Bab 6 Perancangan-produk
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Bab-6 Perancangan Produk
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Perancangan Produk Product design proses pendefinisian seluruh produk
dan karakteristik perusahaan. Harus diingat Perancangan produk harus didukung oleh proses pabrik. (
(cara termudah dihasilkan di pabrik)
Perancangan produk dapat meliputi; Appearance (pertampakan),
Materials (material),
Dimensions (dimensi),
Tolerances (toleransi), and
performance standards (standar keinerja)
Product design proses pendefinisian seluruh produkdan karakteristik perusahaan. Harus diingat Perancangan produk harus didukung oleh proses pabrik. (
(cara termudah dihasilkan di pabrik)
Perancangan produk dapat meliputi; Appearance (pertampakan),
Materials (material),
Dimensions (dimensi),
Tolerances (toleransi), and
performance standards (standar keinerja)
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Perancangan Jasa Vs Barang
Jasa sifatnya unik, sehingga perancanganharus memenuhi: Dirancang meliputi jasa dan konsep
- Unsur fisik, estetika, dan manfaat psikologis.
e.g. kecepatan, keakraban, atmosphere
Produk dan jasa dirancang harus memenuhikebutuhan dan preferensi kelompok pelanggan.
Jasa sifatnya unik, sehingga perancanganharus memenuhi: Dirancang meliputi jasa dan konsep
- Unsur fisik, estetika, dan manfaat psikologis.
e.g. kecepatan, keakraban, atmosphere
Produk dan jasa dirancang harus memenuhikebutuhan dan preferensi kelompok pelanggan.
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Perancangan Produk dan Jasa
Perancangan produk dan prosespemilihan mempengaruhi. Kualitas produk
Biaya
Kepuasan pelanggan
Kemampuan pabrikasi dan kemudahan dibidang operasi.
Perancangan produk dan prosespemilihan mempengaruhi. Kualitas produk
Biaya
Kepuasan pelanggan
Kemampuan pabrikasi dan kemudahan dibidang operasi.
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Proses Perancangan PRODUK Step 1 Pengembangan Ide
- Someone thinks of a need and a product/service design to satisfy ite.g. customers, marketing, engineering, competitors,
benchmarking, reverse engineering
Step 2 Pemeriksaan Perancangan- Every business needs a formal/structured evaluation process
e.g. fit with facility and labor skills, size of market, contribution margin,break-even analysis, return on sales
Step 3 Perancangan awal dan pengujian- Technical specifications are developed, prototypes built, testing starts
Step 4 Rancangan Final- Final design based on test results, facility, equipment, material, & labor
skills defined, suppliers identified
Step 1 Pengembangan Ide- Someone thinks of a need and a product/service design to satisfy it
e.g. customers, marketing, engineering, competitors,
benchmarking, reverse engineering
Step 2 Pemeriksaan Perancangan- Every business needs a formal/structured evaluation process
e.g. fit with facility and labor skills, size of market, contribution margin,break-even analysis, return on sales
Step 3 Perancangan awal dan pengujian- Technical specifications are developed, prototypes built, testing starts
Step 4 Rancangan Final- Final design based on test results, facility, equipment, material, & labor
skills defined, suppliers identified
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Menggunan Break-EvenAnalysis
Computes the quantity of goodscompany needs to sell to cover its costs
QBE = F/ (SP - VC) QBE Break even quantity F Fixed costs SP selling price/unit VC Variable cost
Computes the quantity of goodscompany needs to sell to cover its costs
QBE = F/ (SP - VC) QBE Break even quantity F Fixed costs SP selling price/unit VC Variable cost
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Product Screening Tool Break-Even Analysis
Break-even analysis also includes calculating Total cost sum of fixed and variable cost
Total cost = F + (VC)*Q
Revenue amount of money brought in fromsales
Revenue = (SP) * Q
Q = number of units sold
Break-even analysis also includes calculating Total cost sum of fixed and variable cost
Total cost = F + (VC)*Q
Revenue amount of money brought in fromsales
Revenue = (SP) * Q
Q = number of units sold
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Break-Even Analysis: Pendekatan Grafik
Compute quantity of goods thatmust be sold to break-even
Compute total revenue at anassumed selling price
Compute fixed cost and variablecost for several quantities
Plot the total revenue line andthe total cost line
Intersection is break-even Sensitivity analysis can be done
to examine changes in all of theassumptions made
Compute quantity of goods thatmust be sold to break-even
Compute total revenue at anassumed selling price
Compute fixed cost and variablecost for several quantities
Plot the total revenue line andthe total cost line
Intersection is break-even Sensitivity analysis can be done
to examine changes in all of theassumptions made
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Break-even calculation: A company is planning to establish a chain of movietheaters. It estimates that each new theater will cost approximately $1 Million. Thetheaters will hold 500 people and will have 4 showings each day with average ticketprices at $8. They estimate that concession sales will average $2 per patron. Thevariable costs in labor and material are estimated to be $6 per patron. They will beopen 300 days each year. What must average occupancy be to break-even?
Break-Even PointTotal revenues = Total costs @ break-even point QSelling price*Q = Fixed cost + variable cost*Q
($8+$2)Q= $1,000,000 + $6*QQ = 250,000 patrons (42% occupancy)
What is the gross profit if they sell 300,000 ticketsProfit = Total Revenue Total Costs
P = $10*300,000 (1,000,000 + $6*300,000)P = $200,000
If concessions only average $.50/patron, what is break-even Q now? (sensitivity analysis)
($8.50)Q = 1,000,000 - $6*QQ = 400,000 patrons (67% occupancy)
Break-Even PointTotal revenues = Total costs @ break-even point QSelling price*Q = Fixed cost + variable cost*Q
($8+$2)Q= $1,000,000 + $6*QQ = 250,000 patrons (42% occupancy)
What is the gross profit if they sell 300,000 ticketsProfit = Total Revenue Total Costs
P = $10*300,000 (1,000,000 + $6*300,000)P = $200,000
If concessions only average $.50/patron, what is break-even Q now? (sensitivity analysis)
($8.50)Q = 1,000,000 - $6*QQ = 400,000 patrons (67% occupancy)
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Faktor yang berdampak padaPerancangan Produk
Kebutuhan Perancangan Pabrik
Series of guidelines tofollow in order to producea product easily andprofitably Minimilais bentuk produk
Standardisasi Design parts for multiply
applications
Rancangan yangterintegrasi
Sederhanakan operasi
Kebutuhan Perancangan Pabrik
Series of guidelines tofollow in order to producea product easily andprofitably Minimilais bentuk produk
Standardisasi Design parts for multiply
applications
Rancangan yangterintegrasi
Sederhanakan operasi
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Faktor Siklus Produk Product life cycle
series of changingproduct demand
Consider productlife cycle stages Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Facility & processinvestment depends onlife cycle
Product life cycle series of changingproduct demand
Consider productlife cycle stages Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Facility & processinvestment depends onlife cycle
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Pabrikasi Simultan Old over-the wall sequential
design process should not be used Each function did its work and passed it to
the next function
Replace with a ConcurrentEngineering process
All functions form a design team working
together to develop specifications, involve
customers early, solve potential problems,
reduce costs, & shorten time to market
Old over-the wall sequentialdesign process should not be used Each function did its work and passed it to
the next function
Replace with a ConcurrentEngineering process
All functions form a design team working
together to develop specifications, involve
customers early, solve potential problems,
reduce costs, & shorten time to market
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Process Selection
Product design considerations mustinclude the process
Klasifikasi meliputi Intermittent operations
menghasilakan berbagai jenis dalamjumlah kecil
Repetitive operations menghasilakansatu atau beberapa dalam jumlahbesar.
Product design considerations mustinclude the process
Klasifikasi meliputi Intermittent operations
menghasilakan berbagai jenis dalamjumlah kecil
Repetitive operations menghasilakansatu atau beberapa dalam jumlahbesar.
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Process Selection
Lima Pertimbangan Bentuk proses ; range from intermittent to
continuous Derajat integrasi vertikal Fleksibilitas sumberdaya Bauran antara modal dan sumberdaya
manusia Derajat kontak dengan konsumen
Lima Pertimbangan Bentuk proses ; range from intermittent to
continuous Derajat integrasi vertikal Fleksibilitas sumberdaya Bauran antara modal dan sumberdaya
manusia Derajat kontak dengan konsumen
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Process Selection Process types can be: chika
Project process make a one-at-a-time productexactly to customer specifications
Batch process small quantities of product ingroups or batches based on customer orders orspecifications
Line process large quantities of a standardproduct
Continuous process very high volumes of a fullystandard product
Process types exist on a continuum
Process types can be: chika Project process make a one-at-a-time product
exactly to customer specifications Batch process small quantities of product in
groups or batches based on customer orders orspecifications
Line process large quantities of a standardproduct
Continuous process very high volumes of a fullystandard product
Process types exist on a continuum
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Underlying Process RelationshipBetween Volume and StandardizationContinuum
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Differences between Intermittentand Continuous Operations
Decision Intermittent Operation Continuous Operation
Product variety Great Small
Degree of standardization Low High
Organization of resources Grouped by Function Line flow
Path of products Varied, depends on product Line flow
Factor driving production Customer orders Forecast of demand
Critical resource Labor Capital
Type of equipment General purpose Specialized
Degree of automation Low High
Throughput time Longer Shorter
Work-in-process inventory More Less
Decision Intermittent Operation Continuous Operation
Product variety Great Small
Degree of standardization Low High
Organization of resources Grouped by Function Line flow
Path of products Varied, depends on product Line flow
Factor driving production Customer orders Forecast of demand
Critical resource Labor Capital
Type of equipment General purpose Specialized
Degree of automation Low High
Throughput time Longer Shorter
Work-in-process inventory More Less
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Designing Processes
Process design tools include Process flow analysis Process flowchart
Design considerations include Make-to-stock strategy Assemble-to-order strategy Make-to-order strategy
Process design tools include Process flow analysis Process flowchart
Design considerations include Make-to-stock strategy Assemble-to-order strategy Make-to-order strategy
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Process Design Tools Process flow analysis is
a tool used to analyze anddocument the sequence ofsteps within a totalprocess. Usually first stepin Process Reengineering.
Process Re-engineering is astructured approachused when majorbusiness changes arerequired as a result of: Major new products Quality improvement
needed Better competitors Inadequate
performance
Process flow analysis isa tool used to analyze anddocument the sequence ofsteps within a totalprocess. Usually first stepin Process Reengineering.
Process Re-engineering is astructured approachused when majorbusiness changes arerequired as a result of: Major new products Quality improvement
needed Better competitors Inadequate
performance
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Facility Layout and Process Choice
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Process Performance Metrics
Determining if a process is functioningproperly is required
Determination requires measuringperformance Process performance metrics
measurement of different processcharacteristics that tell us how a process isperforming
Determining if a process is functioningproperly is required
Determination requires measuringperformance Process performance metrics
measurement of different processcharacteristics that tell us how a process isperforming
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Process Performance Metrics
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Linking Product Design &Process Selection Product design and process selection directly
linked Type of product selected defines type of
operation required Type of operation available defines broader
organizational aspects such as Equipment required Facility arrangement Organizational structure
Product design and process selection directlylinked
Type of product selected defines type ofoperation required
Type of operation available defines broaderorganizational aspects such as Equipment required Facility arrangement Organizational structure
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Linking Design & Process Selection
Organizational Decisions appropriate for different types of operations
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Intermittent VS. Repetitive Layouts
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Product and Service Strategy
Type of operation is directly related toproduct and service strategy
Three basic strategies include Make-to-stock; in anticipation of demand Assemble-to-order; built from standard
components on order Make-to-order; produce to customer
specification at time of order
Type of operation is directly related toproduct and service strategy
Three basic strategies include Make-to-stock; in anticipation of demand Assemble-to-order; built from standard
components on order Make-to-order; produce to customer
specification at time of order
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Product and Service Strategy Options
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Process Decisions-Vertical Integration& Make or Buy
Vertical integration refers to the degree a firm chooses to doprocesses itself- raw material to sales Backward Integration means moving closer to primary operations Forward Integration means moving closer to customers
A firms Make-or-Buy choices should be based on the followingconsiderations: Strategic impact Available capacity Expertise Quality considerations Speed Cost (fixed cost + variable cost)make = Cost (fixed cost + Variable cost)buy
Business are trending toward less backward integration, moreoutsourcing
Vertical integration refers to the degree a firm chooses to doprocesses itself- raw material to sales Backward Integration means moving closer to primary operations Forward Integration means moving closer to customers
A firms Make-or-Buy choices should be based on the followingconsiderations: Strategic impact Available capacity Expertise Quality considerations Speed Cost (fixed cost + variable cost)make = Cost (fixed cost + Variable cost)buy
Business are trending toward less backward integration, moreoutsourcing
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Manufacturing Technology Decisions
Simplify first then apply appropriate technology
Information Technology: ERP, GPS, RFID
Automation
Automated Material Handling: Automated guided vehicles (AGV)
Automated storage & retrieval systems (AS/RS)
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)
Robotics & Numerically-Controlled (NC) equipment
Simplify first then apply appropriate technology
Information Technology: ERP, GPS, RFID
Automation
Automated Material Handling: Automated guided vehicles (AGV)
Automated storage & retrieval systems (AS/RS)
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)
Robotics & Numerically-Controlled (NC) equipment
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E-manufacturing Web-based environment creates numerous
business opportunities to include; Product design collaboration Process design collaboration
Computer-aided design uses computergraphics to design new products
Computer-integrated manufacturing integration of product design, processplanning, and manufacturing using anintegrated computer system
Web-based environment creates numerousbusiness opportunities to include; Product design collaboration Process design collaboration
Computer-aided design uses computergraphics to design new products
Computer-integrated manufacturing integration of product design, processplanning, and manufacturing using anintegrated computer system
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How Are Services Differentfrom Manufacturing
Services are different frommanufacturing as they; Produce intangible products Involve a high degree of customer contact
Type of service is classified according todegree of customer contact
Services are different frommanufacturing as they; Produce intangible products Involve a high degree of customer contact
Type of service is classified according todegree of customer contact
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Designing Services Service Characteristics
Pure services Quasi-Manufacturing Mixed services
Service Package The physical goods The sensual benefits The psychological benefits
Differing designs Substitute technology for
people Get customer involved High customer attention
Service Characteristics Pure services Quasi-Manufacturing Mixed services
Service Package The physical goods The sensual benefits The psychological benefits
Differing designs Substitute technology for
people Get customer involved High customer attention
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Product Design and ProcessSelection Across the Organization
Strategic and financial of product designand process selection mandatesoperations work closely across theorganization Marketing is impacted by product that is
produced Finance is integral to the product design
and process selection issues due tofrequent large financial outlays
Strategic and financial of product designand process selection mandatesoperations work closely across theorganization Marketing is impacted by product that is
produced Finance is integral to the product design
and process selection issues due tofrequent large financial outlays
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Product Design and Process SelectionAcross the Organization - continued
Strategic and financial of product design andprocess selection mandates operations workclosely across the organization Information services has to be developed to match
the needs of the production process Human resources provides important input to the
process selection decisions for staffing needs
Strategic and financial of product design andprocess selection mandates operations workclosely across the organization Information services has to be developed to match
the needs of the production process Human resources provides important input to the
process selection decisions for staffing needs
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Chapter 3 Highlights Product design is the process of deciding on the unique
characteristics and features of a companys productProcess selection is the development of the processnecessary to produce the product being designed.
Steps in product include idea generation, productscreening, preliminary design and testing, and final design
Break-even analysis is a tool used to compute the amountof goods that have to be sold just to cover costs.
Production processes can be divided into two broadcategories: intermittent and repetitive operation project tobatch to line to continuous
Product design is the process of deciding on the uniquecharacteristics and features of a companys productProcess selection is the development of the processnecessary to produce the product being designed.
Steps in product include idea generation, productscreening, preliminary design and testing, and final design
Break-even analysis is a tool used to compute the amountof goods that have to be sold just to cover costs.
Production processes can be divided into two broadcategories: intermittent and repetitive operation project tobatch to line to continuous
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Chapter 3 Highlights Product design and process selection decisions are
linked Process flow charts is used for viewing the flow of
the processes involved in producing the Different types of technologies can significantly
enhance product and process design. These includeautomation, automated material handling devices,CAD, NC, FMS, and CIM
Designing services have more complexities thanmanufacturing, because service produce anintangible product and typically have a high degreeof customer contact.
Product design and process selection decisions arelinked
Process flow charts is used for viewing the flow ofthe processes involved in producing the
Different types of technologies can significantlyenhance product and process design. These includeautomation, automated material handling devices,CAD, NC, FMS, and CIM
Designing services have more complexities thanmanufacturing, because service produce anintangible product and typically have a high degreeof customer contact.
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The End Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permittedin Section 117 of the 1976 United State Copyright Act withoutthe express written permission of the copyright owner isunlawful. Request for further information should be addressedto the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thepurchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use onlyand not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes noresponsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by theuse of these programs or from the use of the informationcontained herein.
Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permittedin Section 117 of the 1976 United State Copyright Act withoutthe express written permission of the copyright owner isunlawful. Request for further information should be addressedto the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thepurchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use onlyand not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes noresponsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by theuse of these programs or from the use of the informationcontained herein.
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Sampun . Matur Nuwun.