OOrral microal microflfloora ra

Based upon

presentation of

V. Woznicová

History History -- LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

(a) Original picture A.L., (b) Campylobacter rectus, (c) Selenomonas sputigena , (d) oral cocci (e) Treponema denticola, (f) Leptotrichia buccalis

Oral microfloraOral microflora

over 700 700 members (bacteria, parasites)members (bacteria, parasites)

Ecological system

BBiofilmiofilm formationformation

Important to health

Relationship to dentaldental cariescaries aandndparodontitiparodontitiss

Sulcus gingivalisSulcus gingivalis

anaerobanaerobic environmentic environment, , withwith sulsulcarcar fluidfluid. Bacteria are importantfor rise and development of parodontic illness

ANAEROBANAEROBESES

Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitansActinomyces – A. gerencseriae, A. georgiae Fusobacterium – F. nucleatum, F. alocis, F. sulci Prevotella nigrescens

Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. endodontalis

Treponema denticolaTreponema denticola, T. vincentii, pectinovarum, socranskii

Tannerella forsythiaTannerella forsythiaWolinella succinogenes Selenomonas sputigena

AEROBAEROBESESStreptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus, Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis, Streptococcus intermedius

Sulcus gingivalis Sulcus gingivalis -- mimiccroflrofloraora

StreptococcStreptococcii

α-hemolytic streptococci are divided into groups

S. mutans group: S. mutans, less frequent S. sobrinus,rare S. cricetus and S. rattus. Change saccharosis to stickyglucans and fructans, quickly form acids from saccharides

S. salivarius group: S. salivarius, S. vestibularis - insalivas and on the tongue surface. Change saccharosis tofructan levan, on solid soils with this sugar grows in mucouscolonies, can cause endocarditis.

S. mitis group: S. mitis , S. oralis, S. peroris - on mucousmembrane, in dental plaque. In additon to S. mitis can thisgroup cause sepsis lenta…

S. sanguinis and S. gordonii – on tongue, bucal mucose andin dental plaque. S. sanguinis can cleave IgA. Can causesubasubaccututee babaccteriteriaall endoendoccarditiarditiss ((sepsissepsis lentalenta)!)!

S. anginosus group grow in small colonies - S. anginosus(S. milleri), S. constellatus – S. constellatus and S.pharyngis, and S. intermedius. Location: in nasopharynx,in sulci gingivales. Cause dentoalveolar and endodonticinfection.

BBaaccteriteria ofa of „red complex“„red complex“

Tannerella forsythiaTannerella forsythia

Porphyromonas gingivalisPorphyromonas gingivalis

Treponema denticolaTreponema denticola

feed, coagregation support of adhesion andinvazion

RED COMPLEX

adherence

+ FUSOBACTERIA

Responsibility for parodontitis

Treponema denticola Treponema denticola

wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema

Spirochatae

Proteolytic bacterium

In elder children (6 – 12 years) and adult

Coagregation with fusobacteria,

porphyromonades

Close relationship to P. gingivalis

T. denticola T. denticola –– fafacctortors ofs of virulencevirulence

ProteProteasease – degradation of bariers, cells and protectivemacromolecules

MotilitMotility y

ChemotaxChemotaxisis

AdhezinAdhezins, is, invazinnvazinss

HemolyzinHemolyzinss

Inflamatory startersstarters – starts secretion of cytokins andchemokins

Porphyromonas gingivalisPorphyromonas gingivalis

HighHigh proteolyticproteolytic

CrCrossfeedingossfeeding - T. denticola produce succinate, P.g metabolise it and afford isobutyric acid,proteolyticproteolytic microorganism – quickly residessulcus gingivalis

FimbriFimbriaa – for adhesis and colonization

Release bladdersbladders containing complete parts of surface membrane, bladders transport toxinesand ensymes, enable adherence and agregationof bacteria, platelets

Contain black pigment – source of Fe (growing factor of bacteria)

www.pgingivalis.org

Tannerella forsythiaTannerella forsythia

InteracInteraction tion betweenbetween T. forythiaT. forythia aandnd P. P. gingivalisgingivalis –– support of adhezadhezionion totohost host cellscells aandnd invazinvazionion

www.acsu.buffalo.edu

Invazion of T. forsythia into cells, Inagaki 2006, confocal laser microscopy

InteracInteractiontion of of mimiccroorganismroorganism

„ProduProducctts ofs of metabolismmetabolism

P. gingivalis is susceptible to pH decrease and to O2

Fusobacterium nucleatum form products, who guard P. gingivalis before these factors

BakteriocinBakteriocinss – naturalnatural antibiotiantibioticscs

Bacteriocins kill the neighbour, producer and close related bacteria can survive

Other G+ and Other G+ and GG--bacteriabacteria N. subflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa N. subflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa –– saccharolytic, saccharolytic,

grow in aerobic condition although they are grow in aerobic condition although they are capnophyliccapnophylic

Staphylococci, micrococciStaphylococci, micrococci –– not commonly found not commonly found in large numbersin large numbers

EikenellaEikenella –– isolated from periodontal disease, fac. isolated from periodontal disease, fac. anaanaeerobicrobic

VeillonellaVeillonella –– dental plaque etiology + dental caries dental plaque etiology + dental caries (more in plaque presentation)(more in plaque presentation)

other genera other genera –– propionibacter, propionibacter, enterococcusenterococcus ––less than 1% less than 1% -- unknown role or teeth specific unknown role or teeth specific

Mycoplasmas, actinomyces, lactobacilliMycoplasmas, actinomyces, lactobacilli

Actinomyces sp. Actinomyces sp. major portion of the microflora of major portion of the microflora of dental plaque dental plaque –– associated with caries, gingivitis associated with caries, gingivitis (anaerobic)(anaerobic)

LactobacillusLactobacillus –– less than 1%, producing lactate or less than 1%, producing lactate or lactate and acetate from glucose, increase in lactate and acetate from glucose, increase in advanced carieer lesions (advanced carieer lesions (L. caseiL. casei, , L. oralisL. oralis....) ..) ––microaerophilmicroaerophilicic

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. salivarium salivarium -- role in dental plaque role in dental plaque –– unknownunknown

Parasites Parasites and fungi inand fungi in oral cavityoral cavity

Entamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenaxEntamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenax–– healthy patientshealthy patients

CandidaCandida sp. sp. –– colonization occurs either colonization occurs either at birth or soon afterwards. Dramatically at birth or soon afterwards. Dramatically increases in immunocompromised increases in immunocompromised patients…patients…

FactsFacts

SusceptibilitySusceptibility toto phphagocagocytosisytosis is various, depends on microorganism. Some periodontopathogenicbacteria can rescue before immune response

A. actinomycetemcomitans and bacteria of red-complex are more resistant to phagocytosis thanother bacteria

MiMiccrobrobeses fromfrom oral cavityoral cavity can cause metastaticinfection (after teeth extraction - bacterial endocarditis)

source: Socransky et al. 1998

P.gingivalisT.forsythiaT.denticola

P.intermediaP.nigrescensP.microsF.nuc.nucleatumF.nuc.vincentiiF.nuc.polymorphumF.periodontium

S.mutansS.oralisS.sanguis

E.corrodensC.gingivalisC.sputigenaC.ochraceaA.actinomyc.

V.parvulaA.odontolyticus

Relationship ofRelationship of babaccteriteriaal l communitiescommunitiesinin parodontitiparodontitiss

More in dental plaque capitol and More in dental plaque capitol and parodontitis…parodontitis…