Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Derneği Dergisi Sayı : 9 Nisan-Mayıs-Haziran 2001

7/30/2019 Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Dernei Dergisi Say : 9 Nisan-Mays-Haziran 2001

1/58


2/58


3/58

Uxjx

5N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU

Uhpgbfb CLF lix{fn{

Kb{ jehib unrcn lfcxx gbkb rbjh ne kb{ ankh{fh ubzfh{bj in{ujn irl{xz* Dzhfh{An`snuj ixsfncdz ;> Dnru ;==> gj dhufhisndz Jnfnj NIR[HI PN[CN[inrkhssbi* Ah}bdbzb ch{bj nern klnj kx ankh{b& ch{gb anz{fifn{ nndnujcn nfci*

Hfbdbz gbsdhrh{hi infhdh nfcdz kx ne ankh{b ph zjsdz ubzfh{fh }nrfndni bush$cbi*

Jbunj ph Dnru nrfn{jj n{ihlflob kbfbdb nujcnj an{hihsfb ghhehbjb& P* LfnnjGhjhf Ix{xfxj cn kx gjfh{ch lfnenj cxrx{dxsxi* L gj ghfcb9 5 Anzb{nj ;==> gj

unns >=*==cn Dbffb Is}anjh& Rxjxu Hd{h Unfljxjcn ah}bjbzb rhjb rjhsbd ix{xfxjxuhdhrh khifbrl{xz*

Ghhj cjhdchj !>222 Anzb{nj$;==> Anzb{nj" kx cjhdh incn{ rn}sifn{dzn iunenchbjdhi busbrl{xz9

$ >222 rfjcn bfi unruj !Dnru$Anzb{nj$Shddxz" in{cdz CLF Ch{gbubjb }h{br$lcbi lfn{ni niunsdncnj u{hifb ifdnrn nfsi* Kxgj hfbjbzchib 2* unrrn ubzfh{bjinsiurfn xfnsdzd khfb{sdhi bush{bz* Ifs{ Kninjf Is}anjhfh{ Ghjhf

Dc{fj& ch{gbdbzh nkljh rn}n{ni ;== is}anjhrh cnsdj gh{hifhsb{cbi*Kxgjh incn{ 2*===*=== nchs ch{gbjbj knud ph cnsdj iusf lfnjnifn{fn rn}dnrnnfsi* Ch{jhbdbzbj ndnfn{jcnj lfnj n{ihlflobrb ghj ixnifn{n snjsdnr ph

uhpcb{dhrb& is}anjhfh{h gjch{cbbdbz ch{gbfh{fh kb{ fch knn{cdzn bjnjrl{xz*$ Is}anjhfh{ Ghjhf Dc{fjj cjcn& Kbfbd Ix{xfxfn{jj Is}anjhfh{bjh&

Rh{fb$Rnknje N{ns{dn Hjusbsfh{bjh& Knuj Ix{xfxfn{jn ph Rnrj L{gnjfn{jn cnCLF gjch{cbi*

$ CLFj ah{ unruj knujn snjssi*$ Nffbljnb ph _hxgdn bfh bfgbfb indxlrx rn{nsdn nknfn{jcn kxfxjcxi*$ Np{x}n N{ihlflobi Db{nuj Il{xjdnu Uzfhdhubjb CLFch rnrjfnrn{ni& indxlrx$

jxj kbfgbfhjdhubjb unfnci*$ Ifs{ Kninjfjen ;2*=3*>222 sn{bafb [hudb Gnzhshch rnrjfnjn{ni r{{fh

iljnj Snj{ Ifs{ ph Snkbns Pn{fifn{ Ilfhiubrljexfxx ph Chjhsbdb aniijcnibrjhsdhfbish rn}fnj chbbifbbj b}snfb bbj Cnjsnrcn cnpn nsi* Cnpn iudhj fhabdbzhuljxfnjc* Rjhsdhfbbj >* dncchubjbj !n" khjcb rhjbchj r{{fh gb{cb* >3* dncchubjhrn}sdz bsb{nz buh {hcchcbfcb*

$ hbsfb }njhf& ilj`h{nju& ni lsx{xd gbkb hsibjfbifh{h insfci*$ zfi anifn{dzj brbfhsb{bfdhub ph ;105 unrf rnuncn rn}fneni chbbifbifh{fh bfgbfb

ch{jhbdbzbj g{jj nfjdnu axuxuxjx Ifs{ Kninjfjn bfhssbi*$ Ncnjn xkhdbzbj ix{xfx xfdnfn{j gh{hifhsb{cbi*

Unrgfn{dzfnRjhsbd Ix{xfx


4/58

R*Cl*C{*I*Uh{cn{ G[GJH[/

HJ HUI NCNJN IN_BFCBBJCNXIX[LPN PH RXIN[B LPNN[IHLFLOUJH NS LI JHDFNJNASN[ KFGFH[ HFCH HCFHEHI .

+Ncnjn dh{ihzbjch Sh}hkn chjbfhj hab{bbjchib ari& li cbiinsh chh{* Kx{nu& huibsn{bab lfdnc unjfnj Ncnjn'jj hj huib hib{ch$bjb shibf hch{* Kx{ncn hunuf kb{ an`{brns rn}f$c snicb{ch kbzh hj huib Ncnjn'r snjsneni d$abd khfghfh{ inen }ahubzcb{*+

Jneb IXD !Ncnjn&>233"

+xix{lpn sn{babjb cnan ihubj kb{ hibfch nr$cjfnsnkbfdhi bbj dhpexs dlznbifh{bj n{nujrhjbfh{fh clfcx{dni gh{hib{& kxjxj cn hj krph hj jhdfbub hj huib Ncnjn rnjb Sh}hkn'c{ phrhjb nfdnfn{ khifhdhishcb{*+

]{l`* C{* Kn{sahf A[LXCN !Ncnjn& >222"

+8= uhjhcb{ Ncnjn'cnj ghh{ihj ah} kx chp

rh{fhbd kb{bdbjbj rnjb Sh}hkn Ari'j inzf$dnd lfdnu bbdch xich lfn{ni infds{**+

]{l`* C{* Anfhs NDKHF !Ncnjn& >222"

+Ndnj Snj{d. Snkfhsfh{ ghfhehi& kx }{lohrhli uhpbjcbd****+

]{l`* C{* Dxnzzhz fdbrh B!Ncnjn& >222"

+D**2*Kbjch Njnclfx'cn bfi ir ifs{ kn$frl{* Rhjb inzfn{fn xrgn{fj khbbjbj Gjhr$clx Njnclfx lfcxx njfnfrl{& Ibfbirn 'jj cncnabf lfcxx kx kfgh cnan ulj{nfn{ Nif phnsnf Ari gbkb dh{ihzfh{bj l{snrn idnujcni}{ pnzb`hub g{ds{* Ncnjbrn D** 2* rz$rfcn kfghjbj kbfbjhj hj jhdfb dh{ihzfh{bjchj

kb{bcb{*+

]{l`* C{* An{nfc ANX]SDNJJ!Ncnjn& >222"

+bpb rnzf snkfhsfh{bj unifnjc

Ibzzxwnsjn'jj rh{fb n{bpfh{b kb{ gj dxsfninkxfxjnenis{* Kxgj Uhranj B{dn ihjn{jcn

Sh}hkn Ari'sh chp gbkb rnsnj huib Ncnjninzfcjcn& Ncnjn4Ncnjbrn hbsfhdhub cnanunfnd shdhffh{h lsx{sxfnenis{*+

]{l`* C{* Nadhs JNF !Ncnjn& ;==="

LPNFBI IFIRN4XIX[LPN

Huibnfn{j jf el{n`rneu Us{nklj'n g$

{h>& Ahffhjbusbi ph [ldn Cjhdfh{bjch Ibfbirnbib iudn nr{fdnisnc{? Ebfbebn S{niahbn rn cnEbfbebn Nu}h{n ncrfn 'Cnfi$Snfi$HjghkhfbIbfbirn'& Ebfbebn ]hcbnu phrn Ebfbebn End}hus{bu

ncrfn cn 'Lpnfi Ibfbirn' njfnsfdni bushjdbsb{*;

Kbznju Cjhdb'jch buh& Cnfi Ibfbirn'rn Ebfbebn

]{bdn& Lpnfi Ibfbirn'rn buh& Ebfbebn Uhexjcn bu$db ph{bfdbsb{* Ludnjf Cjhdb'jch ch& IbfbirnKfghub'jbj knsujn Snhfb& clxuxjn buh& hfchjdhishrcb* Lpn ihubdb rnjb Ebfbebn ]hcbnu ph$rn Ebfbebn End}hus{bu& ahd iljxd& ahd ch k$rifi lfn{ni gjdz xix{lpn'ujn shinkfhsdhishcb{* Clxcn S{ibrh$Ux{brh uj{jcn kn$fndnisn ph Njsnirn cn cnabf lfdni zh{h hf'h

incn{ chpnd hsdhishcb{*5

D**>*Kbjbj knfn{jcn xix{lpn Gh,Rhjb

Nuux{ rnzf dhsbjfh{bjch Ixh !Inxh" phrnAbfniix !Abfniib" lfn{ni in{dzn in{*3

Hsbdlflobi ncnj bjehfhjcbbjch& Abfniix bfhIbfbirn'jj nrj nc lfcxx njfnfdnisnc{*

xix{lpn'jj kbfbjhj hj huib !D**;*Kbjch"

budb buh& Ibzzxwnsjn'c{*8 D**;*Kbjbj knfn{jcnIfsh}h ph Klnzir'chj hfh ghhj Huib Nux{enph Absbsh dhsbjfh{bjh g{h& Ibzzxwnsjn'cn rh{fb

kb{ anjhcnjj lfcxxjx g{rl{xz* Kri n}snAx{{b nz cn lfun& Fxpb hsibfh{b uhzbfdhifh kb{fbish&

kx anjhcnjj rh{fb lfdnu iljxuxjcn sd n{ns{$dnefn{ ahd `bib{cb{* Ibzzxwnsjn& L{sn Njnclfx&Clx Nichjbz unabffh{b& Ixzhr Ux{brh& Dhzl}l$sndrn& chjbz rlfxrfn cn Ik{u& Du{& Hgh Cj$rnu bfh bfhsbbdb lfnj li jhdfb kb{ iljxdcnrc*D**;*Kbjbj ;*hr{hbjchj bsbkn{hj Absbsfh{&Ibzzxwnsjn I{nff bfh ah} brb ghbjdbfh{cb{ phn{nfn{jcn rn}fd chpfhs njfndnfn{jj dhsbj$fh{b Absbsh ph Nincn lfn{ni Klnzir'ch kxfxj$dxsx{* Kx njfndnfn{n g{h ch& Ibzzxwnsjn kxcjhdchj bsbkn{hj hbs anifn{n unab}& knduz

kb{ chpfhs usnsujh unab} lfdxsx{* Absbs I{nf

Inz

SH]HKN ARI !X[X NCNJBBN"?

3 bCLF


5/58

Nddxjn'$cnj B*Ux}}bfxbfxdn'rn incn{ib cjhd$fh{ bbjch Ixzhr Dhzl}lsndrn'cn gbssbih gfh$jhj Ax{{b$Dbsnjjb I{nff bfh ch rnij bfbibfh{

bbjchcb{fh{*0 Anssn Nnjn I{nff bfh ch }lfbsbibfbibfh{ ix{xfdx& cnan ulj{n D**>58= rffn{j$

cn BB*Sxcanfbn phrn B*Ux}}bfxbfxdn zndnjjcnIbzzxwnsjn I{nff bgnf hcbfdb ph cl{xcnjAbsbsfh{'h knfnjds{* ]lfbsbi gej rbsb{hj phah{ ghhj gj kb{nz cnan Ax{{b ifs{jj hsibubnfsjn gb{dhrh knfnrnj Ibzzxwnsjn& cbj& cbjb n$rbjfh{& krefi& s}& `nfefi ph ii hf unjns$fn{ nujcnj Absbs fihubjb sndndhj hsibub nfsjnnfds{* Anssn Dnns Ari'sh kxfxjnj kb{ snkfhs$shj njfnfc incn{& Ibzzxwnsjn'jj uj{fn{

_bfh'rh incn{ xfnrl{cx*7 El{n`b snjdfn{j

niubjh& Ibzzxwnsjn fihub uj{fn{ bbjh& Rxin{Lpn cn gb{dhishrcb*1

SH]HKN ARI4NCNJBRN

Nc!s"njbbn budb& bfi ihz D** ;*Kbjbj l{sn$fn{jcn !D**>8>=$>318" Absbs i{nffn{jcnjShfh}bjx'jxj Absbs d}n{nsl{fxi Cjhdb KnihjsbKlnzir$Anssxun'cnib kb{ rnzf dhsbjch in{$

dzn idnisnc{*2 Kx khfghfh{h g{h& Ncnjnxix{lpn'jj li jhdfb kb{ dh{ihzbcb{* Nrjbudh& D** 1*rzrf In{nsh}h$Nufnjsn abrh{lgfb`

rnzsfn{jcn shi{n{ {nusfrl{xz*>= Ncnjn4Ncnjbbnhbsfbbjb bfi ihz >2;; rfjcn Lfdushnc bfh{b u{$

ds{*>> Ncnjn ihjsbjbj l{snujcn& UhranjJha{b'jbj knsujcnib& Sh}hkn ph iudhj chInrnfkn dnanffhfh{bjbj nfsjcnib ari& Absbsrnzf dhsbjfh{bjchib ncrfn Ncnjbbn lfdnfc{*

Clfnrurfn Sh}hkn Ari4Ncnjbbn hbsfhdhubjbrn}dni }hi ch ansnf lfdnun gh{hisb{ !@lsl{n` >"*

Sh}hkn Ari'sh bfi ihz Ncnjn N{ihlflobDzhub'jbj bfi dc{ N*[*Rnfgj !>117$>20="&

>250 rfjcn 0 gj u{hj kb{ uljcno inzu rn}d&3 d* ch{bjfbish nfdnfn{ k{nifds{*$'Nidhadhs Dnanffhub >2*Ulini Ane An`zjrhjb hpb jjch' hifbjch snupb{ hcbfdb lfnj ulj$cno inzujcnj inj huh{fh{& dzhrh inznjc{f$ds{* Kx huh{fh{bj lxjfxxjx gh cjhddnfzhdhub lfxsx{dnujn {ndhj& cnan huibcjhd huh{fh{bjh ch {nusfnjfc b`nch

hcbfdbsb{*>; Ar >23; rfjcn [*L*N{izbrn{hs hsdb ph kx rh{fhdhch cnan hunuf kb{n{ns{dnjj rn}fdnu gh{hisbbjh cbiins hi$

dbsb{*>5 >28> rfjcn D*P*Uhslj$Wbffbndu& r$zhr n{ns{dnu hujnujcn arishj cnan jehibuljcno inzujcnj inj huh{fh{b dzhch bjehfh$db ph kx dnfzhdhfh{b gh cjhdfh{h sn{ba$

fhdbsb{*>3 >208 rfjcn Ncnjn Dzh Dc{fsn{n$`jcnj npxfx& Ub{ihfb& Sh{dhf & jeb{fbi&I{ifh{& Dh{ebj bfh kb{fbish Sh}hkn'cn cn ulj$

cno inzu rn}fcjcnj uz hcbfdhishcb{*>8

Ari >207 rfjcn shuebf hcbfdb& Ncnjn Ifs{ph Snkbns Pn{fifn{j Il{xdn Ix{xfx sn{n`jcnj

;7*=5*>221 sn{ba ph 5=;1 unrf in{n{fn cn &arj li nz kb{ iud ;*Ch{heh N{ihlflobi Ubsnfnj lfn{ni khfb{fhjdbsb{* Dzhjbj rn}s hbsfbuljcno ph ix{sn{dn nfdnfn{ hujnujcn Nkbcbj$

}nn Encchub'jch& gjdz Dh{ihz Knjinu'jjzh{bjh bjn hcbfcbb nfnjcn [ldn Cjhdb'jh sn${bafhjdb dlznbifh{bj kb{ iud ix{sn{fn{ni

Inz

@lsl{n` > ? >2*rzrfj uljfn{jcn Sh}hkn Ari ph Sn I}{* !D*Uhpbd'chj"



6/58

bCLF

dzhch uh{gbfhjdhrh knfnds{* jj Encchub'jchib kb{ an`{brns hujnujcn cn rbjh nrj cjhdhnbs kb{ nufnj ahrihfb9 nidni Encchub'jchib kb{an`{brnssn buh& [ldn Cjhdb'jh nbs kb{ fnabs l{snrnin{fds{* Kxjfn{j cjcn arj kns hshi$

fh{bjbj nnujcn& Ix{xi}{ Dnanffhub'jch >27>rfjcn 3* rzrfn nbs }bdb sl}{ni dhzn{fn{ ph

dhzn{ hrnfn{ l{snrn in{fds{*>0 Kx nfnj rh{$fhdhjbj jhi{l}lf lfdnfc{*

Sh}hkn Ari4Ncnjbbn flinfbznurljx iljx$uxjn basbrnsfn rnifnnj n{ns{dnefn{ pn{c{?N*jnf& Sh}hkn Arj inzfdnujj sd kx

ul{xjfn{n zd ghsb{hehbjb9>7 O* Gn{usnjg buh&Sh}hkn'cn rn}fd lfnj ii n}f uljcnoinzfn{jj ihjs sn{babjbj li gh{bfh{h gbsdhcbbjb

gush{cbbjb& njeni Ncnjn bf dh{ihzbjbj >; id*ixzhrbjch& Uhranj Jha{b'jbj knsujcnrihj&bdcb kn{no gf bbjch infnj & A*Glfcdnj'j kxf$cxx Phfbenj Arjj Ncnjbbn lfnkbfhehbjb

khfb{sdhishcb{*>1 D*P*Uhslj$Wbffbndu'j cn lianif lfn{ni khfb{ssbb gbkb& kx rh{fhdhjbjNcnjbbn bfh flinfbzh hcbfdhub& li ii klrxsfx

lfdnu nujcnj lfcxin zl{cx{*>2

Kbfbd cjrnujcnib kx sn{sdnfn{j cjcn&Ncnjn$Sh}hkn Ari ph hp{hubrfh bfgbfb >220rfjcn rn}fnj Ncnjn Il{xdn Ndnf dn{ ]fnj{n}l{xjcn cn kfghjbj huibnfn{ nujcnj jh$dbjh cbiins hibfdb& kxjxj cjcn zhffbifhari usjch infnj sn{bauhf clixrfn bfgbfb ch li

unrcn }{loh {hsbfdbsb{*;=

SH]HKN ARI IN_B ][LOHU

AN_B[FNJBRL[.

xix{lpn jbph{ubshub& @hj$Hchkbrns@nifshub& N{ihlflob ph Unjns Sn{bab Kfd

sn{n`jcnj & >3*>;*>222 sn{babjch Sh}hknArj n{ihlflobi in{nish{bjh cbiins hidhiph zh{bjchib rn} clixfn{rfn bfgbfb jhfh{rn}fdnu iljxuxjcn kb{ }njhf czhjfhjdb&N{ihlflob Kfd'jj Sh}hkn AriN{ihlflobi Inz ]{lohub indxlrxjn

snjsfds{;> !@lsl{n` ;"*

Sh}hkn'j& n{nzbch sbsbz nfdnfn{cnj ulj{nanfb$anz{ cx{xdx zh{bjchj sl}l{n`bi an{bsnuin{fd& kbfbjhjchj li cnan kri kb{ ari

lfcxx ph rnifni ;*> ahisn{fi nfnj in}uncshu}bs hcbfdbsb{;; ! hibf >$5"* Arj hj ri$uhi ilcx 3=& hshifh{ch ch ;2 ebpn{fn{jcnc{* >221rf ze Ncnjn ch}{hdbjchj ulj{n& zhffbifharj sh}h jlisnfn{jcn ;*8$5 cjdfi nfnj$fn{ hjinzfn{j infc{fdnujcnj ulj{n nn i$ds{* Kxjxj cjcn& sn}x ubebf cidfh{bjchrn}sdz bjehfhdhfh{ uljxexjcn& UhranjPbfnrhsb ph Uhranj fknrf'jn inrsf& rnifni 7

cjd anzbjh n{nzbub shu}bs hcbfdbsb{*;5 Njeni&kx nfnjj zh{b dlch{j rn}fn{fn !ghjhfb shi insf"

in}fc{*

KFGHCH ]NFHLFSI IFS[FH[

CH LFDNFB.

Ncnjn ph hp{hubjch ubushdfb n{ns{dnfn{j

Inz

0

@lsl{n` ;? >3*>;*>222 sn{babjch rn}fnj Sh}hkn Ari Inzfn{ ]{lohub ]njhfb


7/58

rhsh{ubzfbbjchj clfnr& ]nfhlfbsbi ifs{fh{

aniijcn ab kb{ kbfgbrh unab} chbfbz* Njsnfrn phhp{hubjchib rlxj nfdnfn{ ph ulj rffn{cnNjsnirn'cnib n{ns{dnfn{& Clx NichjbzKfghub'jbj ch ab `nib{ lfdncj gush{$

dbsb{*;3

Sn{uxu ph Dh{ubj inzfn{jj uljxfn{jn g{h&Sh}hkn4Ncnjbbn 'cn cn Jhlfbsbi ph Infilfbsbiifs{fh{ khifhjdhfbcb{*

D** ;*KbJCH SH]HKN'CN

RH[FHDH PN[ DBRCB2*rzrfcnNcnjn'rn ghfdb lfnj P*Fnjgflbu'jj kb{g{np{jch&Sh}hkn Ari& Sn I}{ phUhranj Jha{b zh{bjch ii sljnof shijhfh{ phrhfihjfbfh{ g{fhkbfdhishcb{ !@lsl{n` 5"*Kxjxjcjcn N*jnf'j cn khfb{ssbb gbkb &rbjh>2*rzrfcn jgbfbz kna{brhfbfh{bjbj Uhranj phEhranj {dnifn{ nifn{jn incn{ ghfb}&chdb{fhcbifh{b ghdbfh{bjchj bjb}& kx {dnifn{

klrxjen inrifn{fn n{ufnj npfncifn{ kbfbjdhish$cb{*;0 U*Gjhr buh& D**;*Kbjch ir bzgbubjbjgjdzchj li cnan bh{bch lfcxxjx& ir

7

Inz

hibf >? Sh}hkn Ari Sl}lg{n`bi An{bsnu

hibf ; ? Sh}hkn Ari *>221 ch}{hdbjchj jeh hibfdb lfnj anpn `lsl{n`*

N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU


8/58

bzgbubjbj Dh{ubj'chj clxrn Inznjf'rn cl{xxznjcj& kx{ncnj cn Nzchfbi& }f ph

Ix{njun irfh{b ebpn{jcnj ghsbbjb phCh{pbfh{'chj gjhrclxrn cl{x Cldxz

Sh}h'rh rnifnsj shu}bs hsdbsb{*;7 EhranjB{dn zh{bjch >23=f rffn{cn Dbubu'h incn{inrifn gbcbfhkbfcbbjb& rhfihjfbfh{bj buh& Khkhfb

irjh incn{ ghfhkbfcbifh{bjb g{rl{xz*;1

Clfnrurfn& D**;*Kbjch Uhranj Jha{bzh{bjchj chjbzh xfndj li cn zl{ lfdncj&Sh}hkn Arj rnijfn{jcn kb{ rh{fh{ch khfibch kb{ snid fbdnj shubufh{bjbj lfcxxjx cjr$

l{xz* Kxjxj cjcn & khfib ch rbjh kx cjhdchUhranj zh{bjch kb{ i}{ lfnkbfhehbjb& kxjxjcn [ldn Cjhdb'jh nbs Sn I}{'jj lirnijjcn n{njdnu gh{hisbbjb urfh{ihj& kxunpdzn chushi N*jnf'cnj ghfcb? B*N{jxwnjcn

!D**>3==$>57=" 'jj rffifn{& _xjjnan{n&Ncnjbbn& Ubjxwnjcn& Xffbsn& N{znwn& Dnun ph

N{cx~~n bfh unpn{ihj& zhffbifh ch NcnjbbnIhjsbjh in{ r{sfhj unpn hujnujcn kb{

i}{chj uz hch{*;2

SH]HKN'CN HU_ K[ HUH[?D**;*KJJ KNFN[BJN NS DBUB[FB

UNSUJH@H[X .

Sh}hkn ihjsbjbj& zhffbifh Nichjbz cjrnubfh ghfbdb bfbibfh{bjb nifnrnj kb{ injs cn&>11; rfjcn& Sh}hkn Arj us uhpbrhfh{bj$ch& kb{ dburljh{ hpbjbj bjnnu u{nujcn kxfxj$dx lfnj Du{ iihjfb kb{ ahrihfcb{ !@lsl{n` 3"*Shdhf xix{x inzu u{nujcn kb{ snid huh{fh{bjg{fdhub zh{bjh& D{* Dljs gl$ dh{r'jbj cnanch{bjh xfnfdnuj bushcbbjb ph kx hujncn cn

}bdb sl}{ni kb{ `bg{bj bfh kb{fbish ubrna g{njbs$

Inz

@lsl{n` 5? P*Fnjgflbu'jj gzrfh Sh}hkn ph chjbz s{n`bb* ! P*Fljgflbu'cnj"

hibf 5 ? Sh}hkn Ari klrxsfx bzbd* Gh{hishj kfghjbj hj kri ar*

bCLF1


9/58

shj& cbz id }lzburljcn& ulf hfb guzh{bjch snupb{ hcbfdb kb{ ahrihfbj kxfxjcxx

kbfcb{bfdb& kb{ jgbfbz rns shcn{bi hcbfh{hi&}nsnshu xpnf bbjch huh{& Ndh{bin'rngs{fds{* Ahrihfbj zh{bjchib rnzs& K{bsbua

Dxuhxd'cnj C{*U*Kb{ea lixdx ph ahrihfbjxix{lpn sn{bab bbj jhdb cnan cn n{sds{*Huh{& Du{'cn L{sn I{nffi Cjhdb'jbj!D**;=3=$>03=" >;*Anjhcnjf'jn !D**>22>$>715" & D**>1==fh{h sn{bafhjdbsb{* Kx sn{bafh{chDu{'cn BBB*Ndhjhdahs !Jbdn'ns{h" aid u{$d ph L{sn I{nffi Cjhdb ch Du{'j hj zhjgbjcjhdb lfn{ni inkxf hcbfdbsb{* Ibsnkhubjh g{h&

kx nauj budbjbj 'Ahdb{h Unsujh`h{x' lfcxxjx{hjbrl{xz* Huh{ Lsx{nj Ujh`{x g{xkxjn nbssb{*N{ns{dne Anrhu'h g{h huh{& >;*Anjhcnjfjhj brb ahrihfebfbi in{nish{ zhffbifh{bjbj sdj

kjrhubjch sndnisnc{* H*W*Kn{kh{'h g{h buh&ahrihf zh{bjchib hfkbuhjbj usbfb sndndhj jnurnzhffbifh{bjb sndnisnc{*5= Kx huh{& hh{ cjhdbbbjch kx{nrn ghfdb buh& D**;*Kbjbj knfn{jcnulj g{fh{bj niubjh&5> Sh}hkn4NcnjbbnNjnclfx'jxj sn{bauhf nfn{n gb{cbb kx cjhd$fh{ch Dhzl}lsndrn ph Du{ bfh enjf kb{ sben{hs

bfbibub bbjch lfdnfrc* Rn cn shdubf hcbfhj naunrj cjhdch ihjcb ahrihfbrfh kb{fbish Ncnjn'rnghfdb ph kx ihjsh abzdhs hsdbsb{* nrhs & kx huh{cnan gh cjhdfh{ch kb{ hibfch Ncnjn'rn ghsb{$bfdb lfun cn& huh{bj shdubf hssbb nausnj clfnr&rbjh Ncnjn'jj kb{ snid zhf usnsfh{h unab} kb{ihjs lfcxxjx inkxf hsdhi gh{hihehisb{*5; Huh{x njcn& Jhw Rl{i Sah Dhs{l}lfbsnj Dxuhxd l`

N{s'sn& >1*;*; dzhrh ghfb jxdn{nu bfh& 2*Du{lcnujcn shab{chcb{* Huh{bj Ncnjn'rn gh{b ghsb{bf$dhub Ncnjn Ihjsb bbj }{husbocb{ !@lsl{n` 8"*

Sh}hkn Arj n{ihlflobi in{nish{bjbnjfnrnkbfdhi ph rxin{cn knauhcbfhj sd ul{xj$fn{n zd kxfxjnkbfdhub bbj& kbzh snaubu hcbfh$ehi kl nfnjfn{cn& kxfxjneni u}ljul{fn{j chushbbfh& Ncnjn N{ihlflob Dzhub bfh kb{fbish uljcnoinzfn{ rn}fdnfc{ *Nfjneni us{nsbg{n`b ahdNcnjn'rn hj h{ihj jh zndnj rh{fhbfcbbjb l{snrnin{neni& ahd ch rhjb kbfgbfh{ Ibfbirn n{ihlfl$

obubjch njnasn{ {lffh{ lrjnrnenis{*

Inz

@lsl{n` 3?Sh}hkn Ari anssn Njnclfx N{ihlflobubjbj hjjhdfb kxfxjsxfn{jcnj& Du{f Unsujh`h{x*Du{ L{sn I{nffiCjhdb& >;*Anjhcnjfi D**>1* rzrf !52ed" !W* U* UDBSA'chj"

@lsl{n` 8? Ahrihfbj hj iun u{hch Ncnjn'rn cjdhub gh{hibr$



10/58

JLSFN[ ?

/xix{lpn jbph{ubshub& @hj$Hchkbrns @nifshub& N{ihlflob ph

Unjns Sn{bab Kfd Kninj $Sh}hkn Ari Inzfn{

]{lohub Kninj*

>* Us{nklj& QBP& P$>& u* >27*

; N*H[_HJ& Ibfbibhj9 kbu zxd Hjch ch{ ]h{uh{ah{{uean`s&

Fhb}zbg >23=& u*>3&;79 U* CX[XGJF& Cbh @hfu{hfbh`u

bd [nxahj Ibfbibhj& KN[ Bjsh{jnsbljnf Uh{bhu?8>>&

Lq`l{c >212& u* 09 K*A[LXCN& +Ncnjn ph xix{lpn'

jj Huibn'cn jhdb+& A*H[INJNF Sn{n`jcnj

>1*=8*>222 Sn{babjch Ncnjn N{ihlflob Dzhub'jch

Uxjxfnj Ilj`h{nju Dhsjbjchj& u*>9W*D*[NDUNR&

Njnclfx'jxj Sn{bauhf El{n`rnu& !hp?D*]HISN"&

usnjkxf >20=& u* >>pc9 Cnfi Ibfbirn bbj kiz?O*IHBF$

N*WBFAHFD& Dljxdhjsn Nubnh Dbjl{bu Njsb~xn&

Plf?BBB& Dnjeahush{ >25>9 A* AHFFHJIHD]H[ $

@*ABFC& Jhxh @l{ueaxjghj j Ibfbibhj& SBK 3&Wbhj>2109 @*ABFC $ A*AHFFHJIHD]H[& Ibfbibhj xjc

Bunx{bhj& Plf?B$BB& SBK 8& Wbhj >22=*

5 K*A[LXCN& n*r*

3 C*C*FXEIHJKBFF& Njebhjs [hel{cu l` Nuur{bn njc

Knkrfljbn& Abusl{benf [hel{cu l` Nuur{bn `{ld sah

Hn{fbhus Sbdhu sl Un{glj&Plf?>& Jhw Rl{i >201&

u*877&81;$815 90== pc*9C*C*FXEIHJKBFF& Njebhjs

[hel{cu l` Nuur{bn njc Knkrfljbn& Abusl{benf [hel{cu l`

Nuur{bn `{ld Un{glj sl sah Hjc&Plf?BB& Jhw Rl{i >201&

u*>0&>1&;8&88&1= pc*& ;10$;11&5;2 pc&503&515& 8>0pc&

71;&>>209 N*JNF& + xix{lpn'jj Njsbi Chpb{fh{chSnc ubdfh{ bfh @bzbib ph Sn{bab El{n`rnu& Ncnjn&

Rn} I{hcb Rnrj& Knuicn*9 N*JNF& + Huibnfn{cn

xix{lpn'jj Sn{bab El{n`rnu ph Ibzzxwnsjn !Ncnjn"

I{nffjj Ubrnub Sn{bab+& N[IHLFLO ILJ@H

[NJUFN[B B& !Hc? I*U*G[GJH["& Knuicn*9

K*A[LXCN& n*r9D**>*Kbjch Abfniix bfh ^xh sl}{ni

fn{jj uj{fn{ iljxuxjcnib sn{sdnfn{ bbj kiz?

F*_L[LFX& +Ebfbebn S{neahbn bj sah B{lj Ngh?Sah

Iabfniix ]{lkfhd+& NJNSLFBNJ B[LJ NGHU 5&

!Hcu? N*FJG[LFX$ C*@[HJEA"& Njin{n >223&

u* 5=>$5=2*

8

Kx iljxcn hj nr{jsf ph ulj kbfgbfh{ bbj kiz? N*JNF&+Ncnjn'cn Ibzzxwnsjn I{nff& Sn Chp{bjchj Absbs

Chpfhsbjbj Rifjn Incn{ Ncnjn ph xix{lpn Sn{bab+&

Ncnjn& Rn} I{hcb Rnrj& Knuicn*9 N*JNF& +xix{l

pn' jj Njsbi Chpb{fh{ch Snc ubdfh{ bfh @bzbib ph

Sn{bab El{n`rnu& Ncnjn& Rn} I{hcb Rnrj&Knuicn9

N*JNF& + Huibnfn{cn xix{lpn'jj Sn{bab

El{n`rnu ph Ibzzxwnsjn !Ncnjn" I{nffjj Ubrnub

Sn{bab+& XIX[LPN JPH[USHU N[IHLFLO

ILJ@H[NJUFN[B B& !Hc? I*U*G[GJH["& Knuicn* 9

N*JNF& +Absbs d}n{nsl{fxx'jxj Rifjcnj Kbznju

Cjhdb Uljxjn Incn{ Ncnjn ph xix{lpn Sn{bab+&

XIX[LPN JPH[USHU N[IHLFLO ILJ@H

[NJUFN[B B& !Hc? I*U*G[GJH["& Knuicn9N*JNF&+_x{ abusl{beuahj Ghlg{n}abh plj Ibzzxwnsjn xjc Fngh

plj Ub{ihfb$ hbjh Kbfnjz+& Bus*Dbss* 37 !>227"& u*>35$>8=*9

N*JNF& Absbsfh{$ Hsbfh{ ph Njnclfx Xrgn{fifn{& usnj

kxf >2229 Nr{en kiz? N*GLHS_H& Ibzzxwnsjn njc sah

]{lkfhd l` Abssbsh Ghlg{n}ar&Fljclj >23=9 O

GN[USNJG $ L*[*GX[JHR& Sah Ghlg{n}ar l` sah

Abssbsh Hd}b{h& Fljclj >282& u* 8=pc*9N*IXA[S& Sah

Njebhjs Jhn{ Hnus& e*5===$55= KE& Plf?B& Fljclj >228&u* ;8= pc*9 O*G*DNE^XHHJ& Sah Abssbshu& njc sahb{

Eljshd}l{n{bhu bj Nubn Dbjl{& Fljclj >220& u*38pc*9

U**UNPN& Njnclfx!Absbs$Fxpb" Abrl{lgfb` Rnzsfn{j

cn Ghhj Snj{& nau ph El{n`rn Ncfn{& usnjkxf >221&

u* >219 N*GLHS_H&

Ixfsx{ghueabeash Ifhbjnubhju& Djeahj >287& u*32pc9

Klnzir dhsbjfh{b ph kbkfbrlg{n`rn bbj kiz? A*

H[SHD& Klnzir Dhsbjfh{bjch Ghhj El{n`rn Ncfn{

Cbzbjb& Njin{n >275& u* 70$77*

0 Ax{{b$Dbsnjjb bbj cnan nr{jsf kbfgb bbj kiz? G*WBF

AHFD& Sah Ax{{bnju& Wn{dbjush{ >2129C*F*USHBJ&

+Ax{{bnju+& SAH LQ@L[C HJEREFL]HCBN L@N[EANHLFLGR BJ SAH JHN[ HNUS& Plf?5&

!Hc?H*D*DHRH[U"& Lq`l{c >227& u*>;0$>5=*

7 N*JNF& +Ub{ihfb'ch !Ncnjn$Ehranj" N{ihlflobi

Inzfn{ Knfrl{+& KNUBJ KFC[U& Ncnjn >22;*

1 O*GN[USNJG& nfdnujcn Ibzzxwnsjn'r jeh

In{nchjbz unabffh{bjh rh{fhsb{dhi bushdb& Kiz?

O*GN[USNJG& Sah Abssbsh Hd}b{h& Fljclj >2;29

N*GLHS_H buh& In{nchjbz unabffh{bjchj zbrnch Nichjbz

unabffh{bjch& Dh{ubj bfh Nrnu n{nujcn kxfxjdnu gh{hi

sbbjb khfb{sdb ph Dnru >258'ch Sn{uxu$Gzf Ixfh

Inzfn{jcn hfh ghhj kb{ kxffnrn g{h ch !D** >0 rzrfIbzzxwnsjn I{nf }xsnaux'rn nbssb{"& kx unp chushifhj

dbsb{? N*GLHS_H& +]abflflgbenf [hdn{iu lj sah

Kbfbjgxnf Kxffn `{ld Sn{uxu+& NON QF,; !>250"& u* ;>=$

;>39 N*GLHS_H&+[hdn{iu lj sah H}be{n}abe Dnsh{bnf

@lxjc ns Sn{uxu bj>250+& NON 3> !>257"& u*;83$;809

Ibzzxwnsjn fihub'jbj sd flinfbznurlj ul{xjfn{ ph kx

iljxcnib sn{sdnfn{ bbj kiz? N*GLHS_H& Ibzzxwnsjn

njc sah ]{lkfhd l` Abssbsh Ghlg{n}ar& Fljclj >23=*

2 Kx rnzf dhsbjfh{ ph kbkfbrl{n`rn bbj kiz? A*H[SHD&

Klnzir Dhsbjfh{bjch Ghhj El{n`rn Ncfn{ Cbzbjb&

Njin{n >275& u* >$;*

>= Kx hab{ budbjbj sd chbbi rnzffn{ ph kbkfbrlg{n`rn

bbj kiz? U**UNPN& Njnclfx !Absbs$Fxpb" Abrl{lgfb`

Rnzsfn{jcn Ghhj Snj{& nau ph El{n`rn Ncfn{&

usnjkxf >221& u* >7>$>73*

>> N*JNF& +Ncnjn'cn Ibzzxwnsjn I{nff& Sn Chp{bj

chj Absbs Chpfhsbjbj Rifjn Incn{ Ncnjn ph xix{l

pn Sn{bab+& Ncnjn& Rn} I{hcb Rnrj& Knuicn*

>; U* CDH_& +xix{lpn El{n`rnujn Sl}fx Kb{ Kni+&

G[FH[ !Ncnjn Anfi Hpb Ifs{ Ch{gbub" 8; !>235"

u*39 J*IXD& +xix{lpn'cn Sn{ba& N{ihlflob ph @lfifl{

Shsibifh{b+& G[FH[ !Ncnjn Anfi Hpb Ifs{Ch{gbub" 0 , 88 !>233" u*2*

Inz

bCLF>=


11/58

>5 [*L*N[BI& +>23;'ch S{i Sn{ba Ix{xdx Ncjn Rn}fnj

Kbsbi Inzu ph Ansnr Shsibifh{bAniijcn Iun [n}l{+&

KHFFHSHJ PBBB, 5= !>233"& u*505$508*

>3 D*P*UHSLJ$WBFFBNDU& + Ebfbebnj Ux{phr+& NU BP

!>283"& u*>31*

>8 D*A*NFSNR& Ncd Ncd xix{lpn& Ncnjn >208& u*7*

>0 L*N[UFNJ $ N*KHC_& Ncnjn fb Uj{fn{ h{bubjch

Rh{nfnj Shukbsb ph Shuebfb Rn}fd Lfnj Ari ph Infh

fh{& xix{lpn jbph{ubshub& @hj$Hchkbrns @nifshub&

N{ihlflob ph Unjns Sn{bab Kfd'jch Uxjxfdx& Rnrd

fnjdnd Riuhi Fbunju Uhdbjh{b& Ncnjn >222& u*>$;*

>7 N*JNF& n*r*

>1 N*JNF& n*r* 9 O GN[USNJG$ L*[*GX[JHR& Sah

Ghlg{n}ar l` sah Abssbsh Hd}b{h& Fljclj >282& u* 0>*

>2 Nr{en D*P*Uhslj$Wbffbndu& rh{fhdhjbj Infilfbsbi$C

hdb{ n n{nujcnib cjhdfh{ch buinj g{cj urfh

dhishcb{* Kiz?D*P*UHSLJ$WBFFBNDU& n*g*h& u*>7>$

>7;*9N*[*Rnfdnj sn{n`jcnj Phfbenj Arishj sl}fnjnj

uh{ndbifh{bj Jhlfbsbi in{nish{ gush{cbifh{b ph kx dnfzh

dhfh{bj Ncnjn N{ihlflob Dzhub'jch lfcxx kbfcb{bfdhi

shcb{* Kiz? @*ALX[U $ L*NX[HJEAH pc& n*g*h& u* 587

ph U*AN[DNJINRN$L*SNJBJCB&S{ibrh N{ihlflobi

Rh{fhdhfh{b ; ? Jhlfbsbi& usnjkxf >227& Phfbenj*

;= Kiz? S*GI$ @*C*L[NF pc*& Ncnjn Il{xdn Ndnf

dn{ ]fnj [n}l{x& xix{lpn jbph{ubshub Dahjcbufbi$

Dbdn{fi @nifshub Sn{n`jcnj Uhranj Khfhcbrhub bjAnz{fnjd& Ncnjn >220& u*0 pc* Arj n{ihlflobi

in{nish{bjbj cjcn& ari zh{bjch >221 rfjcnib z

e Ncnjn ch}{hdbjchj ulj{n nrnisn infnkbfhj gjdz

rn}fn{rfn kb{fbish Khrfbifh{ Cjhdb& Exdax{brhsbj bfi

rffn{jn nbs 0='cnj `nzfn cn shuebffb rn} dhpexssx{*

;> I*U*G[GJH[& +* N{ihlflob Kfd'jj Sh}hkn

Inzu ]{lohub'jh Kri Chushi ?Sh}hkn N{ihlflobi

Inzu ]{lohub ]njhfb Uljx Kbfcb{ghub ph jh{bfh{+& >1

N{nfi >222 Sn{bafb Knuj Kbfcb{bub& Ncnjn*

;; Kx sbsbz ph zph{bfb nfdnr gh{hifhsb{hj& hibf >'b an

z{fnrnj A{s*Da*Khib{ IL'n9 hibf 5' rnrj bbj anz{fnrnj N{ihlflg @n{bu Chdb{'h enjcnj shhii{ hch{bd*

;5 Kx iljxcnib rn{cdfn{jcnj clfnr& hab{ ]fnjeu

Shp`bi RBFCB[BD'n shhii{ hch{bd* Sh}hkn Dnanffh

ub'jbj nc bfi ch`n >837 sna{b{bjch ghh{ ph cnan jehib

ncjj buh& Inun{efn{ lfcxx unjfdnisnc{* Kiz?

@*C*L[NF& QPB*Rzrfcn Ncnjn Ihjsbjbj @bzbiuhf

Rn}u&xix{lpn jbph{ubshub Dbdn{fi @nifshub&

Rnrdfnjdnd Riuhi Fbunju Shzb& Ncnjn >220& u*8;*

;3 N*jnf'cn nrj iljxrn cbiins hidb& Snxex'jcnib U{s

fnjbjb dnn{nfn{jj !x njcn `luh}sbi lfn{ni ixffnjf

rl{" kx kfghch ch ]nfhlfbsbi ifs{fh{bj pn{fj injsfncj khfb{sdbsb{ *Kiz? N*JNF* n*r9 *I*IISHJ& +

Sn{uxu$Njsnfrn N{nu Unabf h{bsb zh{bjch ph Njsnfrn

Kfghubjch Rn}fnj Sn{bajehub N{ns{dnfn{+& SNC

PBBB$; !>281"& u*>=$>0* Nr{en kiz? K*A[LXCN&

+Ncnjn ph xix{lpn'jj Huibn'cn jhdb+& A* H[IN

JNF Sn{n`jcnj >1*=8*>222 Sn{babjch Ncnjn N{ihlflob

Dzhub'jch Uxjxfnj Ilj`h{nju Dhsjbjchj& u*3*

;8 J*IXD& +Unbdkhrfb Kfghubjch Sn{bab Huh{fh{ BB9

Ildnjn$n{ Sn{bahub+& G[FH[ !Ncnjn Anfi Hpb

Ifs{ Ch{gbub" 1,1;$15 !>238" u*;;*

;0 N*JNF& +Huibnfn{cn xix{lpn'jj Sn{bab El{n`rnu

ph Ibzzxwnsjn !Ncnjn" I{nffjj Ubrnub Sn{bab+&

N[IHLFLO ILJ@H[NJUFN[B B& !Hc? I*U* G[G

JH["& Knuicn*

;7 U*GJHR& Ncnjn Lpnfn{ B& usnjkxf >270& u*>7& A{s*B$;*

;1 U*NF]NJ& +Ncnjn El{n`rnujn Kb{ Kni& Nin{uxfn{ ph

[hobdfh{b+& G[FH[ !Ncnjn Anfi Hpb Ifs{ Ch{gbub" 0, 83 !>235" u*5*

;2 N*JNF& +Ncnjn'cn Ibzzxwnsjn I{nff& Sn Chp{bj

chj Absbs Chpfhsbjbj Rifjn Incn{ Ncnjn ph xix{l

pn Sn{bab+& Ncnjn& Rn} I{hcb Rnrj& Knuicn*9

N*JNF& Absbsfh{ $ Hsbfh{ ph Njnclfx Xrgn{fifn{& usnj

kxf >222& u*35*

5= Kx iljxcn kbzh kbfgb ph{hj& xfnndncdz inrjnifn{

gjch{hj ]{l`*C{*D*DHFFBJI'h ph R*Cl*C{* Nuf

_RN[' n9 rbjh inrjni shdbjb bbj ]{l`*C{*Nadhs

JNF'n enjcnj shhii{ hch{bd* Kx huh{fh bfgbfb kiz?

A*H*WBJFLEI& +Nj Hgr}sbnj Usnsxhssh `{ld NubnDbjl{+& KDDN QPB,2 !>2;>"& u*;=1$;>=*9 H*W*KN[

KH[& Wldhj'u Wl{i? Sah @b{us ;==== Rhn{u& Wldhj&

Eflsa njc Ulebhsr bj Hn{fr Sbdhu& Jhw Rl{i$ Fljclj

>223& u*;=;$;=5& hi*1*0!ulf"*9 W*U*UDBSA& Bjsh{elj

jhesblj bj sah Jhn{ Hnus& Jhw Anphj >208& u*>3* Nr{en

kiz? O*KNBJHU $ O DNFHI & Huib Du{& !hp?

_*N[XLKN $ L*N[XLKN"& usnjkxf >210& u*8&5; ph 50*

]*N*EFNRSLJ& Ea{ljbefh l` sah ]an{nlau& Sah [hbgj$

kr$[hbgj [hel{c l` sah [xfh{u njc Crjnusbhu l` Njebhjs

Hgr}s& Fljclj >223& u*13$12*

5> Gjdzch ch jnurn'r hp{h kfghfh{h knfnrnj hj

jhdfb ghbsfh{ Njnclfx'jxj bbjchib rnrfnfn{cnj Ncnjn

Lpnfn{'jn cl{x bjh{* Kx iljx zhffbifh D**;*Kbjch

kri jhd n{zhsdbsb{* Kiz? N*GLHS_H&

Ixfsx{ghueabeash Ifhbjnubhju& Djeahj >287& u*7;$72*9

I*KBSSHF& G{xjczxgh ch{ Pl{$xjc @{aghueabeash

Ifhbjnubhju& Skbjghj >28=& u*089 U*GJHR& n*g*h*&

u*02$7=* Clfnrurfn cn& kfghchib arifh{ch ubushdfb

inzfn{j knfndnu bfh D**;*Kbjch Ncnjn Lpnfn{jj &

zhffbifh ch xix{lpn'jj sn{bash lrjnc {lf cnan brb

njfnfnenis{*

5; I*U*G[GJH[& +Ncnjn$ Sh}hkn Ari'shib Du{f9

Ncnjn & Ndh{bin'rn In{fnj Du{ Ahrihfbjb usbrl{+&

>1 Anzb{nj ;=== Sn{bafb Knuj Kbfcb{bub& Ncnjn*

Inz

>>N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU


12/58

bCLF

H{sx{xf CNJBI/

G[

>11;$>115 rffn{jcn Ohlflg Wjuea'jgzfhdfh{brfh knfnrnj Sxjehfb r{hubX{n{sx n{ns{dnfn{jcn>& gjdzh incn{lfnj u{h bbjch Infhir& Dnzgb{s ph Knjlfdni zh{h rh{fhbdch& sl}fnd kh nchsinrn dhzn{ un}snjd lfx}& bjehfhdhfh{bjb

rn}sdz Pnugb{s inrn dhzn{fn{& kxgjhincn{ fbsh{ns{h gb{db rn cn uz hcbfdb ch$bfcb{;& Kx knfndcn Pnugb{s'sh un}sncdz

kh rhjb X{n{sx inrn dhzn{ bfh kb{fbish&Sxjehfb kfghubjchib X{n{sx inrn dhzn{ un$ru lj nchsh ids{*

Sxjehfb bfb ]h{shibfhub ]jn{fn{ !]nn$phji" kxeni dh{ih$zbjh knf lfnj Pnugb{s

ir rh{fhbdb& gj$dzch nfz ncrfnnjfdnisn lfx}& ix$zhrch An{ubi Ch{hub&gjhrch cbi inrnfi$fn{fn ph chpndjcnIhknj Kn{no Gf bfhuj{fnjdnisnc{* hp${hrb un{nj klcx{ dhhnnfn{ bfh rlxj in$rnfifn{ ph ux inrjni$

fn{jj klffxx& r{hrb ah{ cjhdch rh{fhb$dh nds{* Irj ixzhrbjchib inrnfifn{cng{fhj ibdb X{n{sx inrn dbdn{bubjh nbs ph{b$fh{fh kb{fbish& zhffbifh gjhrch rh{ nfnj ph

Kn}b{ Dhz{nu'jn gbchj rlf& bfh Anjh{fb Dhp$ibub lfn{ni njfnj rnifni > id*'fbi nfnjcnkxfxjnj X{n{sx bzfh{b cjcn& rbjh kx kfgh$jbj jjch rh{ nfnj sh{nufn{cn {nusfnjfnj fiSxj& Chdb{n& L{snn ph L{snn ulj{nucjhdfh{bjh nbs uh{ndbi infjsfn{ bfh kb{fbish&ir bbjchib rn}fn{cn ixffnjfnj chpb{dhdnfzhdhfh{ ph Ludnjf Cjhdb dbdn{b ph{b$fh{b& r{hjbj xzxj u{h ihubjsbubz buinj g{c$j gush{b{*

Ir rh{fhbdbjbj gjhrbjchib inrnfinfnjfn{cn g{fhj& kb{li X{n{sx ph{bub bfh kb{$fbish zhffbifh E{jnkhi Dhpibub'jch bib& Anj$h{fb Dhpibub'jch lfdni zh{h& sl}fnd kh

N{ns{dn

>;

PNUG[S INRN DH_N[FN[B

ANIIBJCN FI G_FHDFH[

/Ix{sxfx Unpn ph Exdax{brhs Dzhfh{b Dc{ =0>== Xfxu,NJIN[N *

!>" Ohlflg Wjuea'jbj nfdnfn{jj chpndjcn& >2* Rzrf uljfn{ ;=* Rzrf knfn{jcn Fhadnjj$Axd}s& Axjsbjslj&Khfehi gbkb uhrrnafn{j nfdnfn{j g{dhishrbz* >23='f rffn{cnj ulj{n If Iishj kfghrh x{nun cn& >20='f rffn{cnIhknj }{lohub bfh kb{fbish jhd inznjnj kfghch& kx rffn{cnj ulj{n rhjb ixni X{n{sx n{ns{dnefn{jcnj A*]* Uean`h{& PhfbUhpbj& Ihdnfhssbj I{lfx& Jhpzns hpbi ph [heh} Rfc{d ! Kfghchib X{n{sx nfdnfn{ sn{bahub bbj kiz* IhdnfhssbjI{lfx* X{n{sx I{nff Cjhdbjch Hfnz !Nfzb" ph hp{hub& us*& >220" gbkb n{ns{dnefn{j chbbi bjehfhdhfh{b ph rnrjnfdnfn{ g{fhkbfbjb{*

!;" Pnugb{s rh{fhbdbjchj uz hchj bib n{ns{dnecnj If Iishj ph Saldnu Nfnbj Ubjefnb{'ch9 kfghjbj X{n{sx rh{fhb$dbjchj ph inrn dhzn{fn{jcnj uz hcbfdhz*!kiz* If Iishj +Ihknj Kn{no Gf Nfnjjcn Cb}sn{ba N{ns{dnfn{& >27>+&

Ihknj ]{lohub >27> nfdnfn{& Nji*& >273& u*89 Saldnu Nfnbj Ubjefnb{& Hnush{j Sx{ihr? Nj N{eabshesx{nf njcN{eanhlflgbenf Ux{phr BBB& Fljclj& >212& u* 10&17"*

Sxjehfb& ]h{shi& Pnugb{s Rh{fhbdb nfz Ir


13/58

nchs inrn dhzn{ buh& ixixuxz kx kxfxjsx

rlxjfxxjxj hj bfgbj ph{bfh{bjb lfxsx{x{$

fn{* Pnugb{s B$P lfn{ni ncfnjc{fnj kx inrn

dhzn{fn{jcnj Pnugb{s BB ph P jl'fx lfn{ni nc$

fnjc{fnjfn{n xfnndncdzcnj& dbdn{b il$

jxdfn{ aniijcn bdcbfbi `nzfn kbfgbdbz

kxfxjdnzihj& zhffbifh Pnugb{s B& BBB ph BP

jl'fx dhzn{fn{ nr{jsf lfn{ni khfghfhjdbfh{cb{*

PNUG[S B JL'FX INRN DH_N[B

Ir rh{fhbdbjbj gjhrbjchib nfnjj

+E{jnkhi+ cbrh ncfnjc{fnj kfghubjch& kn$

duz kb{ inrn }fns`l{dxjxj clx eh}ah$

ubjch& rh{chj rnifni 8 d* riuhifbish rh{

nfdnisn lfx}& gjhrchj ixzhrh cl{x nfnfnj

kb{ dhrbffh lrxfdxsx{* ;*>=d*ch{bjfbbjch&

>*15d* ghjbfbbjch ph >*;8 d*riuhifbbjch&

ihjn{fn{ rxpn{fnsfd cbic{sghj }fnjf lcn

dhzn{j gb{b in}ujj ffh{b&>*1=q>*=5q

=*5=d*cb{* Lcnjj ixzhr rjjchib zhdbj

riuhifbi n{i& lfnufifn lfxsx{xfdnu c$

jfhj kb{ uhib bbj k{nifd lfdnfc{ ib9 kx

cx{xd& dhzn{ rn}ujj kbsb{bfdhcbbjb c$

jc{{*

PNUG[S BB JL'FX INRN DH_N[B

Pnugb{s B jl'fx inrn dhzn{ bfh nrj inrnfi

isfhch& nrj eh}ahch ph rnifni ; d* incn{

gjhrbjch nrj riuhifbish rh{ nfdnisn lfx}&

bbjh gb{bfhdhcb* Njeni csnj rn}fnj gz$fhdfh{ch& Pnugb{s B'ch lfcxx gbkb gjhrchj

ixzhrh cl{x hbdfhjcbb bzfhjdhishcb{ ib&

lfnufifn khjzh{ kb{ }fnj rnjusdnisnc{

PNUG[S BBB JL'FX INRN DH_N[B

Ir rh{fhbdbjbj gjhrknsujcn& inrnfi

xznjsfn{j ir rlfx bfh kb{fhsbb jlisncn

+Anjh{fb+ cbrh njfnj kfghch rh{ nf{* R{h

anfi sn{n`jcnj +Anjh{fb Infhub+ cbrh ch

njfnj knduz inrnfi kb{ isfhjbj kns

>5

N{ns{dn

Pnugb{s B ph BB Jlfx Inrn dhzn{fn{ Pnugb{s B

N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU


14/58

rjjch& rh{chj rnifni 1 d* rxin{cnib

dhzn{ lcnujn& >8 ph 5= ed*fbi ch{bjfbish& 0;

ph 11 ed*fbi ghjbfbish ph 78 ed* riuhi$

fbbjch bib inchdhfb kb{ in} bfh gb{bfb{* Gb{bbj

chpndjcnib dhzn{ lcnu ;*3= d* ghjbfbbj$

ch& ;*>8 d* ch{bjfbbjch ph >*8= d* riuhifb$

bjchcb{* Gb{bshj ahdhj ulj{n >; ed* nn$

cn 5= ed* ch{bjfbbjchib }fns`l{dxj chpn$djcn ;; ed* nncn lcn zhdbjb rh{ nf{ ib9

kx zhdbjbj gjhrbjch ph clxuxjcn zhdbj$

chj 38 ed* riuhfhj kb{ knin }fns`l{d g{$

f{* Dh{ihzch zhdbjchj >*8= d* riuhifbish

kxfxjnj snpnj& Pnugb{s B'bj niubjh gb{bsh ph

cxpn{ eh}ahfh{bjch lpnffhh{hi ulj kxfx{*

PNUG[S BP JL'FX INRN DH_N[B

+Anjh{fb+ Dhpibub'jchib inrnfi isfhjbjgjhr eh}ahubjch ixzhrh cl{x lfxnj gb{bj$

sbjbj cbh{ rzjch& rh{chj rnifni lfn{ni 0$

7 d* riuhifbish& Pnugb{s BBB jl'fx dhzn{ lcn$

ujj snd n{inujcn rh{ nf{* Cbh{ sd inrn

dhzn{fn{jj niubjh& gb{b eh}ahub csn czhf$

sbfh{hi h{hph bbjh nfjd lfx}& dhzn{

lcnujn 1= ed* ghjbfbbjch 3= ed* ch{bj$

fbbjchib kb{ in}cnj gb{bfb{* Gb{bshj bsbkn{hj

>*7= d* ch{bjfbbjch ph ;*;= d* ghjbfbbjch

lfnj dhzn{ lcnu&

>*>= d* riuhifbbj$

chcb{* Lpnf }fnjf l$

cnjj gb{bbjchj >*==

d*fbi ch{bjfbish& zh$dbjchj*;8 ed* rxin$

{cn ph 7= ed* ch{bj$

fbishib }fns`l{d& cl$

xcnib gb{b eh}ahub

an{b sd rjfh{b cl$

fn{* ]fns`l{dxj g$

jhr rjch kxfxjnj

clx xexjcn& cxpn{n

rnij rh{chib njni

rxpnu ph dhzn{ lcn$

uj rjch clfnnj

}fns`l{d& kx dhzn{

cbh{ Pnugb{s inrn dhzn{fn{jcnj nr{{*

N{ns{dn

Pnugb{s BBB Jlfx Inrn dhzn{

Pnugb{s BBB

bCLF>3


15/58

PNUG[S P JL'FX INRN DH_N[B

+Anjh{fb+ dhpibubjchib inrnfi isfhjbjclx eh}ahubjch& rh{chj rnifni 7$1 d* ri$uhifbish kxfxjdnisn lfx}& dhzn{ lcnujn gb{b$fhdhcb* rn}u kx h{hphch snd lfn{ni

g{fhdhdhifh kb{fbish& csnj lfcxin knuikb{ rn}rn unab} lfcxx ph ghjb kb{ gb{bhin{j ch{bjfbbjbj `nzfn lfdncg{fhkbfdhishcb{*

CHH[FHJC[DH

Sxjehfb kfghubjch fbsh{ns{fh{h gb{hj Dnz$gb{s B& BB& Infhir ph Knj B& BB inrn dhzn{$fn{ cjcn& Pnugb{s'chib kh nchs inrn dhzn${jj bfi ch`n shu}bs hcbfdb lfdnu& kx kn$

fndcn kfghjbj X{n{sx knfnjsfn{ nujcnjlfcxin jhdfbcb{* Sxjehfb'jbj ahdhj gjh$rbjch rh{ nfnj Hfnz bfh chh{fhjcb{$cbbdbzch ib& ah{ bib bfbj lfxsx{cxx el{n`bnfnj& kri fch X{n{sx Cjhdb'jbj+Ul}anjh,Ux}njh+ kfghubjb lfxsx{dnisnc{&Hfnz kfghubjch kxgjh incn{ >> nchs inrn

dhzn{jj shu}bs hcbf$db lfdnu5 X{n{sx'$jxj kfghchib rnr$fd nujcnj jhdfb

kb{ ph{bcb{*Hfnz kfghub inrn

dhzn{fn{jj sb}lflobubjh knisdzcn9]nfx'cnib dhzn{ bfhSnj{ph{cb B' bj lilcnf& Snj{ph{cb BB&BBB& Aneuhfb& I{$chdfbi ph Gikhfhj'$bj shi lcnf sb}sh lfcx$xjx g{dhishrbz*Kxgjh incn{ kbfbjhj

N{ns{dn

!5" 5 nchs ]nfx& 5 nchs Snj{ph{cb& > nchs Iih{ !Gikhfhj"& > nchs Aneuhfb !H{kbfcb"& > nchs nfnilu& > nchs

Dh{gndhjcb ph > nchs I{chdfbi* Sd kx dhzn{fn{ aniijcn kbfgb bbj kiz* Ihdnfhssbj I{lfx& X{n{sx I{nff

Cjhdbjch Hfnz !Nfzb" ph hp{hub& n*g*h*& us*&>220& ph Jhpzns hpbi& X{n{sx Inrn Dhzn{fn{ f GddhGhfhjhifh{b& Nji*&;===*

Pnugb{s BP Jlfx Inrn dhzn{

Pnugb{s BP

>8N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU


16/58

Sxjehfb kfghub {jhifh{bjchj Infhir lilcnf& Knj ph Dnzgb{s {jhifh{b shi lcnfsb}shcb{* Kx knfndcn Pnugb{s'sh shu}bs hssbb$dbz kh nchs dhzn{j sd& kfgh ghjhfbjchrlxjfxisn lfcxx gbkb& rbjh shi lcnffn{g{xkxjcnc{*

]fnj sb}fh{bjh knifcjcn buh& l{snrn

in{i kb{ cx{xd idnisnc{* Gh{hi Sxjehfb&gh{hiuh Hfnz inrn dhzn{fn{jj sd& ibdbrndxifxifn{ ph ihfh{chib an`b` lpnffhsb{$dhfh{b rli unrcdzcn& x`ni n}f ibdb fchbbifbifh{bjh in{j& cbic{sghj }fnj sb}bjbph{dhishcb{* Lrun Pnugb{s {jhifh{bjchj }fn$jj in{nkbfcbbdbz dhzn{ lcnujcnj&uncheh B jl'fx dhzn{ lcnu cbic{sghjh rnij

}fnj ph{b{ihj9 BBB ph BP jl'fx {jhifh{bdbzlpnf `l{dx bfh cbiins hih{fh{ ib& kx cx{xd

sd kfgh bbj chbbi }fnj sb}bjb rnjusdni$snc{*

Klrxsfn{ knfndjcn chh{fhjcb{$cbbdbzch ph njsunf {jhi lfnj ]nfx {jhifh${bjb kb{ sn{n`n ilrcxxdxzcn& ghjhf njfndcn;*5=q>*>= d* bfh ;*18q>*5= d* n{nujcnchbhj kfgh ffh{bjbj bbjch rh{ nfnjPnugb{s {jhifh{bdbzch9 riuhifbi lfn{ni =*28d* bfh Gikhfhj {jhb cjcn ;*1= ph >*3=

d*'fbi usnjcn{sfn{jcnj cnan ci ffh{

g{f{* U{nurfn>*;8& >*8= ph >*>=d*'fbi riuhifbifh{&sd cbh{ kfgh {$

jhifh{bjbj nfsjcnc{*Chh{fhjcb{dh h{$hphubjchj Hfnz

kfghubjb in{}Sxjehfb bfh uj{f sxs$sxxdxzcn buh& Infh$ir {jhb njsunfczhrch inf{ihj9Dnzgb{s ph Knj {$jhifh{b& Pnugb{s lcn

dhzn{jn cnan lirnifndnisnc{*

Kfghjbj sd{jhifh{bjch& ]nfx BBB'chib kbsb{bfhdhcbbcjfhj ; jl'fx lcnjj snpnj an{b& sdinrn dhzn{fn{jj sndnd cz rn cn czh rn$ij {s ubushdbjb rnjus{ihj& kx knfndcnPnugb{s B ph BP kx sb}fhdhrh xrgxj cdhishcb{*Pnugb{s BBB buh& lpnffhhj }fnj sb}b gbkb& snpnjj$cnib lpnffhdh bfh ch `n{iffi rn{nsdnisnc{*

Uljxsn gh{hi kfgh knfndjcn& gh{hiuhSxjehfb zhfbjch ph gh{hiuh ihjcb bfh{bjchchh{fhjcb{cbbdbzch9 Pnugb{s {jhifh{b& kbfb$jhj cbh{ {jhifh{chj kb{li rjch nr{$f{ihj& zhffbifh Pnugb{s BBB jl'fx dhzn{ lcnu

kfghjbj zgj {jhb lfn{ni g{f{* Ksjkx zhffbifh{fh kb{fbish& Pnugb{s inrn dhzn{$fn{j gh cjhd {jhb lfn{ni cjdhigh{hib{* zhffbifh D* PBB* rzrf l{snfn{jcn

BB [xun Cjhdb'jch !D** 018$038" rlxjbdn{ nfdnfn{jcnj ulj{n& chpndjcn Dhcshafbihub ph znr`fnrnj X{n{sx'jxj D**0>;'ch rifdnu u{heb bbjchib& D** PBB*rzrfj uljfn{jn sn{bafhdhi& rnjf lfdnungh{hib{* Njeni {jhifh{bdbzchj Pnugb{s BBB&

kx knfndcn BB* [xun Cjhdb lfnj PBB*Rzrfj bfi rn{ujn gs{fhkbfbjb{ ib&r{hch rn}fneni n{ihlflobi inzfn{ ph cbh{ph{bfh{& sn{bafhjcb{dh ul{xjxjx cnan cn

jhsfhrhehisb{*

N{ns{dn

Pnugb{s P Jlfx Inrn dhzn{

bCLF>0


17/58

Sxfgn NFKXUSNJFBLFX

N{ihlflg& Knihjs jbph{ubshub&Sx{bzd[hakh{fbb ]{lg{nd& {*G{*

Clibdhblj& N`rlj bfb' jbj ;5 idixzhrbjch& uehabun{ bfhubjbj >*8 idincn{ clxuxjcn rh{ nfdnisnc{* Njnclfx' cn]{liljjhulu bfh kb{fbish hj jhdfb dh{dh{dh{ihzfh{bjchj kb{bub lfnj Clibdhblj' cnj

kxgj ch lfcxx gbkb njsbi nfn{cn ph zhffbi$

fh [ldn ph Kbznju cjhdfh{bjch kri dbi$sn{fn{cn dh{dh{ in{fc kbfbjdhishcb{*;

in{fnj kx dh{dh{fh{ rh{hf basbrne in{fn$dnifn infdnd& Njnclfx'jxj chbbi kf$ghfh{bjch kxfxjnj ihjsfh{bj rn}fn{j uufhdbph chjbz n{ fihfh{h ba{n hcbfdbsb{*

Us{nklj& Clibdhblj dh{dh{ lenjcnj[ldn' rn dh{dh{ ba{n hcbfcbbjb khfb{sh{hi&Clibdhblj dh{dh{fh{bjchib {hji hbsfbfbbjb

ph{ ph ux dh{dh{bjh lfnj rnijfj khfb{sb{*5

[ndunr buh9 Clibdhblj dh{dh{fh{bjbj njsbiinrjnifn{cn ghjhffbifh Urjjncn dh{dh{b lfn{nighsbbjb& lrun Urjjncn' jj Clibdhblj'cnj nr${ kb{ rh{fhbd lfn{ni ihjcb dh{dh{ rnsnifn{jnunab} lfcxxjx urfhdbsb{*3 Kx rnjfg lfnu$fifn Clibdhblj dh{dh{fh{bjbj jnifbrhubjbjUrjjncn zh{bjchj rn}fdnujcnj inrjnifnj$ds{*8 Gh{hishj ch Clibdhblj' cn in{fnjdh{dh{fh{ Urjjncn zh{bjchj& N}ndhn'rn xfn$rl{& kx{ncnj H}ahulu fbdnjjn gjch{bfbrl{$cx*0 cn{h dh{ihzb ph njn ch}lfn{ Urjjncn' cn

kxfxjxrl{cx*7 Kfghjbj kbfbjhj hj jhdfb ihjsbUrjjncn nrj zndnjcn kb{ [ldn }{lex{nsl{'x$

jxj lsx{cxx ph kfghjbj bcn{hubjb hfbjch sxssx$x kb{ rh{fhbdcb{*1

[ldn bd}n{nsl{fxi bfhsdhfh{bjbj ]a{rgbn'$cn kxfxjnj ix{xfxfn{ uncheh lenifn{ bfh uj{fchbfcb* Sl}fndn ph rjhsbd Urjjncn& ]{lex{n$sl{ ]a{rgbnh& zh{bjchj rn}frl{cx* Clibdhb$lj dh{dh{ bfhsdhfh{b D*U*BB*r*r*'n ghfbjehrhincn{ ihjcb rjhsbdfh{bjb ix{ndndfn{c*2

{hsbfhj dh{dh{bj ahdhj ah{ cjhdch basbrne{nansfifn in{fnrneni dbisn{fn{cn lfdnu ph

infbshubjbj riuhifbb jhchjbrfh>= [ldn cjh$db Njnclfx ahrihfbjch ]n{lu ph Jniulu gbkb

N{ns{dn


CLIDHLJ DH[DH[ LENB>

>" Clibdhblj Njsbi Dh{dh{ len bfh bfgbfb nfdnfn{dcn knjn chushi lfnj unrj alend]{l`*C{*Ehpchs Knrkx{sfxlfx'jn ph C{* Ixsnfd G{inr'n shhii{fh{bdb uxjn{d

;" [ch{& >27>& u* ;855" US[NKLJ& ]HIDNJ& N*& !hp" Njsbi Njnclfx El{n`rnu& !Ghlg{n}abin QBB $ QBBB $ QBP"&

usnjkxf& >225& u*773"*[NDUNR& W*D*& Sah Abusl{benf Ghlg{n}ar l` Nubn Dbjl{& Fljclj& >12=& u*3558" Dljjn& >277&u*330" Dljjn& >277& u*7;$757" [ch{& >27>&u* ;851" US[XKKH& O& N G{lx} l` d}h{bnf Husnshu bj Ehjs{nf ]a{rgbn& Njeule 0& >278u*;;2$8=

2" Us{xkkh& >278 u*;33 ph j*0=&* ]`fnxd& Fhu En{{bh{hu& >20=& 730 j* >>>=" Dnggbh*& [ldnj [xfh& u*8=

_hxu Kn& H`hu D*U* >* RR


18/58

Hgh dh{dh{fh{bjbj unjfc gbkb li ixffnjf$dnc& Clibdhblj ihjsbjbj kx iljxcn {nib}ubzlfcxx kbfbjdhishcb{*>> Clibdhblj knud ubi$ihfh{ D**BB*r*r* bh{bubjch Dnihcljlj phClibdhlj ncf bib hsjbi g{xkxj kx{ncn rnnc$j gush{dhishcb{* Ubiihfh{ zh{bjchib h}bg${ndfn{cnj ihjsbj ix{xexuxjxj Clibdlu ncf

kb{ ibb lfcxx inkxf hcbfdhishcb{*>; Ihjs&CLIBDHJWJ phrn CLIBDHJWJ DNIH$CLJWJ ncrfn Efncbxu'snj S{nj~xbfbjn'rn in$cn{ ubiih knuds{*>5 Njsbgljlu'xj ghjh{nffh${bjchj kb{bub lfnj Clibdlu& D**5=; rfjcnFrubdnialu'n in{ ilrn{ni Urjjncn'jj rjh$sbdbjb hfh ghb{dbsb{* W*D*[ndunr& Us{nklj'xjClibdhblj bbj ildh& ir& rh{fhbdb uzjixffnjdnujcnj rlfn in{ni kx{njj ghjb nj$fndcn kb{ }lfbu lfndnrnenj l{snrn ilrdx$

sx{*>3 Clibdhblj ihjsbjh nbs dh{dh{ lenifn{zhffbifh Rxin{ Shdk{bu pncbub lfn{ni ncfnjc${fnj kxgji Nfsjsn lpnu ihubdbjch rh{nfdnisnrc*>8

Dh{dh{ lenifn{ zh{bjh bfi nfdnfn{snfrnj n{ns{dne F*K{xzzn'jj [ldn rnij$fn{jcnib Dn{dl{nsn dh{dh{ lenifn{jcn >17=

rfjcn shdbzfhdh nfdnfn{ u{nujcn kxfxjnjkflifn{cnib rnzsfn{ rnrjfndnurfn knfnd$s{* Np{x}n'cn kbfbd ncndfn{jen hfh nfjnj rhjbbfgb nfnjjj Clibdhblj dh{dh{ lenifn{j in}$undnu >2;0 rfjcn Elq'xj>0 ph >25= rfjcn>7

W* [ndunr 'bj kx iljxrn bfgb gush{dhfh{b un$rhubjch lfdxsx{* [ndunr& kx nfdnfn{jClibdhblj ph rnij hp{hubjchib ;8 leninfnjjcn gh{hifhsb{dbsb{*

O*K*Wn{c ]h{ibju'bj Gjhr Hs{x{bn'cn dh{$

>1 bCLF

N{ns{dn

>>" Nugn{b*& >272 u*385>;" UJG&>203 jl* 5883$58889 rnzsfn{ bbj& [LKH[S& E*& Usneh fhu en{{b{hu hs fhu dljjnbhu ch ClibdhbljN*s{nph{u f'Nubh Dbjhx{h& ]lshu hs ]{lunshx{u dljjnbhu ~{he~xh& plrnghx{u hs glg{n}abh& ]n{bu& >21=&u*;07>5" NUFNJ& D*& Njnclfx Dhchjbrhsfh{b Dzhubjch kxfxjnj ]a{rgbn ph Gnfnsbn Shab{ Ubiihfh{b& NDDR&>212$>22=u*>31 !>33$>78"&Fhpan BBB&Jl ;;>3" [NDUNR& W*D*& Ulebnf Knubu l` [ldhj ]lwh{ bj Nubn Dbjl{& Fljclj& >20>&u*;10>8" ]HNELEI& C*]*U*& Sah [ldnj ^xn{{bhu l` Dlju Efnxcbnjxu Hgr}s* Nj Bjsh{bd [h}l{s& EfnubenfDn{kfh?Ghleahdbus{r& Sheajlflgr& S{nch !JNSL NUB Uh{bhu Plf?>85" Cl{c{heas,Fljclj,Kluslj&>211u*389 SHQBH[& E*& Nubh Dbjhx{h& ]n{bu& >10;& u*>30$8=9 ANDBFSLJ& W*O*& [huhn{eahu bj Nubn Dbjl{&Fljclj& >13;& u*30*>0" Ub{ Ea{busl}ah{ Elq >2;0 rfjcn Rxin{ Shdk{bu pncbubjch n{ns{dnfn{cn kxfxjdxsx{* Kx n{ns{dnfn{$cn Elq& [ldn'cnib S{nbnj @l{xdx'jx uufhrhj Cnibnf Dnaixdfn{ ahrihffh{bjbj !D*U* >=7$>>0" khjzh{$

fh{bjchj kb{bubjh {nusfnds{* Whnfihju >218& u*03;>7" [ndunr sn{n`jcnj rn}fnj kx nfdnfn{ O*N*E*Njch{ulj'xj hcbs{fj rn}s& Sah Ulebnf Knubu l`

]h{gh Sbrns{luljcnj @{bz


19/58

dh{bj in{fdnu& hbsfh{b ph hiljldbi jhdbzh{bjh rn}s nfdnfn{n bfnph lfn{ni >21=rfjcn Clibdhblj bfh bfgbfb hbsfb khfghfh{b rn$rjfndnu uljxexjcn njsbi Clibdhblj lenifn{ghjhf kb{ dh{ni ph bfgb lcn anfbjh ghfdbsb{*>1

[ch{&>27='fb rffn{cn kfghjbj ohlflobi rn}urnjjcn lenifn{j zhffbifh{bjb bjehfhdb& E*[lkh{s buh lenifn{fn kb{fbish Njnclfx sn{babbbjch rh{fhbdbj sn{babjb n{ns{d phClibdhblj'xj Irkhfh bfh bfgbubjb zh{bjh n{n$s{dnfn{ rn}ds{*

Gjdzch dh{dh{ lenifn{ bfh bfgbfb nf$dn ph n{ns{dnfn{ n{snj kb{ azfn chpnd hsdhi$shcb{* Kx iljx aniijcn n{ns{dnfn{ rn}nj ib$bfh{bj knjcn ph zhffbifh ]a{rgbn kfghubj$chib dbdn{b khzhdhfb fnabsfh{ ph dhzn{ snfn{zh{bjch n{ns{dnfn{cn kxfxjnj D* Wnhfihju

ghfdhishcb{* Rn}d lfcxx n{ns{dnfn{cn D*Wnhfihju& zhffbifh fnabs ph dhzn{ snfn{jj{hsbfcbifh{b dh{ihzbj Clibdhblj nsfrhfh{b lf$cxxjx khfb{sdhishcb{* Wnhfihju& njsbi cjhd$ch khrnz dh{dh{chj rn}fd lfx} ghjb kb{cnfd gush{hj Ubcndn{n sb}b fnabsfh{bj l{bob$jbjbj Clibdhblj lenifn{ lfcxxjx un}$

snds{*Ulj rffn{$cn E* @njs kx leni$fn{fn bfgbfb lfn${nilenifn{cn sh{ihcbfdb kflifn{ $zh{bjch kxfxjnjrnzsfn{j bjehfhj$dhub ph kxjfn{ncnrnjn{ni lenifn${j bfhsdh ph ba{n$ens l{gnjbznurlj$fn{jn rjhfbi n$fdnfn{ rn}dni$snc{*>2

Rn}fnj bjehfh$dhfh{ uljxexjcn[ldn'cn rn}fn{cn

ixffnjfnj ph }npljnzhssl lfn{ni kbfbjhj dh{$dh{ s{jj Clibdhblj iihjfb lfcxx un}snj$ds{* ]npl$jnzhssl ebjub dh{dh{bj [ldn'cnS{nbnj @l{x$dx'jcn ixffnjfd lfcxxjxj cnun}snjdnurfn& Clibdhblj dh{dh{fh{b zh{bjhrn}fnj n$fdnfn{ cnan `nzfn rlxjfxi inznj$ds{* Kx nfdnfn{ uljxexjcn snj in{f$dnujcnj knfrn{ni anddncch phrn rn{bfhjdb lfn{ni ba{nejn pn{jenrn incn{& ksjbfh{bj [ldn rjhsbdbjeh gh{hifhsb{bfcbbnjfnfds{*;= [ldn d}n{nsl{fxxjxj h{ihjhp{hfh{bjch dh{dh{ {hsbdb iljxuxjcnNjnclfx'cn khfb{fb kb{ kfgh ph rh{ rlisx{*{jhbj ]fbjbxu& Gh Exdax{brhs cjhdbjchrn} dnfzhdhub lfn{ni dh{dh{bj rnrgj kb{ixffnjd nfnj lfcxxjx urfh{ihj }npljnzhs$sl'rn ab chbjdhdbsb{* Kx cx{xd }nplznjhsslebjub dh{dh{bj [ldn bbj kbfbjhj ph n{njnj kb{

sn lfdncj gush{dhishcb{*;>

]npljnzhssl'jxj ixffnjdjn bfbibj hj h{ihj phjhdfb injsfn{n Sbkxffnj El{}xu'$fn{jcn {nus$fnjfdnisnc{*;; Kx inrsfn{cn }npljnzhsslebjub kflifn{ [ldn'jj bsanf hssbb khfb{sbfdhi$shcb{*

N{ns{dn


]h{gh Sbrns{luljcnj @{bz

>1" WN[C ]H[IBJU& O*K*& S{b}lfbsnjbn njc sah Dn{kfh S{nch& O[U& 3>& >28>& u*12$>=3& u*;5$02>2" @NJS& O*E*& Enpxd Njs{xd ]a{rgbnh* Sah L{gnjbznsblj njc L}h{nsblju l` sah [ldnj Bd}h{bnfDn{kfh ^xn{{bhu bj ]a{rgbn& KN[& j*31;& Lq`l{c& >212& u*2;=" Whnfihju >218& u* 033;>" @njs& >212& u*>= 9 GJLFB& [*& Dn{dl{n [ldnjn& [ldn& >27>u*>3;;;" @njs& >212& u* 1$>=


20/58

Clibdhblj inrjnif dh{dh{bj [ldn'rnExdax{brhs cjhdbjbj uljx bfh d}n{nsl{fxicjhdbjbj h{ihj un`anfn{jcnj knfnrn{ni gj$ch{bfdb lfcxx njfnfrl{* Kx axuxu Us{nkljsn{n`jcnj cn cl{xfnjdnisnc{* Us{nklj& kx

kbfgbfh{b D*U*>1 rfjcn ph{dhishcb{ D*Wnhf$ihju ph cbh{ n{ns{dnefn{j l{sni g{jhg{h rnifni kx zndnj n{nf lenifn{j [ldn

bcn{hubjh ghb} {hsbdh knfncifn{ sn{ba bbjsh{dbjxu njsh ~xhd'b lfxsx{dnisnc{*;5 Leni$fn{j bfhsdhrh nfdnu ph {hsbfhj dnfzhdhjbjba{n hcbfcbbjb gush{hj hj h{ihj {jhi [ldn@l{xdx'jcn kxfxjnj Dn{u Xfsl{ sn}jnjcnj$c{* Kx sn}jnj }nrnjcnfn{ }npljnzhssl snj$cnj rn}fds*;3 Rbjh @l{xd'cn kxfxjnj ph]fbjbxu sn{n`jcnj cjrnjj rhcb an{binujcnj

kb{bub lfn{ni inkxf hcbfhj Knzbfbin Nhdbfbn 'jjusxjfn{ cn Clibdhblj iihjfbcb{*;8 Kx usxj$fn{ kri lfnufifn D*U*>3 rfjcn dhrcnjnghfhj rnjgj phrn rhjbchj czhjfhdh nfdn$fn{jj rn}fc D*U* ;;'chj ulj{nib kb{ sn{bashbjn hcbfdb lfdnfc{*;0 ]npljnzhssl sb}bjbjixffnjfc kb{ cbh{ rh{ Knzbfbin Oxfbn'c{*;7

Nxgxusxu cjhdbjchj knfndni zh{h kx dh{$dh{ ebjub [ldn d}n{nsl{fxi kbjnfn{jj chb$dhz rn} sn lfdxsx{* ]npljnzhssl dh{dh{b$jbj ixffnjfd lfcxx rn}fn{cnj kb{ cbh{b]njsahlj'cx{* Dh{dh{ kx{ncn zhdbjfh{ch kb{in}fndn snjcnj cnan li& ihdh{fb jbfh{bj u$sxjfn{ lfn{ni in{dzn idnisnc{*

Clibdhblj dh{dh{bjbj kb{li Njnclfx ihj$

sbjbj kbjnujcn rn} dnfzhdhub lfn{ni ixffn$jfc cn kbfbjdhishcb{* H}ahulu kxjfn{cnj hjsnjjdc{* H}ahulu njsbi ihjsbjbj sndndjnrnij kb{ iudjcn Clibdhblj iihjfb dh{dh{$fh{bj ixffnjfc kbfbjdhishcb{* H}ahulu'cnPhcbxu ph Fbdnj Andndfn{'jcn Ehfuxu Is}$anjhub'jch& N{shdbu Sn}jn rnijfn{jcn

kxfxjnj Ahusbnsl{blj'cn Clibdhblj dh{dh{fh{bixffnjfds{* Kxjxj rnju{n Un{chu Grdjn$ubxdx'jcn& ]h{gndlj Izf Npfx'cn ph Ubch' ch

Usxjfx Rlf' cn kx dh{dh{ ebjubjh {nusfnjf$ds{* Kxjxj rnju{n Abh{n}lfbu Uihjh @{lju'xgbkb cnan kri fhish ph jl{dnf usnjcn{sfn{jcjcn knz kflifn{j cn Clibdhblj'cnj udn{$fnjd lfcxx kbfbjdhishcb{*;1

;= bCLF

N{ns{dn

Cbjfhjhj unpn* H`hu D*U* > r*r*

;5" WNHFIHJU& D*& Clibdhblj* Cbh Wh{iusnss ch{ {h}{nuhjsnsbphj ifhbjnubnsbueahjUn{il}angh*Eal{ljlflgbh xjc Sr}lflgbh ba{h{ ]{lcxisblj* Kh{fbj& >21;& u* ;5;3" KFNIH& D*H*& Njebhjs [ldnj Eljus{xesblj bj snfr `{ld sah ]{habusl{be ]h{blc sl Nxgxusxu&Wnuabjgslj& >237&u* 0=;8" Kfnih& >237& u* >70 ph Dljjn& >277& u* 30;0" @njs& >212& u*1

;7" Kfnih& >237& u* >8> ph Dljjn& >277& u*30;1" @njs >225& u* >83


21/58

Lenifn{cn rlxj lfn{ni {hsbdh knfnjfdn$

u rnzf khfghfh{ g{h D*U*2; rfjn sn{bafhjcb$

{bfdhishcb{* Njeni& O*[ch{ sn{n`jcnj kx sn$

{bashj jehib cjhdfh{ ch leni `nnfbrhsbjbj ph

{hsbdbjbj kri dbisn{fn{n xfnd lfnkbfheh$

b bfh{b u{fdhishcb{* Kx unpj gh{hb rnjuss$

urfhjhkbfb{* Jbshibd& D*U*03 rfjcn [ldn'$

jj rnjdnujcnj ulj{n knfnsfnj bdn{ `nnfbrhs$fh{bjch Clibdhblj lenifn{jcnj dh{dh{ bsanf

hcbfcbb kbfbjdhishcb{* Cldbsbnj bfh knfnrnj ph

S{nbnj bfh chpnd hchj kx `nnfbrhsfh{ u{nujcn

kri dbisn{fn{cn dh{dh{ bsanf hcbfdb lfdn$

fc{*;2

D*U*2; sn{babjchj knfnrn{ni Clibdhblj

lenifn{jj bfhsbfdhub ph l{gnjbznurljxjcn

jhdfb chbbdfh{bj rh{ nfc rnifni rb{db

khh{ rffi rjhsbd cjhdfh{bjh gb{bfdbsb{*5=

Rbjh kx cjhdch [ldn'jj Rxin{ Shdk{bu pn$

cbubjchib Nfsjsn& ni{unz ph Lk{xish}h leni$

fn{j bfhsdhrh ns unjfdnisnc{* Shdk{bu

pncbubjchj ghsb{bfhj kb{ kfli ph usxj D*U*2;$

>>0 rffn{ n{nujn sn{bafhjcb{bfdhishcb{* Ulj

cjhdfh{chib n{ns{dnfn{n g{h lenifn{j

khfb{fb n{nfifn{fn bfhsbfcbb njfnfdnisn$c{*

[ldn bcn{hubjbj lenifn{ ixffnjdnrn knfndnu

kfghchib rh{hf dh{dh{chj rn}fd ph zhffbi$

fh ncni ph ushf rn}djcn ixffnjfnj dh{dh{

N{ns{dn

;>N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU

;2" Kx cjhdch rnifni 3== $8== kbj d5 dh{dh{ in{fds{* Anc{bnj cjhdbjch [ldn'cn bjn hcbfhj

_hxu& Ah{n ph Nsahjn sn}jnifn{ bbj >== usxjxj bsanf hcbfcbb ]nxunjbnu sn{n`jcnj kbfcb{bfdhishcb{*

!]nxunjbnu& B&>1& 1$2"& Rbjh Pbffn Gl{cbnjb bbj 8= usxj udn{fnjc kbfbjdhishcb{* Dljjn& >277& u*31

5=" @njs& >212& u*2

Ehfuxu Ibsn}f& H`hu D*U*>>=$>58


22/58

nsfrhfh{bjbj `nnfbrhsh ghdhubjchj ahdhjjehcb{*5> Clibdhblj'cnib Gh Cldb$sbnj phS{nbnj cjhdfh{bjh sn{bafhjcb{bfhj rnzsfn{cnjbfhsdhfh{bj ubushdnsbi kb{ hibfch l{gnjbzh

lfcxx ph bfhsdh iljxuxjcn chjhrbdinznjfc njfnfdnisnc{* D*U* BB* r*r*' cnjknfnrn{ni& zhffbifh D*U*;50 rfjcnj ulj{n&}npljnzhssl dh{dh{bjbj [ldn'cnib Fh}sbuDngjn gbkb kri kbjnfn{jj rn}d bbj

kri dbisn{cn ba{n hcbfdb lfcxx ihubjcb{*

Cblifhsbnj rjhsbdbjb u{nujcn [ldn'jj bs$anf hsdb lfcxx riuhi infbshch dh{dh{ ebju$fh{b fbush anfbjch ph{bfdbsb{*5; Kx cjhdch

Urjjncn& Clibdhblj lenifn{jj rjhsbd dh{$ihzb lfdn zhffbbjb rnpn rnpn inrkhsdhrh

knfnds{* Ndn rbjh ch sd l{gnjbznurljfn{kx{ncnj rjhsbfdhrh chpnd hcbfdbsb{*55 Nj$eni& Oxfbxu Efncbxufn{ cjhdbjbj h{ihj un`anfn${jcn dh{dh{fh{fh bfgbfb l{gnjbznurljfn{j bcn{hdh{ihzb lfn{ni n{si uncheh Clibdhblj nc gh$dhishcb{* Lenifn{j khffb kb{ l{gnjbznurljnxfns kflifn{ zh{bjchib rnzsfn{cnj ilfnrennjfnfdnisnc{* Lenisnj in{fnj kflifn{ zh$

{bjch anjgb lenisnj in{fcj khfb{shj uh{bjxdn{nfn{ !flexu" ph dh{dh{b lenisnj in{njg{hpfb bfh bd}n{nsl{fxi leni bfhsdhubjeh rhs$ibfb ibbfh{b khfb{shj bn{hsfh{ kxfxjdnisnc{* Kxbn{hsfh{h hi lfn{ni dh{dh{ kflifn{jj in{ncnphrn chjbzch sndnrn rhsibfb ibbfh{ bfh uljgjch{bd rh{bjch kx kflifn{ shufbd nfdnrnrhsibfb& bd}n{nsl{fxi bcn{hubjeh g{hpfb in{fn$dn g{hpfbfh{bjb snjdfndnrn rn{nrnj h}bg{nd$

fn{ kxfxjdnisnc{*53

INRJNIN

NUGN[& J*& Njnclfx'cn Njsbi Dh{dh{ Lenifn{&PBBB*S{i Sn{ba Iljg{hub& B*Ebfs& Njin{n&>272& u*38>$380

NUFNJ& D*& Njnclfx Dhchjbrhsfh{b Dzhubjchkxfxjnj ]a{rgbn ph Gnfnsbn Shab{ Ubiihfh{b&NDDR >212$>22=&u*>31 !>33$>78"&FhpanBBB&Jl ;;

KFNIH& D*H*& Njebhjs [ldnj Eljus{xesblj bjsnfr `{ld sah ]{habusl{be ]h{blc slNxgxusxu& Wnuabjgslj& >237

@NJS& O*E*& Enpxd Njs{xd ]a{rgbnh* SahL{gnjbznsblj njc L}h{nsblju l` sah[ldnj Bd}h{bnf Dn{kfh ^xn{{bhu bj]a{rgbn& KN[& j*31;& Lq`l{c& >212

@NJS& O*E*& Sah Bjue{bkhc Heljldr? }{lcxesbljnjc cbus{bkxsblj bj sah [ldnj Hd}b{h bj sahfbgas l` bjus{xdhjsxd cldhusbexd *hc* W* P*An{{bu& Njj N{kl{& Dbeabgnj& >225& O[N&Ux}}fhdhjsn{r Uh{bhu 0& u* >38$>7=

FNX@@H[& U*& Cblifhsbnju ]{hbuhcbis& Kh{fbj&>27>

DLJJN& C*& ]HJUNKHJH& ]*& Dn{db chff'Nubn Dbjl{h& [ldn& >277

[NDUNR& W*D*& Sah Abusl{benf Ghlg{n}ar l`

Nubn Dbjl{& Fljclj& >12=[LKH[S& E*& Usneh fhu en{{b{hu hs fhu dljjnbhu

ch Clibdhblj* N s{nph{u f'Nubh Dbjhx{h&]lshu hs ]{lunshx{u dljjnbhu ~{he~xh&plrnghx{u hs glg{n}abh& ]n{bu& >21=

[CH[& O*& Dn{dl{ ]a{rgbxd* Cbh njsbihjDn{dl{k{eah plj uehabun{ bjWhusnjnslfbhj& OcB& 10& >27>& u*;85$5>;

US[NKLJ& ]HIDNJ& N*& !hp" Njsbi NjnclfxEl{n`rnu& !Ghlg{n}abin QBB $ QBBB $ QBP"&usnjkxf& >225

US[XKKH& O*& N G{lx} l` d}h{bnf Husnshu bjEhjs{nf ]a{rgbn& Njeule 0& >278& u*;;2$8=

WNHFIHJU& D*& Clibdhblj* Cbh Wh{iusnss ch{{h}{nuhjsnsbphj ifhbjnubnsbueahj Un{il}angh*Eal{ljlflgbh xjc Sr}lflgbh ba{h{]{lcxisblj* Kh{bj& >21;& N@& >>

WNHFIHJU& D*& @{ld n ]a{rgbnj ^xn{{r? sah]{lphjnjeh l` sah Usnsxh l` sah Cnebnj]{buljh{u bj S{nonj @l{xd ns [ldh& NON& 12&>218& u*03>$085

WN[C$]H[IBJU& O*K*& S{b}lfbsnjbn njc sahDn{kfh S{nch& O[U& 3>& >28>& u*12$>=3

;; bCLF

N{ns{dn

5>" WNHFIHJU& D*& @{ld n ]a{rgbnj ^xn{{r? sah]{lphjnjeh l` sah Usnsxh l` sah Cnebnj ]{buljh{u bjS{nonj @l{xd ns [ldh& NON& 12& >218& u*03;$0335;" FNX@@H[& U*& Cblifhsbnju ]{hbuhcbis&

Kh{fbj& >27>en} 559* H[BD& I*& [HRJLFCU& O*&

Sah El}r l` Cblefhsbnj'u Hcbes lj Dnqbdxd

]{behu `{ld N}a{lcbubnu bj En{bn& O[U& 0=& >27=

u*5=;& E[NW@L[C& D*& [HRJLFCU& O*& Sah

Nhznjr El}r l` sah ]{behu Hcbes& _]H& 53&

>272&u*>71

55" [ch{*& >27>&u* ;8353" @njs& >212& u*>;


23/58

Hfbznkhsa Kflea$Udbsa ph Khsa Nfkh{s Jnianb

Ch{fhrhj C{* Hrr} NRhrrx}nMrnall*eld

D**>*Kbj'ch Dhzl}lsndrn& Du{& Ux{brh$@bfbusbj& {cj ph S{ibrh' jbjClx ph Gjhrclxuxjcnib ubrnub an{bsn& kb{dh{ihzb lsl{bshchj !bd}n{nsl{fxisnj" rliuxj&{hjifb kb{ hab{ chpfhsfh{b g{jdjchcb{*

Nacb Nsbi'bj rnjuss gbkb inpbd lifxxjh{hchruh ubrnunf njn{b cbrh jbshfhjcb{bfhkb$fhehi gbkb g{jdhishcb{* Sxj n hab{chpfhsfh{bjb njdunsnj krfh kb{ rn}r n{ihl$flobi inzfn{ cn chushifhdhishcb{* Njeni kxrn} D**>>==$18= rffn{ n{nujcn ghh{fblfdxsx{* Kx sn{bashj ulj{n Nuux{ dh{ihzb kb{lsl{bsh lfn{ni l{snrn id ph kx rn}r ch$bsb{dbsb{* Kxjcnj ulj{n cn Knkbf& ]h{u phAhffhjbusbi chp{hfh{ kxjx bzfhrh{hi u{c{$

ds{*

D**>;==$>=== rffn{ n{nujn rh{fhsb{b$fhj Chdb{ n B'ch gjhrch knihjsb kxgj$i Nddnj rnijfn{jcnib Shf hf$Xdh{b lfnjNddlj chpfhsb& l{sn @bfbusbjch Ihjnj,@bfbusbjhab{ chpfhsfh{b Dlnk& Hcld9 unabfch @hjbih&Hi{lj& Krkflu ph knihjsb Ubahd& Ixcu phGhzh{ hifbjch chbhj ph Az* Cnpxs ph Az*Ufhrdnj'j i{nf lfcxx Kb{fhbi u{nbf I{nf$

f !ulj{nfn{ gjhrch Rnaxcn& ixzhrchu{nbf lfdni zh{h bibrh kfjhehi" ixzhrchch nd& Hkfn& Gxznjn& Undnf pk* N{ndb,AbsbsUx{brh hab{ chpfhsfh{b dhpexssx*!An{bsn$>"Kx cjhdh bfbibj rnifni rz rh{fhbddh{ihzb n{ihlflobi inzfn{cn un}snjd ph

kbfbd cjrnujn snjsfds{*

Kx ghphi rn} zhffbifh Ihjnj kfghubj$ch cnan khfb{gbjcb{* Clfnrurfn kx{ncn ghfb$

hehi lfnj Kb{fhbi u{nbf Chpfhsb nujcnjulj ch{heh hfph{bfb kb{ l{snd anz{fnds{*Kx rn} nrj zndnjcn u{nbf ph Rnaxcn chp$fhsfh{bjbj ch ghfbbdbjbj zhdbjbjb lfxsx{$

dnisnc{* Krfhub hfph{bfb kb{ l{sndj anz{$fnreu kri lfnufifn >1* Anjhcnjcnj kn$fnrn{ni !>88=$>>8=" Du{ d}n{nsl{fxxjxjKns Nurn'rn bfbibj nuih{b }lfbsbinuc{* Du{&Abiulu busbfnujcnj,chjhrbdbjchj ulj{n ihj$cbgphjfbb nujcnj Ihjnj'cn dh{ihzb kb{gej l{snrn idnuj hjghffhdb ph kx{nfn${snd}lj kfgh lfn{ni an{nen,s{bkxsn knfnds{*

Njeni& D**>>3>$>>53 rffn{ n{nujn{nusfnrnj zndnj cbfbdbjch Nurnjj clxuxj$

cnj& ixzhrchj !Njnclfx'cnj" ph chjbzchj gh$fb}& Ux{brh,@bfbusbj,Du{ busbindhsbjh cl{xan{nihsfhjhj infnknfi anfi g{x}fn{,ChjbzInpbdfh{b !@hjbihfbfh{"& Du{'j Ihjnj'cniblsl{bshubjb l{sncnj infc{ds{* Kfghrh rh{$

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

;5N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU

CHDB[ CHP[ B'CH UX[RH$@FUSJPH

ILDX KFGHFH[BJ URNU

AN[SNUB

> Kx dninfh Jhn{ Hnush{j N{eanhlflgr Ch{gbubjbj >222 sn{ba ph 0;,; unrujcnj ch{fhjdbsb{* Dninfhjbj l{bobjnf ncN Fnjcuen}h Eldhu sl Fb`h

An{bsn$>


24/58

fhhj9 Absbsfb& Ik{uf& Gb{bsfb& Dbihjfb pk*sl}fxfxifn{ j`xuxj aldlohj rn}uj klz$dx ph cx{xdx& jbukhshj xzxj zndnjc{ kf$ghch kxfxjnj ph xfxufndn u{hebjh gb{hju{nbflxffn{ fhabjh hpb{dbsb{*!An{bsn$;"

D** >3* r*r incn{ gh{brh gbchj sn{bafh{ch&Hf$Ndn{jn'cnj hfh ghhj ihjnjb dhisx}fn{cnihjcbfh{bjh ph{gb ph{dhifh dihffh` lfnj ph+n}b{x+ cbrh ncfnjc{cifn{ kb{ anfi g{xkxj$cnj knauhcbfdhishcb{* Uziljxux kx n}b{xfn{ibsnk dxincchush knauhcbfhj Ahk{hw !Rnax$cbfh{" lfdnfc{* D* >5*r*r'j bibjeb rn{ujnsn{bafhjcb{bfhj B* Njnusnurn ]n}b{xuxjcn ncghhj Unuxfn{ {cj jha{b klrxjen Ihjnj

cbrn{jcnib hihd cnjcn rnndnisnrcfn{*Cnan ulj{nfn{ Dh{jh}sna ushfbjch nc ghhju{nhf ch rbjh Ihjnj cbrn{jcn rnnrnj kb{anfi lfn{ni snjdfnjdnisnc{*

u{nbflxffn{ inrjnifn{ kx cjhdh bfbibjrnifni >0$>7 dhdfhihsshj knauhsdhishcb{*Njfnfc incn{rfn kfghjbj l{objnf rh{fhbianfifn{ Ihjnjffn{ bfh Ndl{bsfh{ !Ndx{{xfn{"bcb* Ghjhubu >=?>8$;='ch Kfghch Az* Jxa'xj

kri lfx ph nrj zndnjcn infnknfi kb{anfij nsnu lfnj Ihjnj rh{fhdbsb* u{nbf$lxffn{ cn isnj ulj{n ghfb} kx kfghrhrh{fhsbfh{* Kfghjbj hghdhjfbi nfnj Ubclj'$

cnj Gnznrn l{ncnj cn f Chjbz'h incn{xznjdnisnrc*

Kh{hkn pncbubjch& Gnfbfh'jbj riuhi rnr$fnujcn ph S{njuol{cnj'cn rn}fnj n{ihlflobiinz ph rzhr n{ns{dnfn{cn& kx cjhdh!Chdb{ n >'h" nbs b{bfb x`nif rzfh{eh rh{fh$bd kb{bdb un}snjds{* Kx rh{fhbd kb{bdfh${bjchj an{nihsfh rn}fnj njnfbzfh{ch& Ihjnjfihubjbj l{sn nfnjfn{jcn& Nn Gnfbfh phIxzhr Jhghpch rn{ ghkhfbishj snd rh{fh$

bi anrnsn ph hab{fhdhrh cl{x kb{ ghbbjlfcxxjx gush{dhishcb{* Kx cjhdch l{snrninj kx ii hab{fh{ ph kx{ncnib rhjb hab{rnnd& Gh Sxj n Ihjnj hab{ ghfhjhb$jb rnjusdnisnc{* Kx rhjb rh{fhbd czhjbrfh

kb{fbish ]{lsl$u{nbf rh{fhbd czhjbj ch rn$pn rnpn khfb{dhrh knfnc urfhjhkbfb{*Kx cjhdchj bsbkn{hj fihjbj ulurnf& }lfbsbi&hiljldbi ph cbjb kb{ li nfinjfi cn chb$dhrh knfnds{*

;3 bCLF

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

An{bsn$;


25/58

Aninj INFH

L{sn Clx Shijbi jbph{ubshubSn{bauhf hp{h Chh{fh{bjb

N{ns{dn Dh{ihzb !SNCND"

G[

Ifnubi cjhd jehub Njnclfx'jxj ihuibjbzgbfh{fh bzbfdb }lfbsbi el{n`rnuj khfb{$fhdhiubzbj sn{ba& unjns& cbf& cbj gbkb ulurnf iljx$fn{j bjehfhdhi anpncn infneni kb{ nknc{* Kx

ndnfn ddij lfnj hj huib khfghfh{chj rlfnin{ni Njnclfx'jxj }lfbsbi,sn{bauhf el{n`rn$ujj in{sfdnu gh{hidhishcb{* @bflflobchjn{ihlflobrh kb{ li nfnj in}undnu gh{hihj phnfnen rlfcn li ansn rn}dnrn rnsij lfnj

krfh kb{ nfdn kx njfndcn injfdnzc{*Dhpexs dninfhchj knfnrn{ni Ifnubi cjhdhincn{ chpnd hsdhubjb }fnjfncdz kx rnzuh{bubjch& chsnrfn{n li `nzfn gb{dhchj hj huib

khfghfh{chj bsbkn{hj Njnclfx'jxj ghb{dblfcxx sn{bab u{hfh{b el{n`rn zh{bjh lsx{$sn{ni ph{dhrh nknfnrnenz*

Gh{hi Njnclfx ]fnslux zh{bjch gh{hiuhui ubrnunf& hiljldbi& ulurnf ph ifs{hf bfb$ibfh{ bh{bubjch kxfxjcxx Dhzl}lsndrn&Ux{brh& Fhpnjs ph Du{ gbkb cbh{ j Nurn

sl}{nifn{jcn chpnd hchj ph ghfhehish rn}$fneni inzfn{fn Njnclfx'jxj h{ihj sn{bab bfhbfgbfb kbfgbfh{bdbzbj n{snen }ahubzcb{* Kxnknfn{ nrj zndnjcn dhpexs kbfgbfh{bdbzb chchbsb{hkbfb{ phrn ljnrfnrnkbfb{* @nins hjnzjcnj hfchib kbfgbfh{fh cljnjn{ni kx s{ghfbdhfh{h ph kxjfn{j kbzbd bbj jh njfndnghfhehbjh anz{ lfdndz gh{hidhishcb{*

D 5je Kbjch Njnclfx Sn{bab !


26/58

Kbjch Njnclfx'jxj sn{bab aniijcn ah{anjgbkb{ hrfh{ urfhdhjbj jjch kxfxjnj hjkri hjghfcb{*

Kxjxjfn kh{nkh{ hfbdbzch 5je Kbjbj ulj

hr{hbjch ildxux Dhzl}lsndrn'cn aidu{dNinc anjhcnj i{nffn{rfn bfgbfb nins ghcjhdch rnzfd ph lxjfxx Anssxn'cn hfhghdb bfgbj bpb rnzf dhsbj g{x}fn{ kxfxj$dnisnc{* Kx cx{xdcn bush{ bushdhz Njnclfx sn${bab kx dhsbjfh{bj bjehfhdhubrfh ph bfh{bjch sn${bauhf gh{hifh{ kxfdnrn nknfndnifn knfndnicx{xdxjcnc{*

Khfghfh{

!>"Kxjfn{j bfib + Unpn I{nf+ !n{ sndan{b">

lfn{ni kbfbjhj kb{ dhsbjcb{* Dhsjh g{h NincI{nf Un{glj !rnifni lfn{ni D ;553$;;72"&L{sn Njnclfx'cn rh{ nfnj K,]x{xanjcn i{nfJx{$Cngnf,j'n in{ kx ihjssh rh{ nfnj seen{$fn{j bushb zh{bjh uh`h{ czhjfhdhishcb{* Lf$cxin }n{nfnjd lfnj dhsjbj bh{bb& dxa$shdhfhj Du{'n Anssxn'cnj gs{fd lfnj HfNdn{jn'cn kxfxjdx Niincn ph{ubrljxjcnjcnan brb kbfbjdhishcb{*; Kxjxjfn kb{fbish D>bjeb kbjch ahd Jbjhph'ch ahd ch Nuux{'cn nrj

abinrhrh nbs dhsbjfh{ kxfxjdxsx{*5

n{ sndan{b'jbj dhsbjfh{bjbj l{snifnn lfn{niin{sfnkbfhehi njn ni nncnib gbkbcb{?3

!>" sn{& Un{glj'n kb{ cnphssh kxfxjx{ phrndhrcnjn lix{ phrn uz ph{dhishcb{*

!;" Un{glj nuih{b uh`h{h idnrn in{n{ ph{b{*

!5" Rlf li shafbihfb ph zl{ lfcxxjcnj l{cxsn{n`jcnj uh`h{h idndnu rjjch xrn{f{*

!3" Kx{xanjcn'f seen{fn{ rlfx sben{hs bbjuh{khus ifdni bbj uh`h{h idnuj bush{* Uh`h{bcl{xcnj phrn clfnrf lfn{ni `bjnjuh hssbifh{bbzfhjbdb pn{c{*

!8" Un{glj bijn lfx{ ph busbakn{nsn rlfaniijcn ul{xfn{ ul{n{*

!0" Kb{bub $ dxashdhfhj seen{fn{cnj kb{b $zl{fxifn{jn chbjh{hi `nins fihjbj zhjgbj$fbbjh cnan `nzfn px{gx rn}n{ni gh{hifb lfnj

kbfgbfh{b ph{b{*

!7" bdcb unajh chbdbsb{* Iljxdnfn{Kx{xanjcn'cn ghdhishcb{? Jx{$Cngnj uil{dnjfn{j ph ghbfdhz jha{bj nfndnzhjghffh{ lfcxxjn bn{hs hsdhishcb{*

!1" Kb{fbifh{b gh{hishj ch abkb{ i{nfjkx{nrn !Kx{xanjcn'rn" xfnndncj phabkb{ i{nfj cn xfnndnrnenj ljnrfn{fn{*

!2" @nins iljxdn chpnd hch{ihj Un{gljznshj ghfdbsb{* ha{b ixns{& ux{fn{j rn{n{

ph ha{h gb{h{*!>=" Kx kfdch bib anud n{nujcn kb{

cbrnflg ghdhishcb{* Un{glj Jx{$Cngnj'ngx{x{fx uzfh{bjb ans{fnsn{ni dhrcnj lix{*

!>>" Unajh lfn{ni Un{glj Jx{$Cngnj'jin{ujcn khfib ch snj{ _nknkn bfh kb{fbishphrn ljxj ifjcn ahrkhsfb kb{ hibfch lsx{$dnisnc{*

!>;" N` cbfhrh{hi ph cnan jehib gx{x{fx

uzfh{bjb gh{b nfn{ni Jx{$Cngnj ha{b shufbdhch{*

!>5" Ulj kfdch zhjgbj ha{b zn}shssbi$shj ulj{n nuih{fh{ gh{b cjdhi bushdhishcb{**Un{glj Kx{xanjcn'cn 5 rf 8 nr infcisnjulj{n gh{b cjh{*

!;" ibjeb dhsbj g{xkx Un{glj'xj sl{xjxJn{ndubj'bj !rnifni ;;83$;;>1" >7 i{nfbfh jnuf unpnsj njfnsdnisnc{* Lfnr kb{$

kb{bjh khjzh{ `nins rbjh ch `n{if bib dhsbjchghdhishcb{* Kxjfn{cnj kb{bjebub uncheh Ab$sbsh lfn{ni rnzfd lfx} Anssxn il{}xuxbbjch rh{ nfdnisnc{ !Ikl 5*>54ESA 5>>"8*ibjebub buh ahd Absbsh ahd ch Niincn ph{$ubrljfn{n unab}sb{* Kb{bjeb Absbsh ph{ubrljOlnj Whushjalfz sn{n`jcnj +Gxfn$NJ ph

Jn{nd$ubj'h in{ lj rhcb i{nf+ lfn{ni

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

> Absbsh {ngdnjfn{ bbj kiz* ESA 5>=* @{ngdnjfn{ Gsh{klei sn{n`jcnj hs{n`fen bjehfhjdbsb{ !>253?10$2>"ph !>202" knin kb{ `{ngdnj cn Kl 01,;1!ESA 5>=*8" lfx} cnan ulj{n Ikl QQBB0 lfn{ni rnrjfnjds{*

; Whushjalfz >227& shqs ;;* U` >=8*5 Whushjalfz& >2273 Pnjusb}alxs >221& u`* 873$878

;0 bCLF


27/58

ncfnjc{fnj ph dxashdhfhj b}}n{'cnj ghfdhkb{ dhsbjchj kbfbjhj Absbsh$Niincn ph{ub$rljn lfcxin khjzhdhishcb{*0 Ah{ bibdhsbjch ch ghhj fih !ihjs" bubdfh{b nn$cnib gbkb fbushfhjhkbfb{?

Ikl 5*>5 Gxfn$NJ ph ljrhcb i{nf?

GX*UX*N7 Gxs!b"xd]niib! " InidxdFxffx'b Fxffxd! " AnaaxdAnssb Sx{xiixdInjh Injh

! " Nddx{{xNdx{{x Ch{

]n{nub N{{n{bshu! " InuubshuN{dnjx DhfxaanUhcb{ Cnfn{ N{nssn! " D{nanubFn{ni Hfnd

Jbiib N}xd!= Dhsbjfh{ +Gxfn$NJ phlj rhcb i{nfn+ khjzh{ kb{ hibfch Jn{nd$ubj'bjsnj{fn{ sn{n`jcnj rn{nsfnj cdnjfn{n in{jh{hchruh ilzdbi kb{ unpnn sxsxdnujnjfnsdnisnc{* Kx uh`h{ Njnclfx'rfn bfbibublfcxin khfb{gbjcb{9 kx h`unjhch sben{hs ilfl$jbub ]x{xuanjcn Jn{nd$Ubj'bj cdnjfn{sn{n`jcnj rndnfnjnj bfi rh{ lfn{ni njf$dnisnc{* Anssxn'cn kxfxjdx Jn{nd$Ubjdhsbjfh{bjbj jh{hchruh sd& nuih{b knn{fn{ph in{fns zl{fxifn{ px{gxfndnr ndn$frl{ gzidhishcb{* Kx cdnjfn{j n{nuj$cn Anssb ph Injh'chj lfnjfn{ cn rh{ nfdni$snc{*

!3" Kb{ cbh{ bfgbfb dhsbj g{xkx lfcxin`n{if kb{ iljx bh{dhishcb{9 kx kb{ Ax{{b{bshfbcb{ !IXK ;7*514ESA 778">>* Ax{{behlfdnu dhsjb njfnfdnu bbj rhsh{bjeh ganfh ulidnisnc{ `nins rjchj khkhifh{ rn}$dnifn bfgbfb lfcxx nis{* Dhsbjch fbushfhjhj

khkhifh{ snj{& snj{fnd i{nffn{ ph fdfrjhsbebfh{b bh{dhishcb{* Rnjb khkhifh{h bubdph{bfdhifh bfgbfb snj{ phrn i{nfn khjzhsbfdhi$

shcb{* Kx{ncn c{s huib Niinc i{nfjj budbghdhishcb{* Jn{nd$Ubj snj{fns{fd i{nf$fn{j uljxjexuxcx{* Ljx snj{fns{fdndlfnj Un{glj snib} hsdhishcb{*

Sn{bab$El{n`rn


8 Gsh{klei& _N 33& u` 00$1=0 Whushjalfz& >227& dhsbj >7*7 Gsh{klei kxjxj Exsan lfn{ni bjcb{ghjhkbfhehbjb jh{dbsb{ !_N 33& u` 02 " nins Pnj Ch Dbh{ll} Gxsbxdbfh ch hfhsb{dhjbj ddij lfnenj urfhdhishcb{ !Pnj Ch Dbh{ll}& ;==="*1 Dhsbj bbj kiz* Gsh{klei sn{n`jcnj bjehfhjhj !>251?07$70" ESA 5>>*2 Whushjalfz& Fhghjcu& Dhsbj ;>N ph ;>K*>= Pnj Ch Dbh{ll}& ;===& u`*>3=*>> Dn{sbjl >225& u` >;>$>53*


28/58

!8"h{bubjch huib Niinc'n cnb{ {h`h{njubh{hj Ax{{b iihjfb ulj Absbs dhsjb !ESA50;">; Gx{}n{njzna dbsbcb{* Kx lfcxinis il{xjdx ri& anrnfb kb{ Nbfxjxwn

i{nfjj 0= i{nf ph 7= ina{ndnjfn Ngnch'rhr{dhubjb ph l{ncn khfib ch i{nf lfnjBd}ni{x ncjcn kb{bjh lixfxi rn{dnujcndhrcnj lixdnuj njfnsdnisnc{* Xrcx{dnbubdfh{chj Ngnch'jbj !Niinc chpfhsbjbj

knihjsb" uncheh `njsnusbi kb{ dhinj lfn{niuhbfcbb njfnfdnisnc{9 kxjxjfn kh{nkh{ 0=i{nf ph 7= ina{ndnj xzni cn lfun Jn{nd$Ubj'h in{ lfxsx{xfnj cdnj ilnfburljxjxans{fnsdnisnc{*

!0" Iljxrn chbbi kb{ rj ph{hehi bfgbjkb{ dhsbj Nuux{'fx seen{fn{j ;bjeb kbjbj kn$jcn Njnclfx'cn ix{cxifn{ sben{hs njjdh{ihzb iljxdxjcn lfnj Injh In{xd'xj$cnj ghfdhishcb{* >281 rfjcn Ifsh}h'ch

kxfxjnj snkfhs kx{ncn kxfxjdx ahdhjahdhj shi hchkb snkfhs zhffbbjb sndnisn$c{* Enabs Gjknss sn{n`jcnj rnrjfnjnj phghjb kb{ hibfch rl{xdfnjnj snkfhsbj>5 iunzhsb nncnib gbkbcb{*>3

I{nf& Un{glj& Ghjb In{hfb Ninc'j I{nf&snj{fn{fn iljxnj gf i{nf* Ncnc knjn gph{cb clxcnj knsrn fihrb hfh ghb{cbd* Kb{

gjch 7= hab{fh unpnsd9 }{hjufh{bjb hub{nfcd ph hab{fh{bjb rh{fh kb{ hssbd* Gej snj${u Ncnc ph unpn snj{nu sn{'j axzx{xjcn

rhdbj hch{bd* Kb{ gnzhf !ehrfnj" g{cd phjha{h kb{ sxfn nssd* Iln{ihj rnz inrklfxr$l{cx nins khj rnzr infc{cd* Ilsxd ph ehr$

fnj rninfncd* !Ulj{n" uxcnj sxfnrin{cd* Ncnc ph sn{'j axzx{xjcn& !ljn"rhdbj hch{bd* Gjch >=== u{ ph 0=== ilrxjihusbd* jdch gu hsb rbrhj ina{ndnj$fn{dcnj 7=== kbjb& gjch kxs hsb rbrhj 5===ihb` nuih{bd& gjch izn{d iudn incn{ nfsknenj us iudj rbrhj >=== incha$snrefn{d !unibfh{bd" Q cnphs hcbfcb* 7===

ina{ndnjd gu hsb rhcb* Gh{b infnjfn{ bbjrhsh{fb gu hsb rlisx* Snasjj ****u{j ihu$sbd ph gh{b infnjfn{n gu hsb ph{cbd* Ndhsb cnss* Ehzn lfn{ni >== u{ ph ;== ilrxjihusb ph abzdhsbfh{bdb khufhcb* Ncnc ph sn{'jaxzx{xjcn !ljn" rhdbj hch{bd* 7 rf& > nr ph >8

gj nfneniffn{dfn rhdhish infcd* Nr{f{ihjnibi ph fn}bz fnzxfbchj kb{ b}b knfncd ph fihklrxjen cnssd* ib ih{h klzgxjn x{nssd

Ndnjxd cnjcn l{snujcn shdhf bpbub gbkb kb{ahrihf cbisbd* Sxi{bu }{hjubjb kb{ ch{brfh gbr$cb{cbd* Axsx{n'cn knfn{jn ****** rh{fhsb{cbd*

Knfn{j kb{ Nfnubn !ixdn" bfh kb{ incjjibgbkb in}fncd* Ndx{{x'jxjibfh{b knknfn{ gbkbfihjbj *****'jb kbsb{cbd* Ibfn{x'jxjibfh{b

knfn{j klanrfn knfncd* Rbjh& Injhanfij& ljfn{j ****** unfph{cbd* Ansx'fn{jibjb&knfn{jj l{snuj rzcd* Fxadh'jbjibjb&injenf bjhrb ihuibjfhsb{cbd& Gxsbfb lfnj*

Fxffxd ph Anaaxd ljfn{j ******* zhjgbj hssbd*Hfbdfh girzjj cb{hbjh clixjcxd*Snkfhssh lfnj jhchj ghjbfhshrbd< Njxdkhjbd jnuf kb{ i{nf lfcxxdx kbfdbrl{& !ph"nn ph rxin{ fihrb jnuf nfcd* Ncnc&i{nf& uxjxfn{d klf hsubj*

Kx lfcxin bfgbj ph kb{ li rjchju{nc lfnj dhsbj Ninc i{nffn{jj Njnclfxbfh lfnj bfbibfh{bjh kndknin kb{ klrxs ins$dnisnc{* Dhsjbj bb{uhffbb riuhi uhpbrhfh{$chcb{ ph dnnfhuh` j Nurn ghfhjhifh{bjch

}hi {nusfnjdnrnj ph kx jhchjfh in{fns{dnrn}dn bdinj ph{dhrhj kb{ li dlsb` bh{dhi$shcb{*

Kbzbd bbj jhdfb lfnj zhffbifh{bjbj knj$

cn bh{bubjch Njnclfx ihjsfh{bjh cnb{ {h`h{njubh{hj hj huib Un{glj dhsjb lfdnuc{* Kx cncbh{ dhsbjfh{ch g{cdz {h`h{njufn{jji jlisnuj cnan rxin{ hidhishcb{* @n{ifg{jdhubjh {ndhj n{ sndan{b' ph Jn{nd$Ubj'h nbs dhsbjfh{ch g{fhj ghjbfhdh }lfb$sbinfn{jj nrju kx{ncn cn rnjudnisnc{*ushfbi kbzbd bbj jhdfb Njnclfx ihjsfh{b

;1 bCLF

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

>; jnf >223& u`* 18;$185*>5 Gjknss >227& u`* >5>$>88*

>3 Dbh{ll}& ;===& u`* >30$>31* !Dninfhjbj rnzd hujnujcn Gjknss'jj bfgbfb nfdnu hfch lfdncjcnjrxin{cnib kfd Dbh{ll}'xj hcburljxjcnj uh{khus hpb{b bfh rn}fds{"*


29/58

Injh Anssb !Ansx" Fxffxd Anaaxd Axsx{nph Ibfn{xd gbkb snjci ihjsfh{bj rnjjcn

Jn{nd$Ubj fbushubjch ghhj Sxi{bu ph Ndx{{xgbkb Ux{brh ph Fhpnjs ihjsfh{bjb unrdnurxin{cn bjehfhjhj cnan gh dhsbjfh{h kxjhdfb dhsjb rnifns{dnisnc{*

Rxin{cnib bib Ax{{b dhsjbjchj clfnr Ninci{nffn{rfn bfgbfb kx s{ h`unjhpb {h`h{njufn{jAx{{bfh{ rlfxrfn Abssbsfh{h ghsbb iljxrfn bfgbfblx nfdncn kx gjh incn{ jh{bfhj kb{ axuxu$sx{* @nins hfchib kx dhsbj Nuux{ Sben{hs Ilfljbfh{brnzdjcnj cn Abssbsfh{h ans{ unrf{ kb{ rnzfghfhjhbj ghsbbjb cjc{dhishcb{ *>8

!7" Niinc'f Un{glj'xj ihjcbubjchj 0

rzrf ulj{n kbfh Absbsfh{ n{nujcn jh incn{kri kb{ j lfcxxjn ph brb kbfbjcbbjh cnb{li jhdfb {h`h{nju Huib Absbs sn{babjbj njn

khfghfh{bjchj kb{b lfnj +Anssxbfb B'bjRffifn{+ lfn{ni kbfbjhj dhsbjfh{ch ni kb{hibfch l{snrn iljdnisnc{* Ahd Absbs ahdch Niincn ph{ubrljxjcnj lfcxin brb kbfb$jhj kx xzxj dhsbj Absbs chpfhsbjbj ix{xexuxAnssxbfb B'bj fihubjb Ixzhr Ux{brh'rh cl{xghjbfhsdh nknujcnib nuih{b uh`h{fh{bjb

njfnsdnisnc{*>0 Dhsbjch kbzb bfgbfhjcb{hjiud Gsh{klei'xj hpb{bubrfh nncnibgbkbcb{?>7

Ab ibduh @{ns' ghdhdbsb& `nins khj

Kri I{nf& Snkn{jn& ljx rnrnj ghsbd ph

l{cxd cn !n{cdcnj2=" {ndhjzhffbifh ix{xexux Un{glj ph sl{xjx Jn{nd$Ubj knsn lfdni zh{h in{bzdnsbi i{nffn{jj

iun u{hch gh{hifhsb{cbb nuih{b ph bcn{bknn{fn{ jhchjbrfh hsibfh{b Dhzl}lsndrnxrgn{fjj ifs{hf lfn{ni uljn h{cbbAhffhjbusbi cjhdh incn{ chpnd hsdbsb{*Gh{hishj ch Ninc anjhcnjjj ix{xexuxUn{glj sd Dhzl}lsndrn'r shi kb{ rjhsbebnfsjcn sl}fnrn{ni ahd cjrnjj bfi bd}n{n$sl{fxxjx ix{dx ahd ch kx njfndcn nfn{

klrx ubrnunf gfh{h {jhi shibf hchehi }lfb$sbi kb{ chp{bd gh{hifhsb{dbsb{* Kx jhchjfh

jjj Dhzl}lsndrn'jj ifs{hf d{jjuljxjn incn{ chpnd hsdhubjh n{dndnigh{hidhishcb{* @nins kx rncujndnz pnin kxcjhd aniijcn nfn{ klrxjen xrcx{xfnjdbsfh{fh gh{hifh{b kb{kb{bjchj nr{dndzgfhsb{dhishcb{*

Un{glj snas zl{fn hfh ghb{dbsb{* Nuf budb+n{{xd$ibj+cb{* Njfndjj +gh{hi rn cnrnunf i{nf+ lfdnu snas zl{fn hfh ghb{cbbjbj

kb{ cbh{ injsc{* Jb}}x{'cnib Hjfbf sn}$jnjcn kxfxjdx njsj usjchib rnzsjHuib Knkbf il}rnujcn Un{glj'xj nsnfn{chbjbfdhchj ljcnj Ngnch I{nf Ib I{nfph fihjbj I{nf cbrh knauhcbfb{* Snj{fn{jrn{cdrfn X{xi'x unpnsn rhjh{hi X{xiI{nf Fxgnfznghub'rb rninfnds{* Un{glj'xjbfi bbjbj gjhr Dhzl}lsndrn'r sndndhjhfh ghb{dhi lfcxx njfnfdnisnc{* Cnan

Sn{bab$El{n`rn


>8 Dbh{ll} ;===*

>0 Ulddh{ & @nfihjushbj >250*>7 Gsh{klei >203 u`* >$0* Nr{en sn{bauhf bh{bbrfh bfgbfb lfn{ni9 Gsh{klei >215 u` ;3*


30/58

ulj{n ab cx{dniuzj c{s kb{ rjh nuih{buh`h{fh{ rn}d lfdnfc{* Ngnch ix{dxlfcxx chpfhsbj knihjsbcb{* Rh{b ahjz sndlfn{ni shu}bs hcbfhdhdbsb{* @nins Knkbf rnij$fn{jcn lfdnu gh{hisbb cjfdhishcb{*

Un{glj'xj ixzhrh rn}s uh`h{fh{fh bfgbfb lfn${ni kb{ rf budb Un{glj'xj Ax{{b kfghubjh ghblfn{ni g{fhj ph Cbrnfn kfghubjh flinfbzhhcbfhj Ubdx{{xd'x zn}shssbbjb gush{dhishcb{*>1

Kx rxin{cnib !3" ph !8" bjeb dhsbjfh{chib Ax{{bans{nu lfn{ni rl{xdfnjdnisnc{*>2

Un{glj'cnj ulj{n rh{bjh lfx [bdx !rni*D ;;71$;;7=" ghdbsb{* Rbjh Huib Knkbfdhsbj il}rnfn{jn g{h knknujj nuih{buh`h{fh{bjb chpnd hssb{cbb njfnfdnisnc{*@nins bfi bb Udh{ ph Ninc'cnib nrnifnj$dnfn{ knus{dni lfdxsx{* Unfsnjns cjh$dbjch Ninc ubrnunf hsib nfnjjj Knu{nI{`hzbjchj Ux{brh ph Fhpnjs kfghubjhincn{ rnrfc ghjhf lfn{ni inkxf hcbfdhish$cb{* Ihjcbubjh cnb{ Njnclfx bfh bfgbfb ghcjhdchj ch lfun ah{anjgb kb{ dhsbj hfh gh$dhdbsb{* Gh sn{bafb kb{ dhsbjch [bdx'xj

kb{ un{nr hjs{binujcn abzdhsin{fn{ sn{n`j$cnj fc{fc inrchcbfdbsb{*

[bdx'cnj ulj{n snasn in{chb Dnjbsxux!D ;;02$;;88" ghdbsb{* Kx i{nfj cjhdbch nuih{b uh`h{fh{h chpnd hsdhi ph fihrb hjnzjcnj ghjhf h{hphub bbjch sxsdnrn nf$dni lfn{ni zhsfhjhkbfb{* Kx i{nf cjhdbjhnbs Njnclfx'rn bfbibj jhdfb kb{ kxfxjsx&

Jxunrkbj'ch kxfxjdx zh{bjch budb ph j$pnj rnzf kni{ kb{ snknis{*;= Nr{en rxin$

{cnib !3" je Ax{{b dhsjbjch Ninc i{nffn{n{nujcn Dnjbsxux'jxj cn nc ghdhishcb{*Rf bubdfh{bjchj ch ixzhr kfghubjch nisb`lfcxxjx kbfcbbdbz Dnjbsxux'jxj kx Ax{{bdhsjbjch budbjbj ghb} nisb` lfdncj kbf$cbbdbz [bdx'xj ghdhdhub gzchj in{f$dndnu gh{hihj jhdfb kb{ nr{js lfn{nigzidhishcb{*

Dnjbsxux'cnj ulj{n rh{bjb sn{babj hj {hj$ifb ibbfbifh{bjchj kb{b lfnj& Dhzl}lsndrn'jjbfi Snj{$i{nf Jn{nd$Ubj nfds{* 57 rf u{$c cjfhj rjhsbdb Ninc anjhcnjj

ah{ njfndcn cl{xi jlisnujn ij ubdgh$fhdhishcb{* Jn{nd$Ubj'bj bd}n{nsl{fxx lf$cxin ghjbsb{* Rnzsfn{jcn Hkfn ihjsbjb rlihssbbjb urfh{* Uxun'cn kxfxjnj rnzsf sx$fnfn{ kx{nr rjhssbbjbj injsc{* Shf K{ni'cn2=q18 dhs{h klrxsfn{jcn c cxpn{fn{jjinfjf >= dhs{hchj `nzfn lfnj kri kb{rn} ljxj ncj snrnj sxfnfn{fn bjn hcbf$dbsb{* Cbrn{kni{'j ixzhrbjch ]b{ Auhrbj'$ch Jn{nd$Ubj'h nbs kb{ inkn{sdn hfh ghb{bf$

dbsb{*;>

Jbjhph'jbj 8= ibfldhs{h ixzhrbjch Knuuhsbkfghubjch kxfxjnj kni{ kb{ ahrihf nfsfrbjh Jn{nd$Ubj'h nbs rnzs kn{jc{dnisnc{*Rnzssn i{nfj kb{ rfcn 2 zn`h{ inznjc jhu{fdhish ph Ngnch ihjsbjchib bjnns bfh${bjchj knauhcbfdhishcb{* Ixni snid kb{

5= bCLF

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

>1 Anffl >271& u` 7>$15*>2 Whushjalfz& >221& u`* 2*;=Jnghf >27=& u`* >28$;> usnjkxf Rnij Clx Dzhub >=;7* Xjgh{ >253 u` 52

[hubd?>


31/58

h{ihi g{jdjchib ahrihf Udh{ shdhf$fh{bjch kxfxjnjfn{n khjzh{ kb{ shdhf bpbubsxsdnisnc{* Ninc cjhdbjh nbs lfcxin bf$gbj ph jh{hchruh kx cjhdbj ubdghub anfbjh

ghfdb cidh kni{ kb{ in`n Jbjhph'ch GhNuux{ rid snkninfn{ n{nujcn kxfxjdx$sx{*;; Ninc cjhdbjh sn{bafhjcbb ahdhjahdhj ihubjfhhj knj bfi lfn{ni Un{glj'x{hudhssbb cjfuh ch cnan chsnrf rn}fnjbjehfhdhfh{ Jn{nd$Ubj'h nbs lfdnujj cnanbasbdnf cnabfbjch lfcxxjx gush{dbsb{ !Kiz*[hubd >"* Kxjxjfn kh{nkh{ ihubjfbifh Jn{nd$Ubj'h ns`hcbfhj ph ljxj hj jf njs lfn{ni sn$jdfnrnkbfhehbdbz Uxun'cn kxfxjnj _n`h{

Ushfb'cb{* Hfndffn{ D >;bjeb rzrfcnKnkbf'b hfh ghb{cbifh{bjch Un{glj Ushfb&Anddx{nkb'jbj Rnunfn{ gbkb kx ushfb ch gnjb$dhs lfn{ni Uxun'rn gs{dfh{cb{* Ushfch

Jn{nd$Ubj Kns {nj'j l{sn ihubdfh{bjchrnnrnj Ffxkb inkbfhubjbj i{nf Unsxjb'rhin{ inznjc zn`h{b kri kb{ njsunffibbjch {hudhsdhishcb{ !Kiz* [hubd ;"*

Unajhjbj anibdb uncheh snj{fn{j snisklrjxzfx kb{ knfi snrnj Jn{nd$Ubj'cb{*

Jn{nd$Ubj ch kriknknu Un{glj gbkbcnan gh cjhdfh{ch kb{ li h`unjhpb rirh

iljx lfdxsx{* Ihjcbjh gphjb ph rnn{ihjihjcbjb snj{ bfnj hsdhub hj knuij ibbfbizhffbifh{b n{nujcn uljuxzn incn{ rnnrnenigzidhishcb{*

Jn{nd*Ubj'bj in{brh{bjch ixzhr ph knsrfnbfgbfb lfnkbfhehi li unrcn l{bobjnf rnzf inr$jni kxfxjdnisnc{* Kxjfn{j knjcn rhcb rfbudb ihubjfbifh ixzhr ph knsrn rn}s uh`h{$fh{fh bfgbfbcb{*;5 Kxjfn{ u{nurfn ?

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

5>N[IHLFLO PH N[IHLFLGFN[ CH[JH CH[GU

[hubd? ;

[hubd?>

;; @{nji`l{s& >220& u` 13$18;5 Whushjalfz >221& u`*>=$>>*


32/58

!n" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj ixzhrh uh`h{h gbssbb rf

!k" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj Dn{cndnj' rh{fh kb{hssbb rf

!e" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj Ubdx{{xd'n uh`h{ rn}srf

!c" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj Ib{nuhjbwh'chUbdx{{xd'n in{ unpnsn zn`h{ inznjc phUbdx{{xd'xj ife ph N{ndh'jbj ife Knkn'$r zn}shssbb rf

!h" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj Nzxabjjxd'cn Uxkn{sxbfh unpnsn zn`h{ inznjc ph Cnabu$nsnf'zn}shssbb rf

!`" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj Cbefh ph @{ns'j inr$jnifn{jn xfns ph Uhjndbjcn bfh rn}sunpnsn zn`h{ inznjc rf

!g" Jn{nd$Ubj'bj GJ ph Nkxffns' zn}shssb$b ph Fkjnj Cnjcn Uhcb{ ihusbb rf*

!n" ghjhf lfn{ni ixzhr uh`h{bjb& !k&e&c&h"khffb Ax{{b ihjsfh{bjh rjhfbi rn}fnj uh`h{fh{bkhfb{sdhishcb{* !`" cl{xcnj Njnclfx'rn gb{bf$

dhub knidjcnj jhdfbcb{* !g" buh cnan kns$rn Fkjnj'n gb{bfdhubjb njfnsdnisnc{* Sn$c xjpnj knidjcnj Jn{nd$Ubj'h ns`hcb$fhkbfhehi kb{ g{x} Un{gljbi I{nfb rnzsfn{cnuncheh Ax{{b ihjsfh{b chbf kb{ Njnclfx ihjsblfcxxjx kbfcbbdbz Anaaxd'xj cn budbjbjghdhub anrfb bfgbjsb{*;3 Kbfbjcbb gbkbAnaaxd& Nuux{ Sben{hs Ilfljbfh{b cjhdbj$ch Injh'h gbchj rlf gzh{gna zh{bjch@{ns' ghbsh njn jlisnfn{cnj kb{b lfnj jhd$

fb kb{ In{xd,Wnkn{sxd lfn{ni gzidhish$cb{* Kxjn hi lfn{ni rxin{cnib !7"bjeb dhsbj$ch Anssxbfb B'bj Un{glj'xj @{ns' ghbbjb phAnaaxd'n unfc{dnuj jnuf ans{fnssjnjdunrnkbfb{bz*

Jn{nd$Ubj'bj lfx ph n{cf n{$infb$n{${b'jbj rf ncfn{jcnj knscn Ndx{{x inkbfhfh${brfh& clx cnfn{jcn cn Gxznjn,Gxsbfh{

sn{n`jcnj shacbs hcbfcbb njfnfdnisnc{*Kxjn {ndhj I{nfb rnzsfn{jcn Cbefh'jbjinrjnjcn Anaanffnn'n ph @{ns'j inrjn$jcn Jbxq'n xfnsj khfb{sdhishcb{* Nr{en

_nknfnd'cnib Bjnjjn sn}jn bbj Ndnjlucnfn{jcn uhcb{ ihusbbjchj ch knauhsdhish$cb{*;8 Nr{en rxin{cnib !3"je Ax{{b dhs$jbjch budb ghhj Ninc i{nffn{ n{nujcn cnrh{ nfdnisnc{*

Udh{ i{nf fbushfh{bjch n{$infb$n{{b'chjulj{nib i{nffn{ aniijcn snd kb{ njn{banibdcb{* Ngnch'jbj ulj bib i{nf Cxcx ph x$cx{xf cjhdbjch fih Ngnch hp{hubjchib

kfgh ph Cbrnfn czfifh{bjh bjcb{ghjdbgzidhishcb{* Gjhrchib huib Udh{ ihjs$fh{b ph Fngn knduzfj inznjds{*

Njnclfx'cnib Ninc i{nffn{jj dxashdhfdhpexcbrhsbjh cnb{ ulj rnzf chfbf X{`n'cn

kxfxjdx zh{bjch x$cx{xf'xj {hudb g{hp$fbfh{bjchj kb{bjbj nc inzjd lfnj kb{ n{$fis{*;0 Kx sb} usnjcn{s n{fn unab} n{fi$fn{ Huib Ninc I{nffn{ sn{n`jcnj fihrbulurl$hiljldbi czhjh nfdn nknfn{jj kb{

{j lfx} Ninc anibdbrhsb g{fhj rh{fh{chuififn kxfxjdnisnc{* X{`n'jj ixzhrh gh$bfh{ch jhdfb kb{ ghb rh{b lfdnu ii chlfun kx kxfxjsxrx jhdfb ifdnisnc{*

N{ihlflobi Ph{bfh{

D 5je Kbjbj ulj hr{hbjch Njnclfxdh{ihzbfhdb }lfbsbi gfh{ {hshehi incn{gf kb{ rn} gush{dhishcb{* Kns'cnj clx$rn kx cjhd ifs{ insfn{jn bjhj& S{lrn&Fbdnj Sh}h& Khrehuxfsnj& Ixux{n& Iljrn$In{nari& Nfnen Ari& Nehd Ari&Ifsh}h !Injb,Jhn"& Sn{uxu Gzfixfh p*uinzfn{jcn hfch hcbfhj kxfgxfn{ uj{f inznfnjfn{jn {ndhj hj nzjcnj 5je kbjbjl{snfn{jcnj bsbkn{hj Njnclfx'cn dh{ihzbfh$db ph khffb kb{ kfgh zh{bjch anibd iljxdnghfdb ph anssn insdnjfnd sl}fxd rn}u$

5; bCLF

Sn{bab$El{n`rn

;3 Dbeanflwuib >210& u` 3$>>;8

@{nrjh >213& u`* ;5$;7*;0 Whushjalfz >221& u`* >1


33/58

jn unab} }lfbsbi gfh{bj pn{fjn cnb{ jhd$fb b} xfn{ uxjdxsx{* @nins dninfhjbj knj$cn khfb{sbfcbb gbkb rnz ahjz ihjcbjb gush{$dhdhishcb{* Gh{b Absbs cjhdbjch g{fhj

Abrh{lgfb` rnzjj }{lsl$sb}b unrfnkbfhehibn{hsfh{ kx cjhdbj uljxjcn ihjcbjb rnpnrnpn gush{dhrh knfnds{*;7

Kx jhchjfh rbjh rjdz rxin{cnibkhfghfh{b chushifhrhkbfhehi& D 5je kbjbjulj hr{hbjch Dhzl}lsndrn$Njnclfx n{n$ujcnib bfbibfh{bj uldxs anfh ghsb{hkbfhehiin{fif dnccb infjsfn{n cjdhi cx{xdxj$cn infrl{xz*

Kx iljx aniijcnib fbsh{ns{ ch rxin{cnzhsfhcbbdbz rnzf khfgh il{}xuxjn cnb{ fbsh${ns{ incn{ ghjbsb{* Dnnfhuh` sd ch ph{bfuh

}lfbsbi bfbibfh{b chushifhdhishj xznis{*Sd kb{chj }hi nfn dxashdhf clfnrf phrncb{hi sben{hs bfbibfh{brfh nifnjnkbfb{* Kxjfn${j n{nujcn cbiinsb hj li hihj kxfxjsxfn{n{nujcn Gjhr B{ni'cnib Jnub{brn'cn kxfxj$dx lfnj nfnknush{ !ux dh{dh{b" kb{ ushfbj bib

}n{nu rh{ nfdnisnc{*;1 ]{l`* D* Dhffbji

huh{b hs{n`fen bjehfhdb ph ushfch {hudhcbfhjkhsbdfhdhfh{ zh{bjch Ibfbirn kfghubjhns`hcbfhkbfhehi zhffbifh{b u{nfnds{*;2

Unpn hub{fh{bjbj zh{bjchib shabznsfn{ phzn`h{b inznjnjfn{j snc gnjbdhsfh{bjzhffbifh{b& indn ph bib ixf}fx incha !snjin{s"Ibfbirn kfghubjch hfh ghhj dnccb ifs{infjsfn{rfn kb{hkb{ hfhsb{bfhkbfhehi g{$jdchcb{* Indnjj hj rnij khjzh{b S{lrnBB'ch kxfxjdxsx{* Snjin{s kns Njnclfx'cnj

knfnrn{ni sd Njnclfx }fnsluxjn rnrfdch}nuj kb{ s{hpbcb{*

Kxjxj rnjjcn Njnclfx'cn rn}fnj inz$fn{cn& Nehdari& Iljrn In{nari& If$sh}h& Nfneni Ari& Nfbn{ gbkb jhdfb

dh{ihzfh{bj 5je kbj snkninfn{jcn Dhzl$}lsndrn bfh bfbibfhjcb{bfhkbfhehi dnccbkxfxjsxfn{ kxfxjdnisnc{9 nins kxjfn{cnj sn${bauhf in{dfn{ rn}dni u}hifnurlj shubjh

ghhdhrhehi kb{ nkn gbkb gzidhishcb{*ULJX

Rxin{cnib dhsbjfh{ch budb ghhj]x{xanjcn& Anssb !Anssxn"& Injh !Ifsh$

}h"& Anaaxd gbkb ihjsfh{ gh{hi Nuux{ Sben{hsIlfljbfh{b cjhdb dhsbjfh{bjchj gh{hiuhKlnzir'ch hfh ghhj Absbs n{bpfh{bjchj brb

kbfbjhj ihjsfh{cb{* Anssn +Nuux{ Sben{hs Ilfl$jbfh{b Cjhdbjch Njnclfx'jxj ]lfbsbi El$

{n`rnu+ kfdjch g{hehbdbz gbkb ghbeblfn{ni +Niinc Il{}xux+ lfn{ni ncfnjc{n$

kbfhehbdbz rxin{cnib dhsbj g{xkxjcn j}fnjcn g{fhj ]x{xanssxd'xj ubrnunf lfn{nizhf kb{ rh{b kxfxjdnisnc{* _b{n kb{ s{ i{nf$fi ph dhdfhihs u`ns lfn{ni g{fhj dnsxd!lxfx dnsx" u`nsj snrnj ]x{xanssn'jji{nfjj u`ns cbh{ dhdfhihs i{nffn{jj zh${bjch {xkn'xd {nkb'xd !Kri I{nf"'c{*Cbh{ shu}bs hcbfhj sd dhdfhihs i{nffn{

[xkn'xd rnjb I{nf jpnjj sndnisnc{*Anssn Nuux{ I{nfjj kbfh u`ns uncheh {xkn'$xd'cx{*

Nuux{ Sben{hs Ilfljbfh{b Cjhdb uljxjcn&Njnclfx'cnib dhpexs }lfbsbi gfh{b kb{ kb{hfh ghb{hj cnan ulj{n Absbs bd}n{nsl{fxxjxcldnujn gbchj rlfx nnj Njbssn& nuih{b kn$n{fn{jj cl{xxjcn gjhrh rn}s uh`h{churfh iljxdnisnc{?

Unpnn gbssbbdch ]x{xanjcn'f ncnd knjnahcbrhfh{ ghsb{cb9 knjn chdb{chj kb{ snas phchdb{chj kb{ nun ghsb{cb* @nins khj Jhn'rn

gh{b cjcdch ]x{xuanjcn'f Ncnd!I{nfj" rnjdcn ghsb{cbd* Lcnrn gb{cbbjchL khjbd un sn{n`dcn lsx{nenis{*5=

Sn{bab$El{n`rn


;7 Nf} >223* Uhcns Nf} kx huh{bjch In{nari'ch kxfcxx bn{hsfh{chj rlfn in{ni iljxjxj chsnrf kb{ nfdnuj rn}dnisnc{*

;1 Ifaj >21;& {hubd ;;&;5 ph ;3* Nrj huh{ch ghdb nfdnfn{n cnb{ ghjb {h`h{nju kxfxjdnisnc{*

;2 Dhffbji >205*5= K{reh>221& u`* 3>*


34/58

Kx{ncn nin Njnclfx'jxj +KriI{nfjj+ Njbssn'rn ghdhub bdn hcbfdhish$cb{* Cbh{ seen{ dhsbjfh{bjchj ch ]x{xanj$cn'jj Njnclfx'jxj cbh{ }lfbsbi gfh{b n{n$ujcn zhf kb{ rh{b lfcxxjx kbfbrl{xz* Nenkn]x{xanjcn'jj kx iljxdx Niinc I{nfUn{glj cjhdbjchj kh{b chpnd hchj kb{iljxd dxcx{< Njnclfx'cn D 5je kbjbjl{snfn{jcnj bsbkn{hj kfghfh{bjh anibd dh{$ihzb }lfbsbi gfh{ ph kxjfn{j usns lfn{nizh{bjch rh{ nfnj kb{ kri i{nffi pn{ dc{==='fh{ ch" snj{fn{ bfh bfgbfblfn{ni ixffnjcifn{ drsalu njfnsdfn{bfi hfhsb{hj ph {hcchchj Iujhjl}anjhu'sb{*

Flglu'n in{s lfcxx incn{& abusl{bn'rn cn sh{uchj drsalu& zndnjfn +gh{hi lfn{ni pn{lfdn$rnj+ ah{ hrb b`nch hsdhrh knfn{*

Hcbsa Andbfslj& +gh{hi kb{ drsaluxj cbjfhcl{xcnj cl{xrn bfgbub lfndnz& nuf bfgbub cl$nrfn ix{xfdxsx{+ ch{* junjfn{j& anrpnjfn{j&nnfn{j& bhifh{bj& gjhbj& nrj& rfczfn{j&`{sjnfn{j& ch}{hdfh{bj jnuf lfcxxjx njfns{*{jhbj? cnj bbjh in}nsfd kb{ enjnpn{ ix{$sxfdni bbj {}j{& ch}{hd lfx{* +Drsalufn{&

njsbi nfn{j bfi kbfbd khfb{sbfh{bcb{ ch+*!Andbfslj >223? 1$2"*

Gjdz kbfbdncndfn{ buh drsalufn{& j$ehib kbfgbjfh{chj `n{if& anssn hfbhj kb{ kninu bbjh rh{fhsb{dbfh{cb{* Ihjcbfh{bjchjjehibfh{bj rn}s gbkb& sh{bdbj xrgxj njfndrfndrsalux +`nkf+& +xrcx{dn+& +ix{dnen+ lfn{ni hfhnfdni rh{bjh& ljx huib sl}fxdfn{cn njfnfc

kbbdbrfh khjbduhdb gbkbcb{* Gh{hishj ch kxgbkb sl}fxdfn{cn drsalu sh{ubjh& gh{hi

Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Derneği Dergisi Sayı : 9 Nisan-Mayıs-Haziran 2001

Documents

Transcript of Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Derneği Dergisi Sayı : 9 Nisan-Mayıs-Haziran 2001