BÀI 3: VẬN MẪU
Transcript of BÀI 3: VẬN MẪU
BI 1: KHI QUT NG M HN NG HIN I
Ng m l g?
Ng m l m thanh do b my pht m ca con ngi to ra c th biu t mt ngha nht nh no , khng th xem ng m l vt cht t nhin thun tu. Ng m l h thng k hiu ghi li hot ng t duy mt cch trc tip nht, con ngi giao tip c vi nhau chnh l nh hnh thc vt cht ny. Ni n ngn ng l ni n ngn ng bng m thanh, v hnh thc m thanh ca ngn ng c gi l ng m. Ng m l ci v vt cht ca ngn ng, l hnh thc tn ti ca ngn ng. Khng c ng m, ngn ng khng th tn ti.
n v kt cu ng m
1 m t
hn [xan] [x][a][n]
m t l n v ng m nh nht c th tch ra da trn nhng m sc khc nhau. Bi v m t l n v ng m nh nht nn khng th phn tch nh hn na. K hiu ca m t l chng c phin m gia hai gch vung [ ]. V d m c "hn" [xan] ca ch (Hn) trong ting Trung do 3 n v cu thnh: [x], [a], [n]. Ba n v ny c m sc khc nhau, ng thi khng th tch chng thnh nhng n v nh hn na, y chnh l 3 m t. Thanh iu ca (thanh 4) thuc phm tr m cao, khng c xem l m t.
m t c 2 loi: Nguyn m v Ph m.
1 Nguyn m
b[a]
Lc pht m, lung kh gy rung dy thanh (thanh i), m c thot ra t do m khng chu s cn tr ca c quan pht m c gi l Nguyn m. Nguyn m cn gi l "Mu m", nh m [a] trong ch b. Mi mt m tit trong ting Trung u c nguyn m, y l ngn ng c nguyn m chim u th.
2 Ph m
din [t] [n]
Ph m cn gi l "T m", l m thot ra m lung hi b cn tr do s xut hin ca chng ngi trn li thot ca khng kh, v nh s tip xc ca u li vi rng, v d: [t ] v [n ] trong ch din.
2 m tit
lshlishi
m tit l n v pht m nh nht, n v t nhin nht trong li ni ca con ngi. Mi m tit l mt ting. V d t (lsh-lch s), lc pht m v lc nghe thy u ch l 2 n v "l" v "sh", ch khng phi l 4 n v "lishi". V vy, "l" v "sh" l 2 m tit. Ch c cc nh ngn ng hc lc phn tch ng m mi chia chng thnh 4 n v nh hn (gi l m t).
Trong ting Trung, mt ch Hn i din cho mt m tit. Ch c cc t lc c un li, thm vo sau t biu th cch c ny, nh (hur-bng hoa), hai ch Hn nhng cng ch c mt m tit pht ra.
m tit l n v c bn ca kt cu ng m. Mt m tit ting Trung c th do nhiu m t cu thnh. V d:
u (mt m t)
da (hai m t)
ban (ba m t)
jiao (bn m t)
aezhungzhuangchungshunghung
Mt m tit ting Trung c t nht mt m t, nh: ae; nhiu nht bn m t, nhzhung, tuy c su ch ci nhng cng ch c bn m t, l "zhuang". Cc t (chungshunghung) cng phn tch tng t nh vy.
3 Thanh mu, Vn mu, Thanh iu
Mt m tit ting Trung c th chia lm 3 phn: Thanh mu, Vn mu v Thanh iu.
1 Thanh mu
Zhngguzhgi
Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit, nu nh m u mt m tit khng c ph m, th gi l "thanh mu khng". V d t zhnggu-Trung Quctrong ting Trung c 2 thanh mu l "zh" v "g", cn t (i-yu) khng c ph m m u, tc l "thanh mu khng".
2 Vn mu
Vn mu l m t ng sau thanh mu trong mt m tit, n c th l mt nguyn m, hoc l t hp ca nhiu nguyn m, cng c th l s t hp ca nguyn m v ph m. V d:
b a (Vn mu l "a", nguyn m n)
jioiao (Vn mu l "iao", nguyn m kp)
xnging (Vn mu l "ing", nguyn m "i" + ph m "ng")
3 Thanh iu
ho214214
Thanh iu ch s bin ho cao-thp-di-ngn ca mt m tit. S bin ho ca thanh iu ph thuc vo ton b m tit . V d t ho-tttrong ting Trung c thanh 3 (thng thanh), m vc l 214, tc l pht m t ging ln thng, t 2 xung 1 ri ln n 4.
K hiu ghi m (K m ph hiu)
K hiu ghi m l k hiu ghi chp li ng m. Bi v ch Hn khng phi l vn t phin m, khng th nhn ch c ra m, v vy cn phi c k hiu ch m cho ch Hn.
1958211
H thng k hiu ghi m thng dng nht Trung Quc hin nay c "Phng n phin m Hn ng". "Phng n phin m Hn ng" l phng n dng mu t Latin vit phin m ting Ph thng Trung Quc. Phng n ny c U ban ci cch vn t Trung Quc (nay l U ban cng tc vn t ngn ng quc gia) son tho, c thng qua ti k hp th 5 kho I i hi i biu nhn dn ton quc v c hiu lc t ngy 11/2/1958.
Ni dung ca "Phng n phin m Hn ng" c 5 phn: Bng ch ci, Bng Thanh mu, Bng Vn mu, K hiu Thanh iu v K hiu cch m.
1 Bng ch ci
-Mu t
A a
B b
C c
D d
E e
F f
G g
-Tn gi
H h
I i
J j
K k
L l
M m
N n
O o
P p
Q q
R r
S s
T t
U u
V v
W w
X x
Y y
Z z
V
V ch dng phin m ting nc ngoi, ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s v phng ng. Cch vit cc mu t da vo cch vit thng dng lu nay ca cc mu t Latin, cch pht m cng da vo c im pht m ca ting Trung.
2 Bng thanh mu
b
p
m
f
d
t
n
l
g
k
h
j
q
x
zh
ch
sh
r
z
c
s
3 Bng vn mu
i
u
a
ia
ua
o
uo
e
ie
e
ai
uai
ei
uei
ao
iao
ou
iou
an
ian
uan
an
en
in
uen
n
ang
iang
uang
eng
ing
ueng
ong
iong
4 K hiu thanh iu
m bnh
Dng bnh
Thng thanh
Kh thanh
K hiu thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m chnh ca m tit. Thanh nh khng nh thanh iu. V d:
m m m m ma
5 K hiu cch m
aoe'pi'aoXi'an
Nhng m tit bt u bng a, o, e nu ng ngay sau nhng m tit khc m gii hn ca m tit d gy nhm ln, th dng k hiu cch m ' phn bit. V d: pi'ao-o daXi'an-Ty An
Bng i chiu ch ci ting Trung, Ting Vit v K m Quc t
ch ci
Ting Trung
ch ci
Ting Vit
K m
Quc t
ch ci
Ting Trung
ch ci
Ting Vit
K m
Quc t
A a
a
[a]
N n
n
[n]
B b
p
[p]
O o
[o]
C c
[ts]
P p
[p]
D d
t
[t]
Q q
[]
E e
[]
R r
r
[ ]
F f
ph
[f]
S s
x
[s]
G g
c, k
[k]
T t
th
[t]
H h
h
[x]
U u
u
[u]
I I
i
[i]
V v
v
[v]
J j
ch
[]
W w
u
[w]
K k
kh
[k]
X x
x
[ ]
L l
l
[l]
Y y
y
[ ]
M m
m
[m]
Z z
ch
[ts]
C quan pht m
1. mi trn
2. rng trn
3. li
4. ngc cng
5. ngc mm
6. li con (li g)
7. mi di
8. rng di
9. u li
10. mt li
11. cung li
12. yt hu (cung hng)
13. vm hng
14. np thanh qun
15. thanh i (dy thanh)
16. kh qun
17. thc qun
18. l mi
BI 2: THANH MU
Thanh mu l g
hohyi
Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit. V d ph m "h" trong m tit "ho". C mt s m tit khng bt u bng ph m, v d "y, i"... Chng c gi l m tit thanh mu khng.
Quan h gia Thanh mu v Ph m:
Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Thanh mu chc chn l ph m, cn ph m cha chc l thanh mu.
2221 1 -ngngyng 1 nnnn
Ting Ph thng Trung Quc tng cng c 22 ph m, nhng ch c 21 thanh mu (b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s), v th c 1 ph m khng lm thanh mu, chnh l "ng", v d: "ngyng". C 1 ph m va c th ng u m tit va c th ng cui m tit, chnh l "n", v d: "nn". Lc ng u m tit, n l thanh mu; lc ng cui m tit n l vn mu ui.
Phn loi v hnh thc pht m thanh mu:
1V tr pht m:
m hai mi (mi trn, mi di): bpm
m mi rng (rng trn, mi di): f
m u li trc (li trn, u li): zcs
m u li gia (li trn, u li): dtnl
m u li sau (ngc cng trc, u li): zhchshr
m mt li (ngc cng, mt li): jqx
m cung li (ngc mm, gc li): gkh
2 Hnh thc pht m
C 3 kiu sau:
1 Kiu gp chng ngi
am tc
6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung kh vt qua chng ngi, thot mnh ra t vm ming, cn gi l "m bc ph". Ting Trung c 6 m tc: b, p, d, t, g, k.
bm xt
6
Lc pht m, cc c quan pht m tip cn vi nhau, hnh thnh mt khe hp, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung kh thot ra t khe hp, ma st thnh m thanh, cn gi l "m ma st". Ting Trung c 6 m xt: f, h, x, sh, r, s.
cm tc xt
6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, sau cc c quan pht m m ra, hnh thanh mt khe hp, lung kh ma st trong khe hp ri thot ra, hnh thnh mt m c na u ging m tc, na sau ging m xt, nhng n vn l mt ph m n. Ting Trung c 6 m tc xt: z, zh, c, ch, j, q.
dm mi
2
Lc pht m, vm ming ng li, li con v ngc mm h xung, lung kh thot ra t hang mi, lc pht m m mi dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung c 2 m mi: m, n.
em bin
1
Lc pht m, u li tip xc vi li trn, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung thot ra t hai bn u li, lc pht m m bin dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung ch c 1 m bin: l.
2 Kiu rung ng dy thanh
Da vo vic c hay khng c s rung ng ca dy thanh, c th chia thanh mu lm 2 loi:
a17
V thanh: lc pht m dy thanh khng rung. Ting Trung c 17 thanh mu v thanhbpfdtgkhjqxzhchshzcs
b4
Hu thanh: lc pht m dy thanh rung ng. Ting Trung c 4 thanh mu hu thanhmnlr
mnngl r
Nh vy, trong ting Trung, m mi, m bin "m, n, ng, l" u l hu thanh, m xt "r" cng l hu thanh, cc m cn li thuc m tc, m tc xt, m xt u l v thanh.
3 Kiu lung kh mnh-yu
Da vo lung kh thot ra khi pht m mnh hay yu, c th phn m tc v m tc xt thnh 2 loi:
a6
m bt hi (tng kh): lc pht m lung kh thot ra mnh, ting Trung c 6 m bt hi: ptkcchq
b6
m khng bt hi: lc pht m lung kh thot ra yu, ting Trung c 6 m khng bt hi: bdgzzhj
m mi, m bin, m xt khng c s phn bit bt hi hay khng bt hi.
3-
Bng i chiu v tr-hnh thc pht m Thanh mu:
b
p
m
f
z
c
s
d
t
n
l
zh
ch
sh
r
j
q
x
g
k
h
(ng)
21Cch pht m 21 thanh mu:
1) b m hai mi, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(bnb)
(biobng)
(bo bin)
(bbng)
(bngbo)
(bbo)
2) p: m hai mi, bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(ppng)
(pinpng)
(ppi)
(piop)
(pngpi)
(pinp)
3) m m hai mi, hu thanh, m mi
(mimio)
(mmng)
(mimio)
(mim)
(mnmin) (mngmng)
4) fm mi rng, v thanh, m xt
(fngf)
(ffn)
(fngf)
(fif)
(fnf) (fnfng)
5) d m u li gia, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(dindng) (ddo)
(dndio)
(dngdi)
(dod)
(dngdi)
6) t m u li gia, bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(tunt)
(tuti)
(tnt)
(tnto) (toti)
(tti)
7) n m u li gia, hu thanh, m mi
(nini)
(nnn)
(non)
(nngn)
(nngni) (nnng)
8) l m u li gia, hu thanh, m bin
(liln)
(ll)
(lnli)
(lnl)
(luli)
(lnglng)
9) g m cung li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(gig)
(gogu)
(gungg)
(gug)
(ggng) (gngg)
10) k m cung li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(kiku) (kngki) (kk)
(kngkung) (kk) (kikn)
11) h m cung li, v thanh, m xt
(huhung) (hhun)
(huhu)
(hnghi) (huhu) (hngh)
12) j m mt li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(jij)
(jij)
(jinju)
(jj)
(jngj)
(jioj)
13) q m mt li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(quqi) (qiqio)
(qnqi)
(qngq) (quqn)
(qqun)
14) x m mt li, v thanh, m xt
(xingxn) (xxn)
(xinxing)
(xixn) (xingxn)
(xux)
15) zh m u li sau, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(zhngzh)
(zhuzhun) (zhzh)
(zhnzhng)
(zhnzhng)
(zhngzh)
16) ch m u li sau, bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(chngchng)
(chuch)
(chchng)
(chchung)
(chngch) (chngch)
17) sh m u li sau, v thanh, m xt
(shush)
(shnshng) (shsh)
(shngsh)
(shosh) (shsh)
18) r m u li sau, hu thanh, m xt (
(rurun)
(rnrng) (rnr)
(rngr)
(runru)
(rngrn)
19) z m u li trc, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(zngzi)
(zizu)
(zzn)
(zuz)
(zizng)
(zngz)
20) c m u li trc, bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt
(cic)
(cuc)
(cngc)
(cncn)
(cngc)
(cngc)
21) s m u li trc, v thanh, m xt
(susu)
(sso)
(ss)
(ssu)
(sngsn)
(ssng)
Bng i chiu thanh mu (ph m) ting Trung v ting Vit
Thanh mu ting Trung
Ph m ting Vit
V d
Thanh mu ting Trung
Ph m ting Vit
V d
Trung
Vit
Trung
Vit
b
p
ba
pa
j
ch
ji
chi
p
q
m
m
ma
ma
x
x
xi
xi
f
ph
fa
pha
zh
tr
zha
tra
d
t
da
ta
ch
t
th
ta
tha
sh
s
sha
sa
n
n
na
na
r
r
ran
ran
l
l
la
la
z
ch
zu
chu
g
c/k
ga
ca/ka
c
k
kh
ka
kha
s
x
sa
xa
h
h
ha
ha
w - y
u - y
Bi th di y bao gm tt c cc thanh mu trong ting Trung, tp c nhiu ln c th c chnh xc tt c cc thanh mu:
Ci Sng G
Chn r q mi zo,
Ci sng jng t nio.
Fng gu p b xing,
Hu ki hu lu zh du sho.
BI 3: VN MU
Vn mu l g?
39
Vn mu l thnh phn nm ngay sau thanh mu trong mt m tit. Ting Ph thng Trung Quc c 39 vn mu.
Quan h gia vn mu v nguyn m:
Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Vn mu ch yu do nguyn m cu thnh, nhng khng ch gii hn bi nguyn m. C vn mu do nguyn m v ph m mi cu thnh.
Vn mu l thnh phn khng th thiu trong 1 m tit ting Trung. Mt m tit ting Trung c th khng c thanh mu (nguyn m), nhng nht nh phi c vn mu (ph m) + thanh iu. i a s cc vn mu u c th c lp tr thnh m tit, gi l m tit thanh mu khng.
Phn loi v c im pht m vn mu:
1 Loi kt cu
a Vn mu n
Vn mu do 1 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu n, c 10 vn mu n: a, o, e, , i, u, , -i(trc), -i(sau), er. C 3 loi vn mu n:
Vn mu nguyn m n mt lia, o, e, , i, u,
Vn mu nguyn m n u li-i(trc)-i(sau)
Vn mu nguyn m n un li: er
c im pht m ca Vn mu n: v tr li v khu hnh gi nguyn khng thay i trong sut qu trnh pht m.
b Vn mu phc
13
Vn mu do 2 hoc 3 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu phc (Vn mu kp), c 13 vn mu phc.
c im pht m Vn mu phc: v tr li t nguyn m u ln lt chuyn sang cc nguyn m tip theo; vang ca cc nguyn m cng khc nhau, trong c mt nguyn m c vang ln nht, r rng nht.
+ +
Kt cu vn mu (VM) phc: VM u + VM gia + VM cui (VM ui)
iu iuo
Vn mu gia l vn mu chnh, y l nguyn m lc pht m ming m rng nht, m thanh vang nht, r nht. Nguyn m trc vn mu gia l vn mu u (cn gi l "gii m"), pht m nh v ngn, thng ch biu th c im pht m, c 3 nguyn m: i, u, . Nguyn m nm sau vn mu gia l vn mu cui, thng l cc nguyn m i, u, o, m vc khng r rng v n nh, thng biu th hng hot ng ca li. V d:
V d
- Vn mu phc
Vn mu u
Vn mu gia
- Vn mu cui
Nguyn m
Ph m
(o)
o
(r)
r
(y)
i
( wi)
u
i
( yun
n
(yng)
ng
Phn loi vn mu phc
a Nguyn m nh hp vang trcaieiaoou.
b Nguyn m nh hp vang sauiaieuauoe.
c Nguyn m tam hp vang giaiaoiouuaiuei.
c Vn mu mi
16 Vn mu c to bi nguyn m + ph m mi ("n" hoc "ng") gi l Vn mu mi, c 16 vn mu mi.
c im pht m vn mu mi: t m ming dn dn chuyn sang m mi, v tr li t nguyn m dn chuyn thnh v tr pht m ph m mi, kt thc pht m v tr m mi.
Phn loi vn mu mi
a Vn mu mi trcanianuananeninuenn
b Vn mu mi sauangianguangenginguengongiong
2 Loi khu hnh 4 m:
Da vo khu hnh lc pht m nguyn m u tin ca vn mu c th chia chng thnh 4 loi sau
(m m ming)a, o, e, ai, ei, ao, ou, an, en, ang, eng, , -i, -i, er
(m u rng)i, ia, ie, iao, iou, ian, in, iang, ing
(m ngm mingu, ua, uo, uai, uei, uan, uen, uang, ueng, ong
(m chm ming) , e, an, n, iong
39Cch pht m 39 vn mu:
1 Vn mu n
1) a mt li, gia, thp, khng trn mi, v d: ba pa ma fa da ta na la ga ka ha zha cha sha ra za sa ca
2) o mt li, sau, hi cao, trn mi, v d: bo po mo fo
3) mt li, trc, hi thp, khng trn mi. i Ch yu t thnh m tit, c th i vi i hoc cu thnh Vn mu kp.
4) e mt li, sau, hi cao, khng trn mi, v d: de te ne le ge ke he zhe che she re ze se ce
5) i: mt li, trc, cao, khng trn mi, v d: bi pi mi di ti ni li ji qi xi
6) u mt li, sau, cao, trn mi, v d: bu pu mu fu du tu nu lu gu ku hu zhu chu shu ru zu su cu
7) :mt li, sau, hi cao, khng trn mi, v d: n l ju qu xu
8) -i (trc) u li, trc, cao, khng trn mi, v d: zi ci si
9) -i (sau) u li, sau, cao, khng trn mi, v d: zhi chi shi ri
10) er un li, gia, va, khng trn mi, v d: er
2 Vn mu phc:
a Nguyn m nh hp vang trc:
Do vn mu gia v cui hp thnh. Nguyn m trc m ming ln, pht m vang, r; nguyn m sau m ming nh hn, pht m khng vang.
11) aibai pai mai dai tai nai lai gai kai hai zhai chai shai zai cai sai
12) ei be pei mei fei dei nei lei gei kei hei zhei shei
13) aobao pao mao dao tao nao lao gao kao hao zhao chao shao rao zao cao sao
14) oupou mou fou dou tou nou lou gou kou hou zhou chou shou rou zou cou sou
b Nguyn m nh hp vang sau:
Do vn mu u v gia hp thnh. Nguyn m trc m ming tng i nh, pht m khng vang. Nguyn m sau m ming tng i ln, pht m vang, r.
15) ia lia jia qia xia
16) ie bie pie mie die tie nie lie jie qie xie
17) uagua kua hua zhua chua shua
18) uoduo tuo nuo luo guo kuo huo zhuo chuo shuo ruo zuo cuo suo
19) ene le jue que xue
c Nguyn m tam hp vang gia
Do 3 nguyn m hp thnh. Nguyn m gia pht m vang nht, r nht, ming m rng nht.
20) iaobiao piao miao diao tiao niao liao jiao qiao xiao
21) iou (iu)miu diu niu liu jiu qiu xiu
22) uaiguai kuai huai zhuai chuai shuai
23) uei (ui)dui tui gui kui hui zhui chui shui rui zui cui sui
3Vn mu mi:
nngnng
Cch pht m vn mu mi c bn ging nh cch pht m nguyn m nh hp vang trc v nguyn m tam hp vang gia. Lc trc ph m mi "n, ng" ch c mt nguyn m, pht m theo cch pht m nguyn m nh hp vang trc. Lc trc ph m mi "n, ng" c hai nguyn m, pht m theo cch pht m nguyn m tam hp vang gia.
aVn mu mi trc
24) anban pan man fan dan tan nan lan gan kan han zhan chan shan ran zan can san
25) enben pen men fen nen gen ken hen zhen chen shen ren zen cen sen
26) inbin pin min nin lin jin qin xin
27) njn (jun) qn (qun) xn (xun)
28) ianbian pian mian dian tian nian lian jian qian xian
29) uanduan tuan nuan luan guan kuan huan zhuan chuan shuan ruan zuan cuan suan
30) uen (un)dun tun lun gun kun hun zhun chun shun run zun cun sun
31) anjuan quan xuan
bVn mu mi sau
32) angbang pang mang fang dang tang nang lang gang kang hang zhang chang shang rang zang cang sang
33) engbeng peng meng feng deng teng neng leng geng keng heng zheng cheng sheng reng zeng ceng seng
34) ingbing ping ming ding ting ning ling jing qing xing
35) ongdong tong nong long gong kong hong zhong chong rong zong cong song
36) iangniang liang jiang qiang xiang
37) ueng
38) iongjiong qiong xiong
39) uangguang kuang huang zhuang chuang shuang
Bng i chiu vn mu (nguyn m) ting Trung v ting Vit
Vn mu
ting Trung
Nguyn m
ting Vit
Vn mu
ting Trung
Nguyn m
ting Vit
Vn mu
ting Trung
Nguyn m
ting Vit
a
a
ou
u
an
oen
o
ia
i+a
en
n
e
ie
i+
in
in
i
i
ua
oa
uen (un)
un
u
u
uo
ua
n
uyn
uy
e
u
ang
ang
iao
i+eo
iang
i+ang
-i (trc)
iou (iu)
iu
uang
oang
-i (sau)
uai
oai
ong
ung
er
+r
uei
uy
eng
ng
ai
ai
an
an
ing
inh
ei
y
ian
i+en
ueng
ung
ao
ao
uan
oan
iong
i+ung
Bi th di y bao gm tt c cc vn mu trong ting Trung, tp c nhiu ln c th c chnh xc tt c cc vn mu :
B Y G
Rn yun jing kng y,
Lng hu y zhu qng.
Wng zho b xn yu,
Gn chun shu min yn.
r yng i y dio,
L nun h shng.
Y xi li wng ni,
Kui hu s sh chn.
BI 4: THANH IU
Thanh iu l g?
Thanh iu l hnh thc bin ho cao-thp-di-ngn ca mt m tit. Trong ting Hn, mt ch Hn i din cho mt m tit, v th thanh iu cn c gi l T iu.
Thanh iu c tc dng phn bit ngha. V dt wuli vi cc thanh iu khc nhau c nhng ngha nh sau: (wl-vt l) (wl-vt lc) (wl-v l) (wl-v lc) (wl-trong phng) (wl-nm dm) (wl-v lc) (wl-v li)...
Thanh iu c th c phn tch trn 2 phng din: iu loi (chng loi thanh iu) v iu tr (m vc).
1 Chng loi thanh iu:
iu loi tc l chng loi thanh iu. Ting Trung c 4 loi thanh iu: m bnh, Dng bnh, Thng thanh v Kh thanh.
2 m vc:
5 4 3 2 1m vc ch cch c thc t ca thanh iu, l hnh thc bin ho cao-thp-thng-gingca m tit. m vc dng cch ghi 5 , l: cao 5, na cao 4, va 3, na thp 2 v thp 1.
Bn thanh iu trong ting Trung
Chng loi thanh iu
m vc
K hiu
V d
-m bnh
-Thanh 1
55
-Dng bnh
-Thanh 2
35
-Thng thanh
-Thanh 3
214
-Kh thanh
-Thanh 4
51
So snh 4 thanh iu trong ting Trung v 6 thanh iu trong ting Vit:
Thanh 1 (m bnh) gn ging thanh Bng ting Vit.
Thanh 2 (Dng bnh) gn ging thanh Sc ting Vit.
Thanh 3 (Thng thanh) gn ging thanh Hi ting Vit.
Thanh 4 (Kh thanh) ngn v nng hn thanh Huyn, di v nh hn thanh Nng ting Vit.
c im 4 thanh iu:
1
m bnh: cao bnh iu, cn gi l thanh 1. V d: dngfng-qngchn-zhngyng-fij-jingshndujio-shngdngjx-
2
Dng bnh: trung thng iu, cn gi l thanh 2. V d: wnxu-rnmn-Hungh-Chngchng-wnrqrn-mngcnshwng-
3
Thng thanh: ging thng iu, cn gi l thanh 3. V d: bnbn-bf-chngchng-gunl-fnb-qyucl-yngyunyuho-
4
Kh thanh: ton ging iu, cn gi l thanh 4. V d: omn-bdo-bik-fnln-fnn-bixnqy-zzuzshu-
Cc v d khc:
Zhnggu wid
shnh jnxi
shnt jinzhung
gungmng lilu
xinghui gungku yngxing hohn
Cnh nh thanh iu:
1
Thanh iu phi c nh trn nguyn m chnh ca m tit (vn mu gia).
2iu uiui
Trong cc m tit c vn mu tnh lc (iu ui), thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m u hoc i (vd: ji-zu-).
3ii
Lc thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m i, du chm trn ch i c b i (vd: n-m-).
4
Thanh nh (khinh thanh) khng nh k hiu thanh iu.
5
m tit phi c nh nguyn iu, khng nh bin iu, tr cc trng hp c th.
Quy tc vit phin m:
1y w Cch dng y v w
i yiyayeyaoyouyan yinyang yingyong
Nhng vn mu bt u bng i, lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh mu th c 2 cch vit: nu sau i khng c nguyn m khc th gi nguyn i thm y vo trc n (yi, yin, ying); nu sau i c nguyn m khc th thay i bng y (ya ye, yao, you, yan, yang, yong).
wuwawowaiweiwanwenwangweng
Nhng vn mu bt u bng u, lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh mu th c 2 cch vit: nu sau u khng c nguyn m khc th gi nguyn u thm w vo trc n (wu); nu sau w c nguyn m khc th thay u bng w (wa, wo, wai, wei, wan, wen, wang, weng).
yuyueyuanyun
Nhng vn mu bt u bng , lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh mu th b du hai chm trn , ng thi thm y vo trc u (yu, yue, yuan, yun).
2 B hai chm trn vn mu
jqx juquxuln ln
Nhng vn mu bt u bng , lc vit phin m nu trc n c thanh mu j, q, x th b du hai chm trn (ju, qu, xu); nu trc n l thanh mu l, n th vn gi du 2 chm (l, n) .
3Vit tt:
iouueiuen iuuiunniuguilun
Lc vit phin m, nu trc iou, uei, uen c thanh mu th vit tt 3 vn mu ny thnh iu, ui, un. V d: niu, gui, lun.
4 Vit phin m cch c m tit un li
err rtnghur
Vn mu vit l "er", lc lm vn mu ui vit thnh "r". V d: rtng (nhi ng), hur (bng hoa).
5Cch vit hoa:
Ch ci bt u mi cu phi vit hoa.
Tn ring hoc cc cm danh t ring (tn nc, a danh, tiu bi vn hoc tn cc c quan on th...) phi vit hoa ch ci ng u hoc vit hoa ton b. Lc vit hoa ton b c th khng nh thanh iu. V d:
Yunn-Vit NamHni-H NiRnmn Rbo-Nhn Dn nht boXIANDAI HANYU YUYIN-NG M HN NG HIN I.
Tn ngi vit theo hai phn H & Tn, ch ci u tin ca mi phn phi vit hoa. V d:
Mo Zdng-Mao Trch ng, H Jnto-H Cm o, uyng Zhnhu-u Dng Chn Hoa...
6Cch vit phin m trong cu:
T hai m tit hoc a m tit phi vit lin nhau. Gia cc t phi vit cch nhau. V d:
Ptnghu sh jiosh de zhy yyn.-Ting Ph thng l ngn ng ngh nghip ca gio vin.)
T n m tit lp li, vit lin nhau. T song m tit lp li, vit tch ra. V d:
ninninknkantiotio
toln tolnxubi xubi
AABB
T lp li kiu AABB, thm gch ngang gia. V d:
lili-wngwngqngqing-chchu
BI 5: BIN M
Trong qu trnh ni, hai m tit trc v sau s nh hng ln nhau, khin m t hoc thanh iu ca m tit no pht sinh s thay i v ng m, y chnh l s bin m. Cc hin tng bin m thng gp trong ting Trung l: (1) Bin iu, (2) Cch c un li (nhi ho), (3) Cch c tr t ng kh .
Bin iu
Bn du (thanh iu) trong ting Trung l du ca mt m tit c lp. Trong t, ng hoc cu, thng cc m tit i lin vi nhau, lc thng pht sinh s bin ho v mt thanh iu, gi l "bin iu", c cc trng hp sau:
1Thanh nh (Khinh thanh):
aThanh nh l g?
C mt s m tit thng mt i thanh iu gc ca n trong t hoc m tit, c thnh mt m va nh va ngn, m ny gi l thanh nh (khinh thanh).
bCch c thanh nh:
2
Thanh 1 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 2. V d:
Tde, zhuzi, shule, gge, xinsheng, xixi.
3
Thanh 2 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 3. V d:
hngde, fngzi, qngle, ppo, hupo, hizi.
4
Thanh 4 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 4. V d:
wde, fzi, rduo, jijie, lba, loshi.
1
Thanh 3 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 1. V d:
huide, shnzi, shule, ddi, zhngfu, ysi.
cTc dng ca Thanh nh:
Phn bit ngha t. V d:
dngx (ng ty, ch phng hng)
dngxi ( vt, ch vt th)
Phn bit t loi. V d:
dy (i , danh t)
dyi (s , tnh t)
dQuy lut c Thanh nh
Tr t (ma, ne, a, ba, zhe, le, guo, de, de...).
Hu t ca danh t (zi, tou...); Hu t ca i t (men).
Phng v t (shang, xa, li, bian...), nhng hai phng v t ni (ni) & wi (ngoi) thng khng c thanh nh.
Ng t th hai trong t ly m (mma, bba, yye...) v hnh thc lp li (trng ip) ca ng t (knkan, xingxiang, shshi...).
Cc ng t ch xu hng (lai, qu, qilai, xiaqu...).
Mt s t c quen c vi thanh nh (pioliang, cngming, zhdao, ptao...).
2Bin iu ca thanh 3 (thng thanh):
a214211
Nu thanh 3 ng trc cc thanh 1, 2, 4 v thanh nh th c thnh na thanh 3, m vc t 214 xung cn 211 (tng t du hi trong ting Vit). V d:
Trc thanh 1: shud, Bijng, ptng, losh, xioshu
Trc thanh 2: zgu, yyn, gwn, gnqng, png
Trc thanh 4: gnxi, wnfn, zhnqu, cod, mish
Trc thanh nh: wde, zuzhe, nunhuo, loshi, zhfu
b21435Nu hai thanh 3 ng lin nhau th thanh 3 th nht th c thnh thanh 2, m vc t 214 chuyn sang 35. V d:
lngdo, ynggn, shugu, bioyn, miho
(m c thc t:lngdo, ynggn, shugu, bioyn, miho)
c
Nu thanh 3 ng trc thanh nh m thanh nh nguyn iu l thanh 3 th c 2 trng hp:
Th 1, ch sau c c nh l thanh nh, th thanh 3 ng trc c thnh na thanh 3, m vc cn 211 (tng t du hi trong ting Vit). V d:
yzi, rduo, mhu, lolao, jijie
(m c thc t: yzi, rduo, mhu, lolao, jijie)
Th 2, nu l ng t lp li, ch trc c thnh thanh 2, m vc l 35. V d
zuzou, xingxiang, xixie, hnhan, bbi
(m c thc t: zuzou, xingxiang, xixie, hnhan, bbi)
d
Lc 3 thanh 3 i vi nhau, c 2 trng hp: nu kt cu l 2+1 th hai thanh 3 u tin c thnh thanh 2; nu kt cu l 1+2 th thanh 3 u tin c thnh na thanh 3 (211), thanh 3 th hai c thnh thanh 2 (35). V d:
(2+1)
zhnln gun, gunl z, ynggn zh, xunj f
(m c thc t:zhnln gun, gunl z, ynggn zh, xunj f)
(1+2):
ho zngl, zh loh, hi chnpn, xio lingku
(m c thc t:ho zngl, zh loh, hi chnpn, xio lingku)
e
Nu nhiu thanh 3 i vi nhau, trc ht phi ngt cu thnh tng on thch hp, sau da vo cc quy lut c thanh 3 trn c. Thanh 3 trc phn ngt on c thnh na thanh 3 (211), thanh 3 cui cu c nguyn iu. V d:
W yuw bxio ysn.
(m c thc t:W yuw bxio ysn.)
Qng nzhngl hoynjing go.
(m c thc t:Qng nzhngl hoynjing go.)
Shubio chngyuhoj zhngchnpn.
(m c thc t:Shubio chngyuhoj zhngchnpn.)
3Bin iu ca "y" v "b":
5515
Nguyn iu ca l thanh 1 (y), l thanh 4 (b). Lc chng ng c lp, hocbiu th ngy thng, th t c nguyn iu; khng ng trc thanh 4 c nguyn iu.
a35
Nu ng trc thanh 4 th c thanh 2. V d (m c thc t):
yqi, ybn, ydn, ygng; bsh, bb, bbin, bcu
b5l
Nu ng trc cc thanh cn li th c thanh 4. V d (m c thc t):
Trc thanh 1: ybn, ybin, ydun; b'n, bdn, bdun
Trc thanh 2: ynin, yq, ysh;
bxng, bbi, bci
Trc thanh 3: yzo, yho, yj;
bb, bgn, bdng
cng gia cc t lp li c thanh nh. V d:
kn yi kn, tng yi tng, xi yi xi; kn bu kn, tng bu tng, xi bu xi
d
Hin nay, trn cc phng tin truyn thng i chng ang c xu hng n gin ho s bin iu, "q, b" u khng c bin iu; "y, b" do c s dng nhiu nn vn gi cch c bin iu.
Cch c un li:
1Cch c un li l g?
er
Vn mu "er" i sau nhng m tit khc, khin vn mu gc phi c km vi mt ng tc un li, dn n s thay i v mt ng m, y gi l cch c un li (nhi ho).
2Tc dng ca cch c un li:
a
Mang sc thi tnh cm nh nhng, thn thit, yu thng...V d:
(nhir-c gi), (xinhur-hoa ti), (mnmnr-chm chm), (hownr-th v).
b
Biu th tnh cht v trng thi nh, nh. V d:
(mgnr-khc g), (mnfngr-khe ca), (yhur-mt lc), (mishr-khng sao c).
c
Phn bit t loi. Mt s t va l danh t + ng t hoc danh t + tnh t (kim loi), sau khi nhi ho s l xc nh n l danh t. V d:
(hu-sng) - (hur-cng vic), (jin-nhn) - (jinr-mi nhn, ngi ti gii).
dPhn bit ngha t. V d:
(tu-u) - (tur-ngi ng u, ngi lnh o) (yn-con mt) - (ynr-ci l nh)
ePhn bit t ng m. V d:
(llin-thao luyn) - (llinr-kho ko) (kihu-nu n) - (kihur-khai ho)
3Cch c m un li:
Cch c m un li ch yu da vo vn mu (nguyn m) trc n c tin cho vic un li hay khng.
aa o e u
Nu trc n l cc nguyn m "a o e u", lc c gi nguyn nguyn m , ch thm ng tc un li. V d:
Nguyn m hoc m cui
V d (m c thc t)
a
dobr homr
o
fnmr comor
e
zhhr chnggr
xiojir zhjur
u
ynzhr dqir
b i er
Nguyn m l "i, ", khi c m un li thm m "er" sau nguyn m . V d:
Nguyn m
V d (m c thc t)
i
wnyer mler
yuqer moler
c-iere
Nu nguyn m l "i", khi c m un li khng pht m nguyn m gc, thay vo l m "er".
Nguyn m
V d (m c thc t)
-i (trc)
xzr xcr
-i (sau)
shzhr bnshr
din
Nu vn mu cui l "i" hoc "n", khi c m un li cc vn mu cui ny s mt i, thay vo l ng tc un li. V d:
Vn mu cui
V d (m c thc t)
i
ykur mpr
ui
rzhur mshur
n
guiwr huyur
in
shjir jioyir
un
bnggur dgur
n
hngqur
engnginger
Nu vn mu cui l "ng", khi c m un li vn mu ny s mt i, thay vo l ng tc un li. Ring vn mu "ing" khi c m un li, vn mu cui "ng" s mt i thay vo l m un li "er". V d
Vn mu cui
V d (m c thc t)
ng
bngmr mfr
ing
dinyir hupir
Cch c tr t ng kh a:
Tr t ng kh lc cui cu, cch c ca n tu thuc vo m t ng trc n. Xem bng sau:
STT
m t ng trc
c
Vit
V d
1.
a, o, e, , i,
ya
t ya, shu ya, b ya
2.
u, ao, iao
wa
zh wa, sho wa, mio wa
3.
n
na
kn a, tin a, rn a
4.
ng
nga
tng a, fng a, xng a
5.
-i (trc)
a
z a, j c a
6.
-i (sau)
ra
sh a, tngzh a
7.
r (er)
r(er hoc m un li)
ra
r a, du dijnr a
BI 6: BI TP TRC NGHIM NG M
1. _________________
A.20 B.21 C.22 D.23
2. _________________
A.20 B.21 C.22 D.23
3. _________________
A. zcs B. jqx C. zhchsh D. bdg
4. _________________
A. B. C. D.
5. _________________
A. B. C. D.
6. _________________
A. B. C. D.
7. _________________
A. B. C. D.
8. zhchshr_________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
9. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
10. _________________
A.6
B.7
C.8
D.10
11. _________________
A.a
B. o
C. e
D.
12. _________________
A. e
B.
C.a
D. o
13. _________________
A. e
B.
C. o
D. u
14. _________________
A. i
B. u
C.
D.a
15. _________________
A. e
B.
C. o
D.a
16. _________________
A.a
B. o
C. u
D.
17. 29. _________________
A. i
B. u
C.
D.
18. -i ()_________________
A.B.
C.D.
19. -i ()_________________
A.B.
C. D.
20. r _________________
A. B.
C. D.
21. _________________
A. aieiuauo B. aieiaoou
C. aieiouuo D. iaieuaaiue
22. _________________
A. aieiuauo B. aieiaoou
C. aieiouuo D. iaieuaaiue
23. _________________
A. iaoiouuanuen B. iaoiouuaiuei
C. iaoueiueniou D. iaoiouianuan
24. eiieee_________________
A. B. C.
D.
25. _________________
A. B. C. D.
26. _________________
A. B. C. D.
27. _________________
A.yan () B.y () C.wn ()
D.yn ()
E.y ()F. ()
28. _________________
A.xe B.shungC.so D.xu E.go
29. _________________
A.B..C.D.
30. _________________
A. B.
C. D.
31. _________________
A. aoe B. iu C.-i-iD.
32. _________________
A. aoe B. C. iu D. aoeiu
33. _________________
A. B. C. D.
34. iu ui_________________
A.i B.iui uiu
C. u D.iuuuii
35. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
36. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
37. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
38. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
39. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
40. _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
41. _________________
A. hu
B. hur
C. huer
D. hu er
42. _________________
A. ya B. wa C. na
D. nga
43. _________________
A. ya
B. a
C.za
D. ra
44. _________________
A. a
B. ra
C.za
D. ya
45. _________________
A. xinhi
B. xiohir
C. xiohr
D. xiohier
BI 7: KHI QUT V VN T
Vn t, Hn t, Hn t hin hnh:
1
Vn t (ch vit) l h thng k hiu vit dng ghi chp ngn ng, l cng c giao tip ph tr quan trng nht.
2
Hn t (ch Hn) l h thng k hiu vit dng ghi chp ngn ng ca dn tc Hn. H thng ch vit ny c t tin dn tc Hn sng to nn trong qu trnh thc tin x hi lu di.
31964.3.71986.10.101955.12.221988.3.25
Hn t hin hnh l h thng ch Hn c cng b vo cc giai on sau: 7/3/1964 Bng thng k ch gin th; 22/12/1955 Bng chnh l ch d th t 1; 25/3/1988 Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng. (2 Bng sau xem Ph lc 1 & 2).
Ngun gc ch Hn:
1
H thng k hiu vn t c hnh thnh trn c s cc hnh thc ghi nh ph tr nh: hnh v, tht nt dy, bt qui, khc vch, c tng lp tr thc thi sng to qua nhiu thi k.
Vn t lc mi manh nha vn cn phn tn, cha thnh h thng. Trong qu trnh s dng, con ngi tng bc chnh l li cc hnh v hoc k hiu tng ng vi "t" trong ngn ng, ng thi c th thay th ngn ng ghi chp li s vic v giao tip thng ngy. C nh th, h thng k hiu vn t dn dn c hnh thnh.
21975()
Theo cc ti liu kho c, vo thi k cui x hi nguyn thu Trung Quc ch Hn bt u manh nha. Ch Hn bt ngun t cc hnh v v cc nt khc n gin. Nm 1975, ti di ch vn ho Ngng Thiu Ty An (cch y khong 6000 nm) pht hin trn mt s gm c cc k hiu n gin xut hin lp i lp li c quy lut. Cng thi im , ti di ch vn ho i Vn Thu Sn ng cng pht hin nhng k hiu tng t. Nhng k hiu ny c nhiu nt tng ng vi Gip ct vn, Kim vn xut hin giai on sau. C ngi cho rng, chng l tin thn ca ch Hn c i.
3V truyn thuyt "Thng Hit to ch":
Theo s sch ghi chp, Thng Hit l mt v quan ca thi k Hong . Nhng vn cha c chng c chng minh Thng Hit l ngi pht minh u tin ca ch Hn. C th Thng Hit tng m nhim cng vic su tp v chnh l Hn t, nhng sng to ra ch Hn khng phi vic ngy mt ngy hai, cng khng phi l vic m mt ngi c th lm c.
Tnh cht ch Hn:
Ch Hn c nhng tnh cht sau:
1 Tp hp ln cc k hiu vn t
935347035
V s lng k hiu vn t, kiu ch Hn c i phong ph, kt cu hnh th phc tp. Mt ch Hn l mt k hiu ring, "Thuyt vn gii t" thu thp c 9353 ch Hn, "Khang Hi t in" thu thp c 47053 ch Hn. Khng c mt h thng vn t no trn th gii li c nhiu k hiu nh vy.
6000
Hn t hin hnh sau khi c chnh k v gin th ho, s lngch c s dng thc t n nh con s trn di 6000. Tuy nhin, nu so snh h thng k hiu ch vit vi tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii, ch Hn vn c s lng k hiu vn t ln nht.
2 K hiu n m tit
Xt v mt n v k m, mt ch Hn u c mt m gc ca mnh, gi l "t bn m", m gc ny tng ng vi mt m tit v u c 3 yu t "thanh, vn, iu". Mt m tit ting Hn lc vit sang ch Hn thng c th vit thnh nhiu ch khc nhau, chng c gi l "ng m t" (ch ng m). Nhng ch ng m ny c phn bit da trn kt cu hnh th khc nhau, ng thi cng mang nhng ngha khc nhau trong ting Hn.
3 Th thng nht Hnh-m-Ngha
Xt trn gc hnh-m-ngha, mi ch Hn u c mt kt cu hnh th ring, mt m c n m tit v mt ngha nht nh no so vi cc ch Hn khc. Trong qu trnh s dng thc t, hnh-m-ngha ca ch Hn c th pht sinh thay i, v d ch (nhi) lc ghi li cch c un li ch biu th ng tc un li ca m tit trc . Lc ny, n mt i m gc n m tit ca mnh.Nhng trong cc trng hp khc, ch (nhi) vn mang m gc c thanh-vn-iu v ngha gc ca mnh.
4 Vn t ng t
Trong ting Hn hin i, ngoi mt b phn t n m tit ra, t song m tit vn chim a s, v vy ch Hn n m tit lc ghi li t song m tit, mt ch ch ghi li mt m tit trong . Nu xem m tit ny l ng t, th ch Hn ny ghi li mt ng t. Nu m tit ny v ngha, nh trong cc t ly (nh: -binf-con di-bli-thu tinh) hoc t dch m (nh: -coffee-c ph-pound-bng), nhng ch Hn ny n thun ch l k hiu ghi li mt m tit ca t .
Ngoi cc ch ly v mt b phn ch dch m, hu nh tt c cc ch Hn u c ngha, u l mt ng t. V th, ch Hn hin i thuc loi vn t ng t n m tit.
c im ch Hn:
1Vn t biu
Vn t trn th gii ch yu phn lm 2 loi: vn t biu m v vn t biu . Ch Hn thuc vn t biu , c ci tin, pht trin theo hng biu m.
2C lch s lu i
Vn t c xa trn th gii c 3 loi:
a5500
Ch hnh nm (cuneiform): cn gi l ch u inh, do ngi Sumer to ra, c dng cc nc Ba T, Babylon c, xut hin cch y 5500 nm, dit vong vo th k IV trc Cng nguyn.
b4100,
Ch Ai Cp c (hieroglyph): ch tng hnh, ngi Ai Cp c s dng, xut hin cch y 4100 nm, dit vong vo th k V sau Cng nguyn.
c60003400
Ch Hn: t liu mi nht chng minh ch Hn xut hin cch y hn 6000 nm, nu nh tnh t khi xut hin ch Gip ct th ch Hn cng c hn 3400 nm lch s.
3Pht trin c lp
y l h thng ch vit pht trin c lp duy nht trn th gii, v d ting Duy Ng Nh bt ngun t ting -Rp, ting Ty Tng bt ngun t ting Phn (n ), ting Mng C bt ngun t ting Hi Ht
4
C s ngi s dng nhiu nht, chim dn s th gii.
5
C a v quc t, l 1 trong 6 loi ngn ng c s dng Lin Hip Quc
6 C gi tr ngh thut cao.
Ch Hn v Ting Hn:
1 Quan h mt thit:
Sn sinh v pht trin trn c s ting Hn: ch Hn ch c sn sinh khi ting Hn pht trin n mt giai on nht nh. Nu tch ri khi ting Hn, ch Hn s khng th tn ti.
.
Thch ng vi cc c im ca ting Hn: ch Hn biu c s dng hng ngn nm, c nhiu nguyn nhn: giai cp bc lt lng on ch Hn trong mt thi gian di, chng li s ci cch; kinh t di ch n l v phong kin pht trin chm chp, mi ngi khng quan tm lm n vic ci cch ch Hn. Phng ng Trung Quc qu nhiu; Tng ch Hn n l ph hp vi kt cu ting Hn c i: t thay i v mt hnh thi, 1 ch 1 m l s kt hp hon ho nht.
.
Chu s chi phi ca ting Hn: ting Hn pht trin t n gin n phc tp, trn c s cc phng ng khc nhau pht trin thnh mt th ting chung cho c dn tc, khin ch Hn cng pht trin t t n nhiu. Cc ch phn th, d th cng dn c nh hnh ho. T vn t biu pht trin thm thnh phn biu m. Cc nt, kt cu phc tp c gin th ho Nhng iu ny chng minh rng, s pht trin ca ch Hn i cng vi s pht trin ca ting Hn.
2 Hin tng khng ng b:
Ch, t v ng khng tng ng vi nhau r rt.
S lng ch Hn c hn, khng th ghi chp ting Hn mt cch hon ho.
m v ngha tch ri nhau, khng th ghi chp ng m mt cch hon ho.
Ch khng dng tng i nhiu (ch d th, ch phn th).
Ch ng m nhiu (v d m "y" tng ng vi cc ch Hn sau: ), v vy phi t t phn bit, tng thm kh cho ngn ng.
BI 8: HNH TH CH HN
Din bin hnh th ch Hn:
1 Ch Gip ct (Gip ct vn):
1927%
Ch Gip ct cn c gi l "n Kh vn t", "Bc t", "n Kh", l vn t c khc trn mai ra hoc xng th vo thi n Thng. c pht hin vo cui th k 19 ti di ch kinh nh n, nay l An Dng (H Nam), l kiu ch Hn sm nht c pht hin cho n nay. Trong ch gip ct, ch Hnh thanh chim 27%, iu cho thy ch gip ct l h thng vn t tng i hon chnh.
c im ca th ch ny l:
ng nt nh v di, nt gp ngay ngn.
Kt cu khng thng nht, to nh khc nhau.
Cch vit linh hot, ch d th nhiu.
- - ch "Xa" (xe)
- - ch "Mn" (ca)
2 Ch Kim (Kim vn):
Ch Kim l vn t c khc hoc c trn ng thi Thng Chu, cn gi l "Chung nh vn".
c im ca th ch ny l:
ng nt to rng, nt gp hi trn.
Kt cu kh thng nht, kch c ng u.
ng nt ho, k hiu ho nhiu hn tnh tng hnh.
Ch hnh thanh xut hin nhiu, nhng ch d th vn cn kh ln.
- ch "Ngu" (tru)
- ch "V" (ma)
3 Ch i trin:
7708C s khc bit gia ngha rng v ngha hp. Ngha rng ch cc loi vn t c thi Tin Tn, bao gm Gip ct vn v Kim vn; Ngha hp ch loi vn t thi Xun Thu Chin Quc cho n nc Tn. Cn c gi l Tru vn. Kiu ch i trin tiu biu l kiu ch c khc trn "thch c" ( hnh chic trng) vo nm 770 TCN (nm th 8 i Tn Tng Cng) , c gi l "Thch c vn".
c im ca th ch i trin l:
ng nt ho cch vit, nt gp trn tra.
Th ch u n, vung vc hn.
- ch "Xa" (xe)
- ch "Mn" (ca)
4 Ch Tiu trin:
Ch Tiu trin c pht trin trn c s ch i trin v thnh hnh sau khi Tn Thu Hong thng nht su nc (T, S, Yn, Hn, Triu, Ngy), tiu biu l th ch c khc trn ni Thi Sn, gi l "Thi Sn khc thch".
(Thi Sn khc thch)
B t in u tin ca Trung Quc "Thuyt vn gii t" phn tch hnh th ch Hn trn c s th ch Tiu trin.
c im ca th ch ny l:
Gim bt tnh ho, hng n k hiu ho vn t.
Gim bt s nt trong mt ch.
Xo b mt lot ch d th.
- Ch "Xa, Mn, Ngu"
Ch Tiu trin l kt qu ca phong tro chun ho ch Hn ln th nht trong lch s Trung Quc, c ngha cc k quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca ch Hn, khin ch Hn t giai on vn t biu hnh chuyn sang giai on vn t biu .
5 ch L (L th):
Ch L c cc l (sai dch, nha dch) s dng nhiu nn c tn ny, phn lm 2 loi: Tn l (c l) v Hn l (kim l)
c im ca ch L l:
Ch vit theo nt r rng.
Thot ra khi tnh tng hnh, nghing v k hiu ho.
Tng cng gin ho nt bt.
Trong qu trnh pht trin ch Hn, ch L c ngha vch thi i, l ranh gii ca c kim vn t.
6 ch Khi (Khi th):
Khi th (ch Khi) cn c gi l Chnh th, Chn th, vi ngha quy c chnh t, xng ng l khi m (khun mu). Ch Khi pht trin trn c s ch L, c dng nhiu vo cui thi Hn, thnh hnh vo thi Ngy Tn, v c dng cho n tn ngy nay.
c im ca th ch ny l: nt bt ngay thng, kiu ch n nh, kt cu cht ch. Ch Khi c nh hnh ho, c qu trnh s dng di nht.
7 ch Tho (Tho th):
V ngha rng cc th ch u c Tho th, ch Tho tr thnh mt th ch c lp xut hin vo thi ng Hn, bao gm Chng Tho, Kim Tho v Cung Tho.
1
Chng Tho ch kiu ch Tho Hn L thnh hnh thi Hn Chng (ng Hn). Nt bt un ln bay bng, tuy cc nt dnh lin nhau (lin bt), nhng cc ch vn c vit c lp. V d:
Hong Tng th
2
Kim Tho xut hin thi ng Hn, din bin trn c s Chng Tho, hnh th ko di, cc ch dnh lin nhau, c lc khng dnh lin nhau nhng khng t mch, c ngi i gi l nht bt th. Lc vit rt nhanh nhng kh nhn ra ch. V d:
- ch ca Vng Hy Chi
3
Cung Tho xut hin vo i ng, bin ho khn cng, nt bt nhiu t tu , kh vit kh nhn. Kiu ch ny t dng, thng dng lm tc phm ngh thut. V d:
-(Lang quan Thch tr k - Trng Hc)
8 Hnh th (ch Hnh):
Xut hin cui thi ng Hn, nm gi hai th ch Khi v Tho.
--
Lan nh T-Vng Hy Chi-Thin h nht hnh th
Ch Hnh khng ngay ngn nh ch Khi, khng phng tng nh ch Tho, nt bt lin nhau nhng cc ch vn c lp vi nhau, d nhn d nh, phm vi ng dng rng ri. C 2 loi ch Hnh: Hnh Tho v Hnh Khi.
-
Hnh Tho - ch ca Tng Thch
Hnh Khi - ch ca Nhm Chnh
Nguyn nhn din bin hnh th ch Hn:
Ch Hn vi t cch l k hiu vit, trong qu trnh s dng thc t lun hng n s n gin, r rng v nhanh chng, y cng l nguyn nhn chnh khin hnh th ch Hn lun thay i. ng thi, tn sut s dng cng nh vt liu, cng c vit thay i cng l nhng nguyn nhn quan trng khc.
Di y l s thay i v vt liu v cng c vit:
1 Qu trnh s dng cc vt liu vit
Trc khi thut lm giy c pht minh, ngi Trung Quc s dng cc vt liu sau lu li ch Hn
Mai ra, xng th: ch Gip ct.
Chung, nh, gm: ch Trin, ch Kim.
Bia , th tre: ch Trin, ch L, ch Khi, ch Hnh, ch Tho
Gm la vi vc: ch Trin, ch L, ch Khi, ch Hnh, ch Tho
Sau khi thut lm giy c pht minh, ngoi nhng nhu cu c bit, ni chung giy l vt liu vit c s dng ph bin nht.
Bc vo thi i cng ngh thng tin, s dng my vi tnh cho vic x l ch Hn c ng dng ngy cng rng ri. Bn phm, mn hnh u l nhng cng c truyn ti ch Hn hiu qu. Vic ng dng cc phn mm mi c th to ra c v s font ch Hn p, hnh th ch Hn cng tr nn v cng phong ph a dng, c th p ng c mi nhu cu ca con ngi i vi s thay i kiu ch Hn.
2 Cng c vit ch
------------
S thay i ca "bt" tri qua nhiu giai on, t "bt dao" n "bt mm", "bt cng" v hin nay l "bt my tnh".
Bt dao: l dao khc trn mai ra, xng th, g Cc dng c c dng khc ch trn cng thuc loi bt ny.
Bt mm: bt lng dng vit trn th tre, vi vc, giy t
Bt cng: cc loi bt my, bt bi, bt ch ang c s dng hin nay
Bt my tnh: bn phm, chut, bt t
Cc loi bt truyn thng hin nay vn cha hon ton bin mt. Bt lng vn l cng c vit th php, vn c nhiu ngi hc tp v s dng. Bt dao nhiu ni vn l cng c khc du (trin) hiu qu. Th nhng chng ta cng nn ch mt iu rng, cc cng c truyn thng ny ang dn dn b k thut vi tnh thay th. Chng ta c th s dng my tnh cho vic khc ch, khc con du, khc trn , trn st thp Cc th ch (font) u c th to ra phc v cho cc mc ch .
Quy lut din bin hnh th ch Hn
1 ng nt ho nt bt
Nt bt c mt qu trnh hnh thnh lu di. Giai on t ch Gip ct n ch Trin, hnh thnh cc nt thng v chuyn trn. Sau khi "L bin", dn dn hnh thnh h thng nt bt cn i, ng nt thng nht cao th ch Khi.
2 K hiu ho hnh th ch
Trong lch s pht trin ch Hn tng c l lun "Lc th" (xem bi 7), lin h hnh th v ngha ch li vi nhau tin cho vic phn tch v l gii m c cng nh ngha ca ch. Cch lm ny khng xem ch Hn l cc k hiu, m xem chng l s t hp ca cc hnh v nhm biu t mt ngha no .
Qu trnh din bin hnh th ch Hn ln nht l t ch Trin chuyn sang ch L, gi l "L bin". "L bin" ph v cch nhn nhn c v ch Hn c i. Ch Hn cn i, c bit l ch Hn hin i sau khi c gin th ho trit ph v cch nhn nhn c nu trn i vi ch Khi, m xem chng di gc c "k hiu ho" hon ton..
3 Quy chun ho kt cu
Qua qu trnh din bin lu di, ch Hn dn dn c quy chun ho, kch c ln b ng nht, hnh th cng p mt hn. S quy chun ho ny dn c hnh thnh sau khi thut in n c pht minh.
BI 9: LC TH
"Lc th" l quy tc cu hnh c cc nh ngn ng hc c i phn tch quy np m thnh da trn c s lin h gia hnh th v ngha ch Hn.
Tng hnh
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t" ca Ha Thn, "ch tng hnh l ch v nn cc vt, da vo hnh th, nh ch (nht), ch (nguyt) vy."
- ch "Nht" (mt tri)
Cc loi tng hnh:
1. (v tng th s vt)
2. (v b phn s vt) Nh ch "Dng" v cp sng d cong Cc ch khc:
- ch "Dng" (d, cu)
3. V nhng s vt c lin quan vi nhau (ch tng hnh phc tp), nh trang sc trn ch "Xa" (xe)Cc ch khc:
364C 364 ch Tng hnh trong sch TVGT, chim 4%.
Ch s:
HYPERLINK "http://www.yyxx.sdu.edu.cn/chinese/new/content/3/02/"
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Ch s l loi ch trng m bit c, xt th r , nh ch (thng), ch (h) vy". Ch s l cch to ch dng cc k hiu mang tnh tng trng hoc thm k hiu gi vo ch tng hnh.
Ch ch s c 2 loi
1c to nn t cc k hiu mang tnh tng trng thun tu, biu th con s hoc s vt tru tng, loi ch ny rt t, v d(mt)(hai)(ba)(bn)(thng)(h)
2Thm k hiu gi trn c s ch tng hnh. V d:
Ch "Cam" (ngt) thm 1 chm trong ch khu, biu th trong ming ang ngm thc n ngon ngt.
Ch "Mu" (m) dng thm 2 chm biu th bu v, tng trng cho ph n lm m.
Ch "Bn" (gc) dng thm du chm di biu th phn gc ca cy.
125C khong 125 ch Ch s trong sch TVGT, chim 1%.
Ch Ch s v ch Tng hnh u l ch c th, s khc nhau ch yu ca 2 loi ch ny l: ch Ch s ch trng dng k hiu tru tng gi trn c s ch Tng hnh, cn ch Tng hnh ch trng v hnh dng gc ca s vt, v sao cho ging hnh dng gc .
Hi :
HYPERLINK "http://www.yyxx.sdu.edu.cn/chinese/new/content/3/02/"
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Hi l loi ch hp cc phn m thy c ngha, nh ch (V), ch (Tn) vy". y l phng php to ch kt hp hai hoc hai ch Tng hnh hoc Ch s tr ln, cng biu t mt ngha.
Ch yu c hai hnh thc:
1 (ng th hi )
2 (D th hi )
Ch Hi l ch hp th, t nht cng do 2 ch hp thnh. Vic ra i ch Hi l tiu ch cho thy ch Hn t biu hnh chuyn dn sang biu , cch to ch cng tin b hn ch Tng hnh v Ch s.
Hnh thanh:
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Hnh thanh l ch ly vt lm tn, mn thanh hp thnh, nh ch (giang), ch (h) vy." Ch Hnh thanh l cch to ch trn c s kt hp b th biu th ngha v b th biu th m c.
1 Cc hnh thc t hp hnh thanh:
1 (hnh trn thanh di)
2 (thanh trn hnh di)
3 (hnh tri thanh phi)
4 (thanh tri hnh phi)
5 (hnh trong thanh ngoi)
6 (thanh trong hnh ngoi)
7 (kt cu c th) -hnh nm mt gc- thanh nm mt gc
C mt s b th biu th c m ln ngha. V d: .
C mt s b th u khng biu th m v ngha. V d: .
2u im ca s kt hp Hnh Thanh:
1Kh nng to t cao. V d:
Vi b (mc-mt) biu hnh, c th to ra rt nhiu ch Hnh thanh nh trn.
Vi b (long-rng) biu thanh, c th to ra cc ch Hnh thanh nh trn.
Cho d b th biu hnh v biu thanh ging nhau nhng hnh thc t hp khc nhau cng c th to ra cc ch khc nhau. V d: /////////
2
Hn ch hin tng 1 ch nhiu ngha do ng m gi t gy nn. V d: ---------------
3
Trnh nhm ln gia cc ch na n nhau, sa li ghi sai ch. V d: //////
3u - Nhc im ca phn Hnh:
C u im biu th c ngha ca ch, gip chng ta tm hiu c ngha ch, nhng nhc im cng rt ln:
1Biu t ngha khng c th. V d: ---
2Tc dng biu t ngha b h thp hoc mt i. V d:
3Biu t t tng khng tin b. V d:
4Hnh thay i, kh nhn ra hnh gc. V d:
4. u - nhc im ca phn Thanh:
u im ca phn Thanh l biu th c m c khi qut ca ch, gip chng ta nhn bit ch d dng hn. Nhc im l:
1Biu m khng chun. V d:
7504355753C ngi thng k rng, trong 7504 ch Hnh thanh hin i, ch c 355 ch biu m chnh xc, chim 4.7%. Thanh mu, Vn mu ging nhau nhng Thanh iu khc nhau c 753 ch, chim 10%.
2Thanh kh nhn ra. V d:
Chuyn ch:
HYPERLINK "http://www.yyxx.sdu.edu.cn/chinese/new/content/3/02/"
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Chuyn ch l ch nn mt u loi, ng cng nhn, nh ch (kho), ch (lo) vy". Ch "lo" v ch "kho" u c ngha l "gi", nn ngi ta chuyn ch "kho" ch thch ch "lo" v ngc li, v th gi l "chuyn ch". Vy ch "chuyn ch" l nhng ch ng ngha nhng c hnh dng khc nhau.
C 3 loi ch Chuyn ch
1Nhng ch c cng mt b th c ngha lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V d:
Kiu (thu lng) - Lng (thu kiu): u c ngha l cy cu, c cng b (mc-cy).
p (tin) - Tin (L) - L (tin): u mang ngha "gim, p", c cng b (tc-chn)
Nhng ch Hn trong 2 v d trn khng ng m, ng hnh nhng ngha tng t nhau, kt cu hnh th c b th ging nhau nn cu thnh quan h "chuyn ch".
2Nhng ch khng c cng b th nhng c ngha lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V d:
Vn (tn) - Tn (vn): u mang ngha "hi han".
St (lc) - Lc (st): u mang ngha "git hi".
Trong 2 v d trn, hnh v m ca ch khng c im g chung, nhng ngha li ging nhau nn cng cu thnh quan h "chuyn ch".
3Cng mt ch nhng v "chuyn ch" nn sn sinh ra ngha khc. V d:
Ch (L) c ngha gc l "gim p". Chu Tun Thanh trong "Thuyt vn thng hun nh thanh" cho rng: ch ny c ngha gc l "tin" (gim p), chuyn ch thnh ngha "cng c gim p". Nh vy "l" t mt ng t chuyn thnh mt danh t vi ngha l "giy".
Ch Chuyn ch do c mi quan h mt thit v mt ngha, v vy hin nay chng c dng di dng t song m tit, nh: "cu cng, gim p, st ht"Ch Chuyn ch bn thn n l ch Hnh thanh, c bit c mt s ch Hi . Tt c cc v d nu trn u l ch Hnh thanh.
Gi t:
Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Gi t l ch vn khng c ch , nh thanh m gi s, nh ch (lnh), ch (trng) vy." Nhng s vt trong v tr th nhiu v cng, nu c c mt s vt phi c mt vn t th kh c th t cho ch c. V vy li "gi t" (vay mn) tr nn cn thit. V d:
Lnh: ch Hi mang ngha gc "mnh lnh", mn dng lm ch "lnh" trong "huyn lnh" (quan huyn).
Trng: ch Tng hnh mang ngha gc "ln tui", mn dng lm ch "trng" trong "trng quan" (quan ln, quan trn).
o: ch Hi mang ngha gc "con ng", mn dng lm ch "o" trong "o c".
Nhng v d trn u thuc cch to ch Hnh thanh hoc Hi , nhng mt i ngha gc ca n. V vy, trn gc s dng, chng thuc ch Gi t.
Php Gi t hng s pht trin ca ch Hn t gc Hnh-Ngha ln gc m-Ngha, thc y php Hnh thanh pht trin su rng. C th ni, php Gi t c a v v cng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin nhn thc l tnh ca cu hnh ch Hn.
Trong Lc th ch c 4 loi u l php to ch, Chuyn ch v Gi t l php dng ch, bi v 2 loi ny khng to ra ch mi.
BI 10: KT CU CH HN
n v kt cu:
1Nt bt (Bt ho):
1 nh ngha
Bt ho l cc chm v ng to nn hnh th ch Hn, cng l n v kt cu nh nht ca ch Hn. Theo yu cu khi vit ch Khi, t lc h bt n lc nhc bt l mt nt (nht bt), cn c gi l mt nt v (nht ho), hp xng bt ho, hnh dng c th ca bt ho gi l bt hnh.
Vn t c khng c khi nim "bt ho". Ch Trin hnh dng trn tra, cc nt dnh lin vi nhau, rt kh phn nh v tr h bt v nhc bt. T ch L tr i bt u hnh thnh cc nt bt thng, nhng c mt s ch hay b th c vit vi bao nhiu nt vn khng c quy nh c th, v d ch (khu). Cho n khi xut hin "Vnh t bt php" (8 nt chnh ca ch Vnh) ni ting ca ch Khi th mi xc nh c h thng "bt ho" ca ch Hn.
2 Cc nt c bn
Cc nt c bn cn c vo tm nt chnh trong ch (vnh) ca Vng Hy Chi, nhng nt ny l c s cu thnh ch Hn.
a Chm:
chm ngn
chm di
chm ht:
chm tri
phy chm
b Ngang:
ngang bng
c S:
s ngn
s di
d Phy:
phy di
phy ngn
phy nm
phy s
s gp phy:
ngang gp phy
ngang gp gp phy
e Mc:
mc ngang
mc nghing:
fHt:
s ht
ngang gp ht
g Mc:
ngang mc:
ngang gp phy cong mc
ngang gp mc
ngang gp gp gp mc
ngang gp cong mc
ngang gp nging mc
s mc:
s cong mc:
s gp gp mc:
nghing mc:
cong mc:
nm mc:
e Gp:
ngang gp
ngang gp gp gp
ngang gp cong
s gp
s gp gp:
s cong
phy gp
4Cc hnh thc t hp ca nt bt:
a cch nhau
Cc nt bt tch ri nhau, khng c im tip xc. V d:
b tip nhau
Cc nt bt tip xc nhau. V d:
c giao nhau
Cc nt bt an cho nhau. V d:
Cc nt bt ging nhau, quy tc bt thun cng nh nhau nhng c hnh thc t hp khc nhau cng s hnh thnh cc ch khc nhau. V d: . y l im cn c bit ch trong qu trnh dy hc v vit ch.
2Thin bng, B th
1 Thin bng
Thin bng l n v cu to ch s dng hnh thc nh phn phn tch ch Hn.
a
Ch c th: do 1 thin bng cu thnh. Lc ny khng cn gi l thin bng. V d:
b
Ch hp th: do hai hoc hai thin bng tr ln t hp thnh 1 ch Hn.
Cch gi truyn thng l "t thin hu bng" (thin bn tri bng bn phi), by gi gi chung l "thin bng".
Thin bng ca ch "dng" l "mc, dng".
Thin bng ca ch "ho" l "n, t".
2 B th
B th l thin bng c tc dng quy loi kiu ch. B t in u tin trong lch s Trung Quc "Thuyt vn gii t" a ra khi nim "b th" u tin, dng sp xp th t ch Hn.
B th ca ch "dng" l "mc".
B th ca ch "ho" l "n".
B th t khi ra i cho n nay tri qua nhiu ln thay i v mt s lng:
540"Thuyt vn gii t" xc nh 540 b th.
214"Chnh t thng" hp li cn 214 b.
214"Khang Hy t in" dng li 214 b. (Xem ph lc 3)
201"Hin i Hn ng thng dng t biu" ch a ra 201 b.
189"Tn Hoa t in" gim xung cn 189 b.
Phng thc kt cu
Phng thc kt cu l phng thc sp xp v tr ca cc thnh phn cu to nn ch Hn. Phng thc kt cu ca ch Hn ch yu bn n phng thc kt cu ca ch hp th.
C cc loi phng thc kt cu chnh sau:
1kt cu trn-di
2kt cu trn-gia-di
3kt cu tri-phi
4kt cu tri-gia-phi
5kt cu ton bao vy
6kt cu bn bao vy
7kt cu xuyn tm
8kt cu ch phm
Bt thun
Bt thun l th t vit cc nt ca ch Hn.
1 Quy tc chung:
1ngang trc s sau
2phy trc mc sau
3trn trc di sau
4Tri trc phi sau
5ngoi trc trong sau
6vo trc ng sau
7gia trc hai bn sau
2 Quy tc b sung:
Cc quy tc bt thun nu trn ch l quy tc chung, do kt cu ch Hn phc tp, hnh th a dng, nn bt thun ca nhiu ch l s vn dng tng hp ca cc quy tc trn, khng nn qu cu n. V d:
1
Nt chm trn cng hoc bn tri, vit trc. V d:
2
Nt chm trn cng bn phi hoc bn trong, vit sau. V d:
3 Kt cu bn bao vy
Bn bao vy trn-tri hoc trn-phi, ngoi trc trong sau. V d:
Bn bao vy tri-di (b xc, b dn) vit sau cng. V d:
Bn bao vy pha di, vit trong trc ngoi sau. V d:
Bn bao vy pha trn, vit ngoi trc trong sau. V d:
Bn bao vy pha bn phi, vit nt trn cng trc, sau vit phn pha trong ri mi n cc nt cn li. V d:
PHN PH LC
1
Ph lc 1: Bng chnh l t d hnh t 1
Cc t trc du gch ngang l cc t c chnh l, l cch vit ng.
/
2
Ph lc 2: Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng
Theo th t nt bt
2500
2500 ch thng dng
1 nt
2 nt
3 nt
4 nt
5 nt
6 nt
7 nt
8 nt
9 nt
10 nt
11 nt
12 nt
13 nt
14 nt
15 nt
16 nt
17 nt
18 nt 19 nt 20 nt21 nt 22 nt 23 nt
1000
1000 ch thng dng cp 2
2 nt
4 nt
5 nt
6 nt
7 nt
8 nt
9 nt
10 nt
11 nt
12 nt
13 nt
14 nt
15 nt
16 nt
17 nt
18 nt 19 nt 20 nt 21 nt 22 nt 23 nt
214
Ph lc 3: 214 B th
STT
B
TH
TN
GI
NGHA
STT
B
TH
TN
GI
NGHA
1 nt
111.
Th
Cy tn
1.
Nht
Mt
112.
Thch
2.
Cn
S
113.
Th
Bo, dy
3.
Ch
Chm
114.
Nhu
Du chn th
4.
Phit
Phy
115.
Ho
La
5.
t
Cong
116.
Huyt
Hang
6.
Quyt
S mc
117.
Lp
ng
2 nt
6 nt
7.
Nh
Hai
118.
Trc
Tre
8.
u
Chm u
119.
M
Go
9.
Nhn
Ngi
120.
Mch
T
10.
Nhi
Ngi
121.
Phu
Ci v
11.
Nhp
Vo
122.
Vng
Li
12.
Bt
Tm
123.
Dng
D
13.
Quynh
Trng rng
124.
V
Lng (v)
14.
Mch
Che
125.
Lo
Gi
15.
Bng
Gi, lnh
126.
Nhi
M
16.
K
Gh
127.
Li
Ci cy
17.
Khm
Lm, H
128.
Nh
Tai
18.
ao
Dao
129.
Dut
Ci bt
19.
Lc
Sc
130.
Nhc
Tht
20.
Bao
Bc
131.
Thn
B ti
21.
Chy
Tha, mung
132.
T
T
22.
Phng
Hp
133.
Ch
n
23.
H
Che ct
134.
Cu
Ci ci
24.
Thp
Mi
135.
Thit
Li
25.
Bc
Bi
136.
Xuyn
Ngang tri
26.
Tit
Tin, mt tre
137.
Chu
Thuyn
27.
Hn
Sn ni
138.
Cn
Bn, vng
28.
Kh
Gian, ring
139.
Sc
Mu
29.
Hu
Li
140.
Tho
C
3 nt
141.
H
Cp
30.
Khu
Ming
142.
Trng
Su b
31.
Vi
Vy quanh
143.
Huyt
Mu
32.
Th
t ai
144.
Hnh
i
33.
S
Hc tr
145.
Y
o
34.
Truy
n sau
146.
Che
35.
Tuy
i chm
7 nt
36.
Tch
m, ti
147.
Kin
Thy
37.
i
To ln
148.
Gic
Sng
38.
N
Con gi
149.
Ngn
Ni
39.
T
Con, con trai
150.
Cc
Hang
40.
Min
Mi nh
151.
u
Ht u
41.
Thn
Tc
152.
Th
Con heo, ln
42.
Tiu
Nh
153.
Tr
Sukhngchn
43.
Ung
Khom lng
154.
Bi
Con s
44.
Thi
Thy
155.
Xch
Mu
45.
Trit
C mi mc
156.
Tu
Chy
46.
Sn
Ni
157.
Tc
Chn
47.
Xuyn
Sng
158.
Thn
Thn th
48.
Cng
Th
159.
Xa
Xe
49.
K
Bn thn
160.
Tn
Cay
50.
Cn
Khn
161.
Thn
Sm
51.
Can
Phm
162.
Xc
i
52.
Yu
t, nh b
163.
p
Khu t
53.
Ym
Mi nh
164.
Du
Gi Du, no
54.
Dn
Bc di
165.
Bin
Chia, phn
55.
Cng
Chp tay
166.
L
Dm
56.
Dc
Bn
8 nt
57.
Cung
Cy cung
167.
Kim
Vng
58.
K
u nhm
168.
Trng
Di
59.
Sam
Lng, tc
169.
Mn
Ca
60.
Xch
Bc ngn
170.
Ph
G, ng
4 nt
171.
i
Kp, ui bt
61.
Tm
Tim, tm lng
172.
Chuy
Chim non
62.
Qua
Ci mc
173.
V
Ma
63.
H
Ca ng
174.
Thanh
Mu xanh
64.
Th
Tay
175.
Phi
Khng phi
65.
Chi
Cnh
9 nt
66.
Phc
nh nh
176.
Din
Mt
67.
Vn
Nt
177.
Cch
Da
68.
u
Ci u
178.
Vi
Da mm
69.
Cn
Cn, ci ru
179.
Cu
Rau h
70.
Phng
Vung
180.
m
Ting
71.
V
Khng
181.
Hit
u
72.
Nht
Mt tri
182.
Phong
Gi
73.
Vit
Rng
183.
Phi
Bay
74.
Nguyt
Mt trng
184.
Thc
n
75.
Mc
Cy
185.
Th
u
76.
Khim
Thiu
186.
Hng
Thm
77.
Ch
Dng
10 nt
78.
i
Xu
187.
M
Nga
79.
Th
Cy gy
188.
Ct
Xng
80.
V
ng
189.
Cao
Cao
81.
T
So snh
190.
Biu
Tc di
82.
Mao
Lng
191.
u
nh nhau
83.
Th
H
192.
Sng
Ru np
84.
Kh
Hi
193.
Lch
Ni, ch
85.
Thu
Nc
194.
Qu
Ma qu
86.
Ho
La
11 nt
87.
Tro
Mng, vut
195.
Ng
C
88.
Ph
Cha
196.
iu
Chim
89.
Ho
Giao nhau
197.
L
Mui t nhin
90.
Tng
Tm phn
198.
Lc
Hu, nai
91.
Phin
Mnh, tm
199.
Mch
La mch
92.
Nha
Rng
200.
Ma
Cy gai
93.
Ngu
Tru, b
12 nt
94.
Khuyn
Ch
201.
Hong
Vng
5 nt
202.
Th
La k
95.
Ngc
Ngc
203.
Hc
en
96.
Huyn
en
204.
Ch
May o
97.
Qua
Da
13 nt
98.
Ngo
Ngi
205.
Mnh
Loi cc
99.
Cam
Ngt
206.
nh
nh, vc
100.
Sinh
Sng
207.
C
Ci trng
101.
Dng
Dng
208.
Th
Loi chut
102.
in
Rung
14 nt
103.
S
209.
T
Ci mi
104.
Tt
Bnh tt
210.
T
Chnh t
105.
Bt
Ri ra
211.
X
Rng
106.
Bch
Trng
16 nt
107.
B
Da
212.
Long
Rng
108.
Mnh
Chn, da
213.
Quy
Ra
109.
Mc
Mt
17 nt
110.
Mu
Ci gio
214.
Dc
ng so 3 l
TI LIU THAM KHO
1) ()1999
2) 1999
3) 1993
4) 2000
5) 1987
6) 2002
7) 2000
8) Nguyn Vn Ba, Nho vn gio khoa ton th, Vit Nam vn hin, Sign 1970.
9) Nguyn Quang Hng, m tit v loi hnh ngn ng, NXB Khoa hc x hi, H Ni 1994.
10) http://www.jsedu.net/
11) http://www.mymandarin.com/
12) http://www.sdu.edu.cn/
Th t gp gi v:
- MC LC
BI 1: KHI QUT NG M HN NG HIN I
1
BI 2: THANH MU
8
BI 3: VN MU
15
BI 4: THANH IU
22
BI 5: BIN M
27
BI 6: BI TP TRC NGHIM NG M
35
BI 7: KHI QUT V VN T
39
BI 8: HNH TH CH HN
46
BI 9: LC TH
60
BI 10: KT CU CH HN
67
1
Ph lc 1: Bng chnh l t d hnh t 1
78
2
Ph lc 2: Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng
85
214
Ph lc 3: 214 B th
91
TI LIU THAM KHO
96
19
97
