Automation in clinical chemistry Laboratory . 13/01/53 Zz .. zZIntro. automated analyzers save time & staffs

Definition

Automation Mechaniczl device ~ manual

Development

semi-automation autopipette / dispenser / mixer / diluter / spectrophotometer Fully-automation 1957 Dr.Leonard Skeggs Automate AutoAnalyzer (AA) Automate

Terminology ()

Complete(full) automation : step , mix,incubate,,report Partial(semi-) automation : Single-channel : (1 ) 1 test Multi-channal : () 1 test

Sequential(serial) analysis : sample Discretionary multi-channal : Sequential+ Multi-channal sample channal channal Parallel analyzer : test 1 sample Batch analysis : test test sample (clear test) test Random-access : sample test (clear sample) sample Selective analyzer : 1 test Non-selective : 1 test test sample electrolyze, blood gas Dead volume : sample volume Dwell time : sample Throughput : test sample 1 hour Test repertoire : test run 1 .. Sensing : spectro, photometer

Stat testing : Cost : .. std.,control, Analyzer configuration : Open system : Closed system : .. Centralized testing : / lab sample

Point-of-care testing(POCT) : test bedside POCT .. lab .. whole blood , calibrate ..

automated : 2

Continuous-flow ( slide 12 6) test test test sample .. 1 = 1 test heating incubate Discrete-flow ( slide 13 7) sample

Discrete analyzer 2

Centrifugal analyzer ( slide 15 8) mix specimen reagent .. Dry chemistry analyzer ( slide 16 8) ..

..

( manual automate slide 17 9) Sampler Mixer (mixing coil) (mechanical mixer) Dialyzer, resin column Heating bath or block .. ( ) Detector flow-though spectrophotometer, fluorometric, fleme photometer Recorder, Printer, Computer

Automate of the analytical processes : 11 Specimen identification lebeling sample tray bar coding bar code bar code reader identification errors error sample Specimen preparation manual automate specimen whole blood electrolyze, blood gas centrifugation .. 55 Specimen delivery

.. specimen hemolysis human messenger

Specimen handling & transport specimen primary tubes tube tube .. 1 sample 1 tube .. gel sample cup cup contaminate clot Specimen processing dialysis column chromatography filtration

Sample transport & delivery specimen Continuous-flow pump & tube Discrete systems auto pipette Carryover pipette sample flush-to-specimen ratio = 1:4, Carryover 1% .. sample/reagent volume 1:4 (?) probe-wash station .. tip outside probe-wipe .. Carryover Reagent handling & storage .. open closesystem

liquid reagent systems .. reagent probe dry reagent systems .. non-liquid reagent systems reusable liquid reagent systems Reagent delivery automate .. sample Chemical reaction phase vessel & cuvet

reactants heat block water bath Measurement approaches photometry Signal processing, data handling, process control computer

..

sample test throughput .. .. Stat capability .. stat Method .. basic? photometry .. test.... .. .... Computer compatibility.. com. .. Automatic deproteinization iden. Sample .. .. test automate ( )

user , automated analyzer

Trend

Maintenance

..fully automated

Daily : Weekly : Monthly : Yearly :

Parameter setting : open system

leaflet.. + autoanalyzer.. Beckman CX4 .. .. endpoint kinetic .. IU/L, mg/dl, g/L .. positive( product ), negative( substrate ) leaflet Cal factor calibrater conc. calibrator linear cal time limit cal factor calibrate

2 1wavelength 2 wavelength test read time blank( OD. ) reaction( ) lower & upper limit Absorbance limit : blank( ) & reaction .. lower & high limit Substrate depletion kinetic assay

!! .. .. 555