATERainfall

Temperature

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGYPatch characteristicsHuman Intervention

VEGETATION / ECOSYSTEM MAPPINGRemote Sensing + Ground Truth + Existing Vegetation Maps

HABITAT(ECOSYSTEMS)

LOWDISTURBANCEREGIMES

ENVIRONMENTALCOMPLEXITY

GIS


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APPLICATIONS

BIODIVERSITYPRIORITY ZONE

HABITAT(ECOSYSTEMS)

LOW

DISTURBANCEREGIMES

ENVIRONMENTAL

COMPLEXITY

GIS

Biodiversity Richness Identification

Disturbance Gradient Analysis

Biodiversity Conservation Gap Areas

Conservation of BR areas

Extension of PA area or Network

Prioritization of Biodiversity Surveys

Working Plan and Forest Management

Germplasm Location for

Bioprospecting

PPR CH F R D T RB NCE NDEX


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APPROACH FOR DISTURBANCE INDEX

Disturbance Index= ( Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion,Biotic/Human Disturbances & Juxtaposition )

VegetationType Map

Landscape Analysis PackageSPALMForest /NonForest map

Broad CoverTypes

Road

Fragmentation

Porosity, PatchinessInterspersion Settlement

ProximityAnalysis

Juxtaposition

Association ( Weightsdetermined basedon Adjacency of thevegetation types

Sources ofHuman

Disturbances


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Landscape Parameters

Of the several parameters available in literaturefollowing parameters were considered

Fragmentation Porosity Patchiness Interspersion Juxtaposition

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS


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LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION

Lowest HighestIntact

Natural Landscape Artificial Landscape

Intact Lowest Highest

IMPACT OF POROSITY

FRAGMENTATION


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FRAGMENTATION

The number of patches of forest and

non-forest type in per unit area.

PATCHINESS

The measure of the density of patches of alltypes or number of clusters in a given mask

POROSITY

The measure of number of patches or densityof patches within a particular type.

INTERSPERSION


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INTERSPERSION

The count of dissimilar neighbors with respectto central pixel or measurement of the spatialintermixing of the vegetation types.

JUXTAPOSITIONThe measure of proximity or adjacencyof the vegetation types.

APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER TYPE MAP


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APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER TYPE MAP

Raw Satellite Data

Pre-Processing

Removal ofDiscrepancies

Visual Interpretation of digital data

Hybrid ClassificationUnsupervised + Supervised + Knowledge Base

Digitally Classified Vegetation / Landcover Map

Geometric AndRadiometric Correction

Haze Removal Histogram MinimizationDark Object Subtraction

Sun Angle Effect Ratioing Biophysicalspectral

Indices NDVI, SAVI

Ground TruthKnowledge

base

FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)


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FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)

Doon Valley

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation


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Sal Forest




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Dry Deciduous Forest




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Mixed Moist Deciduous Forest




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Subtropical Moist Deciduous Forest




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Temperate Forest




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Mixed Pine Forest




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Agriculture




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Rivers




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Settlements


VEGETATION COVER TYPE AND LAND USE MAP


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VEGE N VE Y E ND L ND U E M

S li D i


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Sampling Design

Plot Design

Transect

Point

Square

S mplin D si n


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Sampling Design

Nested Quadrate ApproachN

Laying of plots North-South

Along Slope or gradient

Mark trees with ring withpaint at dbh (1.37 m)


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Landscape Analysis


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Analysis for number of patches / unit area

Determination of optimal mask size toexplain of landscape parameter usingdifferent mask size (250, 500, 1000, n)

Apply 3 3 mask size Interspersions andJuxtaposition analyses

Fragmentation, Porosity, Patchiness

Interspersion and Juxtaposition

LU/LC Map Input for Landscape Analysis


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LU/LC Map Input for Landscape Analysis

MASK SIZE: 250 250 m


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MASK SIZE 500 500 m



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M SK S ZE 5 5 m

False Color Composite of PBR Region


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False Color Composite of PBR Region

PACHMARHI SANCTUARY

SATPURA NATIONAL PARK

BORI SANCTUARY

BUFFER ZONE

HOSHANGABAD DI STRICT

BETUL DI STRICT

CHH INDWARA DISTRICT

FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh


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FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh(IRS WiFS data, 2002)

Agriculture

Water body

Lantana

Dry deciduous

Rehabilitation sites

Bamboo

Very basic understanding of RS data is sufficient

Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region


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Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region

Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR


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Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR

Moist Deciduous ForestDry Deciduous Forest

Sal mixed Forest

Teak mixed Forest

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Agriculture

Fallow/ Barren land

Water body

Wetland / Sand

Settlement

Sal Forest

Teak Forest

Bamboo mixed Forest

Legend

Fragmentation Map of PBR


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22 10 49.46

22 50 10.01Fragmentation Map of PBR

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5

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15

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25

30

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Fragmentation

Class Area %

High Fragmentation 31.71

Medium Fragmentation 35.99

Intact 15.88

Agriculture 16.42

Moderate Fragmentation

Non- Forest

Low Fragmentation

High Fragmentation

Legend


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Road Network

Settlements

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Disturbance is inverselyproportional to distance

S ttl t I fl


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Settlement Influence

Road Impact

Meters

Meters

Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance


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HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW

LEGEND

Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance

Disturbance Index


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Disturbance Index

Disturbance Index = {(Fragmentation,Porosity, Interspersion, Proximity fromdisturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and

Juxtaposition)}

DI= (Frai * WTi1 + Pori * Wti2 + Inti *

Wti3 + BDi * Wti4 + Juxti * Wti5DI= Disturbance Index, Frg = Fragmentation, Por= Porosity,Int = Interspersion, BD = Proximity from disturbance source(settlement+ Roads) and Juxt = Juxtaposition; Wt = Weight

22 50 10.01

Disturb nc Ind x M p f PBR


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22 10 49.46

Disturbance Index Map of PBR

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

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Disturbance

Class Area %

High 39.95

Medium 25.47

Low 18.09

Agriculture 16.49

Very High Disturbance

High Disturbance

Low Disturbance

Legend

Non- forest

Approach For Biological Richness


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Ground Sampling

Species Richness Total Value Index

(Known Economic uses)

Disturbance

Index

Digital

ElevationModel

Ecosystem Uniqueness Representativeness Endemism

SPALM- Landscape Analysis Package

Biological Richness

=f (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness,Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity &

Disturbance Index )

Terrain

Complexity

Botanical Survey of IndiaSpecies Database

Assign attributesto

Vegetation types

Knowledge Base

Approach For Biological Richness

Biological Richness


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Biological Richness = (EcosystemUniqueness, Species Richness, BiodiversityValue, Terrain Complexity & DisturbanceIndex )

Biological Richness

BR= (EUi *WTi1 + SRi * Wti2 + BVi * Wti3+ TC

i* Wt

i4 + DI

i* Wt

i5

EU = Ecosystem Uniqueness; SR = Species Richness;BV = Biodiversity Value; TC = Terrain Complexity; DI=Disturbance Index

Biological Richness Mapping


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g pp g

SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES (Ground and/or knowledge-based)

Species Diversity ( H )

Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU)Biodiversity Value (BV)

Terrain Complexity (TC)

Disturbance Regimes (DI)

Biological Richness Mapping


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Field data Collection

Height Measurements

g pp g

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis


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Species Diversity (H) is estimated using Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index formula, is based onthe Phytosociological analysis either number of

species or Importance Value Index).

Field sample plots of appropriate size are laid toenumerate trees, shrubs, herbs, climber,

epiphytes etc.Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on therichness value in decreasing order

(A) Species Richness

Measurements of Biodiversity


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y

Shannons Index

H= - [(ni/N logn (ni/N) where log implies log base n

Where

= H is the Shannon-Wiener Index Value= ni is importance value or number of species= N is total number of species

Also Sensitive to number of samples

Shannon-Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics


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S. No. Forest Types Basal Area

Tree He rbs Shrubs Total Trees He rbs Shrubs Total Tree s He rbs Shrubs Total Trees He rbs Shrubs Total Trees (m 2/ha)

1 Mixed Moist Forest 13 60 24 97 77 97 46 220 1274 1968 1648 4890 1.60 1.62 1.15 4.37 23.21

2 Mixed Dry Forest 17 40 16 73 54 68 22 144 1461 1395 561 3417 1.31 1.33 1.03 3.67 12.29

3 Sal Mixed Forest 6 15 6 27 47 42 22 111 640 388 242 1270 1.08 1.36 1.09 3.54 21.14

4 Sal Forest 7 20 8 35 38 57 28 123 742 536 269 1547 0.78 1.55 1.21 3.54 22.43

5 Teak Mixed Forest 9 20 8 37 41 42 26 109 888 588 429 1905 1.19 1.32 0.79 3.30 18.37

6 Riverine 3 15 6 24 33 29 24 86 169 434 248 851 1.04 1.04 1.07 3.16 25.83

7 Bamboo Mixed Teak 7 35 14 56 36 48 22 106 350 1009 1599 2958 1.26 1.33 0.30 2.89 10.49

8 Scrub 2 10 4 16 19 32 14 65 172 603 509 1284 0.87 1.09 0.74 2.70 5.31

9 Teak Forest 11 30 12 53 37 55 19 111 756 1081 271 2108 0.83 1.41 0.16 2.40 12.88

10 Savanna 2 5 2 9 13 16 2 31 25 275 18 318 1.04 0.98 0.26 2.28 9.85

11 Plantation 2 2 6 6 112 112 0.38 0.38 27.68

Plots Observed No. of Species Total Individuals Shannon Value

Shannon Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics

of different Land Use / Land Cover Classes of PBR



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Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) is uniqueness of the ecosystem.

Number of endemic species, Representativeness of the vegetation (vegetation with

exotic species is not representative i.e. original), Number of economically and medicinally important

species, based on the known uses Presence of Keystone species, Umbrella species, rare and

endangered species in the ecosystem/vegetation type Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the ecosystem

uniqueness in decreasing order

(B) Ecosystem Uniqueness


Cosmopolitan (3) < Regional (6) < Local (10)

Ecosystem Uniqueness


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S. No. SP_Name E M ME E M ME E M ME1 Dry Deciduous Forest 33 44 54 26 41 58 52 130 52 490

2 Teak Mixed Forest 29 41 48 22 36 41 43 125 59 444

3 MDF 23 35 52 17 36 30 28 87 28 336

4 Scrub 14 20 31 22 30 29 26 91 28 291

5 Sal Forest 10 18 31 14 28 33 30 73 26 263

6 Sal Mixed Forest 16 19 34 13 35 22 27 70 23 259

7 Teak Forest 13 20 38 16 19 22 22 82 27 259

8 Degraded Forest 11 16 34 9 16 15 16 70 28 2159 Riverine Forest 11 21 33 9 26 19 12 56 15 202

10 Bamboo Forest 7 18 20 7 19 21 14 39 18 163

11 Bamboo with sal 6 49 22 6 17 11 11 25 6 153

12 Acacia Forest 5 12 26 5 8 11 10 35 17 129

13 Anogeissus Forest 7 9 17 5 5 12 6 29 10 100

14 Grassland 2 4 4 1 2 2 19 44 18 96

15 Boswellia Forest 7 6 20 4 4 15 7 23 6 92

16 Savannah 5 3 8 2 3 3 4 16 6 5017 Plantation 1 0 7 4 3 0 5 17 5 42

18 Ravine Forest 2 3 2 2 3 5 4 7 2 30

19 Ziziphus Forest 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 1 22

Trees Shrubs Herbs

Total

y q

Value of Biodiversity


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y

Source of food

Material for breeding improvedvarieties

Drug & Medicines

Fibre: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp,sunn

Useful products: Gums, resins,tannins, dyes, paper, tea,coffee etc.

Others: fodder, fuel, timbersetc.

Scientific value: material forstudy

Ecological balance: CO2 & O2,reduce pollution, Check soil erosion,food chain, food web, nutrient cycleetc.

Aesthetic value: Green forests,beautiful flowers, song of birds,colorful butterflies, fishes, birds,landscape, ecotourism etc.

Cultural value: Inspires poets andartists to compose poems, songs,and

to make paintings, sculptures,photography, etc.

Right to live:

Recreation: visit to gardens, NP,Sanctuaries, Zoo etc.

Direct use Indirect use



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Biodiversity Value (BV) is the total economicvalue of the biodiversity (phytodiversity) basedon known uses, as proposed by Belal and

Spreiguel (1996)Depending upon the number of general uses andmedicinal properties, value is assigned to each

use by a group of experts.Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on thebiodiversity value in decreasing order


(C) Biodiversity Value (BV)

Total Important Value- Weight Table


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Species Name Foddr Med Edbl Tmbr Chrcol Others Total

E

Abelmssehus manihot (l.)

Medic 0 2 4 0 0 3 9

M Abrus precatorius L. 0 2 0 0 0 1 4

M Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. 0 4 0 0 0 0 4

M

Acacia catechu (L.f.)

Willd. 4 3 5 0 0 0 24

M

Acacia leucophloea

(Roxb.) Willd. 5 2 0 3 4 2 32

M Acacia nilotica (L.) Delila 4 2 3 3 4 3 28

M Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 4 2 0 2 3 5 19

E

Acacia sinuata

(lour.)merr. 4 0 0 3 3 3 17



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Terrain Complexity (TC) is the variability of thetopograpphy or terrain, rate of change of variance inDigital Elevation Model.

Assumed that higher the terrain complexity (slope,aspect, elevation) richer is biodiversity.

Higher microclimatic conditions created due complex

terrain and supporting very high and uniquebiodiversity.

DEM created based either on contours or pointelevation data (Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper)


(D) Terrain Complexity (TC)



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(E) Disturbance Regimes (DI)


Disturbance Regimes (DI) established based onthe Landscape parameters like Fragmentation,

Patchiness, Porosity, Interspersion, Juxtapositionand Biotic Pressure is used in modeling biologicalrichness analysis.

Component Weight Table


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Forest Type Code EU SR BV

Moist Deciduous Forest 13 7 10 8

Dry Deciduous Forest 14 7 8 10

Sal Mixed Forest 15 7 10 7

Teak Mixed Forest 19 7 8 7

Sal Forest 21 7 6 6

Teak Forest 22 7 4 5

Bamboo Mixed Forest 25 4 5 6

Bamboo Mixed Sal 26 6 5 7

Hardwickia Forest 31 10 5 7

Boswellia Forest 34 9 4 6Ziziphus Forest (Ber) 38 6 3 4

Anogesus Forest 41 8 6 5

22 50 10.01

Biological Richness Map of PBR


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22 10 49.46

g p

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40

BiorichnessClass Area %

Very High 13.77

High 36.37

Medium 8.75

Low 24.61

Agriculture 16.49

Non- Forest

Low Biological Richness

Moderate Biological Richness

Very High Biological Richness

Legend

High Biological Richness


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Thank you !

Biodiversity 17 Oct Sarnam

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