BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION - 筑波大学...direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn...

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lS E 一一 T R-80・一 14 辮・ 罫竃 1 ’v’. AN INTEGRATED JAPANESE BRAILLE BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION by Kazuhiko Nakayama Akifumi Oikawa Kozo ltano Yasuhiko Ogawa Sadao Hasegawa April 10,1980

Transcript of BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION - 筑波大学...direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn...

Page 1: BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION - 筑波大学...direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn Kana Braille to a great extent・ In Kanゴi brailler two types of Kana, 冒冒Hiragana”

lS E 一一 T R-80・一 14

    辮・

     罫竃

     1 ’v’.

AN INTEGRATED JAPANESE BRAILLE PROCESSING SYSTEM

BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION

        by

 Kazuhiko Nakayama

 Akifumi Oikawa

 Kozo ltano

 Yasuhiko Ogawa

 Sadao Hasegawa

   April 10,1980

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  An 工ntegraセed Japanese Braille Processing

           Based on Kanゴi Representation

                        by

Kazuhiko Nakayama *r Akifumi Oikawa *r Kozo

        Yasuhiko Ogawa *r Sadao Hasegawa **

Syst二em

ltano *r

**

Instit’ui e of 1nformation Sciences and Electronics

university of Tsukuba, Sakura-murar Niihari-gunr 1baraki

305r Japan.

School for Blind, Universi’ヒy of Tsukuba

b4ejirodai 3一一27-6r Bunkyo・一kur [Pokyo l12r Japan.

     This work was supported in part by the Science

1nformation processing centerr university bf Tsukubar and・by                                                       x

・ヒhe grant of research project No.410205: ”Basic research  on

comput:er  input  and ou’ヒput of braille t二〇wards the expansion,

of linguistic life circurnstances of the blind” as a part oE

special   proゴect   research:   冒冒工nterdisciplinary   and

comprehensive study of language competence and speech

activity” sponsored by the Ministry of Education of Japan

(1977-1979) e

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Abstract

     Abraille processing system oriented K:anゴi representat:ion

is  presented  which enables us ’ヒ。 e$tablish complete con▽ersion

between  Japanese  ordinary  Kanゴi  and  braille  writ二ings・。  The

system consists of an in’ヒelligen’ヒ braille s’ヒation backed up、 wit二h

utilities of the iarge computer. We built severai pieces of

braille equipment originally for our systern such as a braille

data typewriterr a braille Pin display terminal, e.nd a braille

line  prin’ヒer.  We  implemented  an  interacti▽e  braille、 text

processing system which enables the ▽isually handicapPed・・ヒ。 ha▽e

access to ordinary character printing. We also proposed. on-line

braille,dictionaries  in  order to improve the ・ヒools of reading

and writing.

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1. Tntroduction

     The  six-dot  braille  currently  in  use was in▽en.ヒed by a

visually handicapPed Frenchman, Louis Brailler in l825・  工n this

braille, chara¢’ヒers are 】made up o:E raised do’ヒs in a six-dot; ceユl

arranged  in  ・ヒwo  ver’ヒical  columns.   In  Japan,  the s’ヒandard

braille  is  based  on  Kanar Japanese phone’ヒic symbdl, in which

Arabic nUmerals・ and the English alphabet can be mingled with

Kana.  This Kana braille is ▽ery con▽e ni en’ヒ for ex七ensi▽e Vse by

・the visuqlly handicapped people, because theY can read almost

all the le’ヒters by phonetics.

     Howeverr the Kana braille is not・omnipotent to convey full

meaning  of  the  ordinary Japanese sen’ヒences・  工t is because an                                                            * ・

ordinary  Japanese  ’sen・ヒence is a mix・ヒure of Kanゴi and Kana・  工n                                           4

0rdinary Japanese writing r appoxiately IO Kanji (Chinese based                                                           2

Character or ideographs) arg mingled With about 10 Kana

charact;ers.  Each. K:anji represents it s’own se’ヒ of meahings, and

▽arious combinations of Kanゴi produce Kanゴi compound・words which

ha▽e  specific  readings  and  meanings.   工n addition, Japanese

language  is  basically  differen『ヒ for the language which can be

described in Roman letters mainly in that it contains thousands

of elements. For exarnpler 12rOOO kind of characters are used in

a ・typical general circula七ing newspaper.  Furt耳ermore, ・ヒhere is

no clear delimitation between words within a sentence. ln

Japanese  K:ana  braille’  we cannot represent Kanゴi dir『∋ctly and

can only represent phonetic information. This situation causes

*   Jap’anese  uses traditional Chinese characters called ,i K anゴilt

    which are iddographic signs, q.nd two types of ”Kana”一

    ’Japanese phonetic syllabaries consisting of 47 letters.

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trouble when we ’iink the two writing worlds: ordinary and

braille・   The  con▽ersion  between  Kanゴi  and  Kana is quite a

difficult problem [3], and we can not perform this conversion

casually・ The complete conversion of Kana to Kanゴi requires

capability to. understand natural language. The reverse

conversionr Kanjj. to Kanar requires moreover a large volume

Kanji dictionary file.

     1n order to avoid the difficult problems above,. we use a

new  method  of representing Kanゴi by braille [2,7,8] devised by

S.Hasegawa, himself visually handicapped, for the direct

representation  of  Kanゴi  tex’ヒ.一 If  the Kanゴi braille becomes

widespread among the visually handicapped peopler the gap

between ’ヒhe two writing sys’ヒems will become smalユ.

     Our   obゴective   is  to  es’ヒablish  a  in・ヒegraセed  braille

processing system in order to impr’ove the reading and writing

epvironments of the visually handicapped people. Through the

use of computer technologyr Tnany braille tools can be supplied

easily. Autornatic writing systems and on-line braiUe

dictionaries explained later are examples of them.

     We have built and improved the experimental braille system

which  consists  of  several original input and ou『ヒput equipment;

sy$’ヒems  【1]  and  sof’ヒware  utilities.  We  ha▽e also built an

integrated・rdinary Kanゴi pr・cessing system[6] r and the data

base  management  system  工DEAS/77  [5], which  can supPort our

braille system.

2. Japanese Extended Kanji Braille

工n  K:anar one of 10 consonan’ヒs (nullrKrSrTrNrH,MrYrRrW) is

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combined with one of 5▽owels (A,工rU,ErO)。 This combination

produces 50 basic charactersr each of which corresponds to a

single cell of Kana braille. Kana also includes special sound

symbols   to   indica’ヒe   ▽oiced   consonants,  P-sound,  double

consonants and contracted sounds. For this purposer Kana

braille uses speciall prefixed codes and represents them by

double  six-dot  ceユls.  The  same  me・ヒhod  is  used for Arabic

numerals and ’ヒhe English alphabet3 special shift codes are used.

工n this case, t:he shift code is effecti▽e until a non-numeric or

non-alphabetical character appears. Details.for writing Kana

braille  are  specified  by the Japan Braille 工nscription Method

[4] e

     [vhe Extended Kanji Braille deve.loped by S.Hasegawa includes

direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn Kana Braille to

a great extent・  In Kanゴi brailler two types of Kana, 冒冒Hiragana”

and ”Katakana”r are. represented as different characters.

Hiragana is represented as . a single six-dot cell without any

prefixed codesr and Katakana is represented with a specific

pre fi xed shift c・de・ エn case・f numeralsr als・tw・type・f

numeralsr Arabic numerals and 冒ロK:anゴi. numeral s’冒, are in・ヒroduced.

Codes for special symbols such as the period r commar question

mark and exclamati6n mark are the same as those of Kana Braille.

For Kanji representationr 8 types of preEixed code’ are

introducedr and each Kanji character is represented by 3 or 4

six-dot  cells shown in Figure l.  Most of Kanゴi characters ha▽e

two  readings:  lt on lv and  ’i kun t’・.  工n order to represen’ヒ.a Kanゴi

character, we  use  ’ヒwo  Kana  charac’ヒers  which  are the first

characters in the Kana sequences of the ”on” and ”kun” reading

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respectively. HosAieverr in case some Kanji characters have no

tt on tl Dreading,  we use ’ヒhe first two or three Kana characters in

the ”kun” reqding.

      工t  is  a  distincti▽e feature of this system ・ヒhat Kanゴi is

thterpreted by using both ”on” and ”kun” readings. This make it

much easier to read and write Kanji since their functional

factors  often accord with ’ヒheir phonetic pronunciation. People

who have lost their’sight early in life are not familiar.with

the shape of ordinary charactersr but they usuany learn to read

Kanゴi in two ways; the word 響冒sea”, for example, is read as tt kai ・r

and it uMi 11・  Therefore, with・this systemr i・ヒ is possiblel for such

people to form Kanji with their existing knowiedge and also it

is  easier  for  them  to  understand・  Wηen  a Kanゴi cannot be

constructed with both ”on” and ”kun” readingsr only on’?@reading

of the Kanji is symbolized.

3. Zntegrated Braille Processing Systern

3.l OU’ヒline of the system Configuration

     We have imp・emented theエntegrated Brai、、e馳pr。ce、ssing

system which consists of an intelligent braille station backed

up with utilities of a large computer. The outline of the

Configuration of the system is shown in Figure 5. The’station

is equipped with twg types of interactive braille devices: a

braille  data ’ヒypewriter and a braille pin display。  The sta・ヒion

is itself connected to a large computer as a ivSS terminal. By

this station, we can inpUt and edit the braille tgxt-

interactively. We also can transform the brai)一le text into

ordinary  Kanji  charac’ヒer, and output to the medium speed Iくanゴi

                            - 5一

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prin七er.[ehe Eng・ish a’Ephabetセext-can-a・s・be hhnd・ed-in-this

sys’ヒem・

     The h。st c・mputer system, ACOS800/エ1, supPlies several

braille  u七ili・ヒies  and data bases.  工n the host sys’ヒem, we ha▽e

installed  a  high  speed brailユe line printer and an ultra high

speed  Kanji  printerr  and realized bo’ヒh conversion’ braille to

ordinary  and  ordinary  to  braille,  at  both ’ヒhe sof’ヒware and

hardware levei.

・3.2Brailleエnput Output Deil ice s

     The developement of braille equipment for comrnunication

with a computer is quite insufficient. Thereforer we have made

several piesces of equipment experimentally.

(1) Braille Line Printer

     A high speed braille line printer prints one braille line

by dividing it into thr.ee rows: upperr middle and lower. The

line prin’ヒer is con’ヒrol’led by a small computer and able to print

out 32 braille cells in each line. On the left side of the

paperr the ordinary character is printed in 5 x 7 dot image for

・ヒhe  opera・ヒor who cannot read ’ヒhe braille.   Pagina’ヒion  is also

controlled agtomatically by the computer and each page is cut

from the long roll paper.

(2) Braille Data Typewriter

     We have・also made a braille data typewriter which consists

of a braille keyboard and braille’ 垂窒奄獅狽?秩@mechanism. Zn the

’b窒≠奄撃撃?@keyb・a「d・six-dot b「aille keys and some othe「function

                            - 6 一

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keys such i as spacer backspacer carrige return and break are

installed. The typewriter p4nts one’braille character by

dividing it into two columns: right and left three-dot

sub-cells. Each sub-cell is printed by use of an octagonal

braille printing head shown in Figure 2.

(3) Brailユe Pin Display Terminal

     Abraille pin display・ヒerminal is designed for an

interactive devicer and is equipped to display a single line of

brailユe  the contents of which can be refreshed a’ヒ a high speed。

工n  ’ヒhis  display  liner  32 、 cells of braille characters can b$

displayed as shown in Figure 3 r and each cell has a cursor pin

and  selec’ヒion  swi’ヒch.  For people who cannot rea(耳 the braille r

・ヒhe.ordinary  characters are  displayed in 5「x 7 do・ヒ image.  The

’ヒerminal  also  has ’the braille keys which resemble that of the

data typewriter.

3.3 0rdinary Kanゴi Input Ou『ヒput De▽ices

     At  our  compu’ヒer  center,  an  in’ヒegrated K:anji processing

system  has been buiユt for ’ヒhe extensive use of Kanゴi processing

in research, educationr and house keeping [6], and we can use

them for supporting our brailユe sys’ヒem.

     工n   our  system  two  ty pe s  of  laser  print二er  has  been

installed. One is a high speed printer which can output about

lOOOO differen’ヒ characters on each page in high resolution.  The

speed of ’the printer is O.5 pages per second. The other is

medium  speed  prin’ヒer  which  can  outpu’ヒ  about 3000 .different

characters,.but in high resolution, too. Both printers use cut’

                            一 7 一

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sheets as ordinary copy machinesr gnd can produce high qualty

printing. The high speed printer is,connected to a smaU

computer  and  da’ヒa  is  transfer by magnetic 七apes.  The medium

speed printer is connected to the intelligent station and can be

used on-line.

     The Kanji dispZay terminal is eonnected.to a large computer

system as a TSS terminal, and can input and edit Kanji texts

which consis{; about 6000 differen’ヒ Kanゴi.characters・

4』 D  Au・ヒomatic Transユation of Kanji Tex’ヒ into Braille

     we  use  J工s  (Japan  工ndustrial  standard》  code r  for the

computer internal representation of Kanji texts. rn JZS Kanji

c。de,●U439 Kanゴi characters are defined. Our Kanゴi braille,

however, only covers a subset: about 3000 charactersv which are

used most frequently in usual reading and writing. This

diference causes troubles during conversion of an ordinary Kanji

text  into  braille.   It  is  a difficul七 problem ’ヒ。 seperate a

Kanji sequence into the rninimum Kanji compound・words uniquely.

Thereforer  if  we  ha▽e a Kanji text based on the J工S code, the

presen・ヒ  braille  sys・ヒem  is  not  able  t()一 handle  translation

sufficiently.

     Tn order to solve this problem, our system,. uses an

interactive convdrsion algorithm. in our systemr most of

translation is done automatically as Ear as the Kanji dharacters

are  co▽ered  within  about  3000  charac・ヒers of subse’ヒ.  When a

Iくanゴi  apPears  beyond  this  subse’ヒ,  the  sys’ヒem  .requests ’ヒhe

operator冒s  indication  abou’ヒ t.he reading of the Iくanゴi sequence・

Thenr  the  opera・ヒor  responds with the Kana of ’ヒhe reading r and

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the translation is continued. Zn this’ モ≠唐?秩@the informat」on

about the reading is sVored in the specific data library, and is

used in the later translation.

5. lnteractive Braille Text Processing

     Automatic writing for the visually handicapped people is a

rather important tool for the communication between braille and

ordi.nary writings. Such a communication system has been

impleTnented experimentally as a paper tape・ based system by

S.Hasegawa. We have further developed a text processing system

based on utiliza’ヒion of the・inte.lligen’ヒ braille station.

     Our  br ai 11e  text processing system consist二s of an Braille

Interac’ヒi▽e  Editor  (BIE) based on ’ヒhe pin display.  B工E aユlows

rnanuscription of the braille text in a workfile. The text can

be put into the workfile from files and from the・braille

keyboard. The workfile can be changed from the braille

keyboardr  and  i’ヒ  can  be  $aved  in  a file.  The text in the

Worktile is not necessarily divided into lines, although it can

bq A new-line is indicated by a new-Zine character which is

displayed by a special braille mark.

     Most of the timer BZE displays a portion of the workfile on

32 cell of pin display. On this pin display, a cursor is also

displayed  by  the  position-indicate pin over ・ヒhe display・line.

The cursor marks the place where things usually happen. The

place that the cursor marks is always immediately tp the lef.t of

the cursorr betweeri the character below the cursor and the

character t・theユeft・f that・ne.’ e・r example, i茸text is

inSerted  from  the keyboardr  it always goes immedia・ヒely to the

                            一一 9 一

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left of the curs.or.’ All commands of BTE shouid be enteted by

special. function  keys  on the braille keyboard・』 工f we wan’ヒ to

move the cursor within line displayv a cell selection switch may

be pushed. Line-up and down switghes are used tor moving the

cursor by line unit:・ 32 cells of braille. Furtherr by the’ 浮唐

of  the F工ND cornmand, we can move the cursor down to ’ヒhe part of

the  workfile  ’ヒhat  ma●ヒches  the  text  specified  as  the F工ND

command.

     Two  t;ypes  of  DEI・ETE  commands.can be used in B工E.・One of

them deletes a single ceil marked by the cursor, and the bther

deletes  all righ’ヒ cells of the line from the cell marked by ’ヒhe

cursρr・エn this caser if the curs・即arks the leftm・sp cell・f

the  display, al]. 32 cells on the display are deleted.  B工E also

has  other commands for handling data transfer be’ヒween files and

work£iler and so on.

     B工E  has simple・formatting function and inconsistency check

function of the braille text, in order to avoid braille

sequences  which  are  not  permitted in ’ヒhe braille inscrip’ヒion

rule.

6. On-line Braille Dictionaries

     Braille printing is very sparse on the’ paper compared with

the ordinary printing. Thereforer condensed printing such as’

dictionaries  can  not  be  made in a prac’ヒical form7 because it

quickly becomes a very large voiume of paPer.’ As an

experimen’ヒal case, we have installed the content of a dictionary

into the data base systemr and tried to make an on-line

dictionary. An English-Japanese dictonary is used as a test

                            一 IO 一

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case. Through the use of the on-line diCtionaries, the visuaUy

handicapped can use the dictionary r which they have not had

access to previously.

     1n the ordinary world of Japaneser two type of dictionaries

exist7  0ne of them is a K:anji based dic’ヒionary in which we can

look up a Kanji character in order to get ’the meaningr reading

and compound words. The other is a Kana-based dictionary in

which we can look up a word by the.phonetic reading in order to

get‘ 狽??@meaning and c・rresp・nding Kanゴi character. The braille

world has the same aspect as the ordinary one. A braille Kanji

dictionary  can  be used for looking up braille Kanゴi characters

and compound words r in order to know the reading and meaning. A

braille Kana based dictionary can be used to know the rneaning

and the corresponding Kanji character. These dictionaries

improve the reading and writing environment of the visually

handicapPed, and also t:each Kanゴi braille to them.

     Currentlyr implementation of the above dictionaries is

under way, and will be supported by the data base management

system of our large computer.

6. Concユuding Remarks

     Japanese visually handicapped people have no means to

communicate with the ordinary writing world directly. By use of

our systemr we can partially improve the current environment for

them,  although our brailie sys・ヒem is only an experimenta]. model

and many improvements would be necessary for better

communication. Developement of our system would supply them

much「writing information of the ordinary world.  工n Contemporary

一 1ユ ー

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printingr  a   pho’ヒotypeset七ing  technique  based  on  computer

technolQgy has been used widelyr and many novels have been

processed  on-line using Iくanji printing・  Thereforer it would be

possible to translate those books into braille au oomaVically.

Furtherr  ordinary  Kanji processing field has been inves’ヒgating

practical Kanji input technques. Hence, the braille Kanji input

method will provide one of the applications.

Acknowledgemen’ヒs

   The author would iike to express his sincere thanks to Nippon

System Co. and Nippon Typewriter Co. for their helpful

cooperation.

一ユ2.一

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References:

[1] K・ltano,  A.Oikawa  and  K:.Nakayamar Braille Information

           ロ    Process■ng  System・on  :Large Computer Systemr Proceedings of

    the  20 th annual conference of Information :Processing Society

    of Japan, 1979. (工n Japanese)

[2] Proceeding   Qf   International  Conference  on  Computerized

    Braille :Production - Today and Tomorrowr :Londonr May l979.

[3] Y・Sakamoto,  Information  Processing of Japanese Braille on a

    Computer  (1) 一 Co▽ersion be七ween Kanゴi and Braille, Computer

    工、inguis’ヒids l2、(2), 1977. (ln Japanese)

[4】 Braille Committee of Japanr Japan Braille工nscription Method,

    1973. (工n Japanese)

[5] 工DEAS/77  User’s  Manual,  Scientific  InforMation Processing

    Center, Uni▽ersity of Tsukuba. (In Japanese)

[6] K・Itano’   H・Horiguchi,   A・Oikawa   and   K.Nakayama,  K:anゴi

    工nformation  Processing System at Uni▽ersity of Tsukuba (ユ) 一

    Hardware  system equipPed with a :Laser Printer, Proceeding of

    the  lgth annual conference of Information Processing Society

    of Japanr l978. (工n Japanese)

[7] S・Hasegawar  Printing o:E Ordinary Characters Containing Kanji

    from  Braille,  Proceeding  of  the l3 th annUal conference of

    $pecial Education Societ;y of Japanr l975 (In Japanese)

[8]S.Hasegawa, On Braille エnf・rmati・n Pr・cessing System,

   Educa’ヒion and 工nformation, No.224r 1976. (In Japanese)

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      ロ                                       コ

     F■gure Capt■ons

Figure l. Examples of Braille K:anゴi Representation

          by Hasegawa

Figure 2. An Oc’ヒagonal Printing Head of the Braille

          Data Typewriter

Figure 3. A Braille Pin Display Terminal

Figure 4. Outline・f Bra’ilie Prpcessing System

e

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(1)海 (sea)i

oe eo eeOO OO OOoe oe oo

*1

(2)箱

  KA U

四〇nI冒:ビeading : KAI

”kun”reading: UM1

(box)

oo eo oeeo oo eoeo ee oe

*2 HA KO

”kun”reading : HAKO

(3)娘 (daughter)

oo ee ee eeee oe oe eeeo ee oe ee

*3 MU su tvlE

”kun”reading : MUSUME

*lr2r3 are specifying one

eight Iくanゴi qroups・

of the

Figure i. Examples of braille Kanji Representation   by Hasegawa.

一 15 一

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Figure 2. An octagonal prin’ヒing’head of brailledata typewri’ヒer.

一 16 一

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H刈1

ド・

Q

o

w.

ド・

一一〇

ド・

P・

m℃一

¢

Bト」・

’.

line no c 5x7 ordinary character display.

cursor indicate pin

braille cell selectionロロ ロ ロ ロ ロロロ ・・・・・・・・・…

o o o o o o o o … …・一・一

switch

・・一・・・・・・・・・・・・・・… @ロ ロ ロ

ー・一一一一一一一一一 Z o o

oocooo

oo o o

oo o o

oooooo

oooo o

ooooo

ooooo

oooooo o

oooooooo

ooo

s±ngle line of six dot braille display’

Mode switch

N .[] 凹[]

Space bar

: 32 cells

匡]

POWER

command switch

Page 20: BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION - 筑波大学...direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn Kana Braille to a great extent・ In Kanゴi brailler two types of Kana, 冒冒Hiragana”

Braille pin

display terminal

Braille            da’ヒa typewr■ter

files

エntelliqentBraille

     ロS七aセ■on(edit二ing,

formatting,coh▽ersion)

<一一・・一・一・一レdesk top kanjipirnter(工、BP-10)

high speedbraille コ                       ロ

1■ne pr■nter

Databases

∠レ,倒,8b幽ヲ「

Large,computesys七em

(Dictionariesrautomatictr.anslationr   etc.) /X..

hiqh speed   コ   コ               ほ

kanj■pr■nt:er(LBP-2000)

s

ss kanゴi display

terminal

bra“le code

一一一一””一一一@ordinary code

Figure .4. Outline of braille processing system.

一 18 一

Page 21: BASED ON KANJI REPRESENTATION - 筑波大学...direct Kanji representation, which depends upbn Kana Braille to a great extent・ In Kanゴi brailler two types of Kana, 冒冒Hiragana”

INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCES AND ELECTRONICS            UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA

SAKURA一一MURA, NIIHARI-GUN, IBARAKI 305 ’ JAPAN

REPORT DOCUrvlEN17AT I ON PAGEREPOR[[1 NUIYfB ER

     工SE一[V R-80-14

TX凹しE

An In七eqra七ed Japanese Braille Processing

Based on Kanゴi Represent:a・ヒion

System

AuTHoR (s)

Kazuhiko Nakayama

Akifumi OikawaKozo ’Itano

Yasuhiko Ogawa

Sadao Hasegawa

REPOR![! DATE

    April 10, 1980

MA工N CATEGORY

    manaqement da七a processinq

NUiS{!BER OF PAGES

       l8

CR CATEGOR工:ES

      3.5

KEY WOsw S

   BIind, braille, text processingr

   braille ’ヒypewriter, pin display,

information exchangerコ                               コ

■n七eraC’ヒ■Ve SyStem.

ABSTRACT

   Abraille processing system orien・ヒed:Kanゴi represen七ation コ

■s presen’しed which enables us to establish c6mple・ヒe con▽ersion

be’ヒWeen Japanese ordinary :Kanゴi and braille writings. The

sys’ヒem consists of an in’ヒelligent braille station backed up wi・ヒh

utilities of the large computer. We built Se▽eral pieces of

braille equipment originally for our system such as a braille

line printer. We implemented an interacti▽e braille text

processing system which enables the ▽isually handicapPed to have

access ’ヒ。 o七dinary charcter printing.  We also proposed on-line

braille dictionaries in order to improve the tools of reading and

writing.

SUPPLEI)vSENTARY NO’rES