[Beteja ne pyllin Teutoburg; Perandoria kunder Konfederates ......7 Kryqezimi mes Perandorise dhe...
Transcript of [Beteja ne pyllin Teutoburg; Perandoria kunder Konfederates ......7 Kryqezimi mes Perandorise dhe...
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[Beteja ne pyllin Teutoburg; Perandoria kunder Konfederates -
Battle of Teutoburg Forest; Empire vs Confederacy] English | Page 8
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e vitin e 9 te e.s. gjenerali romak Publius Quinctilius Varus, ne
krye te nje force perbere prej tre legjionesh (gjithsej 15.000 burra),
3.000 forcash ndihmese te crregullta dhe 1500 kaloresish kaloi
kufirin e atehershem midis Perandorise Romake dhe territoreve te fiseve
gjermanike dhe marshoi ne pyllin Teutoburg. Aty ishin fshehur trupat e
pese fiseve te ndryshme gjermanike, te udhehequra nga Arminiusi ose
Hermani - emri i tij i vertete gjerman.
Beteja e pyllit te Teutoburgut ka qene ne aspektin ushtarak nje nder
disfatat me te medha te Perandorise Romake dhe kishte disa arsye per
kete. Ne rradhe te pare, ne krye te legjoneve XVII, XVIII dhe XIX u
vendos nga Augusti nje njeri si Varusi qe nuk kishte asnje pervoje me
punet e ushtrise, por ishte nje burokrat i thjeshte i administrates. Vune
dike me aq pak eksperience pasi nenvleresuan shume gjera ne lidhje me
rajonin e Germanias; mendonin qe ishte romanizuar mjaftueshem dhe qe
ekspedita ushtarake do te ishte vetem nje formalitet; pra te conin
ushtaret aty dhe te konsolidonin pushtetin qe mendonin se kishin.
Pikerisht ne saje te padijes ushtarake te Varusit dhe besimit te tij te
verber ne aleatet te tij gjermanike si Arminiusi bene qe ai t'i injoronte
zerat qe i shihnin keta me dyshim.
Me 8 shtator te vitit 9 e.s. ushtria romake u fut ne pyjet te panjohura
te Renit vetem duke u bazuar mbi udhezimet e vendasve gjerman: rruga
ne te cilen marshuan legjonet romake ishte shume e ngushte dhe me
pyje te dendura, perpos kesaj koha ishte e zymte me reshie shiu dhe
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mjegull. Romaket nuk i njihnin mire keto toka, dhe e lane udheheqjen e
marshimit ne duart e gjermaneve te cilet i futen ne kurth. Sulmi i pare
i gjermanikeve qe kishin vene prite tek pylli filloi me nje bresher
shigjetash dhe shtizash hedhese. Romaket as nuk reaguan dot ne ato
kushte, dhe duke pare pasivitetin e tyre, gjermaniket sulmuan me furi.
Varusi u tmerrua dhe u arratis bashke me gjysmen e ushtrise ne nje
vendpushim ne nje koder mbi pyllin, nga ku shpresonin te pakten te
mberrinin ne bazen me te afert ushtarake. Qe aty mund te merrnin
perforcime. Por Arminiusi, duke ditur se romakeve s'duhej t'i jepte kohe
per tu tu riorganizuar, dha urdher per nje sulm te dyte, ku e ndau
ushtrine armike ne segmente qe te mos lejonte bashkepunimin midis
pjeseve te ndryshme.
Ne kete situate, ata romake qe munden, ia mbathen nga tmerri. Nje
pjese e tyre ra ne nje kurth te pergatitur nga gjermaniket ne formen e
nje grope, dhe aty pati nje kasaphane makaber. Ata pak qe i mbijetuan
kasaphanes u torturuan, u skllaveruan ose iu flijuan zotave gjermanike.
Pati shume shfaqje burracakerie nga ushtaret romake, qe i lane shoket
ne kuptimin e plote te fjales ne balte. Shume oficere, duke pare se si
po silleshin ushtaret e tyre, vrane veten sipas dokut te nderit romak.
Shqiponjat te tre legjoneve u kapen nga gjermanet dhe ky ishte kulmi i
cnderimit per ushtrine romake. Humbjet romake ishin gjiganteske; rreth
16.000 ushtare romake mendohet te jene vrare. Kjo ishte nje nga humbjet
me fatale te Perandorise Romake, fuqise me te madhe te kohes se saj.
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Perandoria Romake konsiderohet nga shume si nje nga shtyllat
themeluese te civilizimit evropian. Pavaresisht konflikteve midis ilireve
dhe romakeve, dhe sundimin shpeshhere tiranik te romakeve mbi iliret,
prape se prape, ndiejme nje respekt per kete fuqi ushtarake qe Shqiperia,
te pakten ne disa aspekte, do te ishte mire ta imitonte. Por ne kete rast,
nuk kemi se si te mos marrim krahun e fiseve gjermanike dhe deshires
se tyre per liri, dhe si shqiptare, eshte e pamundur te mos ndiesh simpati
per Arminiusin, jeta e te cilit ka shume paralele me ate te Gjergj Kastriot
Skenderbeut.
Babai i heroit gjermanik, mbreti Sigimer, u mposht dhe u be vasal i
romakeve. Qe Sigimeri te mos rebelohej, romaket i moren dy djemte e
tij peng, njeri me emrin Flavius - emri gjerman i ketij i panjohur - dhe
tjetri Hermanni, qe romaket e therrisnin Arminius; kjo histori jo fort
ndryshe nga ajo e Gjon Kastriotit dhe kater bijeve te tij qe u moren
peng. Arminiusi tregoi heret talent ushtarak, dhe u ngjit shpejt ne rangjet
e ushtrise romake. Ai u shpall qytetar romak - arritje e madhe ne ate
kohe, ndryshe nga sot, ky behesh qytetar i nje shteti qe nuk i perket
vetem se ke plotesuar disa broshura edhe dokumenta - dhe me vone e
pranuan tek urdheri ekuestrian, kasta luftetare kalorsiake e Perandorise.
Edhe aty u dallua mes gjithe kaloresve te tjere, dhe u mor nen hyqmin
e gjeneralit Varus. Pra, ngjashem me Skenderbeun, qe u dallua per
talentin e tij ushtarak ne Perandorine Osmane, u ngjit ne hierarki, dhe
u be nje nga te besuarit e Sulltanit.
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Nderkohe qe po ngjiste hierarkine romake, Arminiusi mbajti kontakt me
vendlindjen e tij, dhe pergatiti nje aleance prej pese fisesh gjermanike
per t'i bere balle ekspansionit romak. Edhe Skenderbeu duhet te kete
patur kontakte me princat shqiptare, ndryshe ardhja e tij ne Shqiperi
nuk do te kishte shkuar aq fjolle. Ashtu si Skenderbeu me osmanet, edhe
Arminiusi perdori dijen e tij mbi ushtrine romake dhe taktikat guerrile
per te fituar kunder tyre. Sic mund te shihet, paralelet jane aq te shumta
sa qe eshte gati e pabesueshme.
Beteja e Teutoburgut tregon edhe dy modalitete te ndryshme te shpirtit
evropian qe i kundervihen njeri-tjetrit: shpirti i Perandorise dhe shpirti
i Konfederates. Shpirti i Perandorise eshte ai qe mundeson ekspansionin
politik, kulturor, fetar dhe deri diku gjenetik. Mundeson arritjen e majave
kulturore, artistike dhe shkencore. Edhe pse eshte e destinuar te bjere,
Perandoria mbahet mend per qindra, apo edhe mijera vite pas fundit te
saj dhe respektohet aq shume nga shtetet pasardhese saqe pushon se
qeni vetem nje epoke apo fakt historik, por behet nje ideal.
Por te ligat e Perandorise jane gjithashtu te shumta. Imponimi i nje
kulture mbi kulturat e tjera shpesh here do te thote shkaterrimin e
ketyre te fundit. Popujt e pushtuar shpeshhere harrojne se kush jane,
dhe i pershtaten aq shume Perandorise sa qe harrojne origjinen dhe
paraardhesit e tyre. Sa i perket etnise qe themeloi Perandorine dhe
mundesoi arritjen e majave, ajo shpeshhere verbohet nga vete shkelqesia
e arritjeve te tyre, dhe nuk shikon se si popujt e pushtuar vershojne ne
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qytetet e tyre, duke kerkuar pune, duke i marre parate, duke e ndare
token e etnise Perandorake ashtu sikur te ishin ata pushtuesit.
Konfederatat perbehen nga nje grup fisesh te ngjashem me njeri-tjetrin
ne rrace, kulture dhe gjuhe, qe hyjne vullnetarisht ne nje aleance. Shpirti
i Konfederates eshte shpirt me i lire. Ruan kulturen dhe racen ne format
e tyre me te pastra dhe primordiale dhe cdo fis mban nen-kulturen
vetjake me krenari dhe xhelozi. Konfederatat kane nje hierarki, po
hierarkite e tyre jane me meritokratike se ato te Perandorise, ku
shpeshhere krijohen ne baze te pasurise materiale. Aleancat e
Konfederates nuk jane te qendrueshme ama; nuk ndodh rralle qe nje fis,
i pakenaqur me Konfederaten, e le ate, duke iu bashkuar nje Konfederate
tjeter apo edhe Perandorise. Ekspansioni i Konfederates nuk eshte nje
perpjekje e perbashket, po ndodh ne forme valesh; fis pas fisi, tribu pas
tribuje dhe pushtohet toka e re.
Por Konfederatat nuk mundesojne arritje te medha shkencore e kulturore.
Pasi Konfederatat shperbehen, kulturat e tyre nuk mbahen mend dhe nuk
admirohen jashte rretheve te historianeve dhe antropologeve te epokave
qe vijojne. Edhe pse eshte e mundur qe keto kultura te ruhen, ato ruhen
gati per inertsi, dhe jo per shkak te nje dijenie dhe perpjekjeje aktive
te atyre qe e kane kete kulture. Per shumicen e historise se saj, Shqiperia
ka qene tek kategoria e Konfederates.
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Kryqezimi mes Perandorise dhe Konfederates eshte shteti etnik apo Etno-
shteti. Etno-shteti i mbledh gjithe fiset a fraksionet a qytet-shtetet e
ngjashme karakteristikat e lartpermendura dhe i fut te gjithe ne nje
shtet qe eshte te pakten disi i centralizuar. Ka nje standardizim te
pjesshem apo te plote te gjuhes dhe kultures, dhe keto fise lene pas
identitetin e izoluar fisnor dhe marrin identitetin qe gjithe fiset e kane
te perbashket. Etno-shteti eshte ne gjendje te arrije majat kulturore e
shkencore te Perandorise pa lejuar te huaj raciale ne territorin e tij.
Etno-shteti ka avantazhet e Perandorise dhe Konfederates.
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(English)
n the year 9 AD, the Roman general Publius Quinctilius Varus led a
large force made up of three legions (15.000 men), 3000 auxilliaries
and 1500 cavalry past the former border between the Roman Empire
and Germania and marched into Teutoburg Forest. There were the
Germanic warriors hidden, from five different tribes, and they were led
by Arminius, or Herman - this being his real Germanic name.
The battle of Teutoburg forest was one of the biggest military defeats
Rome ever experienced. One reason for this was that it was Varus
who lead the Legions XVII, XVIII AND XIX, a mere bureaucrat and
politician with little military experience. Such an inexperienced person
was sent to Germania because they underestimated the expected
German resistance; they thought they had been sufficiently Romanized
and that the campaign would be a mere formality; ergo with the mere
presence of Roman troops in there, the locals would accept the Roman
dominion. Exactly due to Varus' ignorance and his blind faith in his
German auxilliaries and allies made him ignore the rumours in his
army that the Germans could not be trusted.
On the 8th of September on 9 AD, the Roman army entered in the then
unknown forests of the Rhine based only on the guide of the local
Germanics: the road in which the legions marches was narrow and
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surrounded by dense forests, aside from that the weather was bad and
foggy. The Romans did not know these lands and they let themselves
be lead by their German guides who led the to a trap. The first attack
of the Germanic ambush came in the form of arrow-fire and javelin-
fire. The Romans could not even react in those conditions, and seeing
their passivity, the Germans initiated a fierce attack. Varus fled with
half his army in a hilly clearing that overlooked the forest. He hoped
to reach a nearby Roman fortress and get reinforcements from there.
But Arminius, knowin that the Romans should not be given time to
regroup, ordered a second attack, where he divided the enemy army
into segments, preventing their cooperation with one another. They
were destroyed one by one.
In this situation, all the Romans that could flee, fled. A good part of
them fell into a hole that the Germans had prepared as a trap, and
they were brutally massacred. Those that survived were tortured,
enslaved or sacrificed to the Germanic gods. A lot of Romans showed
cowardice by abandoning their comrades. Many officers, seeing how
their soldiers behaved, killed themselves according to Roman honour.
The eagles of the three legions were captured and this was the worst
dishonour for the Roman army. The losses were massive; around
16.000 Romans is thought to have died. This was one of the most fatal
defeats of the Roman Empire, the biggest military power of its time.
The Roman empire is considered by many to be one of the pillars of
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European identity. Despite the many Illyrian-Roman conflicts, we
cannot help but respect this might Empire, who we think modern
Albania should try to emulate, at least in some aspects. On the other
hand, we cannot help but support the Germanic tribes and their thirst
for freedom, and as Albanians, we cannot help but sympathize with
Arminius, whose story is so similar to that of our national hero
Skanderbeg.
The father of the Germanic hero, king Sigimer, was defeated and
vassalized by the Romans. To prevent a rebellion on his part, the
Romans took his two sons hostage: Flavius, whose Germanic name
remains unknown, and Arminius, whose real name was Hermann. This
story is not dissimilar from that of Gjon Kastrioti, Skanderbeg's father,
whose sons were taken by the Ottomans as hostages for the same
reason. Arminius showed talent in military matters and he climbed the
ranks of the army quickly. He became a Roman citizen - a great
achievement at the time, unlike today, where you become citizen by
filling forms - and later he was admitted in the Equestrian Order, the
knightly warrior caste of the Romans. He was distinguished among
them too, and was eventually taken under Varus' wing. The story
perfectly parallels that of Skanderbeg, who also rose quickly in the
ranks of the Ottoman army and became even a confidante of the
Sultan.
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As he climbed up the ranks, Arminius also kept contact with his
compatriots, and prepared an alliance of five Germanic tribes to resist
Roman expansion. Skanderbeg too must have kept contact with the
Albanian princes, otherwise his comeback into Albania would have not
gone as smoothly. Like Skanderbeg, Arminius also used his knowledge
of the Roman army and guerrilla tactics to fight them. As you can
see, the parallels are so numerous it is unbelievable.
The Battle of Teutoburg Forest shows two different modes of the
European spirit fighting against one another: the spirit of the Empire
and the spirit of the Confederacy. The spirit of the Empire is the one
that makes possible political, cultural, religions and even genetic
expansion. It makes possible the achievement of new cultural, artistic
and scientific peaks. Even if it is destined to fall, the Empire will be
remembered for hundreds or thousands of years after it is gone, and
its successors respect it so much that the Empire ceases to be an era
or a historical fact, but becomes an ideal.
But the evils of the Empire are many. The imposition of a culture
above all others means as a necessity the death of the latter.
Conquered people often forget their original identity, and adapt so well
to the Empire that they forget who they are, who their ancestors were
and what their origins were. As far as the ethnic group that founded
the Empire is concerned, whose culture allowed its great achievements,
they often become blinded from the very light they brought to the
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world, and they do not see how the conquered migrate to their cities,
seeking work, taking their money and dividing the land of the Empire
as if they were the very conquerors.
The Confederacy is made up of a group of tribes that are similar to
one another in race, culture and language, and they voluntarily enter
an alliance with one-another. The spirit of the Confederacy is more
freedom-loving. It safeguards both culture and race in its purer, more
primordial forms, and each tribe keeps its own sub-culture with pride
and jealousy. Confederacies have a hierarchy, but they are more
meritocratic than those of the Empire, whose hierarchies eventually
end up being influenced by the material possessions of the people in
them. However, the alliances of the Confederacy are not stable; it is
not a rare occurrence that a tribe, unhappy with its situation within
the Confederacy, leaves it and joins another Confederacy or even the
Empire. The expansion of the Confederacy is not a unified effort, but
it is done in the form of waves, tribe after tribe, clan after clan, until
the new land is conquered.
Confederacies rarely make scientific and cultural achievements
possible. After being dissolved or defeated, their cultures are not
remembered or admired outside of circles of historians and
anthropologists of later eras. Even if these cultures survive, they are
safeguarded due to a sort of cultural inertia rather than due to
awareness and pro-active effort of those who have this culture. For
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the majority of its history, Albania has upheld the spirit of the
Confederacy.
The golden mean between the Empire and the Confederacy is the
Ethnostate. The Ethnostate unifies all tribes or factions or city-states
that share the aforementioned characteristics of race, language and
culture into a single nation-state that is at least somewhat centralized.
There is a partial or full standardization of language and culture, and
the tribes leave behind their old isolated identity and take up the one
common to all the tribes. The Ethno-state is capable of achieving the
cultural and scientific peaks of the Empire without allowing racial
foreigners into its territory. The Ethnostate has thus the advantages of
both the Empire and the Confederacy.