bdkbZ & 2lh/kh vkSj ljy Hkk’kk esa Áfr”kr fdlh la[;k dks 100 ds vuqikr esa O;Dr djus dk ,d...

bdkbZ & 2

Áfr’kr % Áfr’kr dk nSfud ,oa O;olkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa esa Á;ksx

lajpuk@foU;kl

2-1 ÁLrkouk

2-2 mn~ns”;

2-3 Áfr”kr

2-3-1 ifjHkk’kk

2-3-2 Áfr”kr dh vo/kkj.k

2-4 Áfr”kr ds vuqÁ;ksx

2-4-1 ykHk ,oa gkfu

2-4-2-deh”ku

2-4-3- NwV ;k fMLdkmaV

2-5- C;kt

2-5-1- lk/kkj.k C;kt

2-5-2- pØo`f) C;kt

2-6- ikB lg;ksxh xfrfof/k;kWa

2-7- lanfHkZr iqLrdsa

2-1 ÁLrkouk %&

lkekU; cksy&pky dh Hkk’kk esa Áfr”kr ls rkRi;Z Áfr lkS(Per Hundred ) mnk- ds fy;s 60 Áfr”kr ls rkRi;Z gqvk 60 Áfr lkS vFkkZr 100 esa ls 60 ;k

60@100 = 6@10 = 3@5

vFkkZr nwljs “kCnksa esa dg ldrs gSa fd Áfr”kr n”keyc ;k fHkUu dks O;Dr

djus dk gh ,d vkSj rjhdk gSA

lh/kh vkSj ljy Hkk’kk esa Áfr”kr fdlh la[;k dks 100 ds vuqikr esa O;Dr

djus dk ,d rjhdk gSA vFkkZr~ ge dg ldrs gSa fd tc fdlh fHkUu ds gj

dks 100 cuk nsukA

mnk- 2 2 20

5 5 20

40 40 Áfr”kr

100

blh Ázdkj tc ge dgrs gS fd 30 Áfr”kr ;k 20 Áfr”kr rks bldk vFkZ

gqvk 100 esa ls 30 ;k 100 esa ls 20

Áfr”kr dks n”kkZus ds fy;s % ladsr dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Áfr”kr

,d foek ghu jkf”k gS rFkk orZeku le; esa rsth ls bldk Á;ksx c<rk tk

jgk gSA

cSad] O;olk; rFkk cktkj ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa bldk Á;ksx cgqrk;r

ls fd;k tk jgk gSA eq[;r% tc gesa fdlh {ks= dk rqyukRed ;k

fo”ys’k.kRed v/;;u djuk gksrk gS rks ge Áfr”kr dk Á;ksx djuk

ljy gksrk gSaA

mnk- ds fy;s foxr 5 o’kksZa esa ns”k ds eksckby miHksDrkvksa dh la[;k esa

c`f)]

cSadksa esa tek /ku jkf”k esa c`f) ;k deh ] cSadksa esa tek /ku jkf”k ij C;kt

]vk;dj]fcØhdj vkfn lHkh dh x.kuk esa Áfr”kr dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bl v/;k; ds iwoZ dh d{kkvksa esa fo|kFkhZ fHkUu] n”keyo] fHkUu dks

n”keyo esa cnyuk ,oa n”keyo dks fHkUu esa cnyuk lh[k pqds gSaA lkFk

gh lkFk os bu ij vk/kkfjr fofHkUu x.krh; leL;kvksa dks gy djuk tkurs

gSaA

bl v/;k; esa fo|kFkhZ Áfr”kr] fdlh la[;k dks Áfr”kr esa O;Dr

djuk] n”keyc ,oa fHkUu dks Áfr”kr esa O;Dr djuk ;k Áfr”kr dks

n”keyc ,oa fHkUu esa O;Dr djuk rFkk Áfr”kr ij vk/kkfjr vU; x.krh;

o O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dks gy djuk lh[ksaxsaA

2-2 mn~ns”;

bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds mijkUr Nk= Nk=kvksa esa fuEu O;ogkfjd ifjoZru

gksaxsA

1- fo|kFkhZ fHkUu]n”keyc] vuqikr]Áfr”kr ,oa nj vkfn ds ckjs esa foLr`r

tkudkjh ÁkIr dj ldsxsaA

2- fo|kFkhZ fHkUu] n”keyc] vuqikr] Áfr”kr ,oa nj ds chp varj djus dh

;ksX;rk dk fodkl gksxkA

3- fo|kFkhZ fHkUu] n”keyc] vuqikr dks Áfr”kr esa cnyuk lh[k ldsxsaA

4- fo|kFkhZ fHkUu] n”keyc] vuqikr] Áfr”kr ,oa nj ds chp lca/k LFkkfir

djuk lh[k ldsxsaA

5- fo|kFkhZ fHkUu] n”keyc] vuqikr] Áfr”kr ,oa nj vk/kkfjr leL;kvksa dks

gy djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl gksxkA

6- fo|kFkhZ ykxr ewY;] foØ; ewY; Áfr”kr ykHk] Áfr”kr gkfu tSls ÁR;;ksa

ls ifjfpr gks ldsxsaA

7- fo|kFkhZ ykxr ewY;] foØ; ewY; Áfr”kr ykHk] Áfr”kr gkfu tSls ÁR;;ksa

ls lcaf/kr O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dks gy djuk lh[k ldsxsA

8- fo|kFkhZ deh”ku] fMLdkmaV tSls ÁR;;ksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsxsaA

9- fo|kFkhZ deh”ku] fMLdkmaV ls lcaf/kr O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dks gy

djuk lh[k ldsxsaA

10- fo|kFkhZ C;kt]C;kt djus ds Ádkj mi;ksfxrk rFkk C;kt ij vk/kkfjr

O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dks gy djuk lh[k ldsxsaA

2-3 Áfr”kr %&

tSls fd ge tkurs gSa fd fHkUu n”keyc vkSsj vuqikr ls fo|kFkhZ iwoZ dh

d{kkvksa esa ifjfpr gks pqds gSA vr% Áfr”kr ds f”k{k.k ds iwoZ ;g tku

ysuk vfr vko”;d gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fHkUu n”keyc vkSsj vuqikr dk

Hkyh Hkkafr vccks/k gks pqdk gS ;k ughaA bl gsrq f”k{kd dks pkfg, fd og

bu ij vk/kkfjr dqN x.krh; leL;kvksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls gy djok dj

lqfuf”pr dj ys fd fo|kFkhZ Áfr”kr ds f”k{k.k gsrq iw.kZ:Ik ls rS;kj

gSaAlkFk gh lkFk bu leL;kvksa dk d{k esa vH;kLk dj fo|kFkhZ ekufld :Ik

ls Hkh Áfr”kr ds v/;;u ds fy;s rS;kj gks tk;ssxsA bu vH;kLk Á”uksa dh

mi;ksfxrk bl fy;s Hkh gS D;ksafd Áfr”kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ,dne u;k

ÁR;; gS vkSj ;s vH;kLk Á”u u dsoy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iwoZ Kku ls tksMus dk

dk;Z djxs vfirq muesa u;s ÁR;; dks tkuus lh[kus ,oa le>us dh mRlqdrk

Hkh iSnk djsaxsA vr% f”k{kd ds fy;s vko”;d gS fd og tks Hkh Á”u

Nk=ksa dks vH;kl gsrq Ánku djs muesa fHkUurk ]dfBukbZ Lrj dk fo”ks’k

/;ku j[kuk gksxk A

2-3-1 ifjHkk’kk %&

Ekq[; f”k{k.k fcUnq %& fHkUu ]n”keyc]vuqikr] nj ,oa n”eyc ds

ÁR;;ksa

dks le>kuk

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& tSlk fd iwoZ esa gh crk;k tk pqdk gS fd

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k dh “kq:vkr ,ls Á”uksa ds ek/;e ls dh tkuh

pkfg, tks fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds iwoZ Kku ls tqMs gksa rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ljyrk

ls iq[; f”k{k.k fcUnq ij yk;k tk lds mnk- ds fy;s 7 ] 9 ] 6 vkfn

fHkUu

15 2 4

dks n”keyc esa ifjoZfrr djus dks dgsa rFkk mlh Ádkj 0-2] 0-03] 0-75]

0-692 vkfn dks fHkUu esa cnyus dks dgsa ijUrq ;gkWa /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g

gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,lh dksbZ Hkh fHkUu gy djus dks u nsa ftldk gj 0 gks

tSls fd 5 D;ksafd ,sls Á”uksa ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr u gksus ls fo|kFkhZ

0

HkzfEkr gks ldrs gSaA tc fo|kFkhZ bu Á”uksa dks gy dj ysa rks ekuk tk

ldrk gS fd os vc Áfr”kr lh[kus ds fy;s ekufld :Ik ls rS;kj gSaAvc

gesa lcls igys Áfr”kr dh ifjHkk’kk ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr djkuk gksxkA

ifjHkk’kk%& Áfr”kr “kCn dh O;qifÙk ysfVu Hkk’kk ds “kCn ijlsaVe ls gqbZ gS

ftldk vFkZ gS Áfr lkS A

Áfr”kr dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s % ladsr dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls fd 15%] 20%] 69% vkfnA

bl Ádkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd Áfr”kr fdUgh nks la[;kvksa dk og vuqikr

gS ftldk fd gj 100 gksA

mnk- 1- d{kk 9 ds 79% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgUnh esa vad 60 ls vf/kd vk;sA

vFkkZr ge dg ldrs gSa fd 100 esa ls 79 fo|kFkhZ ,sls gSa ftuds fgUnh esa

vad 60 ls vf/kd gSaA

mnk- 2- ,d fo|ky; esa d{kk 10 ds 20 % fo|kFkhZ vaxzsth fo’k; esa Qsy gks

x;s ;fn fo|ky; esa d{kk 10 esa dqy 500 fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr gSa rks fdrus

fo|kFkhZ vaxzsth fo’k; esa Qsy gq, \

gy%& mi;qDrZ Á”u esa vaxzsth fo’k; esa Qsy fo|kkfFkZ;ksa dh nj gS 20%

vFkkZr~ Áfr 100 fo|kkfFkZ;ksa esa ls 20 fo|kFkhZ Qsy gq,A

fo|ky; esa d{kk 10 esa dqy 500 fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr gSa

vFkkZr~ 500 esa ls 20% dh nj ls ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dj ysa rks

Qsy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dh tk Lkdrh gSa

Qsy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k nj osl

20 500

100

100

2-3-2 Áfr”kr dh vo/kkj.k

Ekq[; f”k{k.k fcUnq %&

1- Áfr”kr] fHkUu ds :Ik esa

2- Áfr”kr] vuqikr ds :Ik esa

3- Áfr”kr] n”keyc ds :Ik esa

f”k{k.k fof/k %& O;k[;ku fof/k ,oa vH;kl dk leUOk; ds lkFk Á;ksx

lgk;d f”k{k.k lkeXkzh %& Áfr”kr cksMZ] ydMh ;k FkeksZdksy dh

vk;rkdkj Vsª] ydMh ds oxkZdkj xqVds ,oa Mk;xzke vkfnA

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %&

Áfr”kr dh vo/kkj.k dks Li’V djus ds fy;s vko”;d gS fd fofHkUu :iksa

esa Á;qDr ÁR;;ksa dks Áfr”kr ds lkFk lefUor djds le>k;k tk;sA ;Fkk

1- Áfr”kr] fHkUu ds :Ik esa %&

Eku yhft, fd Nk=ksa dks 8 dks Áfr”kr ds :Ik esa le>kuk gS rks blds

10

fy;s ijEijkxr mikxe dk Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;n~fi ;g fof/k

NksVh d{kkvksa esa vf/kd dkexj gS rFkkfi blds Á;ksx ls Nk=ksa dh vo/kkj.k

dks vklkuh ls Li’V fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl gsrq Áfr”kr cksMZ ydMh ;k

FkeksZdksy dh vk;rkdkj Vsª] ydMh ds oxkZdkj xqVds lgk;d lkexzh ds :I

esa ys ldrs gSaA lgk;d lkexzh dks vkSj vf/kd vkdZ’kd cukus ds fy;s bu

oxkZdkj xqVdksa dks jaxk Hkh tk ldrk gSA

fp= ¼v½ esa ydMh dh vk;rkdkj Vªs ;k FkeksZdksy dk cksMZ fy;k tk

ldrk gS vk;rkdkj Vªs vksj xqVds ysuk FkeksZdksy cksMZ dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd ykHkÁn gS D;ksafd bldk Á;ksx ckj&ckj yacs le; rd fd;k

tk ldrk gS lkFk gh lkFk la[;k cnyus ij dsoy Vsª cnyuh iMsxh

xqVds ogh Á;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA tcfd FkeksZdksy cksMZ dk

j[kj[kkc dfBu gksus ds lkFk&lkFk cukus esa Hkh vf/kd le;

¼v½ ysxsXkk vkSj vyx&vyx la[;kvksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx FkeksZdksy

cksMZ Á;ksx djuk gksxkA ;fn vk;rkdkj Vªs ysa rks fp=kuqlkj

ÁLrqfr gsrq jaxhu oxkZdkj xqVds ysrs gSa vkSj mu xqVdksa dks Vsª esa lsV dj

ysrs gSaA bl Ádkj nl xqVds ckyh Vsª esa 8 xqVds jaxhu lsV djds 8 dh

10

vo/kkj.k dks Li’V fd;k tk ldrk gSSA blh Ádkj vU; dqN fHkUusa TkSls fd

9 ] 14 ] 15 vkfn dks Hkh fp=¼c½¼l½¼n½ }kjk fuEu Ádkj Li’V fd;k tk

10 20 25

ldrk gSSA

¼c½ ¼l½ ¼n½

vc bls Áfr”kr :Ik esa O;Dr djus ds fy;s Áfr”kr cksMZ dk Á;ksx djsxsaA

Áfr”kr cksMZ esa 100 oxkZdkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gksrk gS 10 Hkkx yackbZ esa rFkk

10 Hkkx PkkSMkbZ esa gksrs gSaA¼fuEukuqlkj½

vc fHkUu 8 dks gh ysa rks Áfr”kr cksMZ esa ÁR;sd 10 Hkkx esa ls 8 Hkkx jaxhu

10

djus gksaxsa rc 100 esa ls 80 Hkkx jaxhu gks tk;saxsa ¼fp= b½

bl Ádkj 8 dks Áfr”kr ds :Ik esa 80

10 100

;k 8 1 8 % fy[k ldrs gSaa

100

blh Ádkj 1 dks 1 1 1 % 100 100

25 dks 25 1 25 %

100 100

50 dks 50 1 50 %

100 100

vkfn dks O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;s rks ckr gqbZ fHkUu dks Áfr”kr esa cnyus dh vc ;fn Áfr”kr dks fHkUu

esa cnyuk gks rks blh Ádkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

;Fkk

25% 25 1 25 1

100 100 4

50% 50 1 50 1

100 100 2

75% 75 1 75 3

100 100 4

80% 80 1 80 4

100 100 5

rFkk

100% 100 1 100 100 1

100 100 100

bl Ádkj Áfr”kr cksMZ ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh fHkUu dks Áfr”kr esa ;k

Áfr”kr

dks fHkUu esa cnyuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lqxerk ls fl[kk;k tk ldrk gS A

vH;kl Á”u %&

Kkr dhft,&

1- 800 dk 15@12 Áfr”kr

-----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

2- 100 dk 4@6 Áfr”kr

-----------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------

3- 400 dk 20 Áfr”kr

-----------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------

4- 200 dk ----------------- Áfr”kr 66

---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

2- Áfr”kr] vuqikr ds :Ik esa %&

Ekku yhft, fd d{kk 9 dh ,d Dykl esa lkekftd foKku fo’k; esa 40 cPpksa

esa ls 35 cPpksa ds 60 ls vf/kd vad vk;s rks fdrus Áfr”kr cPpksa ds 60 ls

vf/kd vad vk;sA

;gkWa 40 esa ls 35 vFkkZr~ 40 cPpksa ds 60 ls vf/kd vad vk;sA vc gesa bls

35

Áfr”kr esa O;Dr djuk gSA vFkkZr~ 100 dks gjkad ds :Ik esa O;Dr djuk

gksxkA vr%

35 100 35 100 1

40 100 40 100

175 1

2 100

87.5 %

mnk- 2- ,d fnu d{kk 9 dh 40 cPpksa dh ,d Dykl esa 20 cPps mifLFkr

jgs rc ml fnu d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr dk Áfr”kr D;k gSA

gy- 40 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh d{kk esa mifLFkr fo|kkFkhZ 20

mifLFkfr dk vuqikr 20

40

20 dks 100 ds gjkad ds :Ik esa ifjoZfrZr djuk gksxk

40

vr% 20 100

40 100

20 100 1

40 100

50 1

100

50 %

vr% ml fnu d{kk esa 50 % fo|kFkhZ mifLFkfr jgsA

vH;kl Á”u %&

fuEu fHkUuksa dks Áfr”kr esa cnfy;s \

1- 3@4 2- 4@20 3- 15@8 4- 6@40

fuEu Áfr”kr dks fHkUuksa esa cnfy;s \

1- 15% 2- 35% 3- 130% 4- 67%

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,s \

1- 5@6=---- % 2- 5@10=----- % 3- 2@3 =------%

3- Áfr”kr] n”keyc ds :Ik esa %&

Ekku yhft, ;fn d{kk 10 ds ,d fo|kfFkZ us vaxzsth fo’k; esa 50 esa ls

34-5 vad ÁkIr fd;s rks Kkr dhft, fd mls vaxzsth fo’k; esa fdrus

Áfr”kr vad ÁkIr gq, \

;gkWa gesa n”keyc dks igys fHkUu :Ik esa vkSj mlds Ik”pkr~ 100 ds

gjkad esa cnyuk gksxkA

gy%& 1- n”keyc dks fHkUu es cnyuk

34-5 345

50 500

2- fHkUu dks 100 ds gjkad eas cnyuk

345 100

500 100

345 100 1

500 100

69 1

100

69 %

blh Ádkj n”keyc dks Áfr”kr :Ik esa O;Dr djuk dqN vU;

mnkgj.ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh le>k;k tk ldrk gSA tSls fd &

1- 0-65

65

100

65 1

100

65 %

2- 1-33

133

100

133 1

100

133 %

2- 0-145

145

1000

145 1

10 100

145 %

10

14-5 %

vH;kl Á”u %&

fuEu n”keyc dks Áfr”kr esa cnfy;s \

1- 0-02 2- 0-05 3 0-374

fuEu Áfr”kr dks esa n”keyc cnfy;s \

1- 75% 2- 35% 3 65%

2-4 Áfr”kr ds vuqÁ;ksx %&

Áfr”kr dk Á;ksx ge gekjs nSfud thou esa cgqrk;r ls djrs gS

Áfr”kr ds vuqÁ;ksxksa dks le>kus ds fy;s f”k{kdksa dks bu nSfud

vko”;drkvksa esa Áfr”kr ds Á;ksx ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku vkdf’kZr

djuk gksxk tSls fd gekjh nSfud thou dh vf/kdka”k vko”;drkvksa dh

iwfrZ gsrq cktkj ls lkeku [kjhnuk iMrk gS rc ÁR;sd lkeku ij

NwV]o`f) vkfn ds fy;s Áfr”kr dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cSadks esa iSlk

tek djrs le; C;kt dh x.kuk Hkh Áfr”kr esa gh gksrh gSA dkj ,oa ?kj

[kjhnrs le; yksu ysus ij bZ-,e-vkbZ- dh Hkh x.kuk djrs le; Áfr”kr

dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

blds vykok vU; {ks=ksa tSls tula[;k]lk{kjrk] mRiknu] e`R;w nj ]tUe

nj ]d`f’k vkfn esa c`f) ;k deh dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s Hkh Áfr”kr dk

gh Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

O;olkf;d xf.kr esa Hkh fofHkUu x.kukvksa gsrq tSls fd ykHk] gkfu] NwV]

deh”ku vkfn dh x.kuk Hkh Áfr”kr dh lgk;rk ls gh dh tkrh gSA

2-4-1 ykHk ,oa gkfu %&


1- ykHk o gkfu dh vo/kkj.kk

2- ykHk o gkfu dh x.kuk djuk

f”k{k.k fof/k %& O;k[;ku fof/k ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ fof/k dk Á;ksxA

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ykHk ]gkfu dh vo/kkj.k

ubZ ugha gSA ykHk ,oa gkfu ls fo|kfFkZ ÁFkfed d{kkvksa esa gh Hkyh Hkafr

Áfjfpr gks pqds gaS rFkk blls lacf)r xf.krh; leL;kvksa dks Hkh gy djuk

lh[k pqds gSaA ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHk gkfu i<kus dk gekjk

eq[; mn~ns”; gS fd mUgsa ykHk gkfu ls lacaf)r O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa ds

lek/kku gsrq rS;kj fd;k tk ldsA

ijUrq tSlk fd ge igys gh dg pqds gS fd f”k{k.k ds iwoZ ;fn f”k{kd

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds iwoZ Kku ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gksxk rks u dsoy f”k{kd dks

vius f”k{k.k dh :ijs[kk cukus esa ljyrk gksxh vfirq fo|kfFkZ Hkh f”k{k.k

dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk ys ldsxsaA

vr% f”k.k dh “kq:vkr igys dqN lkekU; ykHk&gkfu ds Á”uksa ds ek/;e

ls dh tkuh pkfg,A f”k{kd dks pkfg, fd og d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls

ykHk&gkfu ds Á”uksa dks gy djokdj ns[k ys fd Nk= ykxr ewY;] foØ;

ewY;] “kq) ykHk] “kq) gkfu] Áfr”kr ykHk] Áfr”kr gkfu tSlh “Cnkcyh ls

Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gSa fd ugha blls ykHk ;g gksxk fd fo|kfFkZ vkxkeh

f”k{k.k gsrq ekufld :I ls Rs;kj gks tk;sxs rFkk d{k esa Hkh f”k{k.k dk

mÙke okrkoj.k rS;kj gks tk;sxkA

ykxr ewY;%& fdlh Hkh oLrq dks Ø; djrs le; fdlh O;fDr¼xkzgd½}kjk

nh xbZ /ku jkf”k ml oLrq dk ykxr eqY; gksxkA

mnk-%&

jes”k us eksckby dh nqdku ls ,d lselax dk eksckby 11000@& :- esa

[kjhnk rks ;g ewY; jes”k ds fy;s eksckby dk ykxr ewY; ;k Ø; ewY;

gksxkA

eku yhft, jes”k us ;gh eksckby eksgu ¼ fdlh vU; dks½s 11500 : esa csp

fn;k rc eksgu ds fy;s 11500 :- Ø; ewY; gksxk tfodh jes” ds fy;s ;g

foØ; ewY; gksxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa jes”k dks ÁkIr “kq) ykHk D;k gksxk \

gy%& jes”k ds fy;s Ø; ewY; = 11000:-

jes”k ds fy;s foØ; ewY; = 11500:-

“kq) ykHk = jes”k ds fy;s foØ; ewY; & jes”k ds fy;s Ø; ewY;

“kq) ykHk = 11500 :-& 11000:-

“kq) ykHk = 500 :-

bl Ádkj ge dh ldrs gSa fd jes”k us 11000 :- ds ykxr ewY; ij 500

:- dk “kq) ykHk dek;kA

vc ;fn blh ykHk dks Áfr”kr esa O;Dr djuk gks rks bls fuEu Ádkj

djsaxsaA

500 x ;gkWa x Áfr”kr ykHk gSA

11000 100

11000 x = 500 100

X = 500 100

11000

x = 50 11

x = 4-54 %

bl Ádkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd jes”k dks eksckby dh fcØh ij 4-54 :-

Áfr 100 :- ds vuqlkj 11000 :- ij dqy 500 :- ykHk ÁIr gqvkA ;gkWa

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Hkh Li’V djuk vko”;d gS fd ykhk dh x.kuk lnSo

ykxr ewY; ij dh tkrh gSA

vkb;s ,d vU; mnkgj.k ij fopkj djrsa gSaA

mnk-%& fouksn us ,d ySiVki 18000 :- esa [kjhnk vkSj mls vU; dks

20000 :- esa csp fn;k rc fouksn dks ySiVki cspus ij fdrus Áfr”kr

YkkHk gqvk \

gy%& fouksn ds fy;s ySiVki dk ykxr ewY; ;k Ø; ewY; = 18000 :-

fouksn ds fy;s ySiVki dk ykxr ewY; ;k foØ; ewY; = 20000 :-

“kq) ykHk = foØ; ewY; & Ø; ewY;

“kq) ykHk = 20000 :- & 18000 :-

“kq) ykHk = 2000 :-

vc Áfr”kr ykHk dh x.kuk djrs gSaA

“kq) ykHk 100

Áfr”kr ykHk = Ø; ewY;

2000 100

Áfr”kr ykHk = 18000

100

Áfr”kr ykHk = 9

Áfr”kr ykHk = 11-1 %

gkfu %&

tc foØ; ewY;] ykxr ewY; ;k Ø; ewY; ld de gksrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr

esa gkfu gksrh gS vkSj blds varj dks “kq) gkfu ;k gkfu dgrs gSaA

gkfu = ykxr ewY; ;k Á; ewY; & foØ; ewY;

mnk- %& ?ku”;ke us ,d isVh vkeksa dh 600:- esa [kjhnh rFkk m;s 560 :-

esa cspk crkb, fd ?ku”;ke dks ykHk gqvk ;k gkfu vkSj fdruk \

gy %&

?ku”;ke ds fy;s vkeksa dk Ø; ewYk = 600:-

?ku”;ke ds fy;s vkeksa dk foØ; ewYk = 560:-

Li’V gS fd foØ; ewY;] Ø; ewY; ls de gS vr% ?ku”;ke dks gkfu

gqbZA

gkfu = ykxr ewY; ;k Ø; ewY; & foØ; ewY;

gkfu = 600 :-& 560:-

gkfu = 40 :-

vr% ?ku”;ke dks 40 :- gkfu gqbZA

vc blls Áfr”kr gkfu dh x.kuk djrs gSaA

“kq) gkfu 100

Áfr”kr gkfu = Ø; ewY;

40 100

Áfr”kr gkfu = 600

20

Áfr”kr gkfu = 3

Áfr”kr gkfu = 6-6 %

;kn j[ksa %&

1- ykHk @“kq) ykHk = foØ; ewY; & Ø; ewY;

2- gkfu@“kq) gkfu = ykxr ewY; ;k Ø; ewY; & foØ; ewY;

3- ykHk 100

Áfr”kr ykHk = Ø; ewY;

4- gkfu 100

Áfr”kr gkfu = Ø; ewY;

vH;kl Á”u %&

1- ,d O;kikjh us ,d lkbfdy 1200 :- esa [kjhnh ,oa 1500 :-

esa csp nh rks O;kikjh dks ykHk gqvk ;k gkfu vkSj fdrus Áfr”krA

2- nhikyh us ,d jsfM;ks 750 :- es [kjhnk ,oa mls viuh lgsyh

dks 900 :- es csp fn;k rks crkb;s fd nhikyh dks fdrus

Áfr”kr ykHk gqvkA

3- ,d Qy O;kikjh us Qyksa dh 10 Vksdfj;ksa dks 120 :- Áfr

Vksdjh ds fglkc ls [kjhnk ,oa mUgsa 1100 :- esa csp fn;k rks

crkb;s fd O;kikjh dks ykHk gqvk ;k gkfu vkSj fdrus Áfr”kr \

2-4-2-deh”ku %&


1- deh”ku dh vo/kkj.kk

2- deh”ku dh x.kuk djuk


f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& fo|kFkhZ tkurs gSa fd nSfud thou esa ,sls

cgqr ls {ks= gSa tSls tehu&tk;nkn] chek vkfn dh fcØh djrs le;

Øsrk ,oa fcØsrk ds e/; foØ; lgefr ¼Mhy½ djkus ds fy;s tks rhljk

O;fDr dk;Z djrk gS og u rks Øsrk gksrk gS vksj u gh foØsrk A ;g

rhljk O;fDr Øsrk ,oa foØsrk dks feyckus ls ysdj Mhy Qkbuy gksus

rd e/;LFkrk djrk gS rFkk viuh bl lsok ds cnys mls dqN jkf”k

Ánku dh tkrh gS ftls deh”ku dgrs gSaA ;g deh”ku dh jkf”k Øsrk

,oa foØsrk dh lgefr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

mnk- chek daifu;ka vius ;gkW ,tsaVksa dh fu;qfDr;ka ftUgsa chek cspus ij

Áfr chek fu/kkZfjr jkf”k Ánku dh tkrh gSA bls deh”ku dgrs gSaA

mnk- 1- %& ,d diMk O;olk;h us vius ;gkW ,d lsYleSu dh fu;qfDr

dh ftls fcØh ij 5% deh”ku fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn mlus 2000 :- ds

diMs dh fcØh dh rks mls fdruk deh”ku feysxk \

gy %& lsYleSu dk deh”ku nj = 5%

fcfØr oLrq dk ewY; = 2000 :-

deh”ku = \

deh”ku = nj fcfØr oLrq dk ewY;

deh”ku = 5% 2000

deh”ku = 5 2000

100

deh”ku = 100 :-

vr% lsYleSu dks 100 :- deh”ku ÁkIr gksxk A

mnk-2- %& ,d lsYleSu us ,d tehu dk lkSnk 150000 esa djk;k fFkk

mls ml ij 10 %deh”ku feyrk gS rks crkb;s fd mls fdruk

deh”ku ÁkIr gksxk \

gy %& fcfØr tehu dk ewY; = 150000 :-

deh”ku nj = 10 %

deh”ku = \


deh”ku = 10 % 150000 :-

10 150000 :

deh”ku = 100

deh”ku = 15000 :-

mnk-3- %& ,d O;kikjh us 2500 :- ewY; dk lkeku cspk rFkk mls 150

:- deh”ku ÁkIr gqvk rks crkb;s fd mls fdrus Áfr”kr deh”ku

feyk \

gy %& fcfØr lkeku dk ewY; = 2500 :-

deh”ku nj = \

deh”ku = 150 :-

ekuk fd nj x % gS


150 :- = x % 2500 :-

X 2500 :-

150 :- = 100

150 100

X = 2500

X = 6

vr% mls 6 % dh nj ls deh”ku feyk A

vH;kl Á”u %&

1- ,d lsYleSu us 6000 :- dk lkeku cspk rFkk mls 900 :-

deh”ku

ÁkIr gqvk rks deh”kun j Kkr dhft, \

2- ,d lkSns ds Ik”pkr~ ,tsaV dks 15 % nj ls 1350 :- deh”ku

ÁkIr

gqvk rks fcfØr oLrq dk ewY; Kkr dhft, \

3- ,d lsYleSu us dqN lkeku cspk rFkk mls 165 :- deh”ku 3

%ÁkIr gqvk rks fcfØr lkeku dh dher Kkr dhft, \

2-4-3- NwV ;k fMLdkmaV %&


1- NwV ;k fMLdkmaV dh vo/kkj.kk

2- NwV ;k fMLdkmaV dh x.kuk djuk


f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& loZÁFke f”k{kd dks pkfg, fd og fofHkUu

mnk-

ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds e/; NwV ;k fMLdkmaV dks Li’V djs tSls fd

Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu mnk- ls Li’V fd;k tk ldrk gS fd cktkj esa cgqr lh

,slh oLrq;sa gSa tks fd gesa ml ij vafdr foØ; ewY; ls Hkh de nke ;k

ewY; ij ÁkIr gks tkrh gSaA tSls fofHkUu [kkus dh oLrq;sa] LokLFk; o/kZd is;]

J`axkj dk lkeku vkfnA

vc Á”u mBrk gS fd ,slk dSls gksrk gS \

,slk blfy;s gkdrk gS fd daifu;kWa ;k nqdkunkj mu mRiknksa ij dqN NwV

Ánku djrk gS ftls NwV ;k fMLdkmaV dgrs gSa rFkk ftl nj ls ;g Ánku

dh tkrh gS mls NwV nj ;k fMLdkmaV jsV dgrs gSaA

vr% NwV ;k fMLdkmaV og gS ftldh otg ls dksbZ oLrq ;k lkeku ml ij

vafdr ewY; ls de ewY; ij ÁkIr gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy;s fofHkUu R;kSgkjksa ;k fo”ks’k voljksa tSls fd nhokyh]

j{kkca/ku] bZn] xkWa/kht;arh] x.kra= fnol ;k Lora=rk fnol vkfn ij feyus

ckyh NwVA

mnk-1- %& eku yhft, fd ,d fÝt dk vafdr ewY; 12000:- gS ijUrq

nhokyh ds volj ij ml ij 15 % NwV nh tk jgh gS tks xzkgd dks fÝt

fdrus :- esa feysxh \

gy%&

fÝt dk vafdr ewY; = 12000:-

fÝt ij nh xbZ NwV dh nj = 15 %

NwV dh jkf”k = \ 12000 15

NwV dh jkf”k = 100

NwV dh jkf”k = 120 15

NwV dh jkf”k = 1800 :-

Ukxn ewY; = vafdr ewY; &NwV

Ukxn ewY; = 12000:- & 1800 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 10200 :-

vr% xzkgd dks fÝt 10200 :- esa feysxh A

;gkWa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Hkh Li’V djuk vko”;d gS fd ;fn fdlh mRikn

ij ,d lkFk nks Øe”% NwV Ánku dh tk jgh gSa rks bl fLFkfr esa ,d ckj

NwV dh x.kuk djus ds Ik”pkr~ tks uxn ewY; ÁkIr gksxk ml uxn ewY;

ij vxyh NwwV dh x.kuk dh tk;sxhA

mnk- 2-%& 25000 ewY; dh ,d Vh-oh- ij ,d nqdkunkj us nhokyh [kjhnh

ds volj ij 10% ,oa esyk NwV ds rgr 15% fMLdkmaV dk ,syku fd;k

;fn fdlh xzkgd us esys ls nhokyh ds volj ij Vh-oh- [kjhnh rks xzkgd

dks Vh-oh- dk D;k ewY; nsuk gksxk \

gy %&

pwWafd xzkgd us esys ls nhokyh ds volj ij Vh-oh- [kjhnh gS vr% igys

mls esyk NwV dk vkSj mlds Ik”pkr~ nhokyh NwV dk ykHk feysxkA

esyk NwV dh nj = 15%

NwV dh jkf”k = 25000 15

100



Ukxn ewY; = 25000:- & 3570 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 21250 :-

Ikqu% nhokyh NwV dh nj = 10%

NwV dh jkf”k = 21250 10

100


Ukxn ewY; = 21250:- & 2125 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 19125 :-

vr% esys ls nhokyh ds volj xzkgd dks Vh-oh- [kjhnus ij 19125 :-nsuk

gaksxsA

mnk- 3-%& ,d nqdkunkj 5000 :- dh lkMh ij 35% NwV nsrk gS tfodh

nwljk nqdkunkj mlh lkMh dh [kjhnh ij Øe”k% 10% ,oa 15% dh NwV

nsrk gS rks xzkgd dks fdl nqdkunkj ls lkMh [kjhnuk lgh jgsxk \

gy%&

igys nqdkunkj }kjk nh xbZ NwV dh nj = 35%


100




Ukxn ewY; = 5000:- & 1750 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 3250 :-

vc nwljss nqdkunkj }kjk nh xbZ NwV dh nj = 10% ,oa 15%

rc igys 10% NwV dh x.kuk djsaxs ckn esa 15% NwV dh

nwljss nqdkunkj }kjk nh xbZ NwV dh jkf”k = 5000 10

100



Ukxn ewY; = 5000:- & 500 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 4500 :-

iqu% 35% NwV ds fy;s &


100




Ukxn ewY; = 4500:- & 675 :-

Ukxn ewY; = 3825 :-

vr% igys nqdkunkj ls lkMh [kjhnuk lgh jgsxkA

vH;kl Á”u %&

1- ,d ekbØksoso dk vafdr ewY; 18000 :- gS nadkunkj ml ij

Øe”k% 15% ,oa 10% NwV nsrk gS rks ekbØksoso dk [kjhnh ewY;

D;k gksxk \

2- ,d ?kMh ij vafdr ewY; jkf”k 1500 :- gS A nqdkunkj ml ij

30% NwV nsrk gS rks ?kMh dk Ø; ewY; D;k gksxk \

3- ,d vyekjh dh dher 5000 : gS nadkunkj ml ij 1000:- dh

NwV nsrk gS rks nqdkunkj us ml ij fdrus Áfr”kr dh NwV nh \

2-5- C;kt%&


1- lk/kkj.k C;kt dh vo/kkj.kk

2- ljy C;kt dh x.kuk djuk

3- pØo`f) C;kt dh vo/kkj.kk

4- pØo`f) C;kt dh x.kuk djuk

f”k{k.k fof/k %& O;k[;ku fof/k ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ fof/k ,oa lw= gsrq

fuxeu fof/k dk Á;ksx,oa vH;kl dk;ZA

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %&vHkh rd ds f”k{k.k mijkar ge ;g tkurs gSa

fd Nk=&Nk=k;s nj] Áfr”kr] Ø; ewY;] foØ; ewY;] ykHk&gkfu NwV vkfn

fofHkUu xf.krh; leL;kvksa rFkk muds gy ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks pqds gSaA

vc le; gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks C;kt ls ifjfpr djk;k tk;sA

d{kk esa fdlh Nk= ds lEeq[k ,d dkYifud ifjfLFkfr j[kdj iwWaNk tk

ldrk gS fd ;fn mls fdlh oLrq dks [kjhnuk gks vkSj mlds ikl mruh

jkf”k ugha gks rks og D;k djsxkA fu”pr :I ls Nk= dk tckc gksxk fd

og fdlh ls mruh jkf”k m/kkj ys ysxk vkSj ml oLrq ;k lkeku dks [kjhn

ysxkA vc mls ;g le>kuk pkfg, fd ;fn m/kkj nsus ckyk O;fDr mldk

ifjfpr ;k fe= ugha gS rks og D;ksa fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ,sls gh m/kkj nsxkA

,sls esa Nk= tckc nsxk fd ;fn og dqN vfrfjDr jkf”k ml O;fDr dks

nsxk rks og O;fDr mls m/kkj ns nsxkA

bl mnkgj.k ds Ik”pkr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>k;k tk ldrk gS fd tc fdlh

vko”;drk ds dkj.k tc ge fdlh vU; O;fDr ls dqN jkf”k fuf”pr

le; ds fy;s m/kkj ysrs gSa vkSj mls fu/kkfjZr le; ds Ik”pkr~ vfrfjDr

jkf” ds lkFk okil dj nsrs gSa rks nh xbZ vfrfjDr jkf”k C;kt dgykrh

gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy;s eku yhft, fd lksgu us vius fe= ls 500 :- ,d o’kZ

ds fy;s m/kkj fy;s vkSj ,d o’kZ Ik”pkr~ 550 :- okil fd;s rks lksgu }kjk

vius fe= dks fn;s x;s vfrfjDr 50 :- C;kt dgyk;sxkA

;gkW fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Hkh Li’V djuk mfpr gksxk fd m/kkj nh xbZ jkf”k

ewy/ku rFkk C;kt lfgr okil fd;k x;h jkf”k vFkkZr C;kt lfgr ewy/ku

feJ/ku dgykrk gSA

fdlh ewy/ku ij fdruk C;kt yxsxk ;g _.knkrk ¼nsunkj½ rFkk

_.kxzkgrk¼dtZnkj½ ds chp iwoZ fu/kkZfjr “krkZsa ij fuHkZj djrk gS a

tSls f dewy jde ;k ewy/ku fdruk gS] fdrus le; esa ckil fd;k

tk;sxkvkSj fdl nj ls vFkkZr~ Áfr 100 :- ij fdruh vfrfjDr

/kujkf”k nsuh gksxhA

C;kt dh x.kuk nks Ádkj ls dh tkrh gSA

1- lk/kkj.k C;kt

2- pØo`f) C;kt

2-5-1- lk/kkj.k C;kt %&

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh fuf”pr /ku

jkf”k ij fuf”pr le; mijkar fuf”pr nj ls ns; jkf”k dks C;kt dgts

gSaA

mnk- 1-%& eku yhft;s fd vafdr us vius fe= t;s”k ls dkj [kjhnus ds

fy;s 3 o’kZ ds fy;s 10% nj ls 200000 :- m/kkj fy;s rks 3 o’kZ ckn

vafdr t;s”k dks fdruh /kujkf”k okil djsxk \

mDr mnkgj.k esa vafdr us t;s”k ls dkj [kjhnus 200000 :- m/kkj fy;s

vFkkZr~ ewy/ku = 200000 :- ] nj = 10%

vc ns[krs gSa fd ,d o’kZ ckn vafdr dks fdruk /kujkf”k okil djuk

gksxh

200000 10

,d o’kZ ckn ns; jkf”k = 100 --------------------------¼1½

vr% ,d o’kZ ckn ns; jkf”k = 20000:-

bl Ádkj rhu o’kZ ckn = 3 20000 ------------------------------¼2½

bl Ádkj rhu o’kZ ckn = 60000 :-

vFkkZr~ vafdr dks rhu o’kZ ckn t;s”k dks 60000 :- vfrfjDr nsuk gksxk

vFkkZr~ dqy

200000 :-¼ewy/ku½-$ 60000 :-¼C;kt½ = 200000 :-¼feJ/ku½ okil

djus gksaxsA

;gkWa ,d ckr xkSj djus dh gS fd rhuksa o’kksZa ds fy;s ,d gh ewy/ku

¼200000 :-½ fy;k x;k gSA bl Ádkj ls tc C;kt dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS

rks bls lk/kkj.k C;kt dgrs gaSA

vFkkZr~ ge dg ldrs gSa fd tc C;kt dh x.kuk esa ewy/ku jkf”k esa dksbZ

ifjoZru ugha gksrk rc bls lk/kkj.k C;kt dgrs gaSA

mi;qDrZ mnkgj.k esa ;fn ge in ¼1½ rFkk in ¼2½ ij xkSj djsa rks ge

ns[krsa gSa fd nksuks inksa dks feykdj ,d gh ckj esa lk/kkj.k C;kt dh x.kuk

dh tk ldrh gS

200000 10 3

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 60000 :- lw= %&

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

mnk- 2-%& foØkar us ,d IykV [kjhnus ds fy;s _.knkrk daiuh ls

500000 :- 2 o’kZ ds fy;s 15% lk/kj.k C;kt ij m/kkj fy;s rks 2 o’kZ

ckn foØkar dks _.knkrk daiuh dks fdruh /ku jkf”k okil djuh gksxh \

gy%&

;gkWa ewy/ku = 500000 :-

nj = 15%

le; = 2 o’kZ

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100 500000 15 2

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 5000 15 2

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 150000

vr% rhu o’kZ dk C;kt 150000 :- gksxk A

rhu o’kZ ckn foØkar }kjk _.knkrk daiuh dks okil dh tkus okyh

/ku jkf”k = ewy/ku $C;kt

= 500000 $150000

= 650000 :-

mnk- 3-%& ,d O;fDr us ,d Qkbusal daiuh ls 50000 :- 6% C;kt ls 6

ekg ds fy;s m/kkj fy;s rks 6 ekg Ik”pkr~ fdruh /ku jkf”k Qkbusal daiuh

dks okil djuh gksxh \

gy %& ;gkWa ewy/ku = 50000 :-

nj = 6 %

le; = 6 ekg = 1@2 o’kZ

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

50000 6 1

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100 2

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 1500

vr% 6 ekg ckn ns; /ku jkf”k = ewy/ku $C;kt

= 50000 $1500

= 51500 :-

Lkk/kkj.k C;kt dh x.kuk esa tks ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS og ;g gS fd dbZ

ckj le; dh x.kuk ekg esa dj yh tkrh gS tSls fd =Sekfld] N%ekgh]

;k vkB ekg vkfn ,slh fLFkfr esa ekg dks lnSo o’kZ esa ifjofrZr dj ysuk

pkfg, vkSj ;fn bl Ádkj ds mnkgj.kksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEeq[k j{kdj

mudk vH;kl djk fn;k tk;s rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s lk/kkj.k C;kt dh

x.kuk vkSj vf/kd Li’V o ljy gks tk;sxhA

vH;kl Á”u %&

fuEu ls lk/kkj.k C;kt dh x.kuk dhft, \

1- ewy/ku = 2000 :- nj = 3 % le; = 4 ekg

2- ewy/ku = 5000 :- nj = 5 % le; = 6 ekg

3- ewy/ku = 20000 :- nj = 10 % le; = 12 ekg

4- oS”kkyh us viuh Mªsl [kjhnus ds fy;s e/kqfjek ls 1500 :-

m/kkj fy;s 3 ekg Ik”pkr~ 3 % nj ls mls fdruh /kujkf”k

e/kqfjek dks nsuh gksxh \

2-5-2- pØo`f) C;kt %&

f”k{k.k vf/kxe ÁfØ;k %& ge igys gh fo|kkfFkZ;ksa dks crk pqds gSa fd

l/kkj.k C;kt dh x.kuk esa le; fdruk Hkh gks eqy/ku leku gh jgrk gS

rFkk mlh ewy/ku ij fu/kkZfjr nj ls C;kt dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA ijUrq

dbZ ckj ns[kk tkrk gS fd x.kuk djrs le; C;kt ij Hkh C;kt yxk;k

tkrk gSA bls fuEu mnkgj.k ds ek/;e ls le>rs gSaA

mnk-1- %& ekuk fd fo|k us 1000 :- 2 o’kZ ds fy;s 4 % okf’kZd nj ls

ehjk dks bl “krZ ds lkFk fn;s fdmls C;kt ij Hkh C;kt nsuk gksxk rks Kkr

dhft, fd ehjk dks fdruh /kujkf”k fo|k dks okil djuh gksxh \

gy %& pwWafd ;gkWa C;kt ij Hkh C;kt dh x.kuk djuh gS vr% igys ,d

o’kZ dk C;kt Kkr djsaxsa vkSj ml C;kt dks ewy/ku esa tksM dj iqu% ewy/ku

Kkr dj fQjls C;kt dh x.kuk djsaxsA

ÁFke o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = 1000 :- nj = 4 % le; = 1 o’kZ

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

1000 4 1

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 40:-

nwljs o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = ewy/ku $ C;kt

ewy/ku = 1000 $ 40

ewy/ku = 1040 :-

ewy/ku nj le;

nwljs o’kZ dk lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

1040 4 1


nwljs o’kZ dk lk/kkj.k C;kt = 41-6 :-

bl Ádkj nwljs o’kZ Ik”pkr~ okil dh tkus okyh /kujkf”k = 1040 $41-6

= 1081-6 :-

vr% 2 o’kZ ckn ehjk fo|k dks 1081-6 :-okil djsxhA

mi;qDrZ mnkgj.k ij xkSj djsa rks ik;sxs fd ;gkWa C;kt dh x.kuk esa nj rks

leku gS ijUrq ewy/ku Áfro’kZ cny jgk gS A

tc C;kt dh x.kuk esa nj rks leku jgs ijUrq ewy/ku Áfro’kZ cny

tk;s rks bl Ádkj ds C;kt dks pØo`f) C;kt dgrsa gSaA

mnk-2- %& ,d O;fDr us 500 :- 5 % pØo`f) C;kt dh nj ls 4 o’kZ ds

fy;s m/kkj fy;s rks 4o’kZ ckn mls _.knkrk dks fdruh jkf”k okil djuh

gksxh \

ÁFke o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = 500 :- nj = 5 % le; = 1 o’kZ

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

500 5 1

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 25 :-

nwljs o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = ewy/ku $ C;kt

ewy/ku = 500 $ 25

ewy/ku = 525 :-

525 5 1



bl Ádkj rhljs o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = 525 $26-25

= 551-25 :-

Rkhljs o’kZ dk C;kt

551-25 5 1

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 27-56 :-

vc Rkhljs o’kZ vkn vFkkZr~ pkSFks o’kZ dk ewy/ku = ewy/ku $ C;kt

ewy/ku = 551-25 $ 27-56

ewy/ku = 578-81 :-

578-81 5 1

pkSFks o’kZ dk lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100


vr% pkSFks o’kZ ckn ewy/ku = ewy/ku $ C;kt

ewy/ku = 578-81$ 28-94

ewy/ku = 607-75 :- okil djusa gksaxsA

pØo`f) C;kt dk lw= %&

ekuk fd ewy/ku P nj r rFkk le; t gks rks

ewy/ku nj le;

ÁFke o’kZ dk C;kt = 100

P r 1

ÁFke o’kZ dk C;kt = 100

P r

= 100

,d o’kZ ckn nwljs o’kZ ds fy;s ewy/ku = ewy/ku $ C;kt

ewy/ku = P $ P r 100

ewy/ku = P(1+ r / 100 )

P(1+ r / 100 ) r 1 nwljs o’kZ dk lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

nwljs o’kZ dk lk/kkj.k C;kt = P(1+ r / 100 )(r/100) bl Ádkj rhljs o’kZ ds fy;s

ewy/ku = P(1+ r / 100 )+ P(1+ r / 100 )(r/100)

ewy/ku = P(1+ r / 100 )[1+ (r/100)]

ewy/ku = P(1+ r / 100 )(1+ r/100)

ewy/ku = P(1+ r / 100 )² ..........................( A)

P(1+ r / 100 )² r 1

rhljs o’kZ dk C;kt = 100

rhljs o’kZ dk C;kt = P(1+ r / 100 )² (r/100)

rhljs o’kZ ckn ns; jkf”k = ewy/ku $ C;kt

= P(1+ r / 100 )² + P(1+ r / 100 )² (r/100)

= P(1+ r / 100 )² (1+ r/100)

= P(1+ r / 100 )³............................ ( B)

bl Ádkj leh- (A) vkSj( B) ls Li’V gS fd ;fn ge t o’kZ ckn ns; jkf”k

Kkr djsa rks

t o’kZ ckn ns; dqy jkf”k = P(1+ r / 100 )t ......................... (C)

ijUrq ge tkurs gSaA fd ÁkjafHkd ewy/ku P gSA

rc t o’kZ ckn C;kt dh jkf”k = P(1+ r / 100 )t - P

= P[(1+ r / 100 )t - 1].................. ( D)

mi;qDrZ leh- (C) t o’kZ ckn ns; dqy jkf”k vkSj( D) t o’kZ ckn C;kt dh

jkf”k dh x.kuk lh/ks leh- esa ewy/ku] nj] o le; ds ekuksa dks j[kdj Kkr

dh tk ldrh gSA

pØo`f) C;kt = ewy/ku[(1+nj@100½le;

-1]

feJ/ku = ewy/ku$C;kt

mnk-3- %& ,d O;fDr us 1200 :- 3 o’kZ ds fy;s 5 % okf’kZd pØo`f)

C;kt dh nj ls m/kkj fy;s rks mls rhu o’kZ ckn fdruk C;kt nsuk gksxk \

gy %&

ge tkurs gSa fd t o’kZ ckn C;kt dh jkf”k = P[(1+ r / 100 )t - 1]

;gkWa P = 1200 r = 5 % t = 3 o’kZ

3 o’kZ ckn C;kt dh jkf”k = 1200[(1+ 5/ 100 )3 - 1]

= 1200 [(105/ 100 )3 - 1]

= 1200[(105/ 100) (105/ 100) (105/ 100) - 1]

= 1200 [1157625/1000000- 1]

= 1200 [1157625-1000000/1000000]

= 1200 [157625/1000000]

= 1200 [0.157625]

= 189.15

vr% rhu o’kZ ckn mls 189.15:-C;kt nsuk gksxkA

;kn j[ksa %&

ewy/ku nj le;

lk/kkj.k C;kt = 100

pØo`f) C;kt = ewy/ku[(1+nj@100½le;

-1]

feJ/ku = ewy/ku$C;kt

vH;kl Á”u %&

fuEu ls pØo`f) C;kt dh x.kuk dhft, \

1- ewy/ku = 2000 :- nj = 3 % le; = 4 o’kZ

2- ewy/ku = 5000 :- nj = 5 % le; = 6 o’kZ

3- ewy/ku = 20000 :- nj = 10 % le; = 2o’kZ

4 dksbZ ewy/ku fdrus le; Ik”pkr~ 8 Áfr”kr nj ls nqxuk gks tk;sxk

\

2-6- ikB lg;ksxh xfrfof/k;kWa %&

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d ekg dh mudh d{kk dh mifLFkfr jftLVj dh Áfr

miyC/k djkdj muls d{kk ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh mifLFkfr dk Áfr”kr

Kkr djus dks dgsaA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dgsa fd os vius ekrk&firk ds lkFk cktkj tk;sa vkSj [kjfns

x;s lkeku dh fyLV cuk;sa ftlesa mu ij vafdr ewY;] uxn ewY; o NwV

dk mYys[k gksA

3- pkVZ iwjk dj ykus dks dgsaA

l-Ø- vafdr ewY; foØ; ewY; ykHk gkfu Áfr”kr

1- 700:- 650:- ------- ------------- -----------

2- 480:- ----- 25 ---------- ---------

3- 500:- ------- ------------- 40 ----------

4- 1000:- -------- -------------- 100 ---------------

2-7- lanfHkZr iqLrdsa %&

1- Mangal S.K. : Teaching of Mathematics, Arya Book Depot,

New Delhi.

2. Siddhu, K. S. : Teaching of Mathematics,Sterling Publishers,

New Delhi.

3. C.Papola (2006): Teaching of Mathematics, Anmol Publications

Pvt., New Delhi.

4. Sudhir Kumar & D.N. Ratnalikar: Teaching of Mathematics,

Anmo Publications Pvt., New Delhi.

5. Prof.Ram sharan & Manju Sharma: Teaching of Mathematics,

A.P.H.Publishing Corporation,5 Ansari Road,Darya Ganj, New Delhi.

6. MkWa- lksju flag % xf.kr f”k{k.k ] lkfgR; Ádk”ku ]vkxjk m-Á-

7. ,e-,l-jkor ,oa ,e-ch-yky vxzoky ] fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk m-Á-

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