ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

ENG.Shireen Abdelrahman

INTRODUCTION

الرومانية العمــارة)ٌRomans Architecture

الرومانية العمارة تكوين في المؤثرة العواملInfluence Factors Romans Architecture

1. Historical2. Geographical3. Geological4. Climatic

5. Religious6. Social

Natural Factors

Civil Factors

Historical Factors

There were six factors that influence the construction of architecture styles which are:

Geographical

The comparative long coast-line of the Italian Peninsula forms a strong contrast to the complexity of the coast-lines of Greece and the islands of the Archipelago اليونانية الجزيرة تعقيد مع تناقضا . يشكل

Italy has few natural harbours and few islands along her shores.

The great chain of the Apennines االبنين جبال runs like a سلسلةspine down the centre of Italy and much of the country is very mountainous,

It is not broken up into isolated little valleys معزولة صغيرة وديانto the same extent as in Greece.

These geographical differences between the countries of the Greeks and the Romans have their equally differences of national character.

The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. `

In their Empire-building the Romans proceeded logically : they conquered first by war, dominated by force of character قوة تحكمها and then ruled by laws and civilized by arts and , الشخصيةletters االدب و الفنون من . تحضرا

They depended for the extension of their power, not on colonization االستعمار على ليس و قوتهم تمديد على يعتمدون , كانواbut on conquest. The Roman power was built up, first of all in Italy, by absorption of little States, الصغيرة الدول قبل من االستيعاب

The Roman Empire was not confined geographically to Italy ايطاليا حدود في محصورة تكن لم الرومانية االمبراطورية included all those parts of Europe, North Africa, and , الجغرافيةWestern Asia which constituted the then-known world.

map of Rome Geography .

map of Rome Geography .

map of Rome Geography .

Pietro del Massaio, map of Rome Ptolemy’s Geography .

Detail of Pirro Ligorio’s Imago antiquae urbis showing Colosseum area.

Basilicas

Basilicas

Geological

The geological formation of Italy differs from that of Greece.

So in addition to marble the chief and the only Greece buildingMaterial, the Romans could procure terra-cotta, stone, and brick, all ofwhich used even for important buildings.

Roman building materials1. Marble from Rome and all over Italy 2. Travertine, a hard limestone from Tivoli 3. Tufa, a volcanic substance of which the hills of Rome are

mainly composed ; 4. Peperino, a stone of volcanic origin from Mount Albano ;5. Lava from volcanic eruptions6. excellent sand and gravel.

The building material led to great structural innovations which isconcrete formed of pozzolana mixed with lime forming exceedinglyhard and cohesive concrete

Limestone

Limestone

Limestone

Limestone

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Sand Soil

Travertine

                                                                               

A cement mithraeum, in Italy

                                                                               

A cement building

Mud bricks

                                                                               

Fired bricks

                                                                               

Marble

Domes, vaults and walls were formed of concrete, and they were faced with brick, stone, alabaster, porphyry and other marbles, hewn from quarries by armies of slaves.

White and colored marbles were imported from- all parts of theEmpire to special wharves and were worked up by slaves andconvicts.

Roman architecture spread over the world, and variouslyinfluenced by the materials found in the widely differing localitiesbut concrete, which in conjunction with brick and stone casing wasthe favorite uniformity material of Roman architecture style

Local geological influences in Syria, as at Baalbek, also in Egypt,as at Philae, yield many quarries so that stone blocks took the placeof Roman concrete,

Climate

North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe, Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical.

The variety of climatic conditions has diversity of architectural features and treatment in the peninsula,

The differing climates of the various Roman provinces from England to North Africa, and from Syria to Spain, produced local modifications in details which leave little choice in general design.

Religious The religion of ancient Rome was part of the constitution of the

State, and even the worship of the gods kept up only as a matter of State policy.

The Emperor received divine honors and may almost be described as the head of the Pantheon of deities of the various provinces

Religious feeling had not so strong for the Romans and did not affect the life of the people ; nor do it formed the bond of union

The position of the Emperor as Pontifex Maximus is rather indicative of the glorification of the Empire than of religion,

The principal buildings are not only temples, but also public buildings which were the material expression of Roman rule and Imperial power.

Priests had no place in Roman religion and every house, whether palace, villa, or " domus," had an altar, worship as part of religious rites ;

God of the underworldGod of VictoryGod of strength and labour pan, god of the flocks.

Pluto*NikeHeracles

Hades*NikiHeracle

God of warMarsAres

God of fire, flame, forge and handicraftsVulcanHephaestus

God of love, beauty and commerceVenusAphrodite

Messenger of the godsMercuryHermes

Goddess of the ChaseDianaArtemis

Goddess of earth and agricultureCeresDemeter

God of wine, feasting and revelryBacchusDionysus

The sea godNeptune*Poseidon*

Goddess of wisdom and learningMinervaAthena

God of law and reason, art, music and poetry, founder of cities

ApolloApollo

Wife of Zeus, goddess of marriageJunoHera

The supreme god, and ruler of the skyJupiter*Zeus*

Greek name   Roman name   Description  

Athena - Goddess of wisdom and learning

Social Italy was inhabited many races Etruscans, - Aryan people who

were great builders and the Greeks had colonies in the south Italy

The early form of government in Italy that of Greece, and towns or districts were joined together

The " Building Acts " of Augustus controlled the city architecture

The social life of the Romans appeared in their architecture—there were thermae for games and bathing, circuses for races, amphitheatres for gladiatorial contests, theatres for dramas, basilicas for law, State temples for religion,Palaces,Villas and the " domus " for the family life, while the Forum was everywhere the centre of public life and national commerce.

Romans developed their capacity as law-makers, The supreme power of the father, was the foundation-stone of family life, and obedience to authority, to the head of the household, or to censors in the State

In the Roman social system there were only patricians, plebeians and slaves, and no middle class.

Roman women has high respect, family life was protected,

Colossim

Colossim

Roman aqueduct

Roman aqueduct

Arena, Nimes

Roman Temple-Maison Carree,Nimes

Detail of Campus Martius showing Pantheon area.

model of imperial Rome; Université de Caen

Pantheon

Pantheon

Pantheon

Arch of Titus

Arch of Titus

Roman Arch

Basilicas

Roman Bath

Baths of Caracalla

Hadrian's Wall,

Hadrian's Wall,

city walls, Spain

Arles arena

Roman Circus

Baths of Trajan

HistoricalRome became a Republic by Julius Caesar and a period of great confusion followed his murdered 44 BC.

Then came Marcus Antonius, Caius Octavius and Marcus AEmilius Lepidus

In 31BC Caius Octavius " Imperator " commenced to reign, and centralized government of distant provinces forming the Rome Empire

In 27 BC The Augustan age the great eras in the world's history, like the Periclean age in Greece, and the Elizabethan age in England,. he found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble develop individual life, art and literature.

In 54–138 A.D a famous Emperors, Nero, Vespasian Trajan , Hadrian ,Caracalla were the greatest patrons of architecture. and show the controlling influence of the State on architecture.

the Roman Empire extended from the Euphrates to the Atlantic

Then a turbulent populace and social chaos dominated so Emperors were no sooner chosen than they were murdered,

Constantine (A.D. 300–337) removed his capital to Byzantium inA.D. 324 as a more convenient centre for the extended Empire,

in A.D. 365 the Roman Empire was divided into East and West withtwo Emperors, and the year A.D. 475 marks the end of the WesternRoman Empire by the election of Odoacer as the first King of Italy.

   Western Roman Empire and Map of the Eastern Roman Empire