Bahasa Botany

8/6/2019 Bahasa Botany

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bahasa-botany 1/42



Botani kajian saintifik kehidupan tumbuhan.

Sains tumbuhan atau biologi tumbuhan.

Tumbuhan, alga dan kulat ± struktur/anatomi

- tumbesaran

- pembiakan

- metabolisma

- perkembangan

- penyakit

- pengkelasan/taksonomi/

- fungsi/fisiologi

- evolusi



Bidang-bidang dalam Botani

Agronomy² Application of plant science to crop production

Bryology²Mosses, liverworts, and hornwarts

Economic botany²The place of plants in economics

Ethnobotany²Relationship between humans and plants

Forestry²Forest management and related studies

Horticulture²Cultivated plantsPaleobotany²Fossil plants

Palynology²Pollen and spores

Phytochemistry²Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes

Phytomorphology²Structure and life cycles

Plant anatomy²Cell and tissue structure

Plant ecology²Role of plants in the environmentPlant genetics²Genetic inheritance in plants

Plant pathology²Plant diseases

Plant systematics²Classification and naming of plants



Pengklasan Saintific atau Pengklasan biologi adalah kaedah

spesis organisma di kumpulkan dan di kategarikan

Taksonomi ± sifat fizikal/morfologi

Deskripsi, kelas dan penamaan.

1. Kingdom - Plantae2. Phylum - Angiospermophyta

3. Class - Monocotyledonea

4. Order - Liliales

5. Family - Liliaceae

6. Genus - Allium

7. Species - sativum (Garlic)



1. Kingdom - Plantae

2. Phylum - Anthophyta

3. Class - Monocotyledones4. Order - Cyperales

5. Family - Poaceae

6. Genus - Zea

7. Species - mays (corn)



Terdapat 10 juta spesis organisma hidupPerlu di kelaskan sistematik

Pada tahun 1753 - Swede Carolus Linnaeus

memperkenalkan binomial nomenclature untuk

menamakan organisma.

Terdiri daripada dua bahagian: nama genus (dgn huruf

besar) dan nama spesifik (dgn huruf kecil)

Contoh: Cocos nuc if er a (kelapa) dan S olanum nig r um

(terung meranti).

Ganti sistem panamaan umum



The kingdom Monera (Bacteria) is the lowest of the five kindoms from

an evolutionary standpoint.

Kingdom Monera is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

Ciri-ciri: berfotosintesis, mempunyai klorofil a, unisel, koloni atau

filamen

Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta (alga hijau biru)

Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, spirulina.



Cell Structure

Monerans are unicellular

Prokaryotic, that is, they lack membrane bound organelles.

Still, the organism is able to perform the metabolic functionsnecessary for life. They do this using specialized membranes inside

the cell.

The cell structure that is present in monerans is a cell wall.

This cell wall differs from that of a plant, however. It is not made of cellulose but of peptidoglycan, a mix of sugars and proteins.



Eubacteria

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

Gram-positive bacteria have simple cell walls

made of mostly peptidoglycan.

Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, havemore complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan

and more lipopolysaccharides, which are

carbohydrates bonded to lipids.



Motility

About half of all bacteria are capable of directional movement.

Three distinct mechanisms are used for this. The most common is flagella.

Spirocytes have a different method of locomotion from which their name is

derived. They have several flagella-like filaments in a spiral around the cell. Theyuse these to move like a corkscrew.

The third method is quite different. Many bacteria secrete slimy chemicals and

move by gliding along these.

Taxis is movement toward or away from a stimulus. Bacteria have receptors thatdetect the presence of oxygen, food, or toxins. If nothing is detected, the bacteria

just move around randomly.



Repr oduction

They do not use mitosis or meiosis. They reproduce simply by

binary fission.

The cell is constantly replicating DN A, and when there is enough,

the cell splits in two. Because of this, bacteria are capable of vary

rapid reproduction.

Nutr ition

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

PhotoheterotrophsChemoheterotrophs



The first of the other kingdoms to diverge from bacteriawas the kingdom protista.

Protists are eukaryotes

Most scientists agree that the development of eukaryotes

is due to endosymbiosis in bacteria - eukaryotic cells.

There are three types of protists. Each resembles one of

the higher kingdoms. Animallike protists are called

protozoans.

Plantlike protists are called algae.

Finally, there are Funguslike protists, which have no

special name.



Pr otozoa

Protozoa are like animals in that they are heterotrophic, getting nutrition by

consuming other organisms. There are six phyla of protozoa:

Rhizopoda - Ameoba

Actinopoda

Foraminifera

Apicomplexa ± Plasmodium (Malarial parasite)

Zoomastigophora ± Euglena, Trypanosoma

Ciliophora - Paramecium



Algae

Algae are photosynthetic. Ecologically, they are very important as half of all

the photosynthetic production of organic matter can be attributed to them.

They all use chlorophyll a, but each individual kind uses other pigments. In

fact, they are named for their color.

Euglenophyta - Euglena ± green

Dinoflagellata ± Dinoflagellates ± brown

Bacillariophyta - Diatoms - olive brown - Navicula

Chrysophyta - Golden algae - golden olive

Phaeophyta - Brown algae - olive brown ± Sargassum, Fucus

Rhodophyta - Red algae - red to black - GracilariaChlorophyta - Green algae ± green ± Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra.



Dinobyron (a golden alga) Volvox (a green alga)



Funguslike Protists

The funguslike protists are not that close to fungi

evolutionarily, but they do have superficial similarities.

There are three types of funguslike protists.

Myxomycota, or plamodial slime molds - Synchytrium

Acrasiomycota, or cellular slime molds - Hyphochytrium

Oomycota, or water molds - Phytophthora



The Three Major Divisions of Fungi

1. Zygomycota - Rhizopus

2. Ascomycota - Sordaria

3. Basidiomycota ± Aspergillus, Penicillium



Rhizopus (a zygote

fungus)Morchella (an

ascomycete)

Common puffball (a

basidiomycete)



Str ucture

Fungi have cell walls different from the cell walls of plants. They aremade of chitin, not cellulose.

Hyphae are minute threads with tubular walls.

The mesh of hyphae is called mycelium.

The cells of the hyphae are separated by septa, which have holes big

enough for organelles to pass through.

Some fungi do not even have septa.

They have continuous cytoplasm and are called coenocytic.

The structure of mycellium is advantageous because it provides a lot

of surface area for absorption.



Nutr ition

Fungi digest food externally and then absorb it. They secrete powerful hydrolytic

enzymes that break down their food making it easy to absorb and decompose it in

the process. Because of this, Fungi are important to their ecosystem.

Habitat

Many fungi live on other organisms in symbiotic relationships. Many are parasites

while others are mutualistic.

An example of this is mychorrhizae. In mychorrhizae, the fungus gets food from

the plant and, in exchange, helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil.

Most fungi live in terrestrial habitats, but some do live in aquatic environments.



Repr oduction

Fungi mainly reproduce asexually using spores which are carried

by the wind and produce clones of the fungus.

When conditions are bad for a fungus it can turn to sexual

reproduction for help. The DN A in the hyphae of fungi is haploid.

When two of these haploid hyphae fuse, sexual reproduction is

accomplished.



Nonvascular Plants

The first plants were nonvascular, meaning they did not have a complex vascular system to transport water to all parts of the plant.

They are called Bryophytes.

They have the early features of plants, namely a waxy cuticle and gametangia.

This allowed them to live on land, but not far from the ground. Without a vascular system, the only way to get water is through diffusion, capillary action, and

cytoplasmic streaming.

While they had some means of transporting water laterally, it was impossible for

them to grow very tall.

Still, the reproductive system needed water as the sperm needed to swim to the

egg



Kelas

1. Hepaticae (lumut hati) - Marchantia

2. Anthocerotae (lumut kerak) - Anthoceros

3. Kusei (lumut jati) ± Politrichum, Sphagnum.



Moss



Seedless Plants

Seedless plants such as ferns and horsetails were the

next in the evolutionary line.

They were the first to have a real vascular system. Theother advance made by the seedless plants was the

dominance of the sporophyte generation.

A plant life cycle involves two generations, a

gametophyte and a sporophyte.

This trend of sporopyhte dominance has extended to

plants higher on the evolutionary ladder.



Paku pakis peringkat rendah

Psilophyta ± Psilotum

Lycopodophyta ± Selaginella, Lycopodium

Sphenophyta ± Equisetum

Paku pakis peringkat tinggi

Pterophyta ± Nephrolepis, Ophioglossum



Equisetum (a horsetail)



Gymnosper ms

Gymnosperms are plants that have seeds that do not develop in ovaries.

Rather, they are on cones. This is why gymnosperms are also called conifers.

They are the next evolutionary stage after the seedless ferns and horsetails

because they have seeds, but the flower had not developed yet.

Most gymnosperms are evergreen trees.

Because they are large, they can store a lot of food. They also perform a little

bit of photosynthesis in the winter and are ready at the start of the spring.

The needle-shaped leaves of conifers are well adapted to dry climates because

they have a thick cuticle and the stoma are in pits.



Divisi

Cyacadophyta ± Cycas

Ginkgophyta ± Ginkgo biloba

Coniferophyta ± Pinus

Gnetophyta ± Gnetum (melinjau)



Giant seqoia (a conifer)



Angiosper ms

The defining feature of angiosperms is the flower.

The flower is a complex reproductive structure with a male stamen and a

female carpel.

Flowers attract insects and other animals to pollinate the plant so they do

not need to depend on the wind like gymnosperms.

They also protect the gametes.

The ovary in the carpel develops into a fruit which is then transported by

other animals when they eat it.

Angiosperms also have a better vascular system involving tracheids

which are specialized to perform a structural supporting role.



Blue violets (angiosperms)



Evolutionar y Adaptations to Living on Land

The four big evolutionary advances of plants are

1. Vascular tissue (along with a cuticle and embryophytes)

2. The diversification of vascular plants

3. Seeds

4. Flowers



Pr otista

Chor data Shark

Echinoder mata Sea Urchin

Ar thr opoda Spider

Annelidia Marine wormMolluska Scallop

Nematoda Nematode

Platyhelminthes Flatworm

Cnidar ia Jellyfish, Jellyfish, Hydra, Obelia

Por if er a Sponge

Bahasa Botany

Documents

Transcript of Bahasa Botany