Bo co thc tp cng nhn

MC LCLI M U..................................................................................................................................6 CHNG 1 :KHO NHA NG..............................................................................................7 1.1.GII THIU CHUNG...............................................................................................................7 1.2.GII THIU V BITUM..........................................................................................................7 1.3.PHNG PHP SN XUT BITUM....................................................................................7 1.3.1.Chng ct du th...................................................................................................................7 1.3.2.Tch bng dung mi................................................................................................................8 1.3.3.Oxy ho nhit cao ..........................................................................................................8 1.4.THNH PHN HO HC CA BITUM...............................................................................8 1.5.CC TNH CHT CA BITUM V CC PHNG PHP KIM NH..........................9 1.5.1.Kim nh ln kim ( xuyn kim) ...................................................................................9 1.5.2.Kim nh im mm..............................................................................................................9 1.5.3.Khi lng ring.....................................................................................................................9 1.5.4.Kim nh ha tan..............................................................................................................9 1.5.5.Kim nh tnh nht................................................................................................................9 1.5.6.Kim nh l cun lp mng................................................................................................10 1.5.7. do...................................................................................................................................10 1.6.H THNG CNG NGH.....................................................................................................10 1.6.1.H thng cng ngh nhp, tn cha v phn phi nha ng............................................10 1.6.2.H thng gia nhit.................................................................................................................10 1.6.3.Cc h thng k thut ph tr...............................................................................................11 1.6.4.Phng thc xut nhp tn cha..........................................................................................11 1.6.5.Kt cu ng ng................................................................................................................12 1.6.6.Khong cch gia cc gi di ng...................................................................................13 1.7.B CHA, H THNG GIA NHIT....................................................................................14 1.7.1.B cha BS4, BS5, BS6........................................................................................................14 1.7.2.H thng gia nhit.................................................................................................................14 1.8.QUY TRINH XUT NHP B..............................................................................................16 1.8.1.Nhp nha ng..................................................................................................................16 1.8.2.Bo qun nha ng...........................................................................................................16 1.8.3.Xut nha ng...................................................................................................................16

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn 1.9.CC H THNG K THUT PH TR............................................................................16 CHNG 2 :KHO GAS...............................................................................................................21 2.1.GII THIU CHUNG.............................................................................................................21 2.2.CNG NGH KHO LPG........................................................................................................21 2.2.1.Gii thiu chung v cng ngh kho LPG..............................................................................21 2.2.2.Cng ngh kho Ni Hin.......................................................................................................22 2.3.MT S THIT B CHNH...................................................................................................22 2.3.1.B cha.................................................................................................................................22 2.3.2.Cc thit b theo b ..............................................................................................................23 2.3.3.ng dn LPG........................................................................................................................25 2.3.4.H thng gin ng ng bnh................................................................................................26 2.3.5.Thit b bm chuyn LPG.....................................................................................................27 2.3.6.H thng khng kh nn trong kho LPG...............................................................................28 2.3.7. H thng phng chy cha chy ca kho Gas.....................................................................30 CHNG 3 :KHO XNG............................................................................................................33 3.1.GII THIU CHUNG.............................................................................................................33 3.2.CNG NGH KHO XNG....................................................................................................35 3.3.1.Cu to cc bn cha............................................................................................................35 3.3.2.H thng ng dn v van......................................................................................................37 3.3.3. Cng ngh cha chy...........................................................................................................38 3.3.4.Thit b in..........................................................................................................................38 CHNG 4 :PHNG HO NGHIM.........................................................................................40 4.1.PHNG PHP O T TRNG K BNG ASTM D1298-99..........................................40 4.1.1.Tm tt l thuyt...................................................................................................................40 4.1.2.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................40 4.1.3.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................40 4.1.4.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................41 4.2.PHNG PHP O MU ASTM D 1500-98......................................................................41 4.2.1.Phm vi p dng phng php.............................................................................................41 4.2.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................41 4.2.3.Dng c v thit b................................................................................................................41 4.2.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................41 SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh Trang 2

Bo co thc tp cng nhn 4.3.PHNG PHP XC NH NHT NG HC ASTM D-445-97...........................41 4.3.1.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................41 4.3.2.nh ngha v ngha ca nht.......................................................................................41 4.3.3.Thit b o nht................................................................................................................42 4.4.XC NH HM LNG NC BNG PHNG PHP CHNG CT......................42 4.4.1.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................42 4.4.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................42 4.4.3.Dng c, thit b....................................................................................................................42 4.4.4.Dung mi..............................................................................................................................43 4.4.5.Tiu chun.............................................................................................................................43 4.4.6.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................43 4.4.7.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................44 4.5.PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC KN:..............................................44 4.5.1.nh ngha.............................................................................................................................44 4.5.2.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................44 4.5.3.Thit b ha cht....................................................................................................................44 4.5.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................45 4.5.5.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................45 4.6.PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC H.................................................45 4.6.1.nh ngha v phm vi ng dng..........................................................................................45 4.6.2.Thit b v ha cht...............................................................................................................46 4.6.3.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................46 4.6.4.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................47 4.7.PHNG PHP XC NH P SUT HI REID............................................................47 4.7.1.nh ngha.............................................................................................................................47 4.7.2.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................47 4.7.3.Nguyn tc............................................................................................................................47 4.7.4.Thit b..................................................................................................................................47 4.7.5.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................48 4.8.PHNG PHP XC NH THNH PHN CT.............................................................48 4.8.1.Phm p dng........................................................................................................................48 4.8.2.Ni dung................................................................................................................................48 SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh Trang 3

Bo co thc tp cng nhn 4.8.3.Thit b..................................................................................................................................48 4.8.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................49 4.9.PHNG PHP XC NH N MN L NG......................................................49 4.9.1.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................49 4.9.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................49 4.9.3.Dng c thit b.....................................................................................................................49 4.9.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................50 4.10.PHNG PHP XC NH HM LNG LU HUNH, CH....................................50 4.10.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................50 4.10.2.Nguyn tc hot ng.........................................................................................................50 4.10.3.Tiu chun...........................................................................................................................50 4.11.PHNG PHP XC NH TR S OCTANE................................................................51 4.11.1.nh ngha...........................................................................................................................51 4.11.2.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................51 4.11.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................51 4.11.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................52 4.12.XC NH TP CHT TRONG NHIN LIU T L BNG PHNG PHP CHIT LY ASTM D473...............................................................................................................52 4.12.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................52 4.12.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................52 4.12.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................52 4.12.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................52 4.13.PHNG PHP NH GI BI TRN BNG THIT B CHUYN NG KH HI CAO TNG (HFFR) TCVN 7758 : 2007 ; ASTM D 6079 04.........................................53 4.13.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................53 4.13.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................53 4.13.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................54 4.13.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................54 4.14.PHNG PHP XC NH N NH OXY HO BNG PHNG PHP CHU K CM NG THEO TCVN 6778 : 2000; ASTM D 525 95..................................................55 4.14.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................55 4.14.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................55 4.14.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................55 SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh Trang 4

Bo co thc tp cng nhn 4.14.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................56 4.15.XC NH HM LNG NHA BNG PHNG PHP BAY HI THEO TCVN 6539 : 2006 (ASTM D 381- 04)....................................................................................................56 4.15.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................56 4.15.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................56 4.15.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................57 4.15.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................57 4.15.5. chm v lch ...........................................................................................................57 4.16.XC NH HM LNG CN CACBON BNG PHNG PHP CONRADSON THEO TCVN 6324 : 2006 ; ASTM D 189 05 ...........................................................................58 4.17.XC NH HM LNG BENZEN BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH (THEO ASTM D 5580)..............................................................................................................................59 4.18.XC NH HM LNG OXY BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH THEO ASTM D 4815[4].......................................................................................................................................62 4.19. XC NH HM LNG TRO THEO TCVN 2690 : 2007; ASTM D482-03................63 4.20.XC NH HM LNG PARAFIN, OLEFIN, AROMATIC BNG PHNG PHP SC K LNG.............................................................................................................................64 TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................................65

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

LI M U Thc tp cng nhn l mt hot ng c ngha to ln i vi sinh vin cc ngnh k thut ni ring cng nh cc ngnh ngh khc ni chung. y l dp sinh vin c th tip cn thc t, tip cn cc thit b k thut, cng ngh ca cc qu trnh, cc phng thc vn hnh, cc iu kin cng nghT , sinh vin c nhng tm nhn mi m hn, su sc hn v cc phng tin k thut, nm bt vn mt cch chnh xc hn Cc thng tin mang li t cc t thc tp thc s b ch cho sinh vin sau khi ra trng. Do vy cn phi xc nh r tm quan trng ca thc tp cng nhn i vi mi sinh vin. Sau thi gian 4 tun thc tp ti kho Gas, kho Nha ng, phng ho nghim v kho xng c s ch bo tn tnh ca gio vin hng dn cng cc anh ch ti cc kho, chng em c b sung nhng kin thc ht sc hu ch v quan trng cho hnh trang ca mnh trc khi bc vo i. Mc d c gng nhng chng em cng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st trong qu trnh thc tp. Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c v cc anh ch tai cc kho to iu kin cho em hon thnh t thc tp ny. Nng, thng 3 nm 2010

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

CHNG 1 : KHO NHA NG -------- -------1.1. GII THIU CHUNG Kho nha ng Nai Hin Cng ty TNHH Nha ng Petrolimex xy dng vao nm 1997. Nhim vu chinh cua kho la tip nhn va phn phi nha ng long cho toan b khu vc min Trung va Ty Nguyn. Cng sut ca kho t: Q = 800-1000 T/nm. Sc cha ca kho: V = 2100 m3 1.2. GII THIU V BITUM Bitum l hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon c khi lng phn t ln v cc cht nha atphanten. Phn t lng c th t 2.000 n 3.000. Thnh phn ca bitum gm cc atphanten, nha v du nhn. Atphanten m bo cho bitum c rn v nhit chy mm cao. Nha lm tng tnh kt dnh v tnh n hi ca bitum. Du nhn l mi trng pha long, c tc dng ho tan nha v lm trng n atphanten. Trong bitum, cc hydrocacbon c cu trc phc tp, dng hn hp ca mch cacbon thng, vng napten, vng thm, vng ngng t. Cht nha atphanten cng l nhng cht c cu trc phc tp, c phn t lng ln. c bit ngoi ccbon v hydro n cn cha cc nguyn t khc nh oxy, nit v c lu hunh. Thnh phn bitum phc tp nn n m bo c nhng phm cht tt nh: Cht nha: lm tng kh nng kt dnh v n hi Atphanten: lm tng tnh cng, tnh chy mm nhit cao Bitum lam nha ng oi hoi phai co mt cng nht inh khi nhit tng cao, co mt deo nht inh khi nhit ha thp. No cung phai co bn nen, va p ln, co kha nng gn kt tt vi b mt a vi va chiu c thi tit. san xut bitum (nha ng) thi nn s dung loai du mo co thanh phn cn cha nhiu nha va asphalten. Ham lng asphalten trong cn cang cao, ty s asphalten trong nha cang cao, ham lng parafin rn trong cn cang it thi cht lng bitum cang cao, cng ngh ch bin cang n gian. Tuy nhin trong thc t co rt it loai du mo co th ap ng tt yu cu san xut bitum do o ngi ta thng tin hanh qua trinh oxi hoa bitum bng oxi khng khi nhit 170 - 260oC. Tuy theo mc cng va deo ma quy inh mc cua qua trinh oxi hoa. Vi nu oxi hoa cang nhiu thi bitum cang cng do co nhiu asphalten nhng lai gion va it deo do lng nha khng thay i trong khi asphalten lai tng va du lai giam. 1.3. PHNG PHP SN XUT BITUM C nhiu qu trnh sn xut Bitum t cc loi du th. 1.3.1. Chng ct du th Bitum c sn xut bng cch chng ct du th trong 2 giai on.SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh Trang 7

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Giai on 1: chng ct kh quyn, trong giai on ny thu c sn phm y (RA) c cha Paraphin, cc thnh phn du nhn, bitum v cc sn phm c gi tr khc. Giai on 2: l chng ct p xut chn khng ( h im si). Trong giai on ny ta thu c cc phn nh nh v cnh sn. Phn sn phm cn li y l vt liu bitum (RSV). Mt s loi du th c th cho php sn xut c Bitum tha mn tt c cc ch tiu mt cch trc tip ngay ngoi thp chn khng. 1.3.2. Tch bng dung mi y l phng php tng nht ca cn qu trnh chng ct chn khng. Qu trnh ny da trn c s qu trnh kt ta sn phm asphalten, s ha tan ca cc loi du trung gian trong dung mi alcan. Cc dung mi thng s dng: Propan, butan, hoc hn hp propan v butan. 1.3.3. Oxy ho nhit cao y l mt qu trnh dng khng kh oxy ho nhit cao i vi cc phn cn ca qu trnh ch bin du m nh cn gudron, cn cracking, cc cn chit ci thin mt s tnh cht ca bitum: tng tnh nht (gim ln kim), nhit chy mm cao. Khng kh c thi qua mt thp cha Bitum c nhit 285 0C. Oxy s phn ng du v cht keo to ra Asphatl. Hm lng Asphalt trong Bitum tng ln to nht cao. Qu trnh thi kh l qu trnh lin tc, hot ng theo nguyn tc ngc chiu. Nguyn liu c a vo nh thp, cn khng kh c a vo pha y thp. 1.4. THNH PHN HO HC CA BITUM Thnh phn nguyn t ha hc ca Bitum thng dao ng: C: 83 88 % H: 9 12% N: