Bilim toplumunda eğitim

8/8/2019 Bilim toplumunda eitim

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Lbibg Zdsiqgqojk Abzbg

S|dm/ J|/ Kib Jagb|~dr) @knazzasa ob}a|~bza~b) ;:/32/


2/53

/1 gbirk| riif lb| haubra

fkig }a ukgko jk| dijqq bbo rdiqo lkojko lq rkok ~|krk

~|krk haiaibg/

>/2 gbirk| ri ona) faojb faojboa dkiklbiao) lkikohzk `a|`kohb

lb| uaiibb fdjikgk hblb lb| obzaibb ja digkrko bif dik|kf \OK) jk`k

~do|k jk JOK) doq buiarao ;'< gbirk| ri bboja agla| hblb lb|

f|dgdudgq diko bifbo `n|aia| (bifbo s|dfk|rdzik|") jk`k ~do|kfb bfb gbirk|

ri bboja ja d|hkoaiia|b (`n|a bb d|hkobua rksik|" diko fk|rdzbf `n|aib

nkoiik| a}|bgiazb/ Lq nkoiik|o `blb|boja ~bob| laoua|b lb| rks

diqgkj bbo) koikjgu koikgjk |aoa|af fdqiikogk h|igau/

Lq oajaoia) lkfza|bia| }a lb| `n|aib nkoiik| (|oabo kgbs) hiaok hblb"

|aoagau) fdqiikokgku/ Lbihbia|b) jk`k jd|q~q z|a uh jk}|koik|)

fkiz~ki rksik|oo (z|a uh" bifbo ~o|ik| bia ~kszkogz|/ of

ua|boja uai gdiafia| lkikozik| bia koik| lb|bfzb|anaf }a ha|af

hoif jaoarbgia|a jkrki' |aoga razaoab h~za|anaf ~bob|bg~b

rksik| `aou a}|bgiagagbzb|/ Lb| `n|aibia| |aoagau/


5/53

1


6/53

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Kgbs'|aoagau

Lb| `n|aibia|bo df `n|aibia|a habb ~kriko }di}df~zk jk ~bob|

|h~ haibgagbzb|/ Lq oajaoia }di}df~ jk |aoagau/

]di}df~'|aoagau

if ~bob| |h~oo d|zkrk fz nkoiik|) df `n|aibia|bo bif

lk~kgkfik|ojkfb ~oha|ia| }a sdibsia|jb|/ Konkf lqoik|jk ~bob| `n|aia|b

qrk|ik| `a| roa biazb| (rkob ksdik|j| fqzqs~qujq|6 lq oajaoia ja lb|


7/53

8

qrk| dijqqojk qrk|oo haijbb ro jbffkza kiogkf~uo }nqjqo zg

zasfb h~za|b|" }a ao oagib~b lqoik|jk ~bob| |h~o diqzq|ko

`n|aia|bo ~aoz|dudgik| `aou rbzb|bigagbzb|) rkob jba| }nqz `n|aia|b

hblb qrhqo d|zkgik|jk }a qrk|ik|jk `n|a lioga~b rksklbib|/ Lq

oajaoia ~oha|ia| }a sdibsia| ja |aoagau/ of ~bob| `n|aia|b

rkkg ldrqonk lioalbib|/

^oha| ja `bj|k jk |aoagau/ of ~bob| `n|aia|b lio|/

A}|bg~ai ga|jb}aobo lb| ~z lk~kgkojk) lrf lb| dik~ifik)

}di}df~qo ~zao lk~igk~ bia bif kkgkjk diqko Sikfdudk kiagb

nkoiik| ua|bojao rk~~ ~diqnkoik| haibgbzb|/ Rk~~ ~diqnkoik|o ao brb

lbiboaob) d|zk abzbgja ja ~f ~f koikziko) lb|df jaoarbo ua|boja

rksij sikok|rkj|/ Lq nkoi h|qlq) ga|faub ~bob| ~b~zagboa ~k`bs) rkob|aoga) jq|qgk h|a koik| }a jaoarbgia|b lb|bfzb|ga uaiibb h~za|ao

bif nkoij|/


8/53

0

o) k|fk~) rkoik| digkrko ~kjana ~z }a kiz diko) j|z mk|fi `n|a zbsbria

zag~bi ajbiao lb|fk lbo `n|ajao diqgq) df `n|aibia|a habbo lbiboao ao bifai

kzk~/ Sikndudk kiagb (lkuik|ok h|a) zkfg) lkuik|ok h|a ~kjana mkgbirk"/ Zaf

lb| z| lbibobrd|5 Z|bn`dsikp kj`ka|ao~

^bob| ~b~zagbobo d|zkrk f5 Hoif rkkoko jaoarbgia|bo }a

fdqiikogkik|o lb|bfzbb ra| ga|faub ~bob| ~b~zagbjb|/ Laiiaf dik|kf lbihb

lb|bfbgb) fkiz~ki gkza|rki ua|boja jabi (lqok z|a uh fkiz~ki laiiaf

jaob|") uaiibfia ~bob| `n|a uk| lkzk digkf ua|a) ~bzdsikugk bia bihbib

lb|bgia| ua|boja) gkf|d gdiafiia| `kiboja lkikogk (laiiab diqzq|ko

gkf|d gdiafiia|bo lrf ija saszbzia| dijqq lb|df kigk bia

fkozikogz|" (Gd|aoha G/)


9/53

2

~bob| `n|aia|bobo lioga~b laib|ib lb| a}|aja jq|jq|qigkirj/ Lq

jq|jq|gk lkk|~o h~za|aoia|) lb|ar~ai laiiaf hblb gq`zaag lb| uaiibf

fkukord|ik|j6 konkf lajaibob igia jara|af/ A}|bg~ai dik|kf jk`k

onafb nkoiik|o laiiab rdfzq6 konkf ~bob| ~b~zagia|b ja rdfzq6 ~bob|

|h~ dikoik|o jk ~bob| `n|aia|boja `kik ~aoz|dudg ga}nqz dijqq bbo

gbzduik `n|a lioga uaiibfia|bob ~|j|albibrd|ik|j/ Lq oajaoia lb|

~oha|b rk jk sdibsb sk|k sk|k az~aobu lbia `a| sk|k~ojko raob lb|

lb|ar diqklbibrd|jq/ \aeaoa|k~rdo (raobiaoga hn" oa|ajar~a

~do~qujq|/

Oa ukgko fb lb| nkoijk ~bob| `n|a~b agl|brdobf a}|aobo laib|ib lb|

kkgk~ojk ~aoz|dudgqoq `n|aobo jok kzz b~a) lioga razaoabob

ja d kojko bzblk|ao rbzb|gb dijq/ Lq) dok |aojbfia|bob kro `n|aja

zqzgk rkob laiiaf uaiibb fkukoj|gz6 konkf `n|a lioga~b ~q|azbria

raobiaoga rk jk dok|g uaiibbob ja rbzb|jbb bbo) g| quqoiqq ~bob|

`n|aia|bobo g|ria ~o|i fkigz }a fkoigku ig dihq~q jk nkoiik|

jork~ok hb|gbzb/ |aogagbubo jaoga~b ha|afao lajaib ig

digqzq/ Lq kkgkjko onafb nkoiik|jk (zaidga|ia|b dikoik| `k|b"

s|dh|kgikog lb| ig h|igau/

A}|bg~ai dik|kf sikok|rkjkfbojao onafb nkoiik| haoaiibfia o~ki

rk jk |kjrki ~bgaz|bf rks h~za|b| (rkob lb| ~bibojb| rk jk zds hblb"/ Lqoik|

rk ~klbz rkkrko rk jk jaobuia|ja ~a|la~z jdikko nkoiik|j|/ Konkf) lb|

ra|a rksk|kf }a `n|a~ai ~|oga rksk|kf rkkrko Sikndudkjko (bfb

fkzi `n|ajao diqgq) afib agkbib digkrko) bfb fkzi lb| sa~zbi hblb lb|

nkoi h|qlq") fk|ikz gdiafiia|b rk jk oa~oaia|b jk`k brb

kihikrklbigaf bbo) kigkik|o o zk|kmok zdsikrko (lqok ~amkibuk~rdo

rk jk lk diqqgq jbrd|qu" }a lqok lki dik|kf) lb| o lb| ja k|fk f~g

diqko) lqok lki dik|kf jk lbiaza|ki ~bgaz|brb (rkob bfb rko diko

nkoiik|" haibzb|ao nkoiik| a}|arb kihikgk lkfgojko df jk`k


10/53

;3

lkk|i jq|qgk hazb/ Lqoq bif lkk|ko jk sikok|rkoo kzkik| dijq/

Jdikr~rik ga|faub ~bob| ~b~zagb (larob" diko nkoiik|o às~b lbikza|ki

~bgaz|b (bfb rko diko" h~za|b|) lb| lk lb| fqr|qf f~g lqiqoq|6 jqrq

d|hkoik|oo dq) oa~oaia|ia bif fk|ikko f~gk rkob lk f~gok

zdsiko|/ Lriana ga|faub ~bob| ~b~zagbobo haibga~boa uagbo `ku|iko|/

Ga|faub ~bob| ~b~zagb (uaiibfia larbo" ok~i lb| haibbg ~|anb bia

d|zkrk fz4 Zkz }a fdfq }a|bnb gdiafiia|ia ao df fk| fk|rk haiao

o f~g }a uaiibfia rqzkf liha~bobo ~z f~gojk lqiqoko afzdja|gbfffaoib kigkik|) hbzzbfa ~krik|o k|z|k|kf }a lb| k|krk zdsikok|kf) lb|

koikgjk rdqoikk|kf) à| lb|b lb|fk ~bob| `n|a~bojao diqgq) lb|fk

hkohibrdok jogz|/ Lq hkohibrdoik| k|k~ojk ahjg ~kikrko

~bob| qukozik| jk a}|bgiabona) bif larbo diqqgq d|zkrk fg dijq/

Lqhof haibgb larboia|jafb fdfqrq) zkj) h|garb) ~a~b) }~ kihikrko

ga|fauia| lb| ukgkoik|o bifbo hkohibrdoik| dik|kf bia} h|rd|ik|j/Sikok|rkoo lb|fk hkohibrdojko) lb|fk do o|dojko diqko larob) fq|ki

dik|kf ;33 gbirk| o|do lqiqojq|ko bo~ko larob bia laoua| afbija ki|/

Konkf) lq `kr}koik|jk ~bob| `n|aia|bobo lioga razaoab }nqjqo

à| zk|kmojk rbzb|bigajb6 rqzkf hkohibrdoq jojkfb }nqz `n|aia|b

~aoz|dudgik|o fd|qgkrk ja}kg azzbia| }a lq oajaoia |aeaoa|k~rdo

razaoafia|bob ~|j|jia|/ Kioko jqrqik|o laiiaf afiboja~kfikoklbiga~b bbo lq `kr}koik|jk ~kjana rqzkf ~zojafb hkohibrdoqo

o|doik|) haibgaia|bobo laib|ib lb| a}|a~boja) ~aoz|dudgik|o `n|a

jok kzk|kf) lioga razaoafia|bob rbzb|jb/


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12/53

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rbzb|gafzajb|/ Jdfqik|o }a `n|aia|bo haibga }a raobiaoga~boja

d|hkobukz| }a qrk|n ~b~zag dik|kf h|a} kiko ~bob| ~b~zagbobo lq rdiik

azfb~buiaga~b) fkoigku dik|kf rkikogkr }a ~doqzk ig d|zkrk

fk|gz|/ Rkikogk) haoai lb| fk}|kg dik|kf) ~|k~rik) fkiz~ki

rksoo }a j mkfz|ia|bo azfb~bria) `n|ajafb lbrdfbgrk~ki

zasfbgaia|jao lkikrk|kf) `n|a) jdfq) d|hko }a lb|ar juarbojafb

bia}ia|bo azfboibbobo kukigk~ dik|kf zkogikoklbib|/ Lq oajaoia laifb

rko i~ ri) rkikogkoo i~ b~a lb|arbo fbgrk~ki }a lqok lki

dik|kf mbubfb azfboibbobo h|anaib ja|ana~b dik|kf kiogkij|/

Lb| laiiabo kiz rks~o oaia| laib|ia|4

@a| nkoioo faojboa uh jk}|ko }a laiiabob) fqfq~qu d z|o

a}|bg~ai `kz ldrqonk fkukog dijqq fkiz~ki lbiabgb roazb| }a kro

ukgkojk ~o|ik|/

Konkf) lq) lb| z|a kbz à| lb|arbo fkiz~ki razaoafia|b lkfgojko

kro fkiszko fz koikgok jk haigau/ of lqojko rkfikf ;/1

gbirk| ri ona d|zkrk fko gkrdu lioga (dojko ona nkoiik|o

dkigk~ lb| abz gbzdu lioga bia ~kikord|jq") kro kokjko

lklkjko lbia di~k) diqko rk}|qik|o dikko~z abziaoga~boa oajao

digqzq|/ Jk`k onafb liogaia|ja rk}|qik| uaiibfia|b lkfgojko

àgao àgao oa|ajar~a kok~oo lb|a lb| laoua|b diq|fao) Fkgl|brao

Skzikgk~ dik|kf lbiboao lq a}|bg~ai ja}|bg oajaobria) kro z|a `kzzk

kro kok lklkrk kbz rk}|qik| lbia lb|lb|ia|bojao mk|fi diko uaiibfia|ia

jorkrk krkf lk~gkrk lkikgik|j|/ ^kjana gkrdu lioga

gafkobugk~rik |arao lb| bo~kojk lb| kok }a lklkjko konkf 83 f~q|

z|birdo rk}|q garjkok haib|~a fkiz~ki uaiibfia|b lkfgojko doik|o

bboja ~kjana bfb~b lb|lb|boa laouaralbib|/


15/53

;1

Fkij fb lq abziaogara f|dgdudgik|jkfb sk|k jabbgb (f|d~boh

d}a|" }a gqzk~rdoik afiaoalbianaf raob uaiibfia| j`bi jabijb|/ Lqoik|

jk afiajbbgbuja abziaoga fkz|birdoik|k qikknkfz|/ Lqoqo lqhof

fdoqgqu k~ojko rd|qgq5 @b lb| bo~ko lb| jba|bobo laoua|b dikgku6

laoua| digkj bbo kro qrhqikgkik|k kro zasfbrb }a|agau/ Lq jk

lbubg abzbg ~b~zagbgbuja zaf lb| gm|ajkzo rk jk qrhqikgkoo

abzbianaf zg fa~bgia|a kroao qrhqikogk~oo b~zaoao ~doqnq

}a|garanabjb|/ @kgq|q }a gkrk~ mk|fi diko lb| fk|gjko `a| ukgko

b~zaoao afgab rkskgku~ou/ Abzbg jork~oo fgkuik|ojko lb|b

lqjq|/

Fkiz~ki rks~ lkfgojko b~zaoao uaiibfia|b h~za|ao lb| kok

lklkjko) b~zaoao uaiibfia| lkfgojko lb| dnqf aija azga dik~i

jk`k rf~af digkfik lb|ibfza) hk|kozb jabijb|6 of gkrduqo

|afdglbok~rdoq ~|k~ojk k|uq ajbiagarao lb| haoazbf lbiabgb ja kig

diklbib|/

Lq kkgkjk (lbrdzafodidebf dik|kf haoia|bo raobjao zk~k|ikos

jbubianab hoa fkjk|" haoazbf rks ua|boja rksknkgu `a|`kohb lb|

hb|bbg lqiqogkgkfzkj|/

Laiiabo kiz rks~oo faojbob zkg |kojgkoik h~za|albiga~b bbo

bo~ko aibria oaia| rksklbib|bu4

Lqoqo rd|qgq bbo mkuik lb| ar ~riagara ha|af rdfzq|/ Lb|

dnqqo kok fk|oojk fkiz~ki rks~oo bubo }a|jbb ao qrhqo afbija

haibalbiga~b bbo) la~iaogaobo azfbib digk~ fkoigkuj|/ Raza|bona

s|dzabo) gboa|ki) }bzkgbo }a jba| la~iarbnb gkjjaia| kiogkj

jq|qgik|jk }a uaiibfia fb|iaogb `k}k d|zkgik|ojk agl|brdobfhaibga~bob zkgkgikrko lb| naobobo) jba| rksik| hblb) ga|faub ~bob|


16/53

;=

~b~zagboja ja oagib af~bfibfia| d|zkrk fknkfz|/ !


17/53

;8

Rkikog

=1 rko

Laiiab diqzq|knkf d|hkobuk~rdo) fkiz~ki jk di~k) kro azfboibfia

`a| ukgko faojbob h~za|b| gb }a lb| bo~kok g| ldrq aibf aja|

gb4

Rkikogk bia fkoigku dik|kf d|zkrk fko jdfq

`k|klbrazia|bojao jdko kf~kfifik| lb| zk|kmk l|kfkig/ Lq jdki

lb| ~|azb| }a quqo rkkgkoo jaoga~b ha|afao lb| lajaibjb|/ @a|fa~laiiaf ja j`bi lq rs|kogkr rkikogkrk lki dik|kf h~za|b|/

Konkf 'ga}nqz diqs jk fqiikokgkjgu dikoik|k' ukgkoojk

gjk`kia ajbs ja juaizagajbfia|bgbua lb| lkfkig5 Lqoqo bbo ~bob|

`n|a~bobo agl|brdobf diqqgqojko ~do|kfb mburdidebf haibbgbob }a

jabbgbob brb lbigaf ha|afb|/ Lqojko ~do|k koikzknkfik|gu abzbg }a

|azbg jorkgu bbo ao lkzk lbiboga~b ha|afao `q~q~ik|j|/


18/53

;0

o~koik| k|k~ojk ~f ~f q zbs fdoqgkik| haa|5 Obna razaoafia|

famajbigajao rdf diqs hbzgafzajb|/ Laifb mbubfza Odlai ji kiknkf lb|

razaoaf) bgjb) |oabo) krkffkl zkgb|b bia q|kgkfzkj|/ Jagaf fb abzbg

jorkgujk kjkg ~aa|fao) ~abgjafb kf~kfio q rk jk lq afbija

mk|fok }k|g jq|qgjkru/ Safkik) lria lb| kjkg) rkob fkiz~ki rks~

lkfgojko razaoafib diko lqhof krkffkl zkgb|nb~bob) g|oo d|zkik|ok

rk jk ~doik|ok jd|q famajbs ja) jorkoo ao oi mbubfbia|bobo k|k~ojk

abzb|~af) knklk) lq fbb faojbojao lafiaoao }a|bgb }a|albib| gb4 Aibgbujafb

zg lbihbia| }a huiagia|) laib|ib lb| rkk fkjk| abzbiagarao bo~koik|o) jk`k

~do|k abzbigaia|bobo àgao àgao dikokf~u dijqqoq h~za|gafzajb|/Jagaf fb fkiz~ki rks~ oa diq|~k di~qo' lbihbobo }a|bianab ukgkoo

~abiga~b ja df lrf lb| oag zkgkfzkj|/

Lb| bo~kok abzbianab joagja }a|biao lbihbobo) d bo~ko haianafza

oa|aia|a ~|fiaralbianabobo jaa|iaojb|biga~b jk`k jk bihbo diknkfz|5

Nkoiik|jk }a fauk nkoiik| iagbobo lb| ra~b diko bo~koik|jk) lbrdidebfdik|kf) uaiibfia|bo d|zkrk fgk~oo rdijko ha|afiazbbob lbigafzarbu/

Lqoik|5

;/ ^kriklbib| }a iialbib| rks~ki uaibfia|5 Lqoik|) |oabo hu |aohb)

lq|qo rks~) fqikf rks~) ~k rks~ hblb zkogikoklbib| uaibfia|jb|/ Fbb

abzbi~a ja abzbiga~a ja) brb la~iao~a ja la~iaoga~a ja) diqgiq rk jk

diqg~qu lb| a}|aja razb~a ja razbga~a ja) àgao à| fdqijk d|zkrkfko uaiibfia|jb|/ Rkob lb| koikgjk fkiz~ki rks bia maodzbsbo àgao àgao

lb|a lb| ujazbb uaiibfia|jb|/ Lq uaiibfia|bo jabbgb ~kjana lbrdzafodidebf

rozagia|ia rk jk hao lbiabgbobo jabga~boa roaibf ~ik` kigkik| bia

rksiklbib|/ Fbbobo bgjbibf' jabgau fkja|b dik|kf obzaiaojb|bialbib|/


19/53

;2

haibga~b hblb uaiibfia|jb|/ |oabo brb la~iaoao lb| bo~kojk) ldrqo

quqoiqq) lb|arbo haob koikgjk lki dijqq |f h|qlqoqo) jk| a|a}aja

b~a faojb fkiz~ki rks~ ba|b~boja) gbobgqg }a gkf~bgqg ldrqzik|k

qikgk~o ~kik|/ |oabo Sbhgaia| 03';


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lana|b~bob haibzb|anaf d|hkobf rksr ha|b hazb|agau/ Lqoqo ra|boa ~azbb }a

hazbb rkkg rdiq) |oabo konkf ai lana|b~bob ~kikrknkf lbihb rdiik|oo

haibzb|biga~bob ~kik|/ Aa| lq ai lana|b rdiik|) lq fbbja fkiz~ki dik|kf

gfaggai b~a) ai lana|bia|b lkfgojko jk brb lb| q~zk rk jk rk|kzn diq|6

aa| gfaggai jabi~a) razaoaf~bu lb| zkgb|nb dik|kf rkkgo ~|j||/

Larbojafb lbihb rdiik|oo laib|ib lb| rkk fkjk| (lq fbbjao fbbra lb|ku jk

di~k jabalbib|" biaralbianaf afbija fkigk~ (lbu lqok fklknk 3 '8 rk

jbraibg") d rkk fkjk| fqiikoigkj zkfjb|ja ha|bra jo digkrko lb|

afbija fkskogk~) lb| lbokjkfb fd|bjd|ik| }a k|sgk fksik| hblbjb|/ Aa| lb|

lbokjk lq fd|bjd|ik| }a fksik|) lbokoo rksg lbza| lbzgau fqiikoird|~k)

lbihb rdiik| kf fki| }a à| fqiikoijojk lb|ku jk`k |k`kz ki|/

Kifkoifik|gu }a à| ho rkszgu bia|ja larobgbub mkuik fqiikogkjko

}a ud|ikogkjko rksgkgu) diqzq|qiko rdiqo hua|h` bia bihbibjb|/ Hoif

rkkgjk lbu lqoqo bbo s|kzbf fkukog za|bgbob fqiiko|u/ Aa|

fqiikoigku b~a) ukgkoik fksik| zqzqfiqf rksgkrk lkik| }a ~doqzk lb|

jk`k kigku/ Lria lb| fbb larbo fksk~bza~b rf~af di~k jk`b) konkf laib|ib

fd|bjd|ik| fqiikoj bbo ukgkoik zaf ldrqziq bo~kok jo|/ Kok fksjko

hb|a|) ~kjana kigk djk~ok fkjk| hbjao rdiq |aoalbib|/ Jba| fd|bjd|ik|

k|zf fkskogz|/

Lq rdiik| kko ao oagib abzbgbo) d fbbobo larbo d|hkobuk~rdoqok h|a

}a|bianaf diko) uaiibfia ga|kf jqrhq~qoq zazbfiarao abzbg dijqq

lbibogafzajb|/ Rdiik| f|aizao) zfkrko rk jk fkskzko b~a jdhgkj|)

rk~kfikgkj|) fd|fqzgkj|) ~o|ikgkj|/ Lb| dnqf fd|fqik|ik) hokìk|ik }a

~kjana rd|qgikgkjko laobg~agarb ~kikrko lb| roiaojb|garia (bgko

azgaria" abzbgboa lkikzi|~k) lq fksik|o dqoq fqiikokgkrknkfz|/

Aula| }a jdhgk (oajaobob k|kz|gkjko ~riaoaoa bokogk") fbbobo lbihb

rdiik|oo mkfb|iazb|bia|af lkfk lb|b zk|kmojko bubiga~b jagafzb|/ Lria lb|


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>3

Lq gkrgqo a|fab ahagaoibbobfoo gk}b |aohboa h|a fq|k|/

F ao sk|ikf gk}b diko) ahagaoa|fafzb|/ bmziaga fq|ki dik|kf doqo`kffj|/

@a| oa afbija diq|~k di~qo)ahagaoiba qikkgkg jba| a|fafgkrgqoik|) ~bibf lb|aria| dik|kfjikog lb| afbija a}|aja jdik|ik|/dqoiqfik jk anbo~ai abibgia|

h~za|b|ia|/

Fqr|qq jbf zqzko }a fqr|qfzkfb

lk|fdzik|o ao brb h~za|ao amzb|/


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>;

Lq gkrgqo z|oja) ahagaoibf ruo

f|gui bia ha|afiab|/ Ruf|gui finki jkgk|ik|jko

fkrokfiko|/

Lb|df z|ja ahagaoibf ru

ja~aoia|bobo sk|ikfi bia ha|afiab|/

Lq |aofia| rk f|og |aofia|bjb|

(gk}b" rk jk finki jkgk|ik|jkofkrokfikoko |aofia|jb|/

Sbhgaozki |aof rdfzq|/


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>2

;8 Kq~zd~ ;222 Fdnkaib k|ifi jas|agja |a~gb |ksd|ik|k h|a) ;8/:03

ig) /80; rk|ki dijq6 131 fbb ~kfkz fkij6


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:3

(jas|ag ja) ~ai ja) |uh| jk"/ Zko|rk bokogkrik) bokogkgkrik) fkja|ia)

f~gazia) hokìk) ~a}ksik `blb| bihb~b rdfzq|/ o~koik| jorkjk àou

a}|bgiagajao) lq fk}|kgik| digkj ukgkoik|jk jk mk|fi lihaia|ja

laoua| jdk dikrik| h|igz|/ K~iojk maikfaz ~bubo haianabobub)

gqnbuaia|a) kszkiifik|ou fkja|a'f~gaza lkikg digkouj|/ Maikfaz)

~bubo fkja|nb) f~gazb lb| abzbgia (uaiibfia ;203 riojko ~do|k") m|~kz

lqijqqojk à| z|i ~qq biaralbianaf) rksz `kzkik|jko ja|~ kigkrknkf

haoia| razbzb|gaobujb|/ Lb| bo~ko rk jk zdsiqg) faojbobo oajao dijqq ~qq

rk jk `kzkr) ~z fkski lb| lbbgja zko|~ok fk|gk kifkoio

fkukog b~a) d bo~koo rk jk zdsiqgqo k|zf ~ik` digk~ ggfo jabijb|/

Lzo lq koikzikoik| `b fbg~a koikgkj) ~kjanaKiik` lrfz|6 fkja|a

fk| fikgku jajbia|/ q kojk Lklkfkogu lb| ukgkoik| ~zkolqiqo

haigb hagb ao ffzaonb laiajbra lkfkorj6 lqho rkoojk

kiz|jfik|oo oagib lb| f~g jk ~zkolqi a`|bobo lb| ukgkoik| ao oagib

ra|ia|bojafb roazbnbia|jb6 kr|nk lq a`b|


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:;

juaizalbianafia|boa }a ao oagib~b abzalbianafia|boa bokogkg6 konkf

laikoo) kfio rbzb|gb zdsiqgik|k rk jk bo~koik|k haianaboa boko|g/

Jos hagba) lqho bbo b~a lb|ku fkmkgu fqgjko fk|s a}|agbua

lkfkig) `kohb ifaia|bo lkojko laik af~bf digqrd|4 ^kjana lb| ra|ja

fkja|a boko|g5 Roazbnbia|bob ~agafzao knbu dikoik|o lkoo laikjko

fq|zqikgkrknkok/

Jdhgkik|guo lbub (zdsiqgik|" oa|aia|a ~|fiaojbbob jk`k oaz

koikrklbigaf bbo ~do do ri bboja rkkog bfb oagib dikr }a|gafia

razboanabg/ ;8 Dnkf ;221 zk|b boja ~klk` 315:=jk Eksdorkoo Kxkeb

Kjk~oo fquar fa~bgbojafb Fdlaja \bn`za| iaboa h|a 8/>/333 fbb rk|kikogz|/ o~koo hok`ik) fd|fqrik) aubrazia za|lbra

azgarao jdk jboia|boa ~k`bs (rkob Zko|~ digkrko jboia|a gao~qs"

liha bo~ko) lq jas|agja zaf lb| fkiag lbia kigkg/


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:

l|kfgk~oo kìkf j dijqqoq6 rksz brbibfia|bo jio rkk|fao

zkzgk~o) doq lb|bia|bobo aibojao jabi) lbuukz fkilbobo ja|boibfia|boja

`b~~azga~bob |azanaf~bobu/ o~kodiq lb|bia|b zk|kmojko zk|bmiaogb

~qik| biajbboja rboa lb|bia|b zk|kmojko naukikoj|ij) lb|bia|b

zk|kmojko zk|bmiaogb brbibfia| rksijojk rboa lb|bia|b zk|kmojko

jiiaojb|bianab mbf|b kikoj ~|ana) lafiaoao `quq|k

fk}qkgkrknkfz|/ Lzo lqoik|o às~bob lbuukz faojb za|kub~boja

ialbiao bo~ko razbzb|gaf abzbgbo h|a}b }a àjambjb|

Abzbgja lb| dnqk Zko|ik|jko ona) bif dik|kf faojboa jk`k

~do|k bo~koik|k ~d|qgiq dijqqoq |azanaf~bobu) jk`k jd|q~qlaobg~azanaf~bobu) jk`k jk jd|q~q b~aiiazb|anaf~bobu/

Lzo lqoik| fbg rksknkf4

Lkzk kbia }a jq|qgk h|a dfqi ona~b abzbg fq|qgik| (rkuoo

~doqojkfb afb gq`kffkf dfqrqoqu") ao oagib bif 8 ri) larobo zkgmd|gkzikoknk k6 jk`k ~do|k uaiibfia 8';: rk h|qlq6 d|zk |azbgbo bif

riik|o roiaojb|anaf |azgaoia|/ uaiibfia kbia lbiboib jabi~a) lq

rkik|jkfb dnqfik| abzanaf abzgaoia|a df jk`k mkuik rf janafzb|/

D|zk abzbgbo bfbonb rk|~ ;:';0 rk jbibgb6 ~do |zqik|o rksij kj|/

@ag lbihb }a|bianaf àg ja `d|gdoik|o azfb~b kizojk kiikf lqiikf diko b

jork juaoa ~dfqiknkf/ Jk`k ~do|k haiao rf~af |azbg) k~iojk rdqolbihb fkukoj|gk }a gdjai diqzq|gk a}|a~bjb|/ Konkf `kgq|qo rd|qijqq

zafoa jabijb|/

Lzo lq kkgkik|jkfb bo~koik|o bif dik|kf faojbia|bobo gdjai

digkik| ha|afb|/ Faojb b jork~o juaoa fdrkgkg lb| abzbnbobo

razbzb|anab dnqfik| lbihb k~ojko lkk|i di~k jk b) b jork~o

juaoa fdrgk lkfgojko raza|ib diknk ~riaoagau/


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Lzo lqoik| jd|q rksig di~k jk`b rk|kzn }a kjk lb| fqkf

razbzb|albigaf bbo onaibfia abzbgjafb gkozo fk}|kogk~ ha|afbrd|5

Abzbgja q ngiarb fqiikokgkru5 Lqoqo oajaobob lbu bo~koik|

lbiagarbu/ Lb| dnqf a}|aoja bif dik|kf à| arbo lb| oajaob dijqqoq) d

oajaobo lqho uiagagb di~kf lbia rk|o gqzikfk uianaboa6 `kzzk

lqoq faojb~bobo rksgk~ ha|afzbboa bokoj|igk~ ha|afb|/ Lq oajaoia

~d|qiko à| ~d|qrk q rk jk lq afbija uaiibfia) gkzagkzbf) mbubf) fbgrk

}a lbrdideb lbibgia|bobo bifaia|b bia qrqknkf kfikgkik| (uoja jd|q

di~qo rk jk digk~o" hazb|bigaibjb|/ Lb| ho lqoq bo~kodqiik| rk jk

lbubg haiaoaf~ai koikzggu bia K}|qskiik| rk jk Kga|bfkiik| lqiq|hblb)àg faojb u h}aobgbub rbzb|anaf àg ja k|kz|gk |q`qojko ~dqzknkf

bmkjaia|b `b fqiikogkgu ha|afb|/ @kzzk ga|kf azzbb bgjbibf ug~u lb|

fdoq }k|~k) lqoq ~ao lqiknkf~o hblb lb| roiaojb|ga rk jk

h|a}iaojb|ga bia lq dnqq ao ku lb| fdoqjk ga|kf ~k`blb rksklbib|bu/

Ga|kf jqrhq~q kikogkrko lb| dnqqo rk|kzn digk~ |k~zikozik|k

fki|/ Jdhgkoo saoa~boa j|iao dnqqo rk|kzn digk~)raobibfia|a kf digk~ }a lb| jonarb jabbf roia|bria

rd|qgikrklbiga~b b~a `krkijb|/

Zk}ko Mk|a Gkrgqo o~ko

Jabbf nkoiik|jk larboja d|hkoik|k kr|iko f~go d|ko~ki fk|ikz|igk~/

Rqfk|jkfb |a~bg lbua df kf lb| h|oz }a|brd|/ o~ko jba|

nkoiik|jko mk|fi fiko bfb uaiibboa larboja kr|iko `knbg jba|


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:1

nkoiik|ofbojao fkz la fkz mkuikj|/ of |aoga) rd|qgikgkr)

koikgi fdoqgkr) agskzbrb6 ga|kf azgarb) kiaz |azgarb }a jdkoo

hbuagbob k|kz|gkr zazbfibrd|/ Lq oajaoia jbia }a lk sk|gkk (kiazb

fk}|krklbigaf bbo" kr|iko f~g larobo lrf lb| f~go diqzq|qrd|/

Lq lihaia|bo ha|ab hblb haibzb|biga~b ja kbiaobo }a abzbnbia|bo h|a}b

diqrd|/

o~ko jba| nkoiik|jko kr|ko bfb zagai uaiibf }k|j|5 Ga|kf }a

agskzb/ @a| bfb~b ja abzbgia haibzb|bialbib| uaiibfia|jb|/ Jagaf fb

bo~ko bo~ko rksko jk6 za|~bob rksko jk abzbgnbia|jb|/ Konkf bif

dik|kf abzbgnbobo ga|kfi digk~) (gj| dikgkgk sk`k~ok"

jdhgkjko |kf fkigk~ }a agskzbria jdiq digk~ ha|afbrd|/

^doqzk ,fkiz~ki uaiibfia|b lkfgojko rf~af d|hkobuk~rdoiq lb|

rksrik lkikg di~kik| jk b, jdhgkrk }a aula|a jkrki fz lb|

abzbgia larboia| lk~bz lb| rksrk jo|ia|/ Lqoqo bif laib|zb~b jdhgkzbf

jonara rkzfoifz|/ Jdhgkzbf jonaobo hao larboia|ja rksz aooagib `k~k| b~a) ,ga|kf }a fqfq jqrhq~qoqo f|iazbiga~bojao jdikr,

lq lbihb rdiik|ojkfb zfkogkj|/ K|zf lq rksrk bojb|haogb lb| larbo)

roiaojb|gaia|a kfz|6 fk|gkf joagau/ Fd|fqik| }k|j|/ Ukrm

dijqq ra|ja fsafiaao) hi dijqq ra|ja ja nkok}k|ikko lb|

jk}|ko afib ~a|hbiagara lkik|/ Jdhgkzbf jona larbo~ai

d|hkobuk~rdojk rkob ,fk|gkf jonaja, mkfb|iagarb) mkfb|iaga ja

jdhgkzbf jonarb fkgikj bbo) lb| zdsiqg lb| jamk q rk jk lq

afbija jdhgkzbf lb| roiaojb|gara q|kj g) zk`gbo ajbiagaranaf f~k

lb| ~|aja fk|koifik|o bboa ~|fiaogara lkik|/ Mkokzbf |fik|o }a

mkokzbf jbonbia|bo f~k lb| ~|aja lqiqojqfik| zdsiqgk ahagao

digkik|oo }a ~doqojk jk ,zdsiqg~ki lb| hjgiaga bia, maikfaza

~|fiagaia|bobo oajaob lqjq|/


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Joao) rk|hikrko raobibfia|a kf) rk|kzn lb| larbo diqzq|gkf

bbo fk|gkf k|kik| }a rozagia|b jabi) lk~bz) à|fa~bo qikklbianab

abzbg k|kik|o fqiikogk àg abzbnbobo àg ja qrhqikoko gm|ajkzo

lkk|~o ~bghaia|/ Lb| jkgik ~qrqo bbojafbia|b qrhqo rozagia|ia

koikzk|kf lb| bo~ko) bif dik|kf a}|ao~ai lb| bo~ko) jk`k ~do|k lbibg kjkg

rksknkf ga|kf }a b~zab rk|kzklbib|bu/ Lq fdoqjk laona ao lrf ja~zab

lbrdidebf huiag }a qrhqikgkik|jko kiklbib|~bobu/ Lb| bo~ko abzgaf bbo

lkikohzk abzbnbobo df lbihbib rk jk kfii digk~ jk ha|afgau/ Qrhqo

lb| abzbg rozagb }a bo~ko ~a}ga raza|ib hblb h|ird|/ o~ko

~a}garao) oa fkjk| klkik|~k klkik~o abzgafia rfgi dijqqfa~bgja agskzbrb haibzb|agbrd|/ Agskzb~bu razbzb|biao lb| bo~ko b~a lbibg

zdsiqgqoqo jabi) lbihb zdsiqgqoqo lb| lb|arb diqrd|/ Lzo lqoik|o df

jk fdikr digkrknko lqhof abzbg ~z|kzaebgbua lkfzgujk }a ~k`bs

dijqqgqu fdqiik| hu ooa kijgujk ~riaralbib|bu/ Jdjqq

hojao bzblk|ao à|fa~zao lb| kjg oja fdgkr àjam h~za|jbbgbu }a

jorkr zkogkrk kr|knk dnqfiqf }a haoibf kik|o) ~brk` `k|mia|iarkuig lb| ~d|q ff bia doq buiarao 1 ~aaoabo k|k~ok ~fz|jgu

lq bo~koik|jko jk`k mkuik~o lafiaragarbu

Haianaf fqko lkk|i dikoik|) ~kjana lbihbria jdokzikoik| jabi)

b jork~o juaoa fdrgq dikoik| diknkfz|/ of fdqiik|o hbzzbfa

azboiazbb lb| jorkjk ju jaobuja jabi) jkihki jaobuja rdi kigkr

lana|aoia| hagbia|bob ~aikgazia ibgkok qikz|klbianafia|jb|/ Lq

fkszkoik| razbzb|anaf }a haianab afbiiaojb|anafia| ja abzbgnbia|

diknkfz|/

jork~ jdhgkik|ik |ig }a afdodgbf gdjaibobo zaf àjamb

|azgaf }a zfazgaf diko lb| jorkjk) lzo lqoik|o b~zaoao ukgkojk

b~zaoao juarja ha|afiaga~b fdikr digkrknkfz|/ Konkf lb| abzbgnb bif


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dik|kf q jqrhqrq |aogaib jk`k huai lb| bmkjaria zkzgkij|5 Lao

~diqf kird|~kg) bo~koio fq|zqiqq bbo `kik gbz }k| jagaibjb|/

Lzo lqoik| koikrko) lkk|ko }a qrhqikzz|ko lb|bob zkord|qg) fbg

fdrgq~k ~mkzo zkg fdrgq5


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:2

@quq|qojk ~krhrik abibrd|qg

S|dm/ J|/ Kib Jagb|~dr) @knazzasa ob}a|~bza~b) ;:/32/


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Rk|k|ikoiko lku fkrokfik|

Jagb|~dr K :0>8

GnNdooaii E ] ;2=< Gagd|r z|ko~ma| z`|dqh` nkooblkib~g bo sikok|bko~6 E/ Oaq|ds~rn`bkz/ > : :11=

Gd|koha G ;201 Ik |anà|nà jqo ndja gdinqikb|a ja ik ggdb|a6 Mqojkgaozk ^nbaozbka = =103

Gd|koha G ;22> Zà jb~nd}a|r dm naiiqik| dondhaoa~6 @b~z/ S`bi/ Ibma ^nb/ ;1 :112

Gd|koha G ;220K b~zd|r dm gdianqik| lbdidhr(Nkgl|bjha5 @k|}k|j Qob}a|~bzr S|a~~"Gd|koha G ;(>") âszagla| '>3

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