Az őszi búza szárazságtűrésre történő nemesítésének ...
Transcript of Az őszi búza szárazságtűrésre történő nemesítésének ...
Breeding wheat for tolerance to drought at the Cereal Research Non-Profit Company
László Cseuz Cereal Research Non-Profit Co.
H-6701 Szeged, POB 391 Hungary [email protected]
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Yea
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YEARS
Yearly precipitation and its distribution Szeged, 1988-2012
harvest-31.12.
01.04.-harvest
01.01-01.04
Understanding drought tolerance
• What is drought stress?
• What is „drought tolerance”?
• By what ways plants struggle against drought stress?
• Which are the most succesful strategies?
• How we can select for these components of drought
tolerance?
What is drought (water) stress?
• „Drought stress developes in the plant when the
water demand is higher than the water supply of
the ambient environment.” (Blum, 1988)
• Drought stress is a highly complex
phenomenon. Its strength, length, timing, or co-
occurence with other abiotic stresses (heat
stress, salt stress, etc.) is altering year after year
under our conditions.
What is drought tolerance (DT) ?
• The plant’s ability to adapt to water shortages.
• Surviving or economic yielding?
• In high-input agriculture (=practical DT) DT can be characterized by the ratio between grain yield under optimal and stressed conditions. By other words: DT is practically equal to yield stability under drought stress.
Different strategies of plants, or Levitt’s (1980) categories:
- Escape mechanism (earliness)
- Dehydration avoidance (water savers (succulent plants) and water users (effective root system))
- Dehydration tolerance (adaptation to drought on cellular level)
How (by which traits) a breeder can select for
drought tolerance?
Morphological characters visual selection
Phenologycal characters visual selection
Physiological traits field & lab tests
Cytology traits lab tests
Molecular traits lab tests
How to select?
Visual selection (in the nursery) Morphological traits
Early root size (lab tests) dehydration avoidance
Leaves (angle, size, waxyness, hairiness)
Sturdy leaves (slow senescence)
Awned spikes
Long lasting awns
Grain (plumpness, stability of grain size)
Phenological traits
Slow development after emergence (rooting type)
Fast early growth in spring
Earliness in booting
Earliness in heading
Fast ripening (staying green)
Resistance to biotic stresses
Visual evaluation of stress symptoms
Leaf coloration (purple, dark green, yellowish)
Leaf firing (tip necrosis)
Velocity of lower leaves’ senescence
Leaf rolling (adaptation!)
Depression of chlorophyll content (turning yellow)
Grain plumpness
Stability of plant height
Stability of grain size
Water retention ability (WRA) of excised flag leaves Materials and methods:
1. Collecting flag leaves and determination of their fresh weight (FW1)
2. 24 hrs incubation and determination of turgid weight (TW)
3. 8 hrs desiccation under controlled conditions and determination of desiccated weight (FW2)
4. After a complete drying determination of dry weight (DW)
5. Determination of relative water content of flag leaves with a fresh weight (RWC1) and dessiccated weight (RWC2).
6. Evaluation of reduction in RWC due to the 8 hrs dessiccation (WRA).
RWC1 = (FW1-DW)/(TW-DW)*100 %
RWC2= (FW2-DW)/(TW-DW)*100%
Water retention ability:
RWC2/RWC1*100%
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a vizsgált genotípusok (100)
Búza zászlóslevelek víztartó-képessége
(kontroll %), Szeged, 2004
Water loss: 40-80 %)
Field trial for drought tolerance 100 genotypes, 3 treatments, 3 repetitions
irrigated
control
desiccated
Evaluation of translocation capacity of stem reserves
Materials and methods:
1.Registration of anthesis
2. Spraying with desiccant
(2% solution of Na ClO3) 14
days later
3. Harvesting grain yield at
full ripening of control plots
4. Degree of tolerance can
be estimated by the
reduction in thousand kernel
mass
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TK
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Zu
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Sza
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Em
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Ga
rab
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Ka
lász
Éle
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Ca
pe
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Öth
alo
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Ka
po
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genotypes
The effect of dessiccation on TKM of wheat genotypes
Szeged, 2007
Depression of TKM: 23-47%
Automatic rain shade 60m x 12m area
rain sensors, convertible plastic tunnel
automatic closing-opening mechanism
automatic meteorological measurements
isolated from the side-wetting by drain ditches and
water pump
Water
withdrawal in
the field
Air temperature, soil temperature, wind speed and sun
irradiation between sowing time and harvest Changing the air temperature in the drought tolerance trial
kísérletben Szeged, 2007/2008
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Soil temperature between the sowing and harvest in both treatments
Szeged-Kecskés 2007/2008
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Daily average solar radiation
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Changes of soil moisture content in both treatments between
sowing and harvest
Szeged, 2007/2008
stressed
control
Determining the temperature of canopy surface during severe
drought stress
1. Surface temperature is significantly lower in
control treatment
2. Difference decreasing with ripening
Measurements: 06.12. 2012.
Average temp. of control plots: 25,2 C
Average temp. of stressed plots : 30,4 C
Air temperature: 36,0 C
Grain yield depression: 3 – 62%
TKM depression: 0 – 25%
30,5 % depression on the average
10,8 % depression on the average
Treatments Plant height Heading time TKM Grain yieldCanopy
temperature
cm days g g oC
Control treatment 77,7 136,1 41,5 396,0 25,2
Stress treatment 66,8 133,2 37,0 273,0 30,4
Difference 10,9 2,9 4,5 123,0 -5,2
LSD.% 5,3 1,5 4,2 26,9 27,9
Control % 86,0 97,9 89,1 68,9 120,6
Correlations between some measured
traits (TKM, grain yield, plant height, canopy
temperature)
Plant height Temp. I. Temp. II. TKM Grain Yield
Plant height 1
Temp. I. 0,358584*** 1
Temp. II. 0,227767* 0,292961** 1
TKM 0,228046* 0,008088 0,278769** 1
Grain Yield 0,5873849*** 0,317272** 0,143481 0,260127** 1
Dalmand
Kisújszállás
Kiszombor
Kocs
Lippó
Mezőhegyes
Prügy
Szeged-Kecskés
Táplánszentkereszt
47°11’N
16°41’E
47°36’É
18°20’K
45°51’N
18°34’E
47°09’N
20°27’E
46°19’É
20°49’ K
46°14’N
20°05’E
46°10’N
20°22’E
48°04’49’’É
21°14’K
Multi-location (9) trials of advanced lines
Xing partners
Exotic materials
High yielding lines
Segregating populations
F2 – F4 head rows
Visual selection
Advanced lines F6-
Multi-location
performance tests
Visual selection
Simple lab tests
Rain shelter tests
B & C lines
F4-F6 plots
Visual selection
Yield performance tests
from one (or two) location
Complex stress-diagnostic system 3 dimensional imaging
system (green pixels)
Automatic photography
from 11 directions
Automatic irrigation with
specific water dosage and
Plant moving automatic
Infra red gas analyser
CO2 discrimination,
photosynthesis,
chlorophyll fluorescence
special software for
computing the results
20% of water capacity „drought” 60% of water c., „control”
Varieties and variety candidates with higher
level of drought tolerance: 1999: GK Verecke drought tolerant variety
2001: GK Csongrád drought tolerant variety
2005: GK Békés, GK Csillag, highly adaptable cultivars, GK Hunyad, drought-stress
tolerant genotype
2010: GK Berény drought tolerant varieties
2011: GK Futár highly adaptable variety
2012: GK 26.12 drought tolerant candidate
Results…
Thank you for your attention!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge that present work was supported by the following projects:
"BIOCEREAL" HUSRB /1002/ 214/ 045 IPA Hungarian – Serbian Cross-border
Co-operation Program.
Project on Preservation of Genetic Cereal Resources (MVH, 263/0601/3/14/2011)
2011-2015