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Aerospace Engineering Desk Reference

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Note from the Publisher

This book has been compiled using extracts from the

following books within the range of Aerospace books in

the Elsevier collection:

Filippone (2006) Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary

Aircraft 9780750668170

Megson (2007) Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students

9780750667395

Cook (2007) Flight Dynamics Principles 9780750669276

Jenkinson and Marchman (2003) Aircraft Design Pro-

jects 9780750657723

Tooley (2007) Aircraft Digital Electronic and Computer

Systems 9780750681384

Tooley and Wyatt (2007) Aircraft Communications and

Navigation Systems 9780750681377

Watkinson (2003) Art of the Helicopter 9780750657150Curtis (2005) Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students

9780750661690

De Florio (2006) Airworthiness 9780750669481

The extracts have been taken directly from the above

source books, with some small editorial changes. These

changes have entailed the re-numbering of Sections and

Figures. In view of thebreadth of content andstyleof the

source books, there is some overlap and repetition of

material between chapters and significant differences in

style, but these features have been left in order to retain

the flavour and readability of the individual chapters.

End of chapter questions

Within the book, several chapters end with a set of

questions; please note that these questions are for ref-

erence only. Solutions are not always provided for these

questions.

Units of measure

Units are provided in either SI or IP units. A conversion

table for these units is provided at the front of the book.

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A fully searchable Mega Reference eBook,providing all the essential material needed by

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practice and rules-of-thumb at one quick click of

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Over 1,500 pages of reference material, including

over 1,000 pages not included in the print edition

Go to http://www.elsevierdirect.com/9781856175753

and click on Ebook Available

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AerospaceEngineeringDesk Reference

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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK

525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA

First edition 2009

Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any

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Notice

No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or

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of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid

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dosages should be made

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from t he British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-1-85617-575-3

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com

Printed and bound in the United States of America

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Contents

Author Biographies ................................................................................................................ vii

Section 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3

Section 2 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE .............................................................................................. 11

2.1 The Aircraft and its Environment ......................................................................... 13

2.2 Weight .................................................................................................................. 25

2.3 Aerodynamics ...................................................................................................... 36

2.4 Engines ................................................................................................................. 56

2.5 Rotorcraft ............................................................................................................. 79

2.6 V/STOL ................................................................................................................. 88

Section 3 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES............................................................................................101

3.1 Materials ............................................................................................................. 103

3.2 Structural Components...................................................................................... 119

3.3 Airworthiness...................................................................................................... 134

3.4 Airframe Loads ................................................................................................... 138

Section 4 FLIGHT DYNAMICS .....................................................................................................155

4.1 Introduction to Flight Dynamics ........................................................................ 157

4.2 System of Axes and Notation............................................................................ 164

4.3 Static Equilibrium and Trim ............................................................................... 178

4.4 Longitudinal Dynamics ...................................................................................... 202

4.5 Lateral-Directional Dynamics............................................................................. 227

Section 5 AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECTS...................................................................................253

5.1 Long-Range Business Jet.................................................................................. 255

5.2 Military Trainer.................................................................................................... 296

Section 6 AVIONIC SYSTEMS .....................................................................................................329

6.1 VHF Communications ........................................................................................ 331

6.2 HF Communications .......................................................................................... 3466.3 Aircraft Navigation ............................................................................................. 359

6.4 Automatic Direction Finder ................................................................................ 376

6.5 VHF Omnidirectional Range............................................................................... 387

6.6 Distance Measuring Equipment......................................................................... 401

6.7 Flight Management Systems ............................................................................. 412

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6.8 Air Traffic Control System.................................................................................. 424

6.9 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System................................................... 442

6.10 Data Buses ......................................................................................................... 456

6.11 Software ............................................................................................................. 468

Section 7 ROTORCRAFT.............................................................................................................477

7.1 Introduction to Rotorcraft .................................................................................. 479

7.2 Helicopter Dynamics.......................................................................................... 495

Section 8 SPACE VEHICLES AND ROCKETS..............................................................................537

8.1 Satellite Attitude Dynamics................................................................................ 539

8.2 Rocket Vehicle Dynamics .................................................................................. 596

Section 9 AIRWORTHINESS........................................................................................................617

9.1 The ICAO and the Civil Aviation Authorities...................................................... 619

9.2 Airworthiness Requirements.............................................................................. 636

Index .................................................................................................................................. 661

vi Contents

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Author BiographiesMichael Cook was a Lecturer for the Aerodynamics

Department of the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society anda Chartered Engineer. He has contributed to industrial

research projects, including the BAe Fly-By-Wire Jaguar

programme, various advanced helicopter concepts and

the development of digital flight control technology. He

has written or contributed to over 100 technical reports,

papers and in 1994 was awarded the Royal Aeronautical

Society John Britten prize for a paper on hang glider

stability.

Howard D. Curtis is a former Associate Dean at the

College of Engineering, ERAU, and Associate Fellow of

the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

(AIAA). He is also the former Chair of the Aerospace

Engineering Department, ERAU. He has also held

various roles at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MIT

Lincoln Laboratory and Martin-Marietta.

Filippo De Florio is a retired aeronautical engineer and

private pilot. He previously worked in the Technical

Services at ALITALIA and AERFER and as a researcher

in the Institute of Aerodynamics at the University of

Naples. He was inspector at the RAIs (now ENAC)

regional office in Milan and also director of the RAI/

ENAC Type Certification Division in Rome. He was

a Member of the JAA Certification Committee and is

currently Honorary Member of UVS International and

Member of the OSTIV Sailplane Development Panel.He was recently awarded the first UAS Pioneer Award.

Dr. Antonio Filippone is a senior lecturer in aerospace

engineering at The University of Manchester, where he

teaches subjects on flight mechanics, helicopter flight

and high-speed aerodynamics. His research interests are

in the area of aero-flight mechanics of fixed and rotary-

wing aircraft, and also non-conventional vehicles at the

frontier of flight.

Dr. Lloyd Jenkinson has worked for most of his pro-

fessional life on aircraft project design in industry and

at university. He has also acted as a consultant to in-

dustrial and government agencies. He has presented

several technical papers on aircraft design at RAeS,

AIAA and SAE conferences and journals. He is currently

working as an engineering consultant, and as a part-

time senior lecturer at Loughborough and Southampton

Universities.

Dr. Jim Marchman is Professor of Aerospace and Ocean

Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University, and consultant to various commercial

agencies. At Virginia he has held several positions, in-

cluding Assistant Department Head of Aerospace and

Ocean Engineering and Associate Dean of Engineeringfor Academic Affairs. His experience elsewhere includes

positions as an Aerospace Engineer, U.S. Army Aviation

Test Activity, Edwards AFB, CA and Research Assistant,

North Carolina State University. He is Associate Fellow

of the AIAA and a member of the ASEE.

Dr. THG Megson took early retirement from his post

as Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering at the Univer-

sity of Leeds in 1996 and became a Senior Fellow lec-

turing part-time for three years until he retired fully in

1999. Since then he has produced the fourth edition of

Aircraft Structures, been engaged in consultancy for dif-

ferent firms and been a governor of Harrogate Grammar

School in North Yorkshire for eight years including

a four-year term as Chairman.

Mike Tooley is an ex-Vice Principal and Dean of En-

gineering at Brooklands College in Surrey, England. He

was responsible for the delivery of learning to over

10,000 Further and Higher Education students in-

creasingly by flexible, open and on-line distance learn-

ing. Mike is the well-known author of a large number of

popular engineering and related text books, including

the principal course texts used by many of todays UK

engineering students.

John Watkinson is an independent author, journalistand consultant in the broadcasting industry with more

than thirty years of experience in research and de-

velopment. He has held teaching posts at a senior level

with The Digital Equipment Corporation, Sony

Broadcasting and Ampex Ltd., before forming his own

consultancy. He presents lectures, seminars, conference

papers and training courses worldwide, in audio, video

and data recording. He is a Fellow of the AES, a member

of the British Computer Society and a chartered in-

formation systems practitioner.

David Wyatt is currently the Design Manager at Lees

Avionics for GA and business aircraft. He was previouslya Development Engineer (B747 avionic systems) at

British Airways; Product Support Engineer (B737

FMCS) with Lear Siegler; Business Development

Manager at Kidde Graviner (Eurofighter, Tornado and

AVRO RJ fire and overheat protection systems). This

was followed by commercial positions with Weston

Aerospace (aero-engine transducers) and Ametek

(cooling and demist systems). David also lectured EASA

Part 66 modules at Brooklands College.

vii