LI CM N

c s gii thiu ca Khoa Khoa Hc ng Dng trng i hc Tn c Thng v s cho php ca qu Cng ty Cng Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam VOCARIMEX .Sau thi gian mt thng c tham gia thc tp ti Nh my tinh luyn du Vocar t ti huyn Nh B nhm sinh vin chng em hc hi v thu c nhiu kin thc qu gi,rt thc t v quy trnh sn xut ca Nh my, bit c tm quan trng ca mt k s v cc giai on thc hin cho ra c sn phm du t cht lng cao. Ngoi nhng kin thc v chuyn mn th chng em cn hc c nhiu nhng k nng mm rt hu ch nh phn cng cng vic, kh nng lm vic nhm iu ny gip chng em rt nhiu trong qu trnh thc tp, gip chng em lm vic t kt qu tt. Hn na, chng em cn cm thy t tin hn vo bn thn mnh trc nhng kh khn, thch thc ca mi trng lm vic thc t. Rn luyn cho chng em cch lm vic khoa hc, phn ng nhy bn khi xy ra s c. Nhm n lc tm hiu v chm ch hon thnh bo co c tt nht. Tuy nhin chng em vn cn nhiu li sai, mong thy c gp v hng dn thm nhm c th nhn ra nhng li sai . Chng em gi li cm n chn thnh n qu thy c trong Khoa Khoa Hc ng Dng, c trng khoa Tng H, Tng Cng ty Cng Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam VOCARIMEX Nh my tinh luyn du t ti huyn Nh B to mi iu kin thun li nht chng em thc tp, cc anh ch,c ch k s, cng nhn nhit tnh ch bo, gip , to mi iu kin thun li,mi trng thn thin gip chng em co thm kin thc v hon thnh tt bo co trong sut thi gian thc tp. Cui cng chng em xin chc qu thy c tht nhiu sc kho. Chc nh my cng ngy cng pht trin vng mnh, chc cc anh ch k s, c ch cng nhn trong nh my lun hon thnh tt cng vic. Mt ln na chng em xin chn thnh cm n! MC LC TrangChng 1 : TNG QUAN V CNG TY... 3 I/ Gii Thiu Chung V Cng Ty...3 II/ S Mt Bng Nh My.... 6

Chng 2 : TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU9 I/ Qu Trnh To Thnh Du Thc Vt....9 II/ Thnh Phn Ha Hc Ca Ht Cha Du...10 III/ Nguyn Liu Sn Xut Ti Nh My.14Chng 3 : QUY TRNH CNG NGH....16Kho Cha Nguyn Liu

I/ Xng S Ch...16 II/ Xng Tinh Luyn...41 III/ T KCS....54 IV/ Xng Thnh Phm.66Chng 4 : THNH PHM..69 I/ Sn Phm Chnh Ph v Ph Phm....69Chng 5 : X L NC THI....73 I/ Cc Ngun Gy Nhim73 II/ Cch X L..73Chng 6 : KT LUN V KIN NGH..76HNH NH V TI LIU THAM KHO......77 CHNG 1: Tng quan v cng tyI/ Gii thiu chung v cng ty:

1/ Lch s thnh lp :

Nm 1992, VOCARIMEX chnh thc c thnh lp Vit Nam . Cng ty c thnh lp trong giai on nn kinh t t nc ang chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng XHCN, cng ty VOCARIMEX hot ng theo lut doanh nghip Nh nc gm 4 n v trc thuc l NM Du Tn Bnh, NM Du Tng An, NM Du Th c v chi nhnh cng ty ti H Ni. Hin nay, Tng Cng Ty Cng Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam ( VOCARIMEX ) vi tr s chnh t ti s 58 Nguyn Bnh Khim, phng a Kao , Qun 1 , TP HCM.

T nm 1992 n 1997 cng ty gp vn lin doanh vi 3 n v nc ngoi gm: lin doanh vi Golden Hope Overseas Sendirian Berhad thuc tp on Golden Hope Overseas Sendirian Berhad ( nay thuc tp on Sime Darby ) Malaysia thnh lp cng ty du n Golden Hope Nh B trn c s nh my du Nh B; lin doanh vi cng ty Siteki Investments Pte Ltd thuc tp on Kuok (nay thuc tp on Wilmar International Limited )- Singapore thnh lp cng ty du thc vt Ci Ln ( nay l cng ty TNHH du thc vt Ci Ln ), lin doanh vi LG Chemical Ltd ( nay l LG Household & Health Care Ltd ) thuc tp on LG-Hn Quc thnh lp cng ty lin doanh m phm LG VINA ( nay l cng ty TNHH M phm LG VINA ).2/ Qu trnh pht trin :

Sau 38 nm hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, Vocarimex c nhiu bc ci tin mi v mi mt, i mi v thit b, xy dng thm nh my, ci tin cht lng, tng cng tip th, m rng th trng nht l th trng xut khu, ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo h thng qun l, iu hnh, p ng yu cu cnh tranh. T khi chuyn sang hot ng theo m hnh Cty m - Cty con nm 2005 v thng 7/2010 Cty m c chuyn i l Tng Cty Cng nghip Du thc vt Vit Nam, hot ng theo m hnh Cty TNHH mt thnh vin do Nh nc l ch s hu. T hp gm Cty m Vocarimex vi 4 Cty con, 4 Cty lin kt tr thnh mt t hp lun gi vng v tr ch o ca ngnh Du thc vt Vit Nam . Sn phm Du cc loi ca cng ty p ng tt cho th trng trong nc v xut khu sang cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam , Trung quc, Hng Cng, Nht Bn... Trong 10 nm tr li y, Vocarimex khng ngng ln mnh, hng lot cc nh my du thc vt vi quy m cng sut ln t 400 n 1.000 tn/ngy, trang thit b hin i, cng ngh tin tin nh Vocar, Ph M, Tn Bnh, Nh B, Hip Phc, Ci Lnc u t mi. Chnh v vy, sn phm ca Vocarimex v cc n v thnh vin lun t tiu chun quc t v cht lng v an ton v sinh thc phm, phc v cho nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Tc tng trng bnh qun 16%, thu nhp ca ngi lao ng bnh qun t trn 5 triu ng/ngi/thng. c bit nm 2010, ti th trng trong nc ton Tng Cng ty chim trn 90% th phn trn ton quc. Chnh nh c nhng bc i vng chc trong u t, pht trin cc thng hiu du n ni ting nh Vocar, Tng An, Nakydaco, Neptune, Marvela, nn sn phm lun c ngi tiu dng tn nhim v bnh chn nhiu nm lin hng Vit Nam cht lng cao, gii thng Sao vng t Vit. TCty Vocarimex v mt s thnh vin nm trong top 500 DN ln nht Vit Nam . Bn cnh , phong tro thi ua ca Vocarimex nhiu nm c trin khai si ni v c chiu su, v vy c Chnh ph trao tng C n v dn u phong tro thi ua nm 2010 cho 3 n v: Cty m - TCty Cng nghip Du thc vt VN, Cty CP Du thc vt Tng An v Cty TNHH Du thc vt Ci Ln. Bng khen ca B Cng thng trao cho 3 n v: Cty CP Du thc vt Tn Bnh, Cty CP Bao b Du thc vt v Cty TNHH M phm LG Vina.

Thng 7-2007, cng ty m VOCARIMEX hon tt xy dng v a vo hot ng nh my du thc vt VOCA, ln u tin cng ty VOCARIMEX sn xut v cung cp th trng ni a v xut khu cc dng sn phm du thc vt vi nhiu dng bao b khc nhau nh: Du m VOCA, BEN3, SOBY, VOCA COOKING, SUNGOLD, VINA, GLOBAL. Nm 2008-2009 cc sn phm v thng hiu du VOCA c ngi tiu dng tn nhim.

Nm 2007, u t v a vo hot ng s dng thit b tinh luyn du thc vt cng sut 100tn/ngy; nm 2008 a dy chuyn ng du chai t ng; thng 9 2009 a vo lp t thit b dy chuyn tch phn on du c 300 tn/ngy, thng 4/2010 hon thnh v a vo s dng gp phn nng cng sut ch bin du thc vt ca ton t hp t gn 1 triu tn/nm. Mc tiu n nm 2020, Vocarimex s sn xut v tiu th khong gn 2 triu tn du tinh luyn, hn 400 ngn tn du th v xut khu t 60 ngn tn du cc loi.3/ V Tr a L, Ngun Nng Lng V Giao Thng Vn Ti : Nh my du thc vt Vocar t ti huyn Nh B ca tp H Ch Minh, v tr ny

Nm gip vi Cng Nh B nn kh thun tin cho giao thng vn ti y. Tuyn ng b v ng sng u kh thun li, iu c ngha rt ln cho vic vn chuyn nguyn liu v xut sn phm i. H thng cung cp nng lng cho c s sn xut kh di do nh ngun in, ngun nc t sng Nh B. H thng cp thot nc linh ng, v sinh mi trng tt, c bit, mi xng sn xut u c b phn phng chy cha chy, thit b an ton lao ng c trang b y .4/ S c cu t chc :Nh my Du Vocar gm c 3 xng sn xut chnh v 2 t h tr, l xng s ch, tinh luyn, thnh phm v 2 t KCS, t sa cha bo tr.

II / S mt bng nh my

5/ Cc loi sn phm ca cng ty

Hin nay nh my ch yu sn xut cc du tinh luyn nh du nnh, du m, du c tinh luyn. Cc sn phm chnh l du cooking, du nnh tinh luyn, du m tinh luyn vi cc nhn hiu nh Voca, Bens 3, SunGo, Soby,

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN NGUYN LIUI/ Qu trnh to thnh du thc vt: Cht bo l thnh phn rt quan trng trong c th ngi, du thc vt l mt loi thc n cung cp nng lng ln gp hai ln so vi glucid. Ngoi ra, du thc vt cn c ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh x phng, sn, glyxerin.phn kh b du trong thi ra trong qu trnh ch bin cn dng lm nc chm, thc n gia sc, phn bn.. Trong ht c cha du khi ht chn s xy ra qu trnh to thnh du (lipid). Cc hp cht hu c v v c thin nhin chuyn vo ht t cc phn xanh ca cy, l t t thng qua h r, t chuyn thnh cc cht d tr trong ht, lc u to ra cc cht glucid, in hnh l tinh bt, sau khi ht chn dn th ht tinh bt s chuyn thnh ht lipid. giai on u khi ht chn, du c nhiu acid bo t do. Sau lng acid bo t do gim xung v hm lng triglyceride dng hp cht lin kt t ba phn t acid bo v glycerin tng ln.. Lc u, t cc sn phm phn t thp to ra acid bo c mi su nguyn t cacbon (acid palmitic); sau mch acid bo s c ko di ra thm tng hai nguyn t cacbon mt. Glycerin trong cc ht chn c to thnh t nhng phn t c ba nguyn t cacbon. Ngoi triglyceride, trong cc ht du chn cn cha protein d tr.II/ Thnh phn ha hc ca ht cha duThnh phn ha hc ca ht l c s to nn cc tnh cht v gi tr s dng ring ca chng. N cng l c s ca cc iu kin k thut s ch, bo qun v ch bin.

Vi s ra i ca nhiu phng php phn tch hin i, ngi ta ngy cng pht hin thm nhng thnh phn ha hc mi cha trong ht du nh chng c y cht i din cho tt c cc nhm cht ha hc hu c. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cht v c trong .Tuyt i b phn cc cht ny, rt cn thit cho c th con ngi, c tm cch bo v v s dng trit . Nhng trong , cng c mt s t cht khng c li, thm ch rt c hi cho c th, phi tm cch loi tr hoc hn ch tc dng ca chng.

C th chia nhng cht thng c trong cc ht ly du ra thnh my nhm chnh sau:

Lipit hay lipoit

Protein

Gluxit

Fotfatit

Cht sp

Cc cht mu

Cc Vitamin

Glucozit

Hidrocacbua

Axit hu c

Cc Andehit v xelon

Cc cht v c

Lipit, Protein v gluxit thng l thnh phn chim phn ln trng lng ca ht ly du, trong lipit l thnh phn ch yu.

Lipit:

Lipit l thut ng gi chung cc cht bo bao gm du v m. Lipit trong ht ly du ch yu l cc triglixerit ca cc axit bo khc nhau, c cng thc cu to tng qut:

CH2-O-CO-R

CH-O-CO-R

CH2-O-CO-R

N l este phc tp ca phn t glixerit v axit bo, R, R, R l nhng gc axit bo. Thnh phn cc axit bo trong cc du rt khc nhau. V do thnh phn triglixerit cng khc nhau. Thnh phn t l axit bo v cc triglixerit quyt nh tnh cht v gi tr ca du.

Phn ln du thc vt c cha cc axit bo nhiu ni i m trong m ng vt khng c hoc c vi t l rt thp. Nhng axit bo ny l cc cht hot ng sinh l rt quang trng trong c th ngi, v vy du thc vt ng vai tr rt ln trong thc phm.

Cht sp:

Sp c trong ht ly du, tuy vi t l thng rt nh (di 2.5-3%) nhng rt ph bin.

Chng l este ca cc acid bo phn t ln C24-C32

Vi cc ru n chc C14-C30, rt him thy vi ru 2 chc. Phn ln cc ru trong phn t sp u c cu to mch thng. Cng thc ph bin ca sp l:

O

R1 CH2O C

R2R1 l gc ru mch thng

R2 l gc axit bo

Thnh phn axit bo thng thy trong sp l Stearic, panmitic, oleic, cacnauboic, xerotinic, montanic.

Do c thnh phn tng t nh glixerit nn c khi ngi ta xp chng vo nhm lipit. Nhng khc vi du sp c nhit nng chy cao hn nhiu , rt bn vng v mt ha hc, v rt kh tiu ha. V vy sp khng ng vai tr cht dinh dng. sp d ha tan trong du nng nn thng ln vo du khi ch bin ht.

trong ht sp thng trn lp v, c tc dng bo v ht khi b tc ng ph hy t mi trng bn ngoi nh m, vi sinh vt Cn khi ch bin du lm thc phm, nu c hm lng sp trong ln th phi tch b chng.

Cht Fotfatit:

Fotfatit l cht c mt ph bin trong nhiu loi ht du.

Trong thnh phn cu to phn t ca chng gm c glixerin, cc axit bo, v mt nhm cha fotfo. V vy c khi chng cn c gi l cc lipit phc tp. Trong cc loi du khc nhau hm lng ca chng khng ging nhau v ti a ch ti vi % so vi ht.

trong ht c du cc fotfatit thng trong thnh phn cc cht khng phi l du, mt phn chng tn ti dng t do, mt phn dng lin kt vi cc protein v gluxit.

Cc cht gluxit:

Chng l nhng cht c cng thc chung Cn(H2O)n, trong phn t cha nhiu nhm OH, c cc nhm andehit hoc xeton.

Hm lng dao ng trong khong 6 27% (tu loi), ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose tp trung v qu, v ht. Ngoi ra cn c pectin, lignin, fitomelan.

Protein v cc cht cha nito khc:

Cc cht cha nito (bao gm protein) trong nhng ht ly du c vai tr rt quan trng v t l v gi tr s dng ca chng. Chng bao gm cc protein, cc sn phm ca s tng hp hay phn ct protein cha hon ton nh aminoaxit, cc amit ca aminoaxit, cc bazo nito.

Protein l hp cht cao phn t phc tp, cu to bi nhiu gc axit amin lin kt vi nhau dng mch polipeptit bng cc mi lin kt peptit v cc ni lin kt ngang.

Hp cht c nit trong ht du chim 20 25% khi lng ht, tr u nnh c protein chim n 33 50% khi lng ht. Protein n gin c trong ht du thc hin chc nng l cht d tr:

- Albumin: protein ho tan trong nc.

- Globulin: ho tan trong dung dch NaCl 10%.

- Glutelin: ho tan trong dung dch.

- Protein khng tan.

Protein ca ht c tnh ho nc v trng n trong nc. Trong iu kin phi hp nhit v m nht nh, protein c kh nng bin mt tnh do, sau khi lm lnh to thnh vt th rn vn gi nguyn c hnh dng c. Tnh cht ny c ng dng rng ri trong qu trnh tch du ra khi ht.

Nit phi protein ca ht du nm trong nhm cht c nit ca phospholipide, vitamin v coenzyme, glycoside v cc cht ankaloide. Khi protein b phn hu trong qu trnh ht h hng, lng nit phi protein s tng ln do chnh nit ca acid amin t do.

Cc cht tinh bt : Thng t thy c hm lng ln trong nhng ht du gi, Khi cn non th phn ln cc ht du c hm lng tinh bt ln v gim dn trong qu trnh ht tr nn gi.

Xenlulo v hemixenlulo: Chng l 2 cht chim khi lng ch yu trong s cc hydratcacbon c trong ht ly du v tp trung lp v. Hai cht ny lin kt vi nhau cht ch, v to thnh vch t bo ca cc m thc vt.

trong v ht, ngoi xenlulo v hemixenlulo, cn c lignin tham gia cu thnh. III/ Nguyn liu sn xut ti nh my :

1 / Du nnh :Nh my khng trc tip p du t u nnh m nhp du th sau tinh luyn c sn phm theo yu cu ca khch hng.

Tn khoa hc:Glycine Max

Thuc h uDu nnh l mt loi du n qu c s dng rng ri trong nhn dn.

L loi ht c m v c du. Protein ca u nnh c hot tnh sinh hc cao v c th h tr khi thiu protein ng vt. Hm lng du trong ht t 12 25%. cc nc pht trin u nnh c dng sn xut du thc phm v ch phm protein. Du nnh c mu vng nht n vng, c mi c trng ca u nnh.

Cc ch s ha l

SV189 195

IV105 130

T trng 20 0C0,918 0,924

Thnh phn acid bo

Acid bo no ( ch yu l palmitic )10 -12 %

Acid bo khng no ( ch yu l oleic v linoic)80 -85 %

2 / Du M :Nh my ch yu nhp khu ht m t n , khc vi du nnh, do yu cu khch hng nn vic sn xut du m i hi dy chuyn sn xut kn do nh my trc tip tin hnh khu s ch.Tn khoa hc: Sesamum indicum L

Thuc h vng

M c trng ph bin nc ta v mt s nc khc trn th gii nht l n . Ht m cha khong 42 55% du. C nhiu loi m. Du p ra t ht c mu vng nht n vng (i vi m vng), c mi thm c trng ca m.Cc ch s ca du:

SV187 -194

IV103 116

T trng 20 0C0,917 0,922

Thnh phn acid bo:

Acid bo no ( ch yu l palmitic )12 -15%

Acid bo khng no ( ch yu l oleic v linoic) 75 78 %

CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGH

Kho Cha Nguyn Liu:

Nguyn liu nhp kho c cha trong cc bao ti t trn cc ba-lt cch mt sn chng m mc, ngoi ra cn c phun thuc dit cn trng nh su b, kin gin..

Kho m bo kh ro v sch sI/ XNG S CH :

1 / Quy trnh p du th:

2/ Thuyt minh quy trnh:

2.1/ Sng tp cht:Tp cht l ni tp trung m, vi khun, nm, cn trng, gy c i vi c th con ngi . Ht di lm cho sn phm khng thun khit c v mt cm quan (mu, mi v) v gi tr dinh dng. Cn cc tp cht cng nh st, , .nu khng c loi ra khi nguyn liu th c th lm hng thit b khi tip xc.

V vy trc khi nhp kho hay a vo ch bin cn c lm sch nhm :

Tng tui th, nng sut ca cc thit b sn xut.

Lm gim mt phn m ca nguyn liu.

Gim s lng cn trng, vi sinh vt.

Gip sn phm c phm cht thun khit v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.

Bin php lm sch:

Qu trnh lm sch c da trn s khc nhau v trng lng, kch thc, nhn v t tnh.

tch tp cht ta c th dng sng kt hp vi h thng qut ht hn hp khng kh v bi s c qut ht v theo ng dn vo ca cyclone theo phng tip tuyn vi vn tc 20 25 m/s, dng hn hp quay trn trong rnh gia ng tm v v tr, di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc ht rn vng ra thnh rt xung y v c thu vo bao cn kh sch theo ng tm ra ngoi.

Mt sng s phn khi nguyn liu thnh cc nhm c kich thc khc nhau: rc ln, ht m, ct bi. Ngoi ra, sng cn c b tr thanh nam chm nhm tch cc tp cht st trnh h hi cc b mt tip xc ca my nghin. Sng c t nghing khong 20 . Ton b hp sn ng trn 4 thanh n hi, chuyn ng lc qua lc li nh c cu lch tm tay bin. Bn trong hp sng c lp 2 lp li. Lp th nht t trn c kch thc cc l khong 4 5 mm v lp li th 2 t bn di c kch thc l khang 1mm. Khi nguyn liu t silo truyn xung sng, cc tp cht ln s c gi li lp li th nht, m c gi li trn lp li th 2, cc tp cht nh v nng (ht sn, vn, ...) s ri xung y sng, cn bi c qut ht i.

Khi my hot ng cn theo di:

Dng in, in p trong qu trnh hot ng.

rung, lc , n ca my.

Kim tra nguyn liu ra, nng sut ca my.

Kim tra lng tp cht thu hi.

Kim tra lng m sau sng cn ln tp cht hay khng.

Kim tra v thu hi cc tp cht kim li trn cc thanh nam chm.

Mt s s c - nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc

S cNguyn nhnKhc phc

Motor np liu b nght, ngng hot ngTrong nghuyn liu c ln nhiu vt l nh g rm,.Dng my, tho ra v sinh sch

Sau cho motor hoat ng li.

My b ngng rung hay rung qu mnh khng n nhDo ng c hoc i trng khng cnKim tra ng c v hai i trng to rung

Lng m qua sng qu t, m ln trong tp cht thu t sng trn nhiuL li sng bi nghtV sinh li sng

Lng nguyn liu xung sng qu tNguyn liu b ln nhiu vt l nh g, rm,nn b kt li ti motor np liuNgng my, ly vt l ra khi u np liu

2.2/ Nghin cn

Nguyn liu ht m sau khi c sng loi b tp cht l s c gu ti vn chuyn nguyn liu vo phu tip liu cho my cn hai trc nghin.Mc ch cua qu trnh nghin:

Du ch yu tp trung nhn, phn b trong cc khe vch t bo. N li lin kt vi cc thnh phn k nc. V vy cn tin hnh nghin m nhm:

Ph hy lp v ca ht m, gii phng du trong nhn ht ra dng t do. Khi kch thc cc ht bt nghin cng nh cc t bo cha du cng c gii phng.

To cho nguyn liu c kch thc thch hp cho cc cng on ch bin tip theo, khi kch thc cc ht bt nghin cng nh, chiu di khuch tn ca nc v thi gian truyn nhit vo khi bt nghin trong qu trnh chng sy cng ngn, b mt tip xc gia cc phn t bt nghin vi nc, hi trc tip, hi gin tip cng ln, do hiu qu ca qu trnh chng sy s tng ln..

To cho nguyn liu c hnh dng v kch thc ng u, t bt nghin sau khi chng sy s c cht lng ng u, khi p du s d dng thot ra. Tuy nhin, nu kch thc cc ht bt nghin qu nh th khi chng sy bt s khng xp, d dn n hin tng vn cc lm qu trnh chng sy khng ng u hiu qu tch du d khng cao. Cn lu rng sau khi nghin th b mt t do ca nguyn liu tng ln rt nhiu, lm tng kh nng tip xc ca du trn b mt ht nghin v oxi trong khng kh, ngoi ra trn b mt ht nghin cn c s pht trin mnh m ca vi sinh vt, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh ch bin sau ny. Do , bt sau khi nghin cn phi a i chng sy ngay.Nu nh nguyn liu khng em nghin m a trc tip vo chng sy th hiu qu chng sy s khng cao v 3 nguyn nhn sau: Trong ni ti ca nguyn liu khng c nhng bin i cn thit di nh hng ca nhit (sy),

Do cc phn t c kch thc ln nn khi lm m, nc cha kp khuch tn vo vo trung tm nn m ca bt chng sy s khng ng u.

Nhit v nc tc ng ln cc phn t c kch thc cch xa nhau s gy nn nhng bin i khc nhau. Khi a chng vo p, my p s lm vic theo nhm c kch thc chim t l nhiu nht. i vi cc phn t ny du s thot ra nhiu, cn i vi cc phn t cn li c kch thc ln hoc b hn s khng c c ch p thch hp, v vy, hiu sut thot du i vi cc phn t ny s km.

Trong khi nghin, cu trc t bo b ph hy nn lm cho b mt t do ca nguyn liu tng ln rt nhiu to ra kh nng tip xc rng ln gia du (trn b mt ht nghin) v oxy, ngoi ra trn b mt ht nghin cn c s pht trin mnh m ca cc h VSV. iu ny lm nh hng xu n qu trnh ch bin sau ny, do , bt sau khi nghin cn a i chng sy ngay. Trong qu trnh ch bin cn xy ra s bin i mt s tnh cht ha hc, sinh hc ca nguyn liu do p lc nghin tc ng ln nguyn liu, protit, du s b bin tnh do qu trnh to nhit khi nghin. Cc thnh phn khc nh gluxit cng b caramen ha lm cho du c mu sm, ng thi qu trnh oxy ha xy ra lm cho cht lng du b nh hng.Thit b nghin cn: My nghin i trc

Cu to ca my gm trc lp trn trc c th di ng, trc bi gi v tr c nh bi h thng l xo v trc c lp trn trc c nh, hai trc quay tri chiu vi hai vn tc khc nhau nn ngoi lc nn my cn c lc ct x nguyn liu.

Nng sut my ph thc vo ng knh , chiu di trc , c ly ca cc cp trc, tc quay ca trc v trng lng ca nguyn liu.

Khi my hot ng, s phn b ht m nguyn liu vo khe trc gy nh hng n hiu sut ca my. Do , b phn phn phi dng ht phi lin tc ri u, dc khe trc nguyn liu phi cun vo u . Mun vy chiu dc khe trc phi u, khng bt dnh( phi b tr dao hoc chi qut di mt trc)

Khi my hot ng kim tra:

Thng xuyn kim tra mc nghin cn ca nguyn liu, phi t ti thiu 75%, thng thng mc nghin cn trong khong 85-98%

n ca my, s va p ca hai rulo

Tc quay v ng m ca hai rulo

Mt s s c - nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc

S cNguyn nhnKhc phc

My c ting ku l khi hoat ng-Ln kim loi trong nguyn liu

-B bc nNgng my, kim tra, ly vt l

Thay bc n

Dy ai b trtDy ai bi ginChnh lai dy ai

Puly truyn ng bi trtPuly b mnHiu chnh lai Puly

Nguyn liu sau khi nghin khng tKhe h gia hai Rulo lnKim tra tm gt nguyn liu v iu chnh khe h trc

2.3/ Chng syV t hiu qu tch du cao trc khi em p bt nghin phi qua cng on chng sy.Bt nghin t my nghin c gu ti v vt ti phn phi vo hai ni chng sy hot ng lin tc.

Chng sy bt nghin nhm mc ich sau:

- To iu kin cho bt nghin c s bin i v tnh cht l hc, tc l lm thay i tnh cht vt l ca phn ho nc v phn k nc (du) lm cho bt nghin c tnh n hi. Cc mi lin kt phn t vng bn gia phn du (k nc) v phn ho nc b t hoc yu i, khi p du d dng thot ra,

- Lm cho nht ca du gim i, khi p du d dng thot ra,

- Lm cho mt s thnh phn khng c li (mi, c t..) mt tc dng, t lm tng cht lng ca thnh phm v kh du.

- Lm v hot h thng enzym khng chu c nhit cao tn ti trong bt nghin,

- Lm cho m ca bt nghin c iu chnh t 3 5 % ty theo tng loi nguyn liu, to iu kin thun li cho cng on tip theo.

Chng sy bt nghin c th dng hai ch :

* Ch chng sy t: Trong qu trnh chng sy tin hnh lm m n m thch hp (chng) cho s trng n phn ho nc ca bt ri sau sy nguyn liu c m thch hp cho vic p. giai on chng, bt nghin c lm m bng nc hoc hn hp ca nc vi hi nc trc tip, giai on sy, bt sau khi chng thng c sy kh bng hi nc gin tip. y l ch c p dng rng ri hin nay v to iu kin cho cc thnh phn ca bt bin i n mc tt nht.

Ch tiu c trng cho ch chng sy l mc lm m bt, nhit chng v sy, thi gian chng sy v m bt sau khi chng sy.

Ty thuc vo cu to, thnh phn ca nguyn liu, (ch yu l thnh phn ho nc v thnh phn du), m ban u ca nguyn liu m mi loi nguyn liu c ch chng sy khc nhau, khng c lm qu m hay qu nhit v bt s tr thnh mt khi chy do, du s khng thot ra khi p.

* Ch chng sy kh: Trong qu trnh chng sy khng gia m cho nguyn liu m ch n thun sy. Ch ny t c s dng v hiu sut tch du thp do bt khng c trng n.

Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh chng sy:

Nhn chung, khi a nhit v m vo bt nghin, phn ho nc (phi lipit) s trng n, t lm thay i tnh do ca bt v trng thi ca du ng thi xy ra nhng s bin i sinh ha, ha hc cc cht c trong khi bt. C hai qu trnh bin i ch yu nh sau:

* S bin i ca phn ho nc:

- Trong khi chng sy, cc phn ho nc s ht nc v trng n, ban u, s ht nc xy ra rt mnh, sau th gim dn, t lm cho bt tr nn do v n hi. Hn na, di tc dng ca nhit v m, protit b bin tnh lm cho bt cng do, lin kt gia phn ho nc v k nc yu i.

- Trong khi chng sy, c s bin i v mt ha hc nh protit + gluxit to phn ng melanoidin lm du sau p c mu sm, gluxit + photphatit to thnh cc hp cht ha tan trong du.

- V mt sinh ha, nhng bin i ch yu do hot ng ca cc enzym c trong nguyn liu, di tc dng ca nhit v m, cng hot ng ca cc enzym cng tng, c bit l lipaza (thy phn du) lm tng ch s axit ca du thnh phm v glucooxydaza (thy phn tinh bt), khi nhit ln cao, cng hot ng ca cc enzym gim dn.

* S bin i ca phn k nc (du):

- Trong qu trnh chng sy, du t trng thi phn tn chuyn thnh dng tp trung trn b mt cc phn t bt,

- Di tc dng ca nhit , nht ca du gim, du tr nn linh ng, y l bin i rt c li cho qu trnh sn xut,

- Di tc dng ca nhit cao, du c th b oxy ha to ra peroxit oxit axit bo t do, t lm tng ch s axt ca du; nn i vi mt s nguyn liu c nhiu axit bo khng no trong thnh phn ca du th cn phi c ch chng sy nhit thp trnh lm tng ch s axit ca du.

Thit b chng sy:Cu to

Ni chng sy

c s dng nhm gia nhit v sy bt nghin t cc thng s v nhit v m theo yu cu ca cng ngh p trc khi a vo my p.

Cu to thit b chng sy

Ni chng sy c chia lm 4 tng xp chng ln nhau. Lp v bo n gi nhit cho ton b ni chng sy dy 10cm, lm bng bng thy tinh v c bc nhm bn ngoi. y mi tng c cu to bi hai lp thp cch nhau 5cm to thnh khong trng cha hi bo ha gia nhit cho nguyn liu mt cch gin tip. Tm ni c lp trc khuy v trn mi tng c lp hai cnh khuy, hai cnh khuy tng th nht v hai cnh khuy tng th ba c t vung gc vi hai cnh khuy tng th hai v hai cnh khuy tn th t. Cnh khuy c lp st y mi tng gt, trn nguyn liu ri gt nguyn liu xung di thng qua ca t ng. ng c in ba pha c cng sut 18,5Kw ko trc cnh khuy thng qua hp gim tc bnh rng vi vn tc khong 30 vng /pht . B khp ni c tc dng lien kt hp gim tc v trc cnh khuy, ngoi ra khi c s qu ti ca trc cnh khuy th cht an ton trn khp ni b t m bo an ton cho thit b. mi tng cn c phao bo mc nguyn liu ngi vn hnh bit c lng nguyn liu trong ni m iu chnh lng nguyn liu vo ni chng sy cho thch hp.

Mi tng u c ng ng bn hng gn vo ng gp ht m. Trn cc ng ng thot hi ny c b tr cc l chn iu chnh vn tc thot hi cc tng. ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 1,5 Kw v qut ht m s c s dng khi nguyn liu qu m. Hi m mi tng theo ng gp ht m ri ra ngoi trn thc t khng dng qut ht m v m ca m nguyn liu khng cao.

Cm van hi s cp hi bo ha vo khong trng y mi tng truyn nhit cho nguyn liu trong ni thng qua van gin tip hoc to m cho nguyn liu bng cch phun hi trc tip thng qua van trc tip. Sauk hi truyn nhit, hi ngng t thnh nc theo cm van x ra ngoi . Ngoi ra mi tng cn c ca c khot bn hng sa cha v x ly s c. Sau khi chng sy khong 50 pht , nguyn liu xung n ng chuyn liu vo b phn np liu vo my p. Ti ca x cui cng ca mi chng sy c l chn iu chnh lng nguyn liu ra khi ni.

B phn np liu

a nguyn liu t ni chng sy xung my p cn c b phn np liu.B phn np liu ca my p ETP u c cu to ging nhau, ch yu gm cc chi tit:

1. ng c in ba pha

2. Khp ni lin kt ng c v hp gim tc

3. Hp gim tc truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c n trc np liu

4. Khp ni lin kt trc gim tc v trc np liu.

5. ng chuyn nguyn liu t tng cui ca ni chng sy xung vis np liu.

6. Cc vng bi trc np liu.

7. Gi cc vng bi

8. Trc np liu

9,10,11 cc cnh vis np liu nguyn liu vo lng p

12. Thanh chn nm gia khe h gia cc cnh vis np liu c tc dng gt nguyn liu khng cho quay trn theo cnh vis m chuyn ng tnh tin xung

13. Cc dao cn xp vi nhau c khe h du thot ra ngoi v giai on ny cc cnh vis np liu to lc p s b lm nguyn liu tit ra mt lng du nh

Cc cnh vis 9,10,11 c ng knh cnh vis v bc vis thu nh dn t trn xung do th tch nguyn liu tit ra mt lng du nh li to ra lc p tng. Mt s yu cu cng ngh trong cng on chng sy:

Bt chng sy phi ng nht v m, do, n hi ph hp vi yu cu ca cng ngh (ph thuc vo c cu ca my p v nguyn liu). Khi bt chng sy khng t c ng nht, hiu qu thot du t cc phn t khc nhau s khc nhau, dn n hiu qu thot du khng cao. Mun t c ng nht ca bt chng sy cn c nhng bin php sau:

- Lng bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi lin tc n nh lng bt chng sy ra khi ni. Mun m bo vn ny th nng sut my nghin phi ph hp vi nng sut ca ni chng sy v my p. Ngoi ra, cc ca thng ca cc tng ni chng sy phi lm vic bnh thng.

- m ca bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi n nh. Nu m ca bt nghin thp hoc cao hn m cn thit, cn phi c bin php iu ha m (sy kh hoc lm m).

- Vic lm m giai on chng phi ng u.

- Lng nhit cung cp phi ln v n nh, do cc thng s ca hi nh p sut, nhit , lu lng phi n nh, lng nc ngng phi c ly ra mt cch trit .

2.4 p

a/ C ch ca qu trnh pKhi p, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong khi bt xy ra s lin kt b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca cc phn t, ta c th chia ra lm hai qu trnh ch yu:

Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn lng: y l qu trnh lm du thot ra khi cc khe vch gia cc b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca t bo. Khi bt u p, do lc nn cc phn t bt st li gn nhau, khi lc nn tng ln, cc phn t bt b bin dng. Cc khong trng cha du b thu hp li v n khi lp du c chiu dy nht nh, du bt u thot ra. Tc thot du ph thuc vo nht ca lp du v ph thuc vo p lc p, nht cng b, p lc cng ln th du thot ra cng nhanh.

Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn rn: khi lc nn tng ln, s bin dng xy ra cng mnh cho n khi cc phn t lin kt cht ch vi nhau th s bin dng khng xy ra na. Nu nh trong cc khe vch khng b gi li mt t du v p lc cn c th tip tc tng ln th t cc phn t bt ring bit s to thnh mt khi chc dnh lin nhau. Trn thc t, p lc p cng ch t n mt gii hn nht nh, c mt lng nh du cn nm li nhng ch tip gip nhau, cho nn kh du vn cn c tnh xp. c bit khi ra khi my p, tnh xp ca kh du li tng ln khi khng cn tc dng ca lc nn na. Mt iu quan trng nh hng n hiu qu ly du l nu tc tng p lc qu nhanh th s lm bt kn cc ng thot du lm du khng thot ra c, iu ny thy rt r cc my p m trong nguyn liu khng c o trn (my p th cng). Ngoi ra, nu ch xt n thun v s chuyn dch ca du qua cc khe vch, cc h ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu, ta c th rt ra nhng iu kin m bo vic tch du t hiu qu sau y:

p sut chuyn ng ca du trong cc khe vch v cc ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu cng ln, du chy ra cng nhanh, mun nh th th ngoi lc tc dng ln du phi ln. Ngoi lc tc ng ln nguyn liu (bt p) gm c hai phn: mt phn tc ng ln du v mt phn tc ng ln cc phn t rn lm cc phn t ny bin dng. Do , cho p lc tc ng ln du ln, ta cn phi thay i tnh cht c l ca cc phn t rn (qua cng on chng sy) lm gim phn p lc lm cho cc phn t bin dng, nh , p lc tc ng ln phn du s tng. Tuy nhin, vic tng ngoi lc cng thc hin n mt gii hn no , nu vt qu gii hn ny s dn n s co hp cc ng mao qun dn du hoc cc khe vch cha du mt cch nhanh chng lm hiu qu thot du gim.

ng knh cc ng mao qun cha du cn phi ln trong sut qu trnh p trnh vic du thot ra qu chm hoc khng thot ra c. Trn thc t, hin tng ny thng xy ra v khc phc cn phi tng p lc p t t nhm m bo thi gian cho lng du ch yu kp chy ra. Nu p lc p tng t ngt, cc ng mao qun cha du nhanh chng b hp li hoc b bt kn, du s chy ra chm. Mt khc, nu p lc p tng mnh trong giai on u s lm ri lon s chuyn ng ca nguyn liu trong my p do du chy ra mnh lit ko theo nhiu cn du.

Chiu di cc ng mao qun cha du phi ngn v s thot du khi p thng i theo mt phng chung v v pha c on ng ngn nht. Nu ng chy du cng di th thi gian chy qua on ng y cng ln. Ngoi ra, khi ng chy du ngn, s ng mao qun b tc trong qu trnh p cng t hn. V th, thc hin vic p du mt cch trit th lp nguyn liu trong my p phi mng. Thi gian p phi ln, nu thi gian p qu ngn, du chy ra cha ht, ngc li, nu thi gian p qu di s nh hng n nng sut my p. Vic ci tin c cu my p cng c th rt ngn c thi gian p.

nht ca du phi b tr lc khi du chuyn ng b, t thi gian du thot ra khi nguyn liu s ngn. nht ca du b, bt p phi c nhit cao v trong qu trnh p nhit phi n nh. Khi bt p b ngui, nht ca du tng v tnh do ca bt gim nh hng n s thot du. Tuy nhin, khi nhit bt p qu cao, du s b oxy ha mnh, du s b sm mu v kh du s b chy kht. V th, vic dng nc hoc du ngui lm mt lng p l vic lm rt cn thit, trnh c hin tng pht nhit khi my p lm vic.

Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut p:

c tnh c hc ca nguyn liu p nh hng rt ln n hiu sut p, c tnh ny do cc cng on chun b, c bit l khu chng sy quyt nh.

Mc nghin bt, nhit , m ca bt cng l nhng yu t c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut p.

Cc iu kin hnh thnh trong qu trnh p nh p lc p, nhit p, c cu my p

b/ Thit b

Cng on p s dng my p trc vt p ly du. Hai my p trc vt c t ngay di hai ni chng sy v lm vic lin tc. Sau khi chng sy xong, bt nghin c chuyn thng xung my p trc vt tin hnh p ly du. p lc trong lng my p vt c to thnh l do s nn nguyn liu v sc phn khng ca nguyn liu, p lc ny ln hay b ty thuc vo cu to lng p v trc vt. Trc vt c s thay i bc vt (ngn dn v pha ra kh du), ng knh ca lng p cng thay i, nh dn v pha ra kh du, cho nn mun cha c lng nguyn liu t on sau chuyn ti buc phi xy ra s nn, tc l to nn p lc. Di p lc ny du s thot ra v rt xung mng lc. Ti mng lc cc ht rn s c gi li, du rt xung rnh v chy sang hm lng. Di p lc chuyn ng ca trc vt b di chuyn sang phn cui my v c nn thnh bnh rt ra v ng thu vo bao cha.

Qu trnh p nng sinh nhit lm ton b trc p nng ln. gii nhit cho my, nc lnh s c bm theo ng ng qua li tm ca trc vt trao i nhit.

Khi lm vic vi my p vt, cn ch mt s im sau:

- Khng cho my chy trong iu kin qu ti, khng cc tp cht nh kim loi, si, ri vo my p,

- Thng xuyn quan st v tr ca du chy ra t bn di my p, nu du chy ra nhiu nht gia lng p, chng t bt p t yu cu, cn nu du chy ra u hoc cui my p, chng t bt p qu t hoc qu kh. Lc cn phi ng ca cp bt p xung my p v iu chnh li ch chng sy cho thch hp.

- Thng xuyn quan st ng ra ca kh du, trong iu kin bnh thng, kh du ra thnh tng mng nh, chiu dy ng u, khng nt vn, mt mt hi g gh c

nhiu vt rn, mt mt nhn bng. Mu ca kh du ti, khng c mi chy kht, khng c vt du loang l.

- My chy m, du khng theo khe cn thot ra ngoi.

2.5 Hm lng

Du sau khi p c lc qua lp li lc (bn di trc vis) nhng vn cn ln nhiu tp cht, ch yu l cc mnh nguyn liu. bo qun du c lu hn cn phi tin hnh lng lc. Trc tin cho du chy trn vo b cha lng s b cc tp cht ln, sau bm ln my lc khung bn tch tp cht v tch sp.

Phn cn lng c cho tr li vo ni chng sy v p ly li du cn trong cn.

2.6 Lc s b

Sau khi lng, du s c bm ln my lc khung bn tch cn huyn ph. nht v nhit ca du nh hng rt ln n tc lc. Nhit cng cao, nht cng thp, lc cng nhanh nhng s cn ha tan vo du nhiu nn du khng c lc sch. Nhit du sau khi p lc thng khong 45-650C. Cn huyn ph s c a tr li ni chng sy thu hi du cn du sau lc s c bm ra cc bn cha ngui n nhit mi trng ri tin hnh tch sp.

My lc c s dng l my lc khung bn c vn hnh bng tay. Sau mt thi gian lc, b s bm dn trn vi lc. Do phi tin hnh thay vi lc mi, co b v lm sch vi lc.My lc khung bn:

Cu to ca my gm mt loi bn lc xp thng ng trn khung my v c p cht vi nhau bi mt trc ci.

Cc loi khung lc c cu to hnh vung, thng c lm bng gang, gia hai khung c p che8t5 vi nhau bng mt lp vi lc, cht lng s i qua cc l thng vo cc khung, di nh hng ca sc nn s thm qua vi lc ri chy theo rnh trn khung bn qua vi tp trung vo cc b cha, cn cc tp cht s lu li trn vi lc v hnh thnh cc b, c ly ra theo thi gian quy nh.

Vi lc thng dng loi vi bt hoc vi cho bong c bit, kch thc c ct ng theo khung. Trc khi s dng phi ngm vi vo nc sau phi tht kh ri mi lp vo my trnh b co rt thay i hnh dng.Sau mt thi gian, lp b dy ln n mc nht nh th cn ngng my co b. Trc khi ngng co cn thi kh nn vo my lc thi sch du cn li tro9ng my v p kit du trong b. Sau tho lng trc nn lm ri cc khung v tin hnh co b. Khi co b cn ch y khng nn co b bng dao kim loi, c th dng dao g hoc nha trnh bi rch vi lc, nhit yu cu khng qu 100OC

2.8 Tch sp

Du c bm vo cc bn cha v lng sp t nhin khng cng bc sau khi h nhit th bt u tch sp bng thit b lc khung bn.II/ XNG TINH LUYN :1/ Quy trnh tinh luyn 100 tn/ngy

S trn chnh l s quy trnh tinh luyn du nnh. i vi du m quy trnh tinh luyn cng tng t nhng c mt s im khc nh sau:

Quy trnh tinh luyn du m khng c kh gum m thay vo l tch sp.1 Thuyt minh quy trnh tinh luyn 100 tn/ngy

1.1/ Khu trung ha

Mc ch

Tch photphatid (gum) ra khi du

Loi b tp cht

Loai cac axit beo t do ra khi du

Ngoai ra, do xa phong sinh ra co kha nng hp thu nn chung keo theo cac tap cht nh: protid, cht nha, cht mau, tap cht c hoc vao trong kt tua nn du sau trung hoa khng nhng giam ti a chi s axit ma con loai tr c mt s tap cht khac lam cho du sang hn.

Nguyn tc

Tch gum:

Vic kh gum da trn phn ng hydrat ha tng phn cc ca cc tp cht keo ha tan trong du m,do lm gim nng ha tan ca chng trong du.

Du m l mt dung mi khng phn cc nn c th ha tan mt s tp cht khng phn cc hoc phn cc yu. Nu ta lm cho cc tp cht tr thnh c cc hoc phn cc yu tr thnh phn cc mnh, khi ha tan ca chng trong du s gim xung v tach ra khi du.

Ngoi ra, tc dng hydrat ha cn c kh nng lm gim ch s acid ca du do tp cht keo c tnh acid nh protein b kt ta s ko theo cc tp cht keo ha tan khc, lm gim mc tiu hao du trung tnh khi tinh luyn, tch c mt lng sp ng k.

Trung ha:Mc ch ca trung ha l nhm loi lng gum v axit bo t do c trong du.

Phng phap chu yu da vao phan ng trung hoa axit bng bazo. Di tac dung cua dung dich kim cac axit beo t do va cac tap cht co tinh axit se tai thanh mui kim, chung khng tan trong du m nhng co th tan trong nc nn co th phn ly ra khoi du bng cach lng hoc ra nhiu ln. Qu trnh x phng ha cc axit bo t do theo phn ng:

RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O

Trong thc t, khi trung ha du, kim c th x phng ha c du m trung tnh s lm gim hiu sut thu hi du m tinh luyn nn khi tinh luyn cn khng ch cc iu kin lun m bo hai mt: cht lng du m sau khi tinh luyn tt nht v mc hao ht du m trung tnh l thp nht.

Tin hnh

Du th t giai on s ch c bm vo bn cha trung gian,lc ny du c nhit khong 31,2 0c. T y du s c bm vi lu lng khong 5000kg/h i qua thit b gia nhit 1 nh dng du nng t my ly tm 2 quay v,gia nhit 1 s gia nhit du ln khong 70 0c,nhng nhit ny vn cha t yu cu tin hnh trung ha.V vy,du tip tc c a qua thit b gia nhit 2, gia nhit 2 dng hi qu nhit tng nhit ln 840c.Sau khi t nhit cn th du s c a qua bm trn o trn ng u cng vi axit H3PO4 85% c bm t bn cha ln,cn c mt khong thi gian lu nht nh phn ng xy ra lm cc ht gum trong du kt dnh li.Hn hp lc ny gm du v axit H3PO4 bm qua bn cha trung gian.Lc ny mi bt u cho dung dch xt v li a qua bm trn o trn ln na phn ng c trit . Lu lng axit v xt ty thuc vo lu lng du cp v hm lng FFa xc nh c, nu ch s FFa ln th s dng nhiu xt hn v ngc li.

Cui cng a vo thp trung ha,bn trong thp c rt nhiu cnh khuy o trn lin tc, phn ng xy ra tt nht l khi th tch hn hp bn trong chim 80-83% tng th tch ca bn trung ha.H3PO4 s lm cho cc ht gum kt dnh li vi nhau to thnh ht ln hn, sau cho NaOH tc dng vi axit bo to x phng.Hn hp lc ny gm gum kt dnh,du v x phng s c mang n my li tm 1,di tc dng ca lc li tm, tch gum v x phng ra khi du. Phn gum v x phng c tch ra s c a xung b cha pha di.Du lc ny vn cn cha 1 lng x phng cn st li nn tip tc c a qua my li tm 2, nhng do mt nhit sau li tm 1 nn du s c gia nhit ln 870c nh thit b gia nhit 3 s dng hi qu nhit sau vo bm trn,trn vi khong 8-10 % nc trc khi vo my li tm 2. Mc ch ca vic trn thm nc ny l d dng tch nc v du ring. Du giai on ny c tch hu ht x phng, phn nc cha x phng cng c a xung b cha nh li tm 1.

Du sch s c a n bn trung gian chun b cho giai on ty mu.

Thit b

1.2 Khu ty mu

Mc ch:

Nhm loi b nhng tp cht khng mong mun ra khi du ra khi v tng cht lng ca du:

Loi cc hp cht mu

Loi vt x phng, gum cn st

Loi peroxide v cc sn phm bc hai ca du

Nguyn tc:

Phng php ny da trn kh nng hp ph ca cc cht c tnh hp ph b mt loi cc tp cht khng mong mun. Sau khi hp ph xong tin hnh tch cht hp ph ra khi du.

Tc nhn ty mu:

Tc nhn ty mu c s dng chnh l cc cht c kh nng hp ph

Yu cu i vi cht hp ph:

C kh nng hp ph ln

C kh nng hp ph chn lc cc cht mu v hp ph rt t du

Khi s dng khng gy ra cc bin i ha hc v khng mang thm cc mi v khc vo du.

Sau khi hp ph d dng tch ra bng phng php lc

Ngun cung cp d tm

Cc cht hp ph thng s dng:

t hp ph t nhin: kh nng hp ph khng ln tuy nhin khng gy thy phn x phng st lm tng FFA.

t hot tnh: c hm lng montmorilonite cao (aluminum silicate). Kch thc ht cng nh kh nng ty mu cng ln nhng s gy kh khn trong qu trnh lc. t hot tnh c kh nng lm thy phn x phng st lm tng FFA, lm oxy ha du. C kh nng loi Chlorophyl tt.

Than hot tnh: kh lc, gi thnh cao, tn tht du ln, thng dng vi t ty mu tch mt s hp cht m t ty mu khng tch c nh x phng st, pigments.

Trong cc nh my du hin i thng s dng phi hp vi than hot tnh v t hot tnh to hn hp cht hp ph. Vi tc dng hp ph chung ca chung hiu qu ty mu s tt hn so vi s dng ring tng loi.

Ti nh my Voca, ty loi du a vo tinh luyn m s dng tc nhn ty mu thch hp.

i vi du nnh, du c th nh my ch s dng t hot tnh ty mu.

i vi du m th nh my s dng phi hp than hot tnh v t hot tnh ty mu.

Tin hnh

Sau khi du qua trung ho th tip tc c bm ti bn trung gian v bm ti bn ty mu. Do b mt nhit nn du s c a vo 2 b trao i nhit 4 v 5.Thit b trao i nhit 4 : dung du t khu kh mi (1500c) gia nhit ln khong 970c.Thit b trao i nhit 5 : dung hi nc gia nhit t 97 0c ln 105 0c.Axit citric t bn cha c bm vo du qua bm trn sau i vo bn phn ng axit citric, axit citric c tc dng kh phn x phng cn st li. Hn hp i vo thp ty mu.

Thp ty mu gm 2 tng, hot ng trong mi trng chn khng : + Du c bm vo tng trn v c gia nhit nh h thng 2 ng xon. + Hi nc nng t thit b cp hi, c p lc 3 bar s sc vo du lm du bn tung te. +t hot tnh c a t trn xung, hn hp ny c o trn lin tc.Sau c a xung tng di tip tc tin hnh o trn, tng di nhit gim cn 115 0c.Hn hp gm du, t s a vo thit b lc khung bn.Thit b lc khung bn c cu to gm nhiu tm li lc lm bng inox, c xp dc theo than thit b. Mi tm li lc c 2 lp, nh p lc du s i qua li vo khong trng gia hai lp li, sau i vo dng ng dn du ring.

Phn cn s c gi li bn ngoi mt li. C 2 thit b lc lun phin hot ng m bo cho qu trnh hot ng lin tc. Khi du vo thit b lc 1,th lc 2 s ch,du ra khi thit b lc 1,ti y s din ra qua trnh sy kh t t rt xung theo ng ng i xung di. Khi lc 1 tin hnh sy th lc 2 thc hin lc du tng t nh lc 1, c nh vy du s c lc lin tc v nng sut cao hn.Sau khi qua lc khung bn, phn ln cn t c loi b,tuy nhin vn cn st 1 phn,v vy du s c tip tc bm qua h thng lc ng. Cc ng lc lm t vi lc dng hnh tr, du s i vo trong lng ng, cn c gi li v du i ra ngoaiSau giai on ny, c th ni du c lc sch hon ton. Ti y ngi ta s ly mu i kim tra cc ch tiu.

Ngoi vic la chn cc cht hp ph c hot tnh cao, mun qu trnh hp ph tt th cht ty mu (t hot tnh) cng phi m bo kh.

Qu trnh ty mu phi thc hin trong iu kin chn khng nhm m bo du khng b oxi ho mnh.

Thit b

Thit b ty mu:

1.3 Khu kh mi

Mc ch

Kh mi nhm loi b cc mi l v cc cht gy mi cho du m trong qu trnh ty mu khng loi b c.

Nguyn tc

Dng hi cao p tip xc trc tip vi du trong iu kin chn khng v nhit cao. Cc cht gy mi trong du s c hi nc ko ra khi du

Tin hnh

Du sau khi qua lc khung bn t tiu chun th s i vo thit b kh mi..

Thp kh mi gm 7 tng.Ban u khi cha c du bn trong thp kh mi th mt lng du s c bm trc tip ln trn tng 4,5 ca thp, ti dy du qua h thng ng xon gia nhit ln 190 0c, sau tip tc i ln tng 1 gia nhit nh h thng gia nhit y,du c gia nhit ln n 2600C. Du s c chy trn qua cc tng, mi tng u c h thng ng kh cha hi cao p sc trn du. Chnh hi cao p cng vi nhit cao lm cc cht gy mi,mu v cc axit bo cn li b li cun ra khi du i theo ng dn kh mi tng i vo ng n kh trung tm gia thp.Lc ny trong bn tn ti p sut chn khng do bm chn khng hot ng lin tc nhm m bo khng cho du tip xc vi khng kh. Mt khc bm chn khng gip ht cc cht gy mi ra khi bn v thi ra ngoi. tng 6,7 c ht thng vi sen lm ngui bng du ngng t cc axit bo, 1 phn theo ng ng ra ngoi, 1 phn c tun hon li vi phun.Lng du tip theo c bm vo phn y ca thp kh mi, c tc dng nh bn trung gian, nhm m bo lu lng bm ln nh thp c n nh. Du s i qua h thng trao i nhit 2 trao i nhit vi lng du u tin. Lc ny nhit ca du s tng ln khong 1300C. Du tip tc c bm ln nh thp tip tc qu trnh ging nh lng du u tin. Nhit gim dn khi du chy trn t tng trn xung di, a du vo bn cha th cn h thp nhit n nhit mi trng, do vy, du s c quay v thit b gia nhit 4 khu ty mu, iu ny va c th gim nhit ca du ra ngoi bn cha va tn dng lng nhit ny gia nhit chi khu ty mu.

Khi t nhit ra bn cha, du s i qua h thng ng lc cui cng, cc ng lc lm bng vi, l lc c kch thc rt nh ch khong 0,5 um, p lc 2 bar, cn b gi li trong ti lc, du c kim tra cht lng nu t tiu chun th i theo ng ng ra ngoi, cn cha t tip tc quay li khu ty mu.Mt khc m bo tnh n nh ca du m khi kh mi ngi ta thng dung axit citric cho vo di dng dung dch, axit citric s to phc cht vi cc kim loi ngn cn tc dng xc tc ca cc kim loi c sn trong du to thnh phn ng lm bin tnhdu. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn cho thm cc cht bo qun nh BHT, BHA.

Thit b

II/ Tinh luyn 300 tn/ngyQuy trnh cng ngh ca xng tinh luyn 300 tn/ngy tng t vi xng tinh luyn 100 tn/ngy. im khc bit l xng tinh luyn 300 tn/ngy khng c khu trung ha, ch c khu ty mu, kh mi v c thm khu tch phn on.

Xng ny hot ng ch yu da trn phng php vt l. Khu tch phn on ch hot ng tinh luyn du c. Tch phn on l phng php vt l tch ly pha du lng (Palm olein) ra khi pha rn (Palm stearin) sau qu trnh tinh luyn du c.III/ T KCS :

C rt nhiu ch s cn xc nh trong du nh : ch s axit bo t do, ch s peroxit, ch s axit bo t do, ch s x phng ha, ch s khc x, mu, im m, im trt chynhng ch yu l xc nh 3 ch s c bn v quan trng nht l : ch s axit bo t do (FFA) , ch s peroxit (PoV) v mu.

1 /Khu s ch :Ti khu s ch, du th s c kim tra cht lng cc giai on nh :

+ Nghin cn : kim tra t l % ht v nh sau:

Ly mu nguyn liu qua nghin cn cho ln mt phng bn m v tin hnh m bng tay, m s ht v v ht cn nguyn sau tnh phn trm.

Nu s ht v > 90% th t yu cu, thp hn th t KCS s bo cho s ch iu chnh khe trc cn sao cho hp l.

+ Chng sy : kim tra m cn 2-3% m l t yu cu. Du : em so mu v o ch s axit chung ca du (Av). B : lng du cn trong b < 7% , ta dng phng php trch ly b bng hexan.

2/ Khu tinh luyn :

+ Trung ha : Du nnh, du m sau khi qua my ly tm tch cn s c ly mu thng qua b phn ly mu v c chuyn n t KCS xc nh m s ch tiu sau: Ch s axit v hm lng axit bo t do (FFA). Ch s x phng ha. S c thng gpHm lng x phng qu cao. Khi du s c bm tr li bn cha v tin hnh ra v ly tm li cho sch x phng. + Ty mu :

Mu Ch s x phng ha.Thi gian ly mu kim tra l 2 gi/ln.S c thng gp

+ Mu khng t:

Nguyn nhn c th do t b nght.

Khc phc bng cch:

Cho du hi lu li bn cha

Kim tra ng dn t hot tnh c b nght khng. Nu c th ti61n hnh thng ng dn t hot tnh.

Tng cng thm t hot tnh. + Cp in t ngt th phi cho hi lu li du , sau mi khi ng cho h thng hot ng tr li. + Lu lng du ra khi thit b lc b gim do lu ngy mng lc b bm nhiu t. Ta khc phc bng cch thay mng lc mi.

+ Khi lc ang hot ng, du ang trong bng nhin c. Nguyn nhn l do dng chy vo lc khng n nh c th l do bm hot ng khng n nh hoc thao tc van t ngt.

X l: ng van v bn trung gian, cho hi lu v bn cha ty mu + Kh mi :

Ch s axit v hm lng axit bo t do (FFA).

Mu. Ch s PoV.

Ch s x phng ha.Thi gian ly mu kim tra 2 gi/ln S c thng gp

+ Du vn cn mi m khng phi l mi c trng ca du.

Nguyn nhn : nhit kh mi khng ng, p sut hi sc khng ng, chn khng khng tt.

Cch khc phc: hi lu du tr li bn cha v tin hnh kh mi li

+ Cp in t ngt th phi giam chn khng cng lu cng tt hn ch mt chn khng v sau khi c in tr li th hon lu tr li.3/ Khu thnh phm : Ch s axit v hm lng axit bo t do (FFA).

Mu. Ch s PoV.

Cm quan du ( du trong,khng c tp cht l v mu l ).Ngoi ra, khu thnh phm, t KCS cn kim tra sch ca xe vn chuyn du, trc khi bm du vo xe xut i v kim tra khi lng chnh xc khi du nhp n. Khi qua khu ng chai th du cn c cho them 1 s cht bo qun nh BHT, BHA.. chng oxi ha du v m bo cht lng du tt hn.Mt s phng php kim tra cht lng sn phm

4.1/ Phng php xc nh ch s axit v hm lng axit bo t do

(Theo AOCS Ca 5a 40, TCVN 6127:2007)

Cc axit bo t do sinh ra do qu trnh thy phn du khi c mt nhit v nc, di tc dng ca enzim lipase photpholipase s phn ct cc axit bo ti lin kt este to thnh axit bo t do.

Cc axit khng no hoc mch ngn nh du da d b thy phn hay oxi ha phng thch cc axit bo t do c khi lng phn t nh d bay hi gy mi kh chu, v vy cn loi b chng khi du, qua , ta c th nh gi cht lng du.

Phm vi ng dng: Cho tt c cc lai du thc vt v m ng vt th v tinh luyn.

nh ngha: Ch s axit l s mg KOH cn thit trung ho axit t do c trong mu c biu th theo axit lauric, axit palmitic, axit oleic tu theo bn cht ca du v m.

Nguyn tc: ho tan lng mu th trong etanol nng v chun bng dung dch kali hydroxit.

Thuc th:

KOH tinh th loi AR cn th, trng, khng b vng.

Etanol sch 95 % ( loi dng cho y t).

Etanol tinh khit 99.5 %

Phenolphtalein dung dch 1 % pha trong etol 95 %.

Dung dch chun HCl 0,1N / 0,25N / 0,4N / 1,0N c pha t ng chun 0,1N.(*) Nc ct loi 3 theo TCVN 4851 89. Dung dch chun KOH 0,1N pha trong etanol 950 (c pha long t etanol 99,5%) v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCL 0,1N.

Chun b dung dch KOH 0,1N: Cn khong 7g KOH vo cc thy tinh, cho nc ct va ho tan. Chun b 970 ml dung dch etanol 960 t etanol 99,50 trong ng ong 1000 ml bng cch thm nc ct vo cho dung dch KOH c ha tan trn vo v khuy u. Thm etanol 99,50 vo n vch 1000 ml.

yn hn hp trong vi ngy. Gn dch lc pha trn, em lc v s dng. Cch chun dung dch KOH 0,1N

Dng pipet bu ly chnh xc 10ml dung dch HCl 0,1N cho vo bnh tam gic pha long dung dch vi 20ml nc ct, thm vo vi git phenophtalein chun bng dung dch KOH cho n khi xut hin mu hng nht bn trong 30 giy

Cch tnh

Nng ng lng ca dung dch KOH.

NKOH = VHCl x NHCl / VKOH Dung dch chun KOH 0,25N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 0,25N. Tin hnh tng t (*)

Dung dch chun KOH 0,5N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 0,4N. Tin hnh tng t (*)

Dung dch chun KOH 1,0N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 1,0N. Tin hnh tng t (*).

Thit b v dng c:

Bp in knh. Cn k thut chnh xc n 0,01g

Buret 10 ml vch chia 0,02 ml

Bnh nh mc 250 ml / 1000 ml.

Pipet bu 10 ml.

Bnh tam gic dung tch 250 ml

ng ong 250ml / 1000 ml

Chun b mu:

Lm tan chy mu nu mu cha dng lng ( nhit lm tan chy mu khng c qu im nng chy 100C ).

Tin hnh:

Cn v cho vo bnh tam gic lng mu tng ng vi ch s FFA d kin theo bng 1.

FFA, %Mu, gEtanol,mlKOH, N

3.Kt lun :

Thc cht l phn ng gia KOH v axit bo t do c trong du

KOH + RCOOH ( RCOOK + H2O

- Ch s FFA cng cao th du km cht lng, FFA cng thp th du c cht lng cao.

- L phn ng chun axit bazo nn mi trng phi t trung tnh.

-Qu trnh chun t t, nu qu nhanh th dung mi khng ko ht cc axit bo t do c trong du ra, nu chun qu lu th tiu tn lng KOH ln.

- Mu ca du nh hng n vic quan st mu sc ti im tng ng v vy cn s dng cn trung tnh c mu hng r v m.

- Thng ch s FFA i vi du tinh luyn phi t yu cu l < 0,05 %.

4.2 Phng php xc nh ch s peroxyt(Theo AOCS Cd 8-53,TCVN 6121:2007)

Nhng du m c cha nhiu axit bo khng no d b oxi ha. a s cc phn ng xy ra cc ni i trong mch cacbon, ty thuc vo bn cht oxi ha v iu kin phn m to ra sn phm khng hon ton, mt trong nhng sn phm c hi l peroxit (PoV).

PoV c trng cho i ha ca du m, thng xut hin trong qu trnh bo qun b nh hng bi oxi trong khng kh.Phm vi p dng: p dng cho tt c cc loi du m thc vt v ng vt.nh ngha: Lng cht c trong mu th, tnh bng oxy hot tnh, lm oxy ho kali iodua, trn khi lng mu th, c tnh theo mili ng lng oxy hot tnh trn 1000g mu.Nguyn tc: X l phn mu trong mi trng acid axetic v cloroform bng dung dch kali iodua. Chun iodua t do bng dung dch chun natri thiosunphat. Da vo tc dng ca peroxit vi KI to ra I2 t do trong mi trng acetic v chloroform. Sau chun I2 t do bng dd chun Na2SO3 0,02N vi ch th h tinh bt. im tng ng nhn c khi dd chuyn t mu tm en sang khng mu.

RCHOCHOR + 2KI + 2CH3COOH ( RCHOCHR + H2O + 2CH3COOK + I2 Na2S2O3 + I2 ( 2NaI + Na2S4O4Thuc th: Tt c cc thuc th phi l AR. Nc ct theo TCVN 4851 89

Dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0.1N

Dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0.002 N Hn hp dung mi , chun b bng cch trn cc axit axetic bng v cloroform theo t l 3:2.

Dung dch h tinh bt 0,5% chun b bn cn chnh xc 0,5 g tinh bt v ha tan bng 3 ml nc ct, cho thm nc ct ang si vo dung dch ny n 1000 ml un trong 3 pht ngi trc khi dng. (Dung dch h tinh bt phi c bo qun nhit t 4-100C) Dung dch KI bo ho va mi c chun bng ch pha KI vo nc ct (KI phi kh ro, khng b vng) cho n khi tinh th KI khng th ha tan c na.

Thit b, dng c :

Cn k thut chnh xc n 0.01 g

Buret 25ml vch cha 0.05ml

Bnh ng mc 500ml

Pipet 1ml

Pipet bu 10ml

Bnh tam gic c nhm c np dung tch 250ml

ng ht 2ml(cng t qut)

ng ng 50ml

Chun b mu

Lm tan chy mu nu mu cha dng lng (nhit tan chy mu khng vt qa nhit nng chy 1000C.Phi m bo bao b ng du m phi kn khng b h hng. Khi kim tra nhiu ch tiu th u tin th ch tiu peroxyt trc.

Cch tin hnh

Cn khong 5g mu vo bnh tam gic thm 30 ml hn hp dung mi v y np. Lc bnh cho n khi mu tan hon ton.

Dng pipet cho tip 0.5 ml dung dch KI bo ha ( dung dch KI phi khng b vng) v dy np. cho dung dch phn ng trong 1 pht, trong thi gian ny lc mnh t nht 3 ln, sau thm 30 ml nc ct. Chun b vi tc u vi dung dch Na2S2O3 0.002 N v lc mnh trong qu trnh chun cho n khi mu vng ca iod gn nh bin mt hon ton. Thm khong 5 ml dung dch h yinh bt v tip tc chun vi vic lc lin tc t bit gn n im kt thc , gii phng ton b iod khi dung mi , thm tng git dung dch Na2S2O3 cho n khi mu xanh bin mt

Xc nh mu trng:

Tin hnh xc nh mu trng song song vi mu th. Nu kt qu xc nh mu trng vt qu 0,1 ml ca dung dch Na2S2O3 0.1 N, thay cc thuc th khng tinh khit xc nh li mu.Tnh kt qu:

PV = (V - Vo ) x N x 1000/m

Trong

PV: ch s peroxyt, tnh bng meq/kg.

V: l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng xc nh ,tnh bng ml

Vo l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3dng xc nh mu trng , tnh bng ml

N: l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3

M: l khi lng mu th tnh bng g

Bo co kt qu:

Kt qu c lm trn n s l th 2

Kt lun :- PoV cao du m d b i ha gy h hng.

- Nc ct phi ngui, nu nng th iod rt d b thng hoa.

- Ch s peroxit t chun l khong 1.

4.3/ Phng php xc nh mu(Theo AOCS Cc 13e 92)Phm vi p dng: p dng cho tt c cc loi du m thc vt v ng vt nhng khng c hin tng m hay c ti thi im .

Nguyn tc: mu c xc nh da trn s truyn sng xuyn qua dy c trng ca mu v qua knh mu tiu chun.

Dng c:

Dng c phng th nghim thong thng

My so mu Lovibond vi cc thang mu chun: Red (R), yellow (Y), blue (B), neutral (N)

Cuvet thch anh , , 1, 5Yu cu i vi ngi s dng my

Phi t yu cu kim tra th lc kh nng nhn mu v kim tra li 5 ln / nm.

Khng s dng knh eo mt c mu hoc nhy vi nh sng thu knh.

Chun b mu:

Mu phi hon ton lng, sch v sng khi lm php xc nh. Nu mu khng dng lng ti nhit phng lm nng mu nhit ln hn im nng chy 100C.

Tin hnh:

Rt mu chun b vo cuvet c kch thc theo yu cu kim tra. Cuvet phi m bo kh v sch. t cuvet cha mu vo gia v ngc vi chiu nh sng trong bung chiu sng c v bng kim loi mu en c b gi cc thang mu ca my so mu. Lp tc xc nh mu ca mu, ban u bng cch s dng thang mu theo t l 10Y cho 1R. iu chnh cc thanh ko cc thang mu n khi mu ca mu th trng hao85c gn ging nht vi mu ca knh thang mu, khng nht thit theo t l 10Y chi 1R v s dng thanh mu B v N c gi tr thp nht t c mu ph hp. m bo gi tr ca knh v mu ging nhau , gi thang mu kht cht vi cc thanh thang mu. Do rt nhanh mi mt khi c nn ngi s dng my nn ngh mt sau mi 30 giy so mu. Vic kim tra nn c thc hin bi hai ngi. Nu yu cu v lp li v khong chnh lch (bng 1) khng t, ngi th ba s tin hnh kim tra, khi gi tr trung bnh ca 2 kt qu gn nht s c chn.

MuChnh lch cho php