Appat Pikialasorsua q North Water Polynya ......Ellesmere Island KALAALLIT NUNAAT Ta l ur ti Devon...

U m i m m a a t N u n a a tE l l e s m e r e I s l a n d

K A L A A L L I T N U N A ATG R E E N L A N D

TallurutitDevon Island

Bylot Island

Kitsissut

CoburgIsland

Appat

Kiatak

PikialasorsuaqNorth Water Polynya

Tallurutiup TariungaLancaster Sound

QimusseriarsuaqMelville Bay Nature

IkeqSmith

Sound

TasiujaqEclipse Sound

SmithBay

KangerlussuaqMurchison

Sund

TalbotInlet

Basin

SanerarsuaSavissivik

Qaanaaq

Siorapaluk

Mittimatalik

Report of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission

PEOPLE OF THE ICE BRIDGE: THE FUTURE OF THE PIKIALASORSUAQ

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ

SIKUKKUT IKAARTUT KINGUAAVI: SIUNISSAMILU PIKIALASORSUAQ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐊᖏᑦ

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat nalunaarusiaat

November | ᓄᕖᕝᕙ 2017

Report of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission

November 2017

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐊᖏᑦᓄᕖᕝᕙ 2017

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat nalunaarusiaat

November 2017

PEOPLE OF THE ICE BRIDGE:

THE FUTURE OF THE PIKIALASORSUAQ

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ

SIKUKKUT IKAARTUT KINGUAAVI:

SIUNISSAMILU PIKIALASORSUAQ

The Pikialasorsuaq is an extraordinary place. It is an Arctic haven where sky, ocean, and ice meet, teaming with marine life that has nourished Inuit subsistence culture for thousands of years. It is for the people who live and use the Pikialasorsuaq that we as Commissioners initiated this work.

Understanding that this special ecosystem is at risk, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) initiated the Pikialasorsuaq Commission. This Inuit led Commission was mandated to conduct consultations in the communities in Canada and Greenland that are closely connected to Pikialasorsuaq and speak with Inuit who have occupied the region and managed its resources for generations to hear how they envision the future of this significant marine region.1

The Pikialasorsuaq is under increasing threat from various drivers of change and in turn the biodiversity and communities that depend upon it are also at risk. Most concerning are the impacts of climate change that include the increasing erosion of the ice bridge responsible for protecting the phenomenon of the polynya. Coupled with globalization, climate change has also brought increased shipping, resource development,

1 Pikialasorsuaq Commission Mandate, 2016

PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSIONERS’ FOREWORD ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒪᓇᖅᑑᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᔾᔮᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᖓ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓇᔪᕈᒥᓇᖅᑑᕗᖅ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓲᖑᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓯᓚ, ᐃᒪᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯ ᑲᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐳᐃᔨᖃᐅᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑕᐅᓴᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒦᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᐅᕙᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓅᖓᔪᖅ ᐊᑐᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᓪᓗᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᒋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅ.

ᑐᑭᓯᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᓲᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᓐᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᖃᓂᒌᑦᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᐊᑯᓂᐊᓘᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᓈᓚᒋᐊᖅᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑕᐅᑦᑐᖃᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐃᒪᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᑦ.1

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᑕᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᓕᕆᓪᓗᓂ. ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᐅᓂᖅᐹᖑᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖏᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᓖᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓄᖕᓂᖅ ᓄᖑᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓲᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ

1 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖓ (2016)

ii Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt

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Pikialasorsuaq immikkuullarilluinnartuuvoq. Tassaavoq Issittumi qimarnuik, qilaap, immap sikullu naapiffiat, immap uumasuinik aalaaluttoq, Inuit inuuniarnerannut kulturiannillu ukiuni tuusintilikkaani napatitsisimasoq. Isumalioqatigiissitap suliniut inunnut Pikialasorsuarmi inuullutillu atuisunut tunngatippaa.

Pinngortitami Ataqatigiiffiusoq immikkuullarissoq tamanna ulorianartorsiortinneqaleriartornera paasillugu, Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiata Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat pilersippai. Isumalioqatigiissitat naggueqatigiit Inunnit siuttuuffigineqartoq Pikialasorsuup qanitaaniittunut inoqarfinnut Nunavummiittunut Kalaallit Nunaanniittunullu tusarniaassalluni pisinnaatinneqarpoq, tamaanilu nunap immikkoortuani najugaqartuusunik naggueqatigiinnik Inunnik oqaloqateqassalluni kinguaariippassuillu inuusimasut isumalluutinik aqutsisimanerannik tunngasunik tusarniaassalluni imartami pingaaruteqartumi tamaani siunissami takorluugaat pillugit.1

Pikialasorsuaq, uumassuseqassuseq tamarmi ilanngullugu ulorianartorsiortitaavoq, taamaammallu inoqarfiit Pikialasorsuup qanittuaniittut nalorninartorsiortitaalerlutik. Immap sikua Pikialasorsuup avannamut sinaarilertagaa, silap pissusiata allanngoriartornerata kinguneranik mangiarneqarpoq. Aamma silap pissusiata allanngoriartornera ilutigalugu nunarsuarmioqatigiit attaveqatigiittarnerat annertusiartorpoq, umiarsuarnik angallassinikkut, pisuussutinik atuinikkut, takornariaqarnikkut aalisarnikkullu issittumi ingerlatat annertusiartormata.

Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaat periarfissatigut assigiinngitsutigut saqqummiunneqassapput. Nalunaarusiami uani inoqarfinni Isumalioqatigiissitat misissuinerminni tikeraagaanni najugaqartunit nassuiaatigineqartut oqaluttuarineqartullu tunngavigalugit, matuma

1 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitanut piginnaatitsissut, 2016

PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU

ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAMI ILAASORTANIT

SIULEQUT

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt iii

tourism and the potential of commercial fisheries to this northern marine region.

The work of the Commission will be presented in a number of ways. This report is a reflection and summary of the testimonies from Inuit community members and provides background for the Commission’s recommendations.

Inuit have well-developed governance structures from the community, hamlet, or village level to the self-government, territorial, national and international representation. The recommendations are meant to support, not re-create, the mandates of the appropriate existing Inuit governance structures in Canada and Greenland, both sides of the Pikialasorsuaq. Implementation of these recommendations must be done in concert with existing activities and under the direction in Canada of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), the Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), ICC Canada, the Government of Nunavut and the Government of Canada, and in Greenland with KNAPK, municipalities in Greenland, ICC Greenland the Government of Greenland.

Eva Aariak, Canadian CommissionerKuupik Kleist, Greenland Commissioner

Okalik Eegeesiak, Chair of the ICC, International Commissioner

ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓕᖅᑐᑦ, ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑦ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂᓗ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ.

ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔪᑉ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔫᑉ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ.

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᑦᑎᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᓯᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ, ᕼᐊᒻᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᕕᓕᔾᔨᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔾᔪᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐋᖅᑮᑎᑦᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᕋᓱᐊᕋᑎᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᓕᕆᓂᖏᑕ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑑᒃ. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒃᑰᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓪᓗ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐋᓕᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑲᑦᑐᕐᕕᐊᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ.

ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖓᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖓ

ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ, ᐃᒃᓯᕙᐅᑕᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ

Exploratory fisheries in the Pikialasorsuaqᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥPikialasorsuarmi misileraallutik aalisartutq

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iv Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt

kingorna iliuusissatut Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatigiumasaat pingaarnertut sammineqarput.

Inuit inoqarfikkut, nunaqarfikkut illoqarfikkut namminersorlutik oqartussatigut nunat immikkoortortaqarfiitigut naalagaaffitsigulluunniit aqutsinikkut aaqqissuulluagaapput. Inassuteqaatit Inunnut Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuusunut illugiimmik Canadamiikkunik Nunatsinniikkunilluunniit aqutsinikkut aaqqissuussaaneri ikorfartortussaavaat nutaaliunngikkaluarlutik. Inassuteqaatit taakku atuutsinneqarneri aaqqissuussinerit atuutereersut malittussaavaat Canadami of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), naalagaaffik, Nanunavullu Kavamangat, Nunatsinnilu Namminersorlutik Oqartussat KNAPK-lu

Eva Aariak: Canada sinnerlugu ilaasortaqKuupik V. Kleist: Kalaallit Nunaat sinnerlugu ilaasortaq

Okalik Eegeesiak: ICC-mi siulittaasoq, Isumalioqatigiissitani siulittaasoq

pExpert meeting in Savissivik, Greenland

ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥSavissivimmiut isumasiorneqartut

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt v

Photo credit: Kuupik Kleist

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K A L A A LLITK A L A A LLITN U N AATN U N AAT


BylotIsland

AkuliaqattaqBrodeur

Peninsula

C A N ADAC A N ADA

Kitsissut

CoburgIsland

Appat

Kiatak

Q i k i q t aalukB a f f i n I sland

Kuuganajuup NunangaSomerset

Island

CorwallisIsland

BathurstIsland

Qeqertarsuaq

AxelHeibergIsland

B a f f i n i p

K a n g e r l i u m a n e r s u a

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Prince Leopold Island MigratoryBird Sanctuary

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Sirmilik National Park (Oliver Sound)

Kitsussunnguit – Green Ejland

Ilulissat Ice Fjord

Oqaatsut

Qeqertaq

Saqqaq

IlimanaqKangerluk

Niaqornat QaarsutIkerasak

Saattut

UkkusissatIllorsuit

Nuugaatsiaq

Upernavik Kujalleq

Kangersuatsiaq

Aappilattoq

Tasiusaq

Nuussuaq

Kullorsuaq

NaajaatInnaarsuit

Nutaarmiut

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Siorapaluk

Qaanaaq

Upernavik

Qasigiannguit

Ilulissat

Qeqertarsuaq

Uummannaq

Mittimatalik(Pond Inlet)

Kangiqtugaapik(Clyde River)Talurjuaq

(Taloyoak)

Ausuittuq(Grise Fiord)

Qausuittuq(Resolute)

Ikpiarjuk(Arctic Bay)

-40°

-50°

-50°

-60°

-60°

-70°

-70°

-80°

-80°

-90°

-90°-100°

75°

75°

70°

70°

BaffinBay

KALAALLITNUNAAT

BaffinIsland

DavisStrait

CANADA

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ARCTIC OCEANMean May North Water Polynya Extent (from Dunbar(1969) and Traditional Knowledge (2016))

0 100 200

Kilometers

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SATELLITE IMAGE OFTHE NORTH WATER POLYNYA, MAY 24, 2016

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Canada AusuittuqIkpiarjukKangiqtugaapikMittimatalikQausuittuq

Greenland KullorsuaqNuussuaqQaanaaqSavissivikSiorapalukUpernavik

Communities Visited or Represented

vi Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt

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K A L A A LLITK A L A A LLITN U N AATN U N AAT


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AkuliaqattaqBrodeur

Peninsula

C A N ADAC A N ADA

Kitsissut

CoburgIsland

Appat

Kiatak

Q i k i q t aalukB a f f i n I sland

Kuuganajuup NunangaSomerset

Island

CorwallisIsland

BathurstIsland

Qeqertarsuaq

AxelHeibergIsland

B a f f i n i p

K a n g e r l i u m a n e r s u a

B a f f i n B a y


Tallurutiup TariungaProposed Lancaster Sound NMCA


ReserveJ o n e s S o u n d

IkeqSmithSoun d


SmithBay

KangerlussuaqMurch ison

Sund

Adm

iralty

Inle

t

TalbotInlet

B a r r o w S t r a i t

Pr ince R

egen t I n

l et

KaneBasin

Sanera rsuaNirjutiqavvikNational

Wildl ife Area

Prince Leopold Island MigratoryBird Sanctuary

Bylot Island MigratoryBird Sanctuary

Sirmilik National Park (Oliver Sound)

Kitsussunnguit – Green Ejland

Ilulissat Ice Fjord

Oqaatsut

Qeqertaq

Saqqaq

IlimanaqKangerluk

Niaqornat QaarsutIkerasak

Saattut

UkkusissatIllorsuit

Nuugaatsiaq

Upernavik Kujalleq

Kangersuatsiaq

Aappilattoq

Tasiusaq

Nuussuaq

Kullorsuaq

NaajaatInnaarsuit

Nutaarmiut

Savissivik

Siorapaluk

Qaanaaq

Upernavik

Qasigiannguit

Ilulissat

Qeqertarsuaq

Uummannaq

Mittimatalik(Pond Inlet)

Kangiqtugaapik(Clyde River)Talurjuaq

(Taloyoak)

Ausuittuq(Grise Fiord)

Qausuittuq(Resolute)

Ikpiarjuk(Arctic Bay)

-40°

-50°

-50°

-60°

-60°

-70°

-70°

-80°

-80°

-90°

-90°-100°

75°

75°

70°

70°

BaffinBay

KALAALLITNUNAAT

BaffinIsland

DavisStrait

CANADA

HudsonBay

ARCTIC OCEANMean May North Water Polynya Extent (from Dunbar(1969) and Traditional Knowledge (2016))

0 100 200

Kilometers

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Ausuittoq

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SATELLITE IMAGE OFTHE NORTH WATER POLYNYA, MAY 24, 2016

CANADAKALAALLIT

NUNAAT

MO DIS Imagery fro m http://rapidfire.sci .gsfc.nasa .gov

DevonIsland


Polynya

SEA ICE

Canada AusuittuqIkpiarjukKangiqtugaapikMittimatalikQausuittuq

Greenland KullorsuaqNuussuaqQaanaaqSavissivikSiorapalukUpernavik

Communities Visited or Represented

pThe Pikialasorsuaq (North Water Polynya) is located between Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada and Greenland ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ (ᓴᕐᕙᖅ) ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᐊᑯᕐᖃᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ Pikialasorsuaq Nunavumi Umimmaat Nunaata Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanniippoq

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ PINGAARNERSIUILLUNI EQIKKAANEQ Pikialasorsuaq means “great upwelling” and is the Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) name for the North Water polynya shared by Canada and Greenland. Polynyas are areas of open water that remain ice-free throughout the winter due to ocean and wind currents. They are incredibly rich, diverse areas teaming with marine life, in part as a result of the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters. The Pikialasorsuaq is the largest polynya in the Arctic and the most biologically productive region north of the Arctic Circle.

This ecosystem has supported Inuit for millennia and is central to Inuit hunting and harvesting. Inuit on both the Canadian and Greenlandic sides of the Pikialasorsuaq have recognized the area as critical habitat for many migratory species upon which they depend for their food security as well as cultural and spiritual connections. In short, the health of the Pikialasorsuaq directly influences the health and well-being of Inuit communities in the Pikialasorsuaq region.

The Pikialasorsuaq is seriously threatened by rapid change in the region including climatic and environmental change, increased shipping activities, tourism, oil and gas exploration and development. In recent years, the northern ice bridge in Kane Basin that influences the formation of the polynya has become less stable and as a result, the polynya less defined. The consequences of this change, linked to larger climatic shifts, are widely unknown.

With the awareness that this special ecosystem is at risk, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) initiated the Pikialasorsuaq Commission. This Inuit-led Commission

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ ᑲᓛᖠᓱᑦ “ᓴᕐᕚᓗᒻᒥᒃ“ (ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓ) ᐅᐊᖕᓇᒥ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ ᓴᕐᕙᖓ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᓗ. ᓴᕐᕚᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᓐᓇᐅᕗᑦ ᓯᑯᒍᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓕᒫᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᒪᓕᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓄᕆᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᒃᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᓕᒃ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐳᐃᔨᖃᐅᖅᑐᓂ, ᐃᓚᖓᒍᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᐅᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᖏᓛᖑᕗᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓴᕐᕙᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᐅᓛᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᐊᖕᓇᒥ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖓᑕ ᑭᓪᓕᖓᓂᒃ.

ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᓲᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ. ᓇᐃᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓗᒍ, ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᐅᑎᒋᔪᖅ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᓯᓚᖓ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᓗᐊᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕈᑕᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑏᑦ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒑᓯᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᖅᑕᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᕈᒪᔪᓪᓗ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕋᑖᖑᔪᓂᑦ, ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᑯ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᖓ ᑲᐃᓐ ᕙᐃᓯᓐᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐋᖅᑭᒍᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖅ ᓱᕋᓐᓂᐅᔭᐃᓐᓇᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ, ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᓂ. ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᖓ, ᑲᓱᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᑕ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓛᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᙱᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ.

viii Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq

“Pikialasorsuaq” imartamut Nunatta Avannaata Canadallu avannaata akornanniittumut kalaallisut (kitaamiusut) taaguuteqartinneqarpoq, imartaq nunat taakku marluk ataatsimoorussaraat. Nunavut-mi imatut taaguuteqartippaat Sarvaaq, Ikeq il.il. aamma tuluttut North Water Polynya. Imartat taamaattut ukioq kaajallallugu sikuuneq ajorput immap sarfaanit anorimillu ammatitaallutik. Uumassusilinnit assigiinngitsorpassuarnit uummaviupput, ilaatigut inuussutissartalinnik imaanit pikialasoqartarnera pissutigalugu. Pikialasorsuaq tassaavoq issittumi imartat taamaattut annersaat aamma tassaavoq issittup killeqarfiata avannaani pinngorarfiit annersaat.

Tamaani uumasoqatigiiaat naggueqatigiit Inuit ukiuni tusintilikkaani nappatigisimavaat. Inuit nunatsinni Canadamilu imartaq tamanna uumasunut ingerlaartartunut arlalissuarnut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut isigaat, taamaattumillu inuuniarnerminnut inuiattullu inuusaatsiminnut, kinaassutsiminnut anersaakkullu inuuneqarnerminnut qitiulluinnartutut isigalugu. Pikialasorsuup innarlerneqarani piuinnarsinnaanera Inuit Pikialasorsuup qanittuani najugaqartut peqqissusiannut inuuniarnikkullu atugaannut toqqaannartumik sunniuteqarpoq.

Silap pissusiata allanngoriartorneranit tamaanilu nunarsuup ilaani avatangiisit allanngoriartornerisa, umiarsuit aqqusaartut amerliartornerisa, takornariat, uuliamik gasimillu ujarlernerit piiaaniartarnerit Pikialasorsuaq annertuumik ulorianartorsiortippaat. Immap sikuata Kane Basinip avannaatungaaniittup ukiuni kingullerni qangamut naleqqiullugu unerisimajunnaarsimavoq, tamatumalu kinguneranik ammalataq allanngorartunngorsimalluni. Taamatut silap pissusianut atasumik allanngoriartortoqalernerata kingunerisinnaasai sukumiisumik ilisimaneqanngillat.

Taamatut aarlerinartumik pisoqarnerata kinguneranik Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiat (ICC) aalajangerpoq Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitanik pilersitsiniarluni. Isumalioqatigiissitat Inunnit siulersorneqartut suliakkerneqarput inoqarfinni Pikialasorsuarmut qanittumiittuni Nunavumi, Canadami aamma Nunatsinni tusarniaassasut. Inuit kinguariiaarpassuarni tamaani najugaqarsimasut pisuussutaanillu

pPikialasorsuaq Commission arriving in Qaanaaq, Greenland

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ ᖄᓈᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦIsumalioqatigiissitat Qaanaamut tikittut

Photo credit: Christopher Debicki

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq ix

was mandated to conduct consultations in communities in Nunavut, Canada and Greenland that are closely connected to the Pikialasorsuaq. Through these consultations Inuit who have occupied the region and managed its resources for generations voiced their vision for the future of this polynya and adjacent waters.

In Canada, the Commission met with Inuit in Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River), and on the Greenlandic side they met with Inuit in Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq and Upernavik. In speaking to the people in these communities, the Commission sought local and Indigenous knowledge to guide the recommendations for an Inuit strategy on safeguarding, monitoring, and managing the health of Pikialasorsuaq for future generations.

Each community emphasized that Inuit who live in the region are best placed to monitor and manage the region. These communities want to set and lead the research agenda, study the indicators of change, and establish realistic hunting regulations that will continue to sustain their communities. Further, Inuit on both sides are expressing a strong desire for free movement, once again, across the Pikialasorsuaq and increased

ᐅᔾᔨᕈᓱᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᔪᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓗᐊᓲᖒᔪᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓱᓇᒃᑯᑖᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᖁᓛᖅᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᔪᒪᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑖᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᓴᕐᕙᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖏᓐᓄᑦ.

ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᒥ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒻᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᑯᓇᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ. ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᑉᐹᓪᓕᕈᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓱᓇᒃᑯᑖᖏᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᒐᔭᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓛᖅᑐᓂ.

ᐊᑐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒦᑦᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᙳᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐱᐅᓛᖑᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ

A man from Aujuittuq and another man from Qausuittuq pictured during the consultation meeting with the local expertsᐊᖑᑎ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊ ᐊᖑᑎ ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᔫᒃ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃAujuittormioq Qausuittormiorlu, ilisimasallit isumasiorneqarnerannitq

x Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq

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iluaquteqarsimasut tusarniaanerni imartap pineqartup siunissaa pillugu isummaminnik takorluukkaminnillu saqqummiussinissamik nalunaarusiami matumani periarfissinneqarput.

Isumalioqatigiissitaq inoqarfinni makkunani tusarniaanernik ingerlatsivoq: Canadami Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River), nunatsinnilu Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq Upernavillu. Taakkunani najugaqartut qangaaniit ilisimasaannik tusarniaavigineqarput, siunissami Pikialasorsuup illersorneqarnissaanut, nakkutigineqarnissaanut qanorlu aqutsivigineqarnissaanut inassuteqaateqarnissamut aallaaviusussanik.

Tikitani tamani erseqqissarneqarpoq tamaani najugallit nakkutiginninnermi aqutsinermilu piukkunnarnepaajusut. Tamaani najugallit ilisimatusarnikkut suliassanik aqutsisoorusullutillu pingaarnersiuinermi tulleriiaareqataarusupput, allanngoriartornermi takussutissat misissuiffigerusuppaat, piniarnermilu malittarisassiorneq piviusorsiortoq siunissamillu qulakkeerisoq ingerlakkusullugu. Nunatsinni akitsinnilu Inuit killilersugaanngitsumik angalanissamut pisinnaatitaaffeqarnissartik assigiimmik kissaatigaat, kingumullu Pikialasorsuaq pillugu suleqatigeeqqilernissaq pisuussutillu ataatsimoorussat iluaqutigineqarneranni aqutseqatigiinnissaq atorteqqikkusulerpaat. Aamma assigiimmik takornariaqarnerup annertusinera, imaatigut assartuussineq, aalisarneq, pisuussutinik atuineq kiisalu immap naqqani sajuppillatsitsilluni misissuinerit ernummatigineqarput. Siunissami Pikialasorsuarmi ingerlanniakkat suulluunniit Pikialasorsuarmut uumasunullu ulorianartorsiortitsinnginnissaat piumasaqataavoq. Naggueqatigiit Inuit Canadami Nunatsinnilu ataatsimoorussamik imartamik nakkutiginneqataalernissaat pingaarnerpaatut anguniagaavoq.

Community meeting in Savissivik, Greenlandᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ

Savissivimmi innuttaasut isumasiorneqarnerannitq

Photo credit: Alfred ER Jakobsen

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xi

cooperation to arrive at a common vision for shared resources and Inuit-led management of the area. Similar concerns over increased tourism, shipping, fishing, resource exploration, and seismic testing were heard on both sides. Communities insisted that any activity in the Pikialasorsuaq must not threaten the sustainability of the Pikialasorsuaq and its wildlife. Most emphatically, Inuit want to rebuild a collective Inuit caretaking regime for the polynya, between Inuit communities in Canada and Greenland.

This report is based on the wealth of information from Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region and outlines three recommendations:

1. Establishment of a management regime, with a management authority led by Inuit representatives from communities in the Pikialasorsuaq region, an Inuit Management Authority (IMA). The management authority should establish a framework for regulating activities, including transportation, shipping, and off-shore industrial development. This regime will ensure the monitoring and conservation of living resources within and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq and the related health of communities that depend on these resources.1

2. Identification, in consultation with the communities in and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected area comprised of the polynya itself and including a larger management zone that reflects the connection between communities , their natural resources, and the polynya. This management zone should be formed by Inuit in agreement with all parties, formally recognized by governments, and monitored and managed by Inuit to support the Inuit vision of a working seascape. Assigning a designation for a management zone in the Pikialasorsuaq has the potential to usher in a broader, more meaningful set of northern benefits and bring definition to the idea of a conservation economy for Inuit.

3. Establishment of a free travel zone for Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region.

Inuit who live and use the Pikialasorsuaq must be recognized and respected as leaders in ensuring the protection of this area. Inuit want to ensure the viability of this important marine region for generations to come.

The Commission also recommends the creation of an Indigenous Protected Area or IPA, along the lines of that created in Australia, to support the Inuit vision of a working seascape. An Indigenous Protected Area is a class of protected area used in Australia formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, declared by Indigenous 1 The Inuit Management Authority (IMA) may be modelled after

current indigenous led management regimes such as the Australian and New Zealand model of Indigenous Protected Area’s (IPA). The model would support the Inuit vision of a working management regime.

ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎᒋᒐᔭᕐᒪᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᙱᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᐃᓐᓇᕈᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓱᓕ, ᑕᐃᒫᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓱᓕ, ᐃᑳᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓇᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᑭᑉᐹᓪᓕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑐᕈᒪᓛᖅᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑲᑐᑎᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᖅᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᐊᔾᔨᒌᐸᓗᑦᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᑐᓴᖃᑦᑕᓗᐊᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᑦ, ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖄᖅᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᒥ. ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᓗ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ.

ᑖᓐᓇ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᓄᐊᑕᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ:

1. ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ (IMA) ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒃᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᕐᓄᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔾᔪᑎᓕᕆᕙᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ ᓴᓇᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒍᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ. ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑎᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂ.1

2. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ. ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ

1 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ (IMA ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᐊᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᐅ ᔩᓚᓐ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ (IPA). ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᓗᑎᑦ.

xii Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq

Nalunaarusiaq manna paasissutissarpassuarnik Inunnit Pikialasorsuup sineriaani najugaqartunit tunngaveqarluni suliaasoq, pingasunik sammiveqartunik inassuteqaateqarfiuvoq:

1. Aqutsiveqarfimmik pilersitsineq, Inuit Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuinik siuttuuffigineqartumik oqartussaqarfilik, Inuit Aqutsinermi Oqartussaaffiat (IMA). Oqartussaqarfiup sammisat assigiinngitsut soorlu assartuineq, umiartorneq, sinerissallu avataani suliffissuaqarneq aqunneqarnissaat sinaakkusissavaa. Taamatut aaqqissuussinikkut qulakkeerneqassapput Pikialasorsuarmi eqqaanilu pisuussutit uumassusillit malinnaaffigineqarnerat piujuartinneqarnerallu taamatullu inoqarfiit taakkuninnga nappatillit peqqissuunissaat. Pikialasorsuarmi namminermi inoqarfeqanngilaq tassa imartap atigigamiuk, inoqarfippassuaqarporli tassannga nappatilinnik.1

2. Inoqarfiit Pikialasorsuup eqqaaniittut isumasiornerisigut sumiiffimmik illersugassamik tassunga ilanngullugu inoqarfiit pisuussutinik uumassusilinnik imartamillu attuumassuteqarnerinik ersersitsisumik Aqutsiveqarfimmik annerusumik sumiiffissiineq. Aqutsiveqarfik taanna Inunnit soqutigisallit tamaasa akuersinerisigut pilersinneqassaaq, naalakkersuisunit pisortatigut akuerisaalluni, Inuit imartaq pillugu takorluugaat malillugu Inunnit nakkutigisaalluni aqunneqarlunilu. Pikialasorsuarmi

1 Inuit Management Authority (IMA) ilusilersorneqarsinnaavoq Australiami New Zealandimilu Nunap Inoqqaavisa Illersugaattut ilusilerlugu. Taamatut ilusilersinnaagaanni taava naggueqatigiit Inuit aqutseriaatsimik nammineq ilusilersorlugu takorluugaannut tunngaviulluarsinnaassaaq.

pCommunity member comparing maps

ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥInnuttaasut ilaata immap assingi misissorpai

Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xiii

Australians, and formally recognised by the Australian Government as being part of its National Reserve System. Such a designation in the Pikialasorsuaq has the potential to usher in a broader, more meaningful set of northern benefits and bring definition to the idea of a conservation economy for Inuit.

The recommendations of the Commission are an opportunity for Canada and Greenland to take part in reformulating relationships between governments and the Indigenous people they represent.

Further information including photos, technical background documents and testimonies may be accessed at www.pikialasorsuaq.org as well information can be found on the Pikialasorsuaq Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). Direct communication is welcome through the Commissioners Okalik Eegeesiak ([email protected]), Kuupik Kleist ([email protected]), Eva Aariak ([email protected]), or through the technical advisors Stephanie Meakin ([email protected]) or Alfred Jakobsen ([email protected]).

The consultative process was an important first step in protecting the Pikialasorsuaq region but more remains to be done. Moving forward, the next steps include:

u Initiating the development of an agreement between Canada and Greenland through the appropriate municipalities, villages, hamlets and relevant organizations including Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqitani Inuit Association (QIA), and the Government of Nunavut (GN), local KNAPK offices, ICC Greenland and ICC Canada towards implementation of these recommendations.

u Formalizing an Inuit Management Authority (IMA) and its terms of reference recognizing the Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of all communities, which will be mandated to manage activities in the marine environment that impact the Pikialasorsuaq; and,

u Creating a management plan including an Inuit-led monitoring program.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓴᖅᑮᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᓄᑖᕐᓂᑦ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ, ᑐᑭᖃᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᖅ

3. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ.

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᑐᓲᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᒋᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᖃᑦᑕᖁᔨᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓛᕐᒥᒻᒪᑦ.

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔫᑉ ᐱᕕᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᓯᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᖅᑕᒥᓂᑦ.

ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᑏᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ www.pikialasorsuaq.org ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᕙᐃᔅ ᕗᒃ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓᓂ (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓯᓚᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᑎᓯᐊᖅ ([email protected]), ᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ ([email protected]), ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ ([email protected]), ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑎᖏᒃ ᓯᑕᐸᓂ ᒦᑭᓐ ([email protected]) ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᓃᑦ ᐊᓪᕗᕆᐊᑦ ᔭᐃᑯᑉᓴᓐ ([email protected]).

ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕆᓚᐅᖅᑐᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓚᐅᖅᐳᖅ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᒋᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖃᖅᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᑦ. ᓯᕗᒧᐊᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ:

u ᐊᖏᕈᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᙵᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᒻᒫᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖏᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖓ.

u ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑎᒥᑖᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ (IMA) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᖏᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ (FPIC) ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ; ᐊᒻᒪᓗ

u ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂ.

uAujuittuq (Grise Fiord)

ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅNunaqarfik Aujuittoq

xiv Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq

aqutsiveqarfimmik innersuussinerup avannaarsuanut iluaqutissamik Inuillu piujuartitsilluni aningaasarsiornerinut isumaat takussutississinnaavaat.

3. Naggueqatigiit Inuit killilersorneqaratik Pikialasorsuup eqqaatalu angallavigisarnissaannut aalajangersaasoqassaaq.

Paasissutissat annertunerusut soorlu assit, allagaqaatit tunuliaqutaasut oqariartuutillu www.pikialasorsuaq.org aqqutigalugu pissarsiarineqarsinnaapput. Taamatuttaaq Facebook-imi Pikialasorsuaq (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). Isumalioqatigiissitamut toqqaannartumik attaveqarnissamut tikilluaqquneqarpoq kinaluunniit uunga, Okalik Eegeesiak ([email protected]), Kuupik Kleist ([email protected]), Eva Aariak ([email protected]), imaluunniit siunnersortinut Stephanie Meakin ([email protected]) aamma Alfred ER Jakobsen ([email protected]).

Pikialasorsuup eqqaatalu illersorneqarnissaanut isumasiuinerit pingaarutilimmik alloriarfiupput sulili suliassaqarpoq. Siumut alloriarnissat ilaatigut ukuupput:

u Innersuussutit atuutilersinneqarnissaannut Canadap Nunattalu akornanni isumaqatigiissummik pilersitsinissaq, kommunit, nunaqarfiit kattuffiillu attuumassutillit aqqutigalugit ilaatigut Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqitani Inuit Association (QIA), Government of Nunavut (GN), KNAPP-qarfiit, ICC Kalaallit Nunaat aamma ICC Canada.

u Inuit Aqutsiveqarfiannik (IMA) pisortatigoortumik atuutilersitsinissaq taassumalu najoqqutassaanik inoqarfinni tamani Kiffaangissuseqartumik Siumoortumik Paasinnittumillu Akuersinermik toqqammavilimmik, taassumalu imartami Pikialasorsuarmut sunniutilimmi sammisat aqutsisuuffigissallugit pisinnaatitaaffigissavaa; aamma,

u Aqutsinissamik pilersaarusiorneq tassunga ilaatillugu Inuit aqutaannik nakkutiginninnermik najoqqutassaq


Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xv

TABLE OF CONTENTSPikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii

Executive Summary / ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ / Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq viii

Table of Contents A-1

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission A-2

A Polynya and its People A-5

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-9

Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples A-18

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-20

Recommendation 1: Inuit-led Management Regime —An Inuit Management Authority A-21

Recommendation 2: Establishment of a Management Zone A-23

Recommendation 3: Freedom to Travel A-28

Conclusions and Next Steps A-30

Acknowledgments A-31

Table of Contents A-1

The origins of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission date back to 2013 when the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) organized a workshop in Nuuk, Greenland called “Bridging the Bay.” Fishermen and hunters from Qaanaaq and Kullorsuaq in Greenland, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), and Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) in Nunavut, Canada came together with academics and scientists from both countries to discuss the Pikialasorsuaq.

The workshop concluded that the ice bridge north of the Pikialasorsuaq is of great importance for facilitating regular contact between Inuit from Greenland and Canada. Participants agreed that a commission should be established whose purpose would be “to consult with communities and communicate possibilities for use and conservation of the area.”

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission was established in Iqaluit in January 2016 and was mandated by ICC to conduct consultations in Canada and Greenland with communities that are closely connected to the Pikialasorsuaq. The consultations and testimonies were designed to facilitate community and regional input, to incorporate Indigenous knowledge, and to recommend a strategy (or strategies) for safeguarding and monitoring the health of the Pikialasorsuaq for future generations. The Commission has produced this report of its findings and recommendations for further areas of study.

The work of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission is divided into two phases. During the first phase, preparations and planning for hearings by the Commission (i.e. consultations) were carried out. In April 2016 the Commissioners travelled to Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) in Nunavut, Canada. The Commissioners sought to ensure full participation. This was achieved by bringing knowledge holders to Canadian hearings from nearby communities that were not visited by the Commission. These included, Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), and Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River). In August/September 2016 the Commission travelled to Greenland Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq and Upernavik.

The development and dissemination of the Commission’s findings then took place in the spring of 2017. The Commission reported back to the communities with draft of recommendations that were developed from the community testimonies. Presentations were made between April and June 2017 in Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and to the Board of Directors of the Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay).

pPikialasorsuaq

Commissioners in Aujuittuq (Grise

Fiord) for the Pikialasorsuaq

community hearing. From L-R: Kuupik Kleist, Greenland

Commissioner; Okalik Eegeesiak, Chair of

the ICC, International Commissioner; Eva

Aariak, Canadian Commissioner.

THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION

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A-2 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission

This was of utmost importance to the Commissioners as the report and recommendations is based on their voices.

This final report and recommendations are among the products of the Commission’s work from Phase One. Other Pikialasorsuaq Commission outputs include video, audio, and print materials, which will be disseminated locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally to various audiences including communities, governments, decision-makers, scientists, industry, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Phase Two will see the development of an implementation plan, in consultation with the appropriate authorities over the next two years, based on the recommendations and information gathered during the first phase.

From top: Ham Ikkarrialuk Kadloo in at the community meeting in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet); Qaerngaaq Nielsen

at the community meeting in Savissivik, Greenland; community meeting participants in Kullorsuaq, Greenland

Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth


The Pikialasorsuaq Commission A-3

tPolar cod bait on a fishing line

uNuussuaq, Greenland

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A-4 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission

A POLYNYA AND ITS PEOPLE

The Pikialasorsuaq is located in northern Baffin Bay at the entrance of Smith Sound in the Nares Strait between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland (Map 1). The communities closest to the polynya include Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) and Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) in Canada and Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, and Moriusaq in Greenland. On average, the Pikialasorsuaq covers an area of 20,000 km2, but it can increase up to 80,000 km2 at its peak in July.

Inuit have recognized the Pikialasorsuaq as a critical resource and habitat for key marine mammals, fish, and sea birds upon which communities depend. With this biological diversity, the polynya has been an important hunting ground sustaining Inuit with food and resources for making clothing and tools, thus, invaluable for cultural and spiritual well-being. Communities in the Qikiqtani and Avanersuaq regions continue to rely directly on the polynya’s biological productivity.

There is no one better suited to fully articulate the meaning and intrinsic value of the Pikialasorsuaq than those who live it and depend upon it. Through consultations with Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region, the interdependence and intimate relationship with the land, specifically with the polynya, was repeatedly expressed. In the words of one Canadian Inuk:

Pikialasorsuaq is vastly important to our hunters and to the well-being of our people in Grise Fiord. Everyday a hunter will check the weather, and at the same time he will check the status of ice-conditions in and around Grise Fiord, and probably 90% or more of the time [the hunter] will check the condition of the ice floe edge along with the weather, and that is [all] driving right from the Pikialasorsuaq system. So, everything evolves or revolves or involves the system [and is important] to a person that wants to go, that needs to go, out on the ice or on the land. And as usual, it depends on the weather and the conditions of the ice. And, a lot of that will be dictated by the condition of the polynya. [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)]

Photo credit: Kuupik V. Kleist


These sentiments were echoed across Baffin Bay by Greenlandic Inuit. It is widely understood that the polynya plays a central role in driving ice and weather conditions that impact the ability to safely travelling across the ice to hunt and fish. The importance of the polynya to subsistence hunting and to livelihoods was explained from another perspective by a community member in Upernavik:

I grew up raised by a hunter so I got to know then that the prey we were hunting like walrus, beluga, and polar bear are dependent on Pikialasorsuaq that provide us with our food. Pikialasorsuaq as the provider has been known since time immemorial. It is known that at least for the last 4500 years people have been living on the coastal zones of Pikialasorsuaq and lived mostly off animals deriving from it. Still today people are living here, like us Avanersuarmiut, [and] we cannot survive without the marine mammals. It should also be understood that if you want to adapt to the land where you are living, you need to live off the food that this land is providing you with, and that is exactly why people have lived and survived by and from the Pikialasorsuaq today in 2016. It is evident that this area has always been inhabited which also proves the importance of the animals living in Pikialasorsuaq. (Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq)

For generations, the Pikialasorsuaq has also been important to Inuit for migration. The northern ice bridge that is vital to the formation and definition of the polynya has provided a means of access and transportation and was likely the earliest human migration route between Canada and Greenland. This bridge, connecting Umimmaat Nunaat (Ellesmere Island) and Avanersuaq (Northwest Greenland), is symbolic of the strong ties between Inuit from Canada and Greenland and their desire to cooperate and to arrive at a common vision for shared resources.

The first historically documented travel across the Pikialasorsuaq was around 1860, when a group of Inuit led by the charismatic Qillarsuaq travelled from the Mittimalik

(Pond Inlet) area, and across the ice bridge north of the Pikialasorsuaq to Avanersuaq (Thule area). Inuutersuaq Ulloriaq, in his book “K’ITDLARSSUAKÚNIK OK’ALUALÂK’/Qillarsuakkunnik Oqalualaaq” retells the story told to him by his grandmother. As a child, Ittussaarsuaq survived the travel with the group led by Qillarsuaq towards Greenland and back to Perlerarfissuaq (The Place of Hunger) on Ellesmere Island. Qillarsuaq’s group left a lasting legacy in Avanersuaq, with descendants from the group alive today maintaining contact with their relatives in Nunavut, Canada. They also inspired some important improvements in hunting technology. Most importantly, they reintroduced the use of the qajaq, the bow and arrow, and the fish lure and spear. This expanded the local diet, adding caribou meat and fish.

Throughout the twentieth century, the people of Avanersuaq (Inughuit), likely inspired by Qillarsuaq’s group, frequently embarked on hunting trips to Umimmaat Nunaat (Ellesmere Island) and have named many places there. After the repopulation of Grise Fiord, Nunavut, Inughuit hunters visited the community by dogsled. Later, during the 1960s, visits both from Avanersuaq to Grise Fiord and Mittimatalik and back were organized with planes landing on the sea ice. The plane tickets were affordable and people stayed in private homes. The last such organized exchange was in 1994 and led by Larry Audlaluk from Ausuittuq (Grise Fiord).

Since then, travel has become much more difficult. The opening of a new airport in Qaanaaq in 2001 created airport taxes making plane tickets less affordable. In addition, the tragedy of 9/11 and the resulting increased security led to a cessation of free transit for Inuit families. Travel between Canada and Greenland now requires customs clearance on both sides of the Pikialasorsuaq. Furthermore, due to other drivers of change such as climate change, travel across the Pikialasorsuaq is increasingly dangerous and not always possible. In recent years, the northern ice bridge in Kane Basin, Nares Straight, and Smith Sound (Ikeq) has become less reliable and the polynya less defined.

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Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)p

Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq

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A-6 A Polynya and its People

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The vessel Adolf Jensen, chartered for consultations

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Greenland, anchored in

Kullorsuaq



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A-8 A Polynya and its People

THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION’S

FINDINGSThe Pikialasorsuaq is a very complex system and integral to the livelihoods and wellbeing of Inuit. Inuit have rights and interests in this area and are best positioned to monitor and manage this marine region to ensure its ongoing health and productivity. Although some of the functioning and characteristics of the Pikialasorsuaq are reasonably understood, its future remains uncertain due to the cumulative impacts of climate change and increased human activities. Basic events like ice formation and break-up, or primary production and ecosystem interactions require further research. This polynya provides food security for regional communities and it remains an enduring cultural and spiritual cornerstone linking Inuit across borders to each other and to their shared history. Inuit are one people divided by four political boundaries both terrestrial and marine between Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Chukotka.

The following information and quotes provide a summary what the Commission heard from the people of the Pikialasorsuaq during the 2016 community hearings. The findings have been categorized into four themes: climate change, food security, development, and military activity.

CLIMATE CHANGEChanges in the land and ocean have been, and continue to be observed and noted by people who live in this region and who study the polynya. The implications of climate change for the Pikialasorsuaq and the species that rely on it are largely unknown. However, some impacts and consequences of this change are already very clear. For example, a direct connection between climate change and travel across the Pikialasorsuaq was raised during the Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s hearings when one community member in Grise Fiord said,

Back then, it seems like nothing would change. But today there is climate change and I am aware of that since the Greenlandic people who are our fellow-Inuit Inughuit do not travel here anymore. [Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)].

tClockwise from top: Jayko Alooloo and others at a community meeting in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet); youth looking at map in Mittimatalik; listening at a community meeting


Another Inuk from Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) noted that Inuit are accepting and adapting to this change:

…we do know that the polynya is changing to the point of our floe edge being in more towards inland as opposed to what it used to be, about 40 kilometres further east than Grise Fiord. So, those are factors that we are quite concerned of and

conscious of. Can’t do much about it, but we live with it and adapt to it like any other species in the north. [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittoq (Grise Fiord)]

Much remains unknown about the impacts of on-going change (e.g. impacts on ice regime and ocean dynamics, chemical processes, biological productivity). However, it is understood that environmental changes already affecting the area are linked to larger climatic shifts observed in the Arctic. Furthermore, global climate change trends have an influence on environmental changes in the region. The atmosphere and ocean play the biggest role in the formation of polynyas and therefore any change in atmospheric and oceanic circulation and temperature will affect the Pikialasorsuaq. As our understanding of the overall changing Arctic system continues to expand, so must our understanding of how regional dynamics are linked to global climate change. And in turn, how conditions of the Pikialasorsuaq will affect the people who rely on this area and its marine resources.

pOn the sea ice near Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)

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Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) p

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A-10 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings

FOOD SECURITYFood security in the region is closely connected to activities on the land, sea, and ice. The importance of Pikialasorsuaq for subsistence was emphasized by Inuit living on both sides of the polynya:

[The polynya] is extremely important. The marine mammals and the birds are our food, it is our main food. We grew up using them when there were no other foods available here. Even today, we still use them and we do not want to lose them. [Inutiq Ikkarialuk, Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River)] q

Yes, that area of Pikialasorsuaq, we call it Ikeq (the in-between), has a lot of different animals, narwhals and belugas, seals, bearded seals, hooded seals, and lots of arctic char that pass our coastal areas. Then there are lots of mammals that breed and that polar bears eat. Most importantly, there are lots and lots of little auks (alle alle), eiders, gulls, kittiwakes that feed over there and we cannot live without that meat source. Those are our most important food sources and a huge number of arctic chars come by our coasts. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq) q

Others stressed that the health of the polynya is more than a matter of food security; it is a matter of survival, both physically and mentally.

It’s our life. It’s just the way we live off animals, birds, fish. If we didn’t eat those traditional foods, I don’t know where we would be really at. It’s most healthy, they’re the most healthy foods and we would like to protect it all the time because it’s our main source of food. And when we go out on the land, out on the ice, or camping, fishing, it’s

our ways of being healthy. Mentally healthy and overall. [Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)] q

Community feast in Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)q

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Photo credit: Alfred ER Jakobsen

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DEVELOPMENT: SHIPPING, FISHERIES, TOURISM, MINING There is concern that increased development, whether from tourism, mining, or shipping will have a negative impact upon the Pikialasorsuaq, with the needs of development placed first. As one hunter commented,

development seems to be a priority over the Inuit hunting rights, but it is preferrable that us hunters be consulted before any management plans are implemented. [Moses Koonoo, Ikpiarjuk, (Arctic Bay] q

Shipping is important in this region and has a significant economic effect. It is expected that climate change will continue to increase the amount of shipping in the north as a result of increased accessibility. Many Inuit voiced concern around the greater number of ships using the Greenland and Baffin waters and the negative effect this is having on wildlife. As one Greenlander explained,

These vast areas of sea no longer seem to be that great anymore. Now that giant ships will pass through the waters the area of sea will be “too small” for both wildlife and the huge ships. (Nikolaj Heilmann, Upernavik) q

A greater number of ships also increases the possibility of oil spills, black carbon emissions, ballast discharge, noise pollution, invasive species, and light disturbances. Another Greenlander described the connection between these potential impacts (specifically oil spills) and food security saying,

[t]hose are our arctic chars that we eat and if only a small amount of oil is leaked, those are the species that we would lose forever and all the other species like narwhals and other whales that are up here amongst different animals. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Several people raised suggestions of how to respond to shipping concerns, including regulatory and monitoring measures.

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Regulations to limit shipping are a possible response to the increase in shipping; others argue that it should be banned altogether. (Elizabeth Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q

Place observation posts on both sides, who would be able to work well together, and our institution of choice can be ICC where our point of contact can be. [Abraham Kublu, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q

I think if we are to be successful in protecting the area, the shipping in and around the area should be prohibited in the future. Maybe we could achieve this most successfully if we collaborated with the others. (Kaaleeraq Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q

Some of this shipping is for fishery activity in the region. The Pikialasorsuaq is an important source of fish for people living in and around the North Water polynya and they have a deep understanding of the movement and dynamics of fish populations. For example, as one Greenlandic fisher described,

We can catch arctic char along the shore from here and all the way up North to the shoreline of Inuarfissuaq area without mountains where you can find the arctic char. They come to our area during the summer, go up the river in Iterlassuaq (McGormick Fiord) and return to the sea. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

However, the abundance of fish also attracts fishing companies. There are a number of fishing companies operating in this area catching turbot, Greenland halibut, and shrimp. These companies provide employment for Inuit both on the boats and in the factories onshore. Some companies also provide scientific research surveys that provide information used by government organizations. The Nunavut Fisheries and Marine Training Consortium provides training opportunities to Nunavut beneficiaries interested in pursuing careers in the fishing industry. Another organization, the Northern Coalition, works to protect shrimp allocations for its groups representing northern communities.

Yes, that area of Pikialasorsuaq, we call it Ikeq (The in-between), has a lot of different animals, narwhals and belugas, seals, bearded seals, hooded seals and lots of arctic char that pass our coastal areas. Then there are lots of mammals that breed and that polar bears eat. Most importantly, there are lots and lots of little auks (alle alle), eiders, gulls, kittiwakes that feed over there and we cannot live without that meat source. Those are our most important food sources and a huge number of arctic chars come by our coasts. Char are very big fish, and they are still growing. Earlier, they used to be smaller but lately they have become much bigger. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

In addition to expanding fisheries, northerners are aware and cautious of the increasing number of tourists coming to visit islands and coastal areas within the Pikialasorsuaq. An increase in tourism activity stems from a growing interest in the North combined with the effects of global climate change. Cruise ship routes opening up (e.g. the Northwest passage) and rapidly declining Arctic sea ice is creating “extinction tourists” who want to “see the Arctic before it is gone.” National attempts to regulate marine tourism extend from exceedingly stringent controls to considerably more flexible management techniques. Industry guidelines and codes of conduct also exist. There is a further need for regulations beyond those now existing, in order ensure that visitors are aware of the areas they are permitted to visit. Concern was expressed, again on both sides of the polynya, over tourists sailing to islands, exploring, and disturbing wildlife.

tClipper Adventurer tourist ship, run by Adventure Canada

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An increase in the number of tourists brought in by boats could affect the many different animals, fish, and birds prevalent on the western coast of Greenland. (Jakob Qujaukitsoq, Qaanaaq) q

It would be important for them to not disturb the land too much. [Moses Koonoo, Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)]

Some efforts are in place to protect wildlife, such as the Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area.1 This area includes Coburg Island, which is connected to the North Water polynya, and was established in 1995 to protect seabird colonies and marine mammal populations. As one community member explained,

The desire is not to prohibit tourists from coming, but rather to make sure they do not have a negative impact upon wildlife in the polynya. [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)]

While the negative impacts of increased tourism must be recognized and addressed, the possible benefits of tourism from cruise ships or sport hunting must also be acknowledged. For example, some Canadian and Greenlandic communities surrounding the polynya offer sport hunting opportunities to hunt polar bear, musk ox, caribou, wolves, and other animals. Increased economic development and employment opportunities in these communities could help local populations. Bringing tourists to the region would also allow the sharing of Indigenous cultures, a way to educate and enhance understanding of these cultures. Possible benefits must be weighed against the negative impact of an increase of vessels, whether for tourism, exploration, or shipping.

Indeed, exploration and mining of the north for natural resources is another important source of income for

1 The Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area is protected under the Canada Wildlife act and Wildlife Area Regulations. It is supported by regional and national Inuit associations. The area is managed in partnership by Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Area Co-management Committee of Grise Fiord as per Article 5 of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA). Furthermore, Nunavut beneficiaries can harvest wildlife in the area as per the NLCA, including the collection of migratory bird eggs and feathers.

local communities, but there continues to be concern about ensuring that these industries do not damage the environment and wildlife. One person interviewed referenced mining work done in the Rankin Inlet area and noted,

We learned that it takes about 30 years or more for the wildlife to return, and that is after [the mining companies] have completed their projects. [Elijah Kalluk Panipakoochoo, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q

This concern was echoed by people in Greenland, where one person pointed out that,

We are not happy about those ships looking for oil in the bottom of the sea and others searching for other minerals. Arctic animals have nowhere else to go, they cannot just move to warmer waters near the North America or to other areas further south. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Again, some community members raised suggestions of how to respond to these concerns:

Ensuring that agreements are in place, such as the Inuit Impact Benefit Agreement, was suggested as a useful way to ensure that oil and gas companies are careful with the land and employ local people. [Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q

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Others felt “that the benefits of employment outweighed the possible damage to the environment.” [Sam Omik, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q

The need for employment and development was reiterated by others:

As far as I know, if our land and our animals were not affected too much, then we would be in agreement for the proposed economic activities. [Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)]

pThick-billed murre near Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

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MILITARY ACTIVITIESCanadian military presence began in the 1950s with the establishment of the Distant Early Warning Sites (DEW). Alert remains the most northern Canadian military Pinstallation. On the western shore of Resolute Bay , the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) and the Communications Research Centre operated a launch site for sounding rockets. Between 1966 and 1971, rockets of the types Black Brant and Boosted Arcas were launched. Today, the Pikialasorsuaq experiences rocket debris entering the water from commercial rocket launches from Russia with various client satellites. This situation requires attention as the impact of the debris and unspent fuel may pose risks to the Pikialasorsuaq.

Canadian and Danish military activities in both the Canadian and Greenlandic water of northern Baffin Bay continue today as training and reconnaissance. The sovereignty over Hans Island is the most well-known Canada-Denmark dispute and remains the pillar of how peaceful negotiations are the model in the Arctic. This war of words sees an annual military visit and an exchange of whiskey and schnapps. Dispute over the question of sovereignty over Hans Island which is geographically situated right in the middle of the internationally acknowledge principle of drawing a borderline through the middle of shorelines from both sides.

uDuring consultation in the communities the

Commission gathered some geographical information about different issues. Marine

mammal distributions observed by community members is shown here (screenshot from an

interactive web application soon to be released).


Photo credit: Crew and officers of the NOAA ship Fairw

eather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection


PIKIALASORSUAQ AND THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLESThe United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007, sets out a foundation upon which the Commission has built its recommendations. Denmark was an early signatory to UNDRIP and in 2016, Canada removed its objection two paragraphs related to the declaration spelling out the right to free, prior and informed consent.

In accordance to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Inuit have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and international human rights law (Article 1).

q Community meeting participants in Siorapaluk, Greenland

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A-18 Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

In exercising the Inuit right to self-determination, Inuit have the right to:

u autonomy and self-government in matters relating to internal and local affairs, as well as the right to ways and means for financing their autonomous functions (Article 4).

u maintain and strengthen distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining the right to participate fully in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State (Article 5).

u participate in decision-making in matters, which would affect these rights, through representatives chosen by the Inuit in accordance with Inuit procedures, as well as to maintain and develop indigenous decision-making institutions (Article 18).

u maintain and develop their political, economic, and social systems or institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of their own means of subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all traditional and other economic activities (Article 20).

Central to the Commission’s Recommendations is that Inuit have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas, and other resources and to uphold these responsibilities to future generations in this regard (Article 25). Further Inuit have the right to:

u the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired (Article 26). Inuit have the right to own, use, develop and control the lands, territories and resources that they possess by reason of traditional ownership or other traditional occupation or use, as well as those which they have otherwise acquired (article 26).

u the conservation and protection of the environment and the productive capacity of these lands or territories and resources. States shall establish and implement assistance programmes for indigenous peoples for such conservation and protection, without discrimination (Article 29);

u determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of these lands or territories and other resources (Article 32);

u maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic, and social purposes, with our ‘Inuit’ as well as other peoples across borders (Article 36).

Simmonie Manik – Knowledge Expert, Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay) q


Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples A-19

THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION’S RECOMMENDATIONSThe Pikialasorsuaq Commission identified three overarching objectives that Inuit from Greenland and Canada seek to achieve. In order to implement these recommendations, a high degree of cooperation is required between all levels of government and Indigenous organizations. The Commission also notes that there are no perfect parallels between Canada and Greenland in terms of the division of powers.

These objectives will likely require the adoption of different mechanisms to ensure their fulfilment.

Considering the on-going and urgent need to expand our understanding of the Pikialasorsuaq ecosystem, the Commission is calling for the establishment of a Pikialasorsuaq management regime to manage the region and lead an Inuit community-based monitoring program of the polynya, as called upon by Inuit.

This section includes a summary of the recommendations as well as an overview of existing instruments that support the viability of implementing these recommendations.

1. Establishment of a management regime with an Inuit Management Authority (IMA) led by Inuit representatives from communities in the Pikialasorsuaq region. This management authority will oversee monitoring and research and will promote the conservation of living resources within and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, and the related wellbeing of communities that depend on these resources.

2. Identification, in consultation with the communities in and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected area comprised of the polynya itself and including a larger management zone that reflects the connection between communities and their natural resources with the polynya.

3. Establishment of a free travel zone for Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region

A-20 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations

One of the key findings of the Commission in the course of their consultations was the need to establish an Inuit-led management regime for the Pikialasorsuaq and surrounding regions. The purpose of the management regime is to promote the conservation of living resources within and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, and the related health of communities that depend on these resources. Advisory committees will support the management regime.

The regime should include the creation of an Inuit-led Pikialasorsuaq management authority, this Inuit led Management Authority (IMA) will be situated in the Pikialasorsuaq region and staffed by Inuit from both countries. Advisory committees should also be established to provide input rooted in Inuit knowledge as well as scientific research. These committees should be comprised of experts and specialists in various aspects concerning the Pikialasorsuaq (eg. historic context and local interaction with the polynya, ice and ocean dynamics in the Pikialasorsuaq region, issues related to shipping and resource development). The function of these committees can be to contribute expert advice to the management authority and national authorities (eg. in the development of recommendations, decisions, workplans) and to ensure that the management authority is kept up-to-date on current research, activities, or discussions that impact the Pikialasorsuaq region.

COLLABORATE ON ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

There is need for an effective monitoring system that bridges both sides of the polynya and draws on both Inuit and western scientific knowledge systems. Inuit in the Qikiqtani and Avanersuaq regions have intimate knowledge of the habitats and wildlife supported by the polynya. This knowledge has developed over thousands of years of hunting, fishing, and travel across the region. Our understanding of the Pikialasorsuaq is also greatly assisted by scientific investigations. However, there is currently no system in place to provide sustained long-term monitoring of the Pikialasorsuaq, its health, or the impact of any global environmental changes on the polynya or the wildlife it supports. Establishing an Inuit-led monitoring system is key for ensuring that the Pikialasorsuaq remains healthy and productive.

Increased and sustained monitoring within the Pikialasorsuaq is essential to improving our understanding of the Pikialasorsuaq system, the changes it is undergoing, and what this means for future biological productivity and ecosystem health. In measuring year-to-year changes to compile a big picture of long-term change and trends, communities will be able to assess, understand, and better manage changes in the Pikialasorsuaq region. As such, the establishment and funding of a comprehensive Inuit community-based monitoring program that

u RECOMMENDATION 1: INUIT-LED MANAGEMENT REGIME —AN INUIT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

Expert meeting in Qaanaaq, Greenlandq



will incorporate science and Indigenous Knowledge should constitute the largest activity overseen by the management regime.

Collaboration, both between the Qikiqtani and Avanersuaq regions and their representatives and between Inuit knowledge holders and the academic community, is critical to ensuring the success of any environmental monitoring in the region. A collaborative monitoring system acknowledges the central role of Inuit in the Arctic. Environmental monitoring will help to better inform the direction of research, and subsequent policy and decision-making in the region. An Inuit-led monitoring system will facilitate the incorporation of Inuit and academic knowledge into wildlife studies and conservation initiatives. This will ensure that research recognizes and aligns with Inuit priorities and that an equal partnership is created between Inuit and

other parties concerned about the conservation of the Pikialasorsuaq.

Similarly, collaboration is required when it comes to any development planning that might occur in the region. Inuit recognize that healthy communities require both healthy environments and economies. Inuit therefore seek to work in full partnership with resource developers and governments in the sustainable development of the natural resources of the Arctic. Such collaborative efforts extend to related policy-making in order to ensure that development will benefit Inuit and respects baseline environmental and social objectives. Part of the management regime may include a permitting body to monitor shipping and other human activity in the management zone.

pEva Aariak and Okalik Eegeesiak presenting about the

Pikialasorsuaq Commission to Qikiqtani Inuit Association in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)

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u RECOMMENDATION 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF A MANAGEMENT ZONE

The Commission recommends the identification, in consultation with the communities adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected area comprised of the polynya itself and including a larger management zone that recognizes the connection between communities, the natural resources upon which they rely, and the polynya. To be clear, such a protected area should be managed in such away as to protect the harvesting interests and food security of communities connected to the Pikialasorsuaq.

Regardless of the community, Inuit of the Pikialasorsuaq respect that everything is connected to and supported by the polynya. This includes the ice, the weather, the animals, the food, culture, and well-being. Considering the intimate connections and interactions between Inuit, animals, and the Pikialasorsuaq, the region that is affected by the polynya extends far past its physical boundaries. As such, the geographic scope of an Inuit-led Pikialasorsuaq management zone is much larger than the polynya’s physical extent. This broader definition includes the cultural and biological extents of the polynya. It includes Inuit communities who are dependent on the polynya for sustenance, livelihoods, culture, health, and well-being. It includes hunting routes to the polynya and historic special sites like food caches are part of the Pikialasorsuaq region. And it also encompasses the migration extent of the marine mammals and sea birds that rely on the polynya for habitat, mating, rearing their young, and hunting.

This part of the report examines domestic and international options for implementing this objective. A key consideration to bear in mind is that the marine area in question includes waters over which coastal states have only limited jurisdiction under international law.

INTERNATIONAL LAW INSTRUMENTS

In addition to domestic regulatory options, discussed below, the Commission recommends that state parties consider international law instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and assistance of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the protection of this region.

The Convention on the Law of the Sea directs that states have sovereignty over the land mass and the territorial sea which extends out 12 nautical miles from the coast. Furthermore, a coastal state has exclusive sovereign rights with respect to its continental shelf and with respect to its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This means that Canada and Greenland/Denmark can control most activities within the Pikialasorsuaq whether within the territorial sea or the EEZ. Certainly, they can control all non-renewable resource activities, all activities related to energy generation, and the harvesting of renewable

resources. This would include the regulatory authority with respect to vessels servicing such activities. Coastal states also have the jurisdiction to create protected areas, but they generally cannot do so in a manner that impairs the freedom of navigation of other states.

With regards to the IMO, both Canada and Denmark are members of this organization that was established in 1948. The IMO is responsible for a number of international treaties dealing with maritime issues including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships. The IMO has also adopted the concept of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area.

Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA)

A PSSA is an area that needs special protection through action by IMO because of its significance for recognized ecological, socio-economic, or scientific attributes where such attributes may be vulnerable to damage by international shipping activities.2

There are two key elements to the adoption of a PSSA. The first is the recognition that an area can and should qualify as a PSSA but second, and perhaps more important, there is the adoption of “associated protective measures.” It is this second step, which is crucial since the mere designation of an area of the sea as a PSSA may raise the international profile of the area but it does not itself have any legal consequences. The legal consequences flow from the associated protective measures, which may include ship routeing measures, reporting requirements, discharge restrictions, operational criteria and prohibited activities.3

The IMO has adopted a set of guidelines on the identification and designation of such areas.4 While many PSSAs are proposed by an individual coastal state others may have multiple sponsors.5 The guidelines advise that “[w]here two or more Governments have a common interest in a particular area, they should formulate a co-ordinated proposal.” The work that continues based on the recommendations developed by the Commission will require the consideration of the guidelines, particularly: 2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/

Default.aspx3 s.7.5.2.44 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/

Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005).5 E.g., the extension of the Great Barrier Reef PSSA to include

the Torres Strait (proposed by Australia and Papua New Guinea) (2005) the Baltic Sea area, (proposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden) (2005) and the Strait of Bonifacio (proposed by France and Italy) (2011) all involved more than one nominating state.


(1) the specific attributes of the proposed area, (2) the vulnerability of such an area to damage by international shipping activities, and (3) the availability of associated protective measures within the competence of the IMO to prevent, reduce, or eliminate risks from these shipping activities.

The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) is another consideration, as Canada and Denmark are included as Contracting parties. NAFO regulates fisheries through a Fisheries Commission, informed by a Scientific Council. NAFO’s enabling treaty, the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, contains commitments with respect to traditional harvesting rights, the protection of the marine environment, the protection of flora and fauna, a prohibition on oil and gas exploration and mining activities in the Protected Zone and an entire Part dealing with commercial fisheries in the Protected Zone.

BILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES

A Joint Development Agreement (JDA) is an agreement between two or more states for the joint management of resources. They are most often negotiated in the context of maritime boundary delimitations. Most JDAs are

intended to address the joint development of petroleum resources but a smaller number address the management of renewable resources. These agreements are of interest here because they tend to be institutionally rich and because they provide different models of joint decision-making and rule making with respect to a particular geographical area, which is to be managed jointly. The following examples are bilateral agreements pertaining to marine management zones:

Seychelles and Mauritius Joint Management of the Continental Shelf in the Mascarene Plateau. The agreement applies to the overlapping entitlements under UNCLOS. The application of the agreement, however, is limited to the natural resources of the seabed and subsoil rather than the living resources of the water column which form part of the high seas and thus not under the exclusive jurisdiction of either state.

Denmark (Faroes)/United Kingdom Agreement related to maritime delimitation of the continental shelf on the basis of equidistance. With regards to resources, i.e. fisheries, the parties agreed to create an area of shared jurisdiction within part of the overlapping area (the “special area”). The agreement commits not to interfere with the fishing operations of each other. Commitments also include the obligation to prevent and eliminate pollution from offshore activities. The Parties entered

p Iglunaksuak Point. This placename is listed on the map drawn by Robert E. Peary in 1903; the Greenlandic placename is Kangeq. On our way from Siorapaluk to Qaanaaq on board M/S Adolf Jensen.

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into a supplementary Protocol to the original agreement in 2012 when they decided to proclaim exclusive economic zones (rather than just fisheries zones).

INDIGENOUS PROTECTED AREAS

Greenland and Canada are subject to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Governments are currently making efforts to live up to international commitments to protect 10% of their coastal and marine areas by 2020 (the “Aichi targets”). Conservation of the Pikialasorsuaq would represent a major step on behalf of Canada and Greenland/Denmark in this direction. The Convention is also sensitive to the importance of indigenous rights in the context of conservation. Article 8(j) of the Convention reads as follows:

(j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices;

State parties may also consider an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) designation to accommodate and support the Inuit vision of a working seascape. The purpose of the IPA designation is to identify, protect and conserve areas that are of natural or cultural significance to indigenous people. IPAs are areas that can be managed in a way that promote greater public understanding and appreciation of the indigenous area’s natural and cultural values and significance. Such a designation has the potential to usher in a broader, more meaningful set of northern benefits and bring definition to the idea of a conservation economy.6 IPAs also contribute to healing and reconciliation by reconnecting youth with their cultural traditions, supporting communities and individuals in regaining land-based life skills, language collecting, documenting Indigenous knowledge, and guaranteeing that there will always be ‘places that are theirs.’

However, it is recognized that IPAs, or other similar initiatives, have the potential to restrict Inuit activities such as harvesting and development, and as such this concern will have to be addressed in the creation of a management zone/protected area. There is a need to discuss and negotiate terms Inuit accept to protect their rights to harvesting and development.

DOMESTIC LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

In addition to international instruments, there are also domestic legal instruments that can inform options for implementing a management zone.

CanadaThere are three principal options under Canadian law for the creation of a marine protected area (MPA). First, an MPA can be created under s.35 of the Oceans Act;7 second, an MPA can be created as a protected marine area under the terms of the Canada Wildlife Act,8 and third, an MPA can be established as a national marine conservation area (NMCA) under the Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act.9 Marine areas may also be protected as Migratory Bird Sanctuaries,10 National Wildlife Areas11 or as National Parks.12 The Oceans Act accords the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans the responsibility to “lead and coordinate the development and implementation of a 6 “A new Shared Arctic Leadership Model,” Mary Simon,

Minister’s Special Representative, March 2017 online:< https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1492708558500/1492709024236>

7 Oceans Act, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html

8 RSC 1985, c. W-9.9 SC 2002, c.18, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-

2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm10 Under the Migratory Birds Sanctuary Regulations, CRC 1978,

c.1036 of the Migratory Birds Convention Act, SC 1994, c.22.11 Under the Canada Wildlife Act, RSC 1985, c. W-912 Under the terms of the National Parks Act, SC 2000, c.32.

See generally, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada’s Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy, 2005 at 5. The Strategy also refers to other possibilities including critical habitat designation under the Species at Risk Act, SC 2002, c.29 and a closure under the Fisheries Act, RSC 1985, c. F-14.


national system of marine protected areas on behalf of the Government of Canada.”13

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) adopted Canada’s Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy in 2005 with the goal of establishing “a network of marine protected areas, established and managed within an integrated oceans management framework that contributes to the health of Canada’s oceans and marine environments.”14 The Strategy emphasizes that the federal government is “committed to working with affected Aboriginal Peoples throughout Canada to collaboratively plan, establish and manage marine protected areas.”15 Although the Strategy does not refer expressly to the creation of contiguous marine protected areas with neighboring jurisdictions, it does emphasize the importance of linking Canada’s network of MPAs with “continental and global networks”16 and refers as well to Canada’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity which is to conserve 10 percent of marine areas through networks of protected areas and other conservation measures by 2020.17

Contributing to the fulfilment of this commitment is the newly announced boundaries of a national marine conservation area in Lancaster Sound. In August 2017, the Government of Canada, the Government of Nunavut, and the Qikiqtani Inuit Association announced what is 13 Oceans Act, s.35(2).14 Canada’s Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy, 2005, at 12.15 Id. at 11.16 Id. at 13, Objective 4 and referring specifically to the Arctic

Marine Strategic Plan of the Arctic Council.17 Id.,at 9.

now Canada’s largest marine conservation area. This represents almost two per cent of Canada’s coastal marine waters and more than doubles the area that was previously protected. Work on protecting Lancaster Sound has been in the making for decades since the 1960s when Inuit began advocating to protect the area as important harvesting grounds. Management of the protected area will be based on Inuit traditional knowledge, especially from the five communities within the boundary of the protected area.

GreenlandGreenland, a Danish colony since 1721, is now a country in transition that is increasingly assuming responsibility for the management of its maritime affairs. The establishment of a home-rule government in 1979 was a major step in a devolution process that continues to unfold. Nature preservation was one of the areas of responsibility that was assumed by Greenland’s Home Rule Government at that time. In 2009, the Act on Greenland Self-Government resulted in the transfer from the Kingdom of Denmark to Greenland, a further step in devolution.18 Denmark presently retains jurisdiction over many state functions relating to the offshore, including the military (the navy also performs coast guard duties), and international agreements.

Greenland is responsible for managing the ocean environment for marine areas within three nautical miles from land. New legislation, the Greenland Parliament 18 Act on Greenland Self-Government, 2009, No. 473, 12 June 2009

(AGSG)

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Act No. 15 of June 8, 2017 on the protection of the marine environment, recently replaced pre-2009 legislation and companion Danish legislation is currently being passed by the Danish Parliament to apply to waters beyond the three mile limit.

Greenland’s parliament adopted Act no. 11 of November 12th 1980 concerning Nature Preservation (the “Nature Preservation Act”). The Nature Preservation Act provided general powers to the executive branch of the Greenland government to make decisions regarding preservation of terrestrial and marine areas, as well as flora and fauna (these powers extend beyond the three mile limit and apply to Greenland’s entire ocean territory [EEZ]). In 2003, the Nature Preservation Act was repealed and substituted by the Act no. 29 of 18th December 2003 concerning Nature Protection (the “Nature Protection Act”).

Sea-based activities beyond the three mile limit are regulated by a number of Danish statutes, including the newly-amended Marine Environment Protection Act19 that provides for measures to protect Greenland’s marine environment but does not provide for the special protection of sensitive habitats or any kind of marine protected area. Specific site-based protection of

19 Citation not available at time of printing

terrestrial and marine habitat generally occurs by way of executive orders.

The Commission’s attention was drawn in particular to the executive order that applies to Melville Bay/Qimusseriarsuaq, because it is adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq and because Melville Bay is directly connected to many of the communities within the broader Pikialasorsuaq Region. There are currently 12 protected areas in Greenland including the Melville Bay Nature Reserve. Melville Bay is listed in the Greenland country report under the Convention on Biological Diversity and regarded by Greenland as an “Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area”. This area is of particular interest because legislation was created to manage the area but there are no clear directions for additional guidelines or management plans. In addition, the legislation allows for industrial exploration, putting the area at risk. The Commission notes that there is an international recommendation from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature that calls for member states to legislate the prohibition of exploration and extraction of resources in protected areas. The Commission recommends harmonization of the regulation governing the Melville Bay Nature Reserve with a future Pikialasorsuaq management zone.

From L-R: Qitdlugtoq Miúnge, Ikuo Oshima, and Mads Ole Kristiansen in Siorapaluk, Greenland q

Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth


It was emphasized to the Commission that cross-border travel between the communities of the Pikialasorsuaq region is increasingly challenging. The perception, held by many participants, was that barriers increased dramatically following the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States. Challenges to travel include the lack of administrative centres, high costs and the lack of air travel opportunities between these two geographically close locations. The requirement to travel with a passport acts as a significant deterrence to many people in the region. Inuit seek to travel freely across the sea ice or open water and by air between Nunavut and Greenland with minimal interference and regulation.

The aforementioned international instruments provide a framework to substantiate the development of a bilateral agreement between Canada and Greenland/Denmark that would allow for easier travel for Inuit in the Pikialasorsuaq region. This will facilitate, recognize, and respect the international human rights protections including the right to maintain cultural connections and liberty of movement both within a state and the freedom to leave a state. In addition, this will also ensure the requirement of the state to take measures to make sure that international boundaries do not present unnecessary impediments to the maintenance and exercise of those connections.20

20 See also the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) available here: http://www.un.org/

Bilateral agreements are commitments between countries that agree to work together on specific issues. The Commission has found several examples of bilateral agreements that support the recommendation to ease travel restrictions within the area. These include The Jay Treaty between the US and the UK, which was signed in the 1700s and is relevant because it includes an objective that addresses cultural connections. Another example is the Torres Strait Treaty between Australia and Papua New Guinea, which addresses freedom to travel. In furtherance of the previous recommendations, it also includes provisions for shared management of protected zones. The treaty provides for the creation of an advisory and consultative body to be known as the Torres Strait Advisory Council. These examples can and should be drawn on in the development of an implementation plan of the Commission’s recommendations.

documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm . Article 2(5) provides that: “Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts with other members of their group and with persons belonging to other minorities, as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are related by national or ethnic, religious or linguistic ties.”

u RECOMMENDATION 3: FREEDOM TO TRAVEL

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Photo credit: NOAA, Collection of Dr. Pablo Clemente-

Colon, Chief Scientist National Ice Center

t Inuit have used the sea ice as their highway for millennia


CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPSThe work of the Commission to date clearly illustrates that the conservation, protection, and monitoring of the Pikialasorsuaq must be a priority for Canada and Greenland. There is overwhelming evidence that an Inuit-led management regime is supported by citizens of the Pikialasorsuaq region. While there are many instruments and examples of collaboration between countries, the Commission proposes a straightforward framework that must now find support in its implementation. The acceptance of this framework will require further support from the communities that have been consulted. It will require international recognition of this uniquely productive habitat, particularly in the face of global environmental change, as well as resources from both Canada and Greenland to ensure conservation and protection of the Pikialasorsuaq so that the polynya can continue to support generations of Inuit.

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q Waiting for Pikialasorsuaq commission hearings

A-30 Conclusions and Next Steps

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners would like to recognize and thank all the community members on the Canadian side of the Pikialasorsuaq from Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and Kanngiqtugaapik (Clyde River), and on the Greenlandic side from Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq, and Upernavik. The hunters, knowledge holders, and community members gave their time freely and shared their knowledge and passion for the past, present, and future of the Pikialasorsuaq. They welcomed us into their communities and homes with open hearts.

Thanks also goes to the technical team of Alfred ER Jakobsen, Stephanie Meakin, Bjarne Lyberth, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Tukuminngiaq Nykjær Olsen, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Vincent Desrosiers, Anda Hansen, Rob Aube, Claudio Aporta, Agata Durkalec, the King Air pilots, the captain and crew of the Adolf Jensen, translators, interpreters, and the staff of ICC Canada and Greenland who supported the Commission. The Commissioners also recognize the support from the Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuaffiat (KNAPK) local branches, the Hamlet Councils, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), and Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI). Thanks to Dalee Sambo Dorough (University of Alaska), Dany Dumont (University of Rimouski), David Barber (University of Manitoba), and Nigel Banks (University of Calgary) for technical and legal advice.

This project would not have been possible without the support of our funders The Oak Foundation, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Oceans North Canada, and the World Wildlife Fund Canada – Arctic Region.

Qujannamiik. Qujanaq. Aingai.

uAujuittuq

(Grise Fiord)


Acknowledgments A-31

ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦPikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii


ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ B-1

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ B-2

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ B-5

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-9

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ B-18

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-20

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 1: ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖃᕐᓗᓂ—ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ B-21

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 2: ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᓐᓂᒃ B-23

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 3: ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ B-28

ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ B-30

ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ B-31

ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ B-1

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2013-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᒻᒪᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓅᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ “ᑲᓱᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ.” ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᓪᓗ ᖄᓈᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᑎᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ.

ᑲᑎᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖓ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᒻᒪᑦ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓇᕈᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᓗ. ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ “ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕋᔭᕋᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑑᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ”.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ ᔮᓐᓄᐊᕆ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓕᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᓯᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᒋᐊᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᒥᒃ (ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᓂᑦ) ᐸᐸᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᓂ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑖᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᒥᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᖁᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ.

ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᓕᖅᑲᖓᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᐅᐸᓗᖓᐃᔭᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ) ᐄᐳᕈᓪ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ. ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᓱᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓕᒫᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᒐᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐃᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓅᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕕᐅᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ.

ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᖃᐃᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ. ᐋᒡᒌᓯ/ᓯᑏᕝᕙ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ, ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ

pᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ. ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᐊᓄᑦ: ᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ; ᐅᑲᓕᒃ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ, ᐃᒃᓯᕙᐅᑕᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ; ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᖅ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪ

ᒥᓂᖅ: B

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h

B-2 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ

ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑐᓂᐅᖅᑲᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2017-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᖃᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᕆᐊᙵᖅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐄᐳᕈᓪ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔫᓂ 2017−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᑯᓇᓂ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒻᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᐱᒋᔭᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ.

ᑖᓐᓇ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑕ. ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᑐᓂᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ ᑕᕐᕆᔮᒃᓴᓕᐊᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓂᐱᓕᐊᖑᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖏᑦ, ᖁᓂᖅᑲᖅᑕᐅᓯᓛᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓚᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ, ᒐᕙᒪᐃᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕇᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᕐᕖᑦ ᓴᓇᔪᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ (NGOs).

ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓛᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓂᐊᖅᑑᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ, ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᓄᐊᒃᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.

ᖁᓛᓃᑦᑐᑦ: ᕼᐊᒻ ᐃᒃᑲᕐᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᑲᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ (ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ); ᖃᐃᕐᖔᖅ ᓂᐅᓪᓴᓐ

ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ; ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑯᓪᓗᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Bjarne Lyberth

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Bjarne Lyberth

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ B-3

tᓂᒋᑕᒐᖅ ᐆᒐᖅ

uᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ


ᒥᓂᖅ: A

lfred

ER

Jako

bsen

B-4 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓯᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓯᒥᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓂᐅᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖓᑕ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ (ᓄᓇᙳᐊᖅ 1). ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᓛᖑᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒧᕆᐅᓴᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ. ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐸᓗᒃ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ 20,000 km2, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᒋᐊᓲᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇᓄᑦ 80,000 km2 ᔪᓚᐃᕈᕋᐃᒻᒪᑦ.

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐳᐃᔨᓄᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᓲᖑᔪᓄᑦ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓂᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ, ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ. ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᖑᕗᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ.

ᓈᒻᒪᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑑᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂ ᑕᐅᕙᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᕐᓄᑦ. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᑕᑎᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᖏᓐᓇᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ:

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᑦᑕ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ. ᖃᐅᑕᒫᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᓯᓚᓐᓂᐊᓲᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᓯᓐᓈᓲᖅ ᓯᑯᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂᓗ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 90% ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᖑᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕆᐊᓯᓲᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓯᓈ ᓯᓚᒥ ᓯᓚᓐᓂᐊᓯᓐᓈᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᑭᓱᓕᒫᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ [ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓪᓗᓂ] ᐃᓄᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᒪᔪᒧᑦ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕆᐊᓕᒻᒧᓪᓗ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᒧᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ, ᑐᙵᕕᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ. (ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Kuupik V. Kleist


ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓲᖅ ᓯᑯᑉ ᓯᓚᒥᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᙱᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑳᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᕙᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᔾᔪᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒻᒥ:

ᐱᕈᖅᓴᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᒧᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑕᕗᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐊᐃᕕᖅ, ᕿᓚᓗᒐᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᑎᑦᑎᔨᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔪᖅ 4500−ᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓕᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᓱᓕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᕙᒍᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᔪᓐᓇᔾᔮᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᐳᐃᔨᖃᙱᒃᑯᑦᑕ. ᑐᑭᓯᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᔪᒪᓐᓂᕈᕕᑦ ᓄᓇᒧᑦ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖕᓄᑦ, ᓂᕿᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᑖᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᓄᓇᑉ ᓂᕆᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙵᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ 2016-ᖑᓕᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᖓ ᐃᒪᖓᓗ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑐᑦ. (ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓕᖅᑐᓄᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐳᐃᔨᓄᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᓲᖑᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓄᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᐅᒋᐊᓲᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓅᕝᕕᒋᓲᕆᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑉᐳᖅ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᑯᑉ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᖓ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᐅᔪᖅ, ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐅᒥᒻᒫᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᖅ (ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ

ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓ), ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᓴᙱᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᑦᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒍᒪᔾᔪᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑎᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᒥᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᒫᓛᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖓᔪᓪᓗ.

ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᑳᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ 1860−ᐸᓗᖏᓐᓂ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᒻᒪᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᖁᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒥᑦᑎᑕᒪᓕᒻᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑳᖅᑐᓂ ᓯᑯᒥ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᑑᓕᒥ). ᐃᓅᑎᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᕆᐊᖅ, ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ “ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᓂ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᓛᖅ” ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕐᕕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓂᖏᐅᖓᓄᑦ. ᐅᑦᑐᔅᓵᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓱᕈᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᑎᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᕐᓕᕋᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓄᑦ, ᑎᑭᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᑕᐅᕗᖓ ᐅᒡᒍᓇᖅᑐᒃᑰᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᕿᒪᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᐅᒪᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᑭᖑᕚᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᕐᓂᑯᑦ ᓱᓕ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᒥᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᕚᓪᓕᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᖃᔭᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐱᓯᒃᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᑕᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐅᓪᓚᕐᓂᒃ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓂᕆᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂ, ᐃᓚᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᒃᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ.

ᐊᕐᕌᒎᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ), ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᒌᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᒥᒻᒫᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ) ᐱᒋᐊᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ 1900−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑦᑏᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓂᑦ. ᐃᓐᓄᒃᑲᓐᓂᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᕗᑦ ᕿᒧᒃᓯᒃᑯᑦ. ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕉᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ 1960−ᖏᓐᓂ, ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑎᒌᒃᑲᓐᓂᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒧᑦ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒧᓪᓗ ᐅᑎᖅᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᑦ ᒥᑉᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ. ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖏᓐᓂ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᕙᑦᑐᑎᑦ. ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑎᒌᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1994-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓕᐅᕆ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓗᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ).

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(ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅp

ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᖄᓈᖅ


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

esro

sier

sᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Bjarne Lyberth

B-6 ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ

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ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐋᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ

ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ ᑲᓛᓖᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᐊᕙᓐᓈᓂ, ᑭᓴᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑯᓪᓗᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ


ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓂᑦ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕐᓇᓂᖅᓯᓴᐅᓯᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᓄᑖᖅ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᖄᓈᕐᒥ 20ᔾ1-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᑖᒃᓯᔅᖏᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑏᑦ. ᐅᒡᒍᓇᖅᑐᕐᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ 9/11 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᙱᓗᐊᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᐃᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ. ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓲᖑᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᓪᓚᕆᐅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᖅᓯᑦᑎᐊᖔᖃᑦᑕᓕᖅᑐᓂ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕋᑖᓂᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᓄᖕᓂᖓ ᑲᐃᓐ ᕙᐃᓯᓐᒥ, ᓂᐅᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᒥᑦ ᐃᑭᖓᓂ (ᐃᑭᖅ) ᑕᑎᒋᔭᒃᓴᐅᒍᓐᓃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᒎᖓᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓕᖅᑐᓂ.



ᒥᓂᖅ: V

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sᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪ

ᒥᓂᖅ: V

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ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ


B-8 ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖓᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᓂᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᓖᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᒍᓐᓪᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᔭᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᒃᑲᔭᕆᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓛᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᖏᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓲᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓯᑯᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᐃᔭᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔾᔪᑎᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ ᓄᓇᓗ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓲᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᕕᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᓴᒪᓂᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ, ᐊᓛᓯᑲᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑦᓱᑯᑦᑲᒥ.

ᐅᑯᐊ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᒥᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᑭᓱᓂᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑐᓴᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ 2016-ᒥ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓯᒪᒪᓂᑯᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑎᓴᒪᐃᓕᖅᑲᖓᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ: ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ, ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ.

ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᓇᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ, ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᐸᑦᑐᓄᓪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ. ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᓯᒪᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᑉ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑯᓘᕗᑦ. ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓪᓗᒍ, ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕕᒃᓴᐅᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ,

tᖁᓛᓂ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᐊᓅᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᒋᑦ: ᔭᐃᑯ ᐋᓗᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ (ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ); ᒪᒃᑯᑦᑐᖅ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ; ᓈᓚᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ


pᑕᐃᔅᓱᒪᓂᓕ, ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᕐᔫᔮᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᓯᓚ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᖓ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᑎᑭᑉᐸᒍᓐᓃᖅᑐᑦ. (ᓕᐅᕆ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓗᒃ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ).

ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒧᖓ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ:

…ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᒪᑦ ᓯᓈᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᓂᖅᓴᖓᓃᓕᖅᑐᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑉᐸᔪᙱᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ, 40 ᑭᓛᒥᑐᔅ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓃᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ.

ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᕗᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ. ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑕᕗᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕈᑎᒋᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᒍᑦ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᓪᓗᑕᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒥᒻᒪᑕ.(ᒫᑎ ᖁᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᓱᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᒃᑲᓐᓂᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔩᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᓚᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ). ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᑐᑭᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒧᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᑦᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᒥᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐊᓂᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᓴᕐᕙᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᑦ ᐊᓂᕐᓂᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐅᐃᔾᔮᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐆᓇᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ, ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔭᕗᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒃᑯᑦᑕ, ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ.

pᓯᑯᒥ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

esro

sier

s


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

esro

sier

s

B-10 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ

ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒫᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒋᕗᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖏᔭᔭᐅᓲᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ, ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᒥ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓲᖑᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ:

ᑖᓐᓇ [ᓴᕐᕙᖅ] ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᒻᒪᑦ. ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓂᕿᒋᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᓪᓚᑦᑖᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᕈᕐᓂᑰᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᒃᓴᖅᑕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᕐᓗ, ᐊᑐᓲᕆᕙᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔪᒪᙱᑦᑐᑎᒍᑦ. (ᐃᓅᑎᖅ ᐃᒃᑲᕐᕆᐊᓗᒃ, ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ) q

ᐄ’, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑕᐃᓲᕗᑦ ᐃᑭᖅ (ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ), ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ, ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᐃᑦ, ᓇᑦᑏᑦ, ᐅᒡᔪᑦ, ᓇᑦᑎᕙᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᑳᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᑎᓐᓂ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᓂᓕᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᐊᐅᒃ, ᒥᑏᑦ, ᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐱᑦᑎᐊᓛᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᒋᙱᒃᑯᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ) q

ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᙳᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᑑᔾᔮᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᖅ, ᑎᒥᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᑯᓪᓗ.

ᐃᓅᓯᕆᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᒃ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓂᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᒋᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓂᕿᒋᕙᓐᓂᙱᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕿᖏᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᙱᑦᑐᖓ ᓇᒦᒃᑲᔭᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦᑕ. ᓂᕿᑦᑎᐊᕙᐅᓛᖑᕗᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᑦᑎᐊᕙᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᐳᑎᒍᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᖃᖓᓕᒫᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᑐᐊᕆᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ

ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᐃᒐᑦᑕ, ᓯᑯᒧᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᖏᔭᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ, ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᒍᑎᒋᓲᕗᑦ. ᐃᓱᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᓕᒫᖅ. (ᒦᑲ ᑭᒍᑦᑕᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)q

ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓂᕆᕕᔾᔪᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥq


ᒥᓂᖅ:

Vinc

ent D

esro

sier

s

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ:

Vincent Desrosiers

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Alfred ER Jakobsen


ᒥᓂᖅ

: An

da H

anse

n


ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ: ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖅᐃᓱᒫᓗᒍᑎᖃᖅᑐᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᕐᓂᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᐅᒐᓗᐊᕈᓂ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᒻᒪᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖔᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ,

ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔫᔮᓲᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᖄᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᑎᒍᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᖅᑳᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. (ᒨᓯᓯ ᑯᓄᒃ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ) q

ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒥᓂᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᑐᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ,

ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᕐᔫᔮᕈᓐᓃᕐᒥᔪᑦ. ᒫᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᔪᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᑦ ᐃᑳᖃᑦᑕᓛᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᒪᕗᑦ “ᒥᑭᓗᐊᖔᓛᓕᖅᑐᖅ” ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ. (ᓂᑯᓚᔾ ᕼᐃᐅᓪᒪᓐ, ᐅᐱᕐᓂᕕᒃ) q

ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅᑕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᕈᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒍᓐᓇᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᕐᓗᓂ, ᓂᐱᖃᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᓇᒃᓴᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᔮᕆᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᒪᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᒐᓚᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᑐᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ (ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᓂ,

[ᑖ]ᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒋᔭᕗᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᖅ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᕈᓂ, ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋᓇ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖁᔨᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔪᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂᓗ.

ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᓂᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒋᐊᙵᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᑦᓄ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑏᑦ; ᐊᓯᖏᑦ


ᒥᓂᖅ: S

usan

van

Gel

der,

via

Flic

kr

(htt

ps:/

/ww

w.fl

ickr

.com

/pho

tos/

susa

nvg)


ᒥᓂᖅ:

Vinc

ent D

esro

sier

sᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ:

Anda Hansen


ᐊᐃᕙᐅᑎᓖᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕆᐊᖃᙱᒻᒪᕆᖔᖅᑐᑦ. (ᐃᓕᓴᐱ ᑲᕐᓪᓴᓐ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ) q

ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑑᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑎᒍᑦ.(ᐊᐃᕝᕙᓚᕼᐊ ᑯᑉᓗ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q

ᓴᐳᑎᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕈᑦᑎᒍᓪᓕ, ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦᑕ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ. (ᑳᓖᕋᖅ ᑲᕈᓪᓴᓐ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ) q

ᐃᓚᖓ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᕐᒥᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᕗᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᑦᑖᕐᕕᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ, ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ,

ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐱᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᔪᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑐᑕ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐊᕐᕕᒡ)ᐊᑉ ᖃᖅᑲᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓐᓃᙶᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑰᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᑎᕐᓚᔅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᒪᒍᐊᒥᒃ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᖓᓂᒃ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᓲᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓃᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐊᒥᓲᒍᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒥᒻᒪᑕ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᕝᕕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᐅᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᒥ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ. ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᕝᕖᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓕᕋᓕᓐᓂᐊᓲᖑᕗᑦ, ᓇᑖᕐᓇᓂᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᑉᐸᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᕕᓐᓂ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᓲᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᒻᒪᒃᓴᐃᕕᒃ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖓ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ. ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᖅ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᓕᒌᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑭᖑᑉᐸᓂᑦ ᑰᑕᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓄᑦ.

ᐄ’, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑕᐃᓲᕗᑦ ᐃᑭᖅ (ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ), ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ, ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᐃᑦ, ᓇᑦᑏᑦ, ᐅᒡᔪᑦ, ᓇᑦᑎᕙᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᑳᓲᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᑎᓐᓂ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᓂᓕᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᐊᐅᒃ, ᒥᑏᑦ, ᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐱᑦᑎᐊᓛᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᒋᙱᒃᑯᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓘᒻᒪᑕ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈ, ᒥᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᓂᖅᓴᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐱᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᔪᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑐᑕ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐊᕐᕕᒡ)ᐊᑉ ᖃᖅᑲᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓐᓃᙶᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑰᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᑎᕐᓚᔅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᒪᒍᐊᒥᒃ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᖓᓂᒃ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᓲᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌ ᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓃᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

tᑭᓕᐳᕐ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᑎᑦᑎᔨ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ, ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑦᕕᐊᓐᑦᓱᕐ ᑲᓇᑕ


ᒥᓂᖅ:

Vinc

ent D

esro

sier

sᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪ

ᒥᓂᖅ:

And

a Ha

nsen


ᒥᓂᖅ:

And

a Ha

nsen


ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔾᔨᖅᓱᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᓂ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔪᒪᓂᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᓚᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑰᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑎᒍᑦ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖓ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᑯᖃᕈᓐᓃᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ “ᓄᖑᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᑯᔭᖅᑐᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ” – “ᑕᑯᔭᖅᑐᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᖑᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ”. ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᐅᕙᑦᑐᖅ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᙱᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᑦ. ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐅᒋᕗᑦ. ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖅᑕᖃᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕕᒋᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᖃᓚᐅᕆᕗᖅ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ, ᓂᐅᕐᕕᐊᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓄᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᑦ.

ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᐅᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᒻᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᐅᕙᓃᓲᑦ ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑕ. (ᔭᐃᑯ ᖁᔭᐅᑭᑦᓱᖅ, ᖄᓈᖅ) q

ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᓗᐊᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ. (ᒨᓯᓯ ᑯᓄᒃ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ)

ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖃᕐᕕᒃ.1 ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᖁᒡᕕᒃ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓂ, ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1995-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ,

1 ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕖᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᑦ. ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᐊᕙᑎᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕌᓛᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᒥ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ 5 ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ, ᒪᓐᓂᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᓂᕈᓐᓂᐊᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ.

ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓᖃᑦᑕᖁᔨᓇᑕ ᐅᖃᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᐊᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. (ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑰᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᓗᐊᕆᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᓲᑦ ᓇᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ, ᑐᒃᑐᓯᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒪᕈᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᒃᓴᓪᓗ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ. ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᑯᙵᑎᑦᑎᔪᖃᕈᓂᓗ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓕ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᒐᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕆᐊᕋᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕋᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ.

ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓪᓚᕆᑉᐳᖅ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᐊᓯᐊ ᑮᓇᐅᔾᔭᒃᓴᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒧᓄᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᑕᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᓱᓕ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᑎᑦᑎᔪᖃᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓴᓇᕕᐅᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᓱᕋᐃᔭᐃᓂᐊᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᓗ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᓂ,

ᖃᐅᔨᓚᐅᕋᑦᑕ 30 ᐊᕐᕌᒎᐸᓗᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᕐᔪᑏᑦ ᐅᑎᕋᓱᐊᓲᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ [ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ] ᐱᔭᕇᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕐᒥᓂᒃ.(ᐃᓚᐃᔾᔭ ᑲᓪᓗᒃ ᐸᓂᒃᐸᑯᑦᓱᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q

ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ,

ᖁᕕᐊᓲᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕋᒃᓴᓂᑦ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᓇᒧᙵᕕᒃᓴᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᖅᑰᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᓂᒋᐊᓄᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋᓇ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ:

Vincent Desrosiers


ᒥᓂᖅ:

Anda

Han

sen


ᑕᐃᒫᒃ ᓱᓕ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖁᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᖃᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ:

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑕᖃᕐᓗᓂ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᓯᐊᖅᑖᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ, ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᕐᒪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒑᓯᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᑖᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ. (ᔭᐃᑯ ᐋᓗᓗ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q

ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ “ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓱᕋᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ.” (ᓵᒻ ᐅᒥᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q

ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅᑖᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ:

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒃᑯᓐᓂ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᕗᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᓐᓂᐊᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ, ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᒍᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ. (ᒦᑲ ᑭᒍᑦᑕᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

pᐊᒃᐸᒃ ᐊᑭᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr (https://w

ww

.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ:

Vincent Desrosiersᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪ

ᒥᓂᖅ:

Vinc

ent D

esro

sier

s


ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᕆᐊᙵᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1950−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᓛᖑᔪᑦ. ᐱᖓᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖓ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᓂᐱᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ. 1966−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 1971 ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑕᔫᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᕙᓛᒃ ᕗᕌᓐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕘᔅᑎᑦ ᐊᕐᑲᔅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔫᒃ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᑕᕝᕕᐅᓲᖅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒨᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒥᓂᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᓛᓵᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑎᑦᑎᔪᒥᓂᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒐᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑑᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ.

ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᖁᑎᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖅᐸᓯᖓᓂ ᓱᓕ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐱᓕᒻᒪᒃᓴᐃᕕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓄᓇ ᕼᐊᓐᔅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓛᖑᕗᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᓂᖅᑎᙳᓚᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᐅᓇᑕᙱᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐋᔩᕋᖃᑎᒌᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᐃᕙᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᖅᓰᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒥᐊᓗᓐᓂᑦ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓄᓇ ᕼᐊᓐᔅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ ᑕᐃᑲᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᓂᖅᑎᙳᓚᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᕿᑎᐊᒍᑦ ᐃᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᓐᓂᒃ.

uᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓄᐊᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ

ᓄᓇᑉ ᒥᒃᓵᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓃᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ

ᑕᐅᑐᑦᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. (ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᒃᑯᑕᐅᓛᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᕈᓗᒃ).


ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Crew

and officers of the NOAA ship Fairweather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection


ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓄᑦ, ᐋᖅᑮᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕈᑎᒋᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᙵᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐋᒡᒑᖅᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐲᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓈᒻᒪᒋᙱᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓰᑦ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᖅᓯᒪᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ, ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᓗ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖅᑳᓚᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᓂᖏᑦ.

ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᑐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒃᑯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᔪᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒃᑯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ (ᐃᓚᖓ 1).

ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᐅᖅᐳᑦ:

u ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᒃᓴᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ (ᐃᓚᖓ 4).

q ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ


ᒥᓂᖅ

: Ste

phan

ie M

eaki

n

B-18 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ

u ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᙵᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖏᑦ, ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᖏᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᖏᑦ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᓴᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂ (ᐃᓚᖓ 5).

u ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ, ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᕐᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖃᕈᓯᕗᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᐸᑦᑐᓂᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 18);

u ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓕᕆᕕᖏᓐᓂ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᓕᕆᕕᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖃᕐᓗᑕ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᓂᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑕ ᐱᓕᕆᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊᑎᒍᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᓂᐊᖅᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ (ᐃᓚᖓ 20).

ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᕐᓗ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᙵᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓲᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦᑦ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᐃᒪᕐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓃᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᑭᖑᕚᒃᓴᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᓛᕐᒪᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ (ᐃᓚᖓ 25). ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ:

u ᓄᓇᓄᑦ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᑰᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᓇᔪᕐᕕᒋᓯᒪᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᐱᔭᒥᓂᖏᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 26). ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᑐᖄᓗᒋᓯᒪᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᒍᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᐊᓗᓂᑦ ᓇᔪᕋᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑎᒍᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑕᐃᒃᑯᐊ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 26).

u ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᑎᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᐊᕙᑎ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ, ᓇᓕᒧᒌᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 29);

u ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐃᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 32);

u ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕆᐊᙵᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒨᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ, ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖁᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑭᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 36).

ᓯᒥᐅᓂ ᒪᓂᖅ−ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᑕᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ q

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ


ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ B-19

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓪᓗᐊᓂᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᒋᐊᓕᖏᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᓕᒫᑦ ᖁᑦᑎᓐᓂᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᕆᕗᑦ ᐱᐅᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓕᒧᓐᓂᖃᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖏᑦ.

ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᒪᔾᔪᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓂᐊᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ.

ᐃᓱᒪᒋᒋᐊᖅᑐᒋᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᓕᕗᑦ ᑐᐊᕕᕐᓇᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᖅᑮᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑐᙵᕕᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᖁᔭᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ.

ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖓᓕ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᐅᖅᐳᖅ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ.

1. ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒃᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᕐᓄᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔾᔪᑎᓕᕆᕙᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ ᓴᓇᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒍᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ. ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑎᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ.

2. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ.

3. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ.

B-20 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ

ᐃᓚᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᒐᔭᖅᑕᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓃᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ. ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᖏᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᒃᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ.

ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᒋᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ (ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᓯᑯᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ). ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕆᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᖅᑐᓄᑦ (ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔨᓕᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ

ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖁᑎᖓ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ.

ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ

ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᑦᑑᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓂᒍᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᑳᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᕗᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᑎᒍᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᔪᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓕᐊᓐᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᕙᑎ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᑎᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᐊᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂᓗ.

ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᓂ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᔭᕆᕗᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᒃᑲᓐᓂᒻᒪᕆᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓ, ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅ ᑐᑭᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᓛᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓗᑎᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑦ ᓄᐊᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ

u ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 1: ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖃᕐᓗᓂ—ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᖄᓈᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦq

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ



ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ, ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᓐᓇᓕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ, ᑐᑭᓯᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᒍᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑐᙵᕕᓖᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖓ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓛᖑᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ.

ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒃᑯᑎᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᕐᓂᖓ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔾᔪᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᓗᐊᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᓂᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐊᕆᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᓂᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ

ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᒐᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᓇᓕᒧᓐᓂᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓕᒧᒌᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᓖᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ.

ᐊᔾᔨᐸᓗᐊᓗ, ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᐊᕈᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕈᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᔨᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᙵᖓᔪᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ.

pᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᓖᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᒥᒃᓵᓄᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᐊᕐᔪᖕᒥ


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

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sier

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u ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 2: ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᓐᓂᒃ

ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑉ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᒃᓴᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᓕᖓ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ, ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᑕᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖓᓂ. ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᓐᓈᕐᓂᐊᕋᒥᒃ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓲᑦ.

ᓇᓕᐊᓐᓃᒃᑲᓗᐊᕈᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒥ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓱᓕᒫᓂᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐅᑯᓂᖓ ᓯᑯ, ᓯᓚ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ, ᓂᖀᑦ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖅ. ᐃᓱᒪᒋᒋᐊᖅᑐᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓯᒪᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᑎᓪᓗ, ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓃᖏᓐᓂᖏᑕ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖓ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᕆᓂᐊᖅᑕᖓᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᖓ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᐅᕗᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᑐᐃᓐᓇᖓᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᖅ ᑐᑭᖓ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖓᓂ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒋᓪᓗᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᓂᕿᑖᕐᕕᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᓲᑦ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᓲᑦ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᒪᓲᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᒎᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑐᖃᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᐱᕈᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓪᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᓇᔪᕐᕕᖃᓲᑦ, ᓄᓕᐊᖅᑖᓲᑦ, ᕿᑐᕐᖓᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᕈᐃᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑉᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ.

ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᔾᒧᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒧᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᒧᑦ. ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᐊᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐃᒪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖁᑎᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ.

ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒎᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ

ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕆᔭᐅᔪᑉ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᒃᓴᓕᐊᕆᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓪᓕᕐᒥ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑕ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ.

ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓᑕ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᕗᖅ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᓗ ᐃᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓗᓂ 12 ᐃᒪᑉ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᓂ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓯᔾᔭᖁᑎᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕐᕕᒃᓴᕆᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒋᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑕ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ.

ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᑖᕈᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐆᒻᒪᖅᑯᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐅᖅᑎᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑎᒥᑖᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ. ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒍᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᒻᒪᓐᓂᐊᕈᓂ ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓅᑲᑕᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ.

ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔫᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᒧᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ 1948−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᓖᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᒪᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓱᕈᖅᑕᐅᑦᑕᐃᓕᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᓯᒪᒋᕗᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂᑦ.

ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ (PSSA)

ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓗᐊᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᖏᑦ, ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒧᑦ−ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᕋᒃᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.2

ᒪᕐᕉᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᓪᓗᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᔭᕿᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᓗ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ, ᐊᑐᕋᓱᐊᕐᒪᑕ “ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᖅᑐᓂ”. ᑖᓐᓇ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᖅ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓇᒥᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᑖᕈᓐᓇᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᓪᓗᓂ. ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᔪᑦ ᓇᐅᒃᑰᖅᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᐅᓂᒃᑲᓯᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᓴᒃᑯᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦ.3

ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ

2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/Default.aspx

3 ᐃᓚᖓ.7.5.2.4


ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ.4 ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖃᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᒧᑦ ᑐᒃᓯᕋᐅᑕᐅᓲᖑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ5 ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᕗᑦ “[ᐃ]ᒪᐃᑦᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᖁᔨᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᖁᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᒃᓯᕋᐅᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ.” ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᕆᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ: (1) ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓪᓚᑦᑖᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᒪᑉ, (2) ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓱᕋᓪᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑐᖃᕈᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ (3) ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᕆᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓂᕋᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᕙᑦᑕᖏᑦ, ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓗᐊᕐᔭᐃᑎᑦᑎᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᒍᓐᓃᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ.

ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᖅ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓯᒪᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᑳᑐᓐᕌᒃᑦ−ᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑎᒍᑦ, ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᕐᔫᒥᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕆᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ, ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ

4 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005).

5 ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᒥ ᑭᓱᖃᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂᒃ (ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᐊᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒋᓂᒧᑦ) (2005) ᕙᓪᑎᒃ ᐃᒪᖓᓗ, (ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᔅᑐᓂᐊ, ᕕᓐᓚᓐ, ᔮᒪᓂ, ᓚᑦᕕᐊ, ᓕᑐᐊᓂᐊ, ᐴᓚᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕖᑕᓐ) (2005) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓ ᕙᓂᐸᓯᐅ (ᕗᕌᓐᔅᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑕᓕᒧᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᖓ) (2011) ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᔾᔪᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᙱᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᒧᑦ.

ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ, ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖏᑦ, ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᒑᓯᓂᓪᓗ ᕿᓂᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᓂᓗ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᓕᒫᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᑦᑕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕆᕗᖅ.

ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ

ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᐊᖏᕈᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓄᒃ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᓐᓄᒃ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ. ᐋᔩᕋᕈᑎᒋᓗᐊᓗᐊᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒃᓴᐃᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕋᓱᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᕈᓐᓇᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᒧᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᓐᓄᒃ. ᐅᑯᐊ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᐅᕗᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ:

ᓴᐃᑦᓯᐊᓪᔅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᐅᕇᑎᐊᔅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᔅᑲᕆᓂᐊ ᐃᖅᑲᖓ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᖃᓕᕇᑦᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᔪᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ UNCLOS−ᒥ. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᑉ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓᑐᐊᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑭᖓᓂ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓅᖓᙱᖔᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑑᙱᑦᑑᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᒃ ᐃᓛᒃᑯᑦ.

p ᐃᒡᓗᓇᒃᓱᐊᖅ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᖅᑐᒐᖅᑕᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᕌᕗᑦ ᐃ. ᐱᐅᕆᒧᑦ 1903-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ; ᑲᓈᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ ᑲᖏᖅ. ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒻᒦᙶᖅᑐᑕ ᖄᓈᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᑭᒪᓪᓗᑕ M/S ᐋᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓂ.


ᒥᓂᖅ: K

uupi

k V.

Kle

ist


ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ (ᕕᐅᕈᔅ)/ᔫᓇᐃᑕᑦ ᑭᖕᑕᒻ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖓᓕ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ. ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓕ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᓚᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓂᐊᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ (“ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ”). ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖓᓕ ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᓂ. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᒋᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓱᕈᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕈᐃᔾᔮᙱᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᓯᒪᒋᕘᒃ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᑐᖃᖓᓄᑦ 2012-ᓕᓴᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᒋᑦ (ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᑎᒃ).

ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ

ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕ ᒪᓕᒋᐊᖃᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ 10%−ᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂᓗ 2020 ᑎᑭᓚᐅᙱᑦᑎᓪᓗᒍ (“ᐊᐃᑦᓯ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ”). ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖓᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕚᓪᓕᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓚᕆᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᓗ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᕈᓂ. ᐊᖏᕈᑎᐅᔪᕐᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ 8(j) ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ:

(j) ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ, ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᒋᐊᓖᑦ, ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᕆᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔭᐅᑦᑕᐃᓕᓗᓂ, ᖃᓄᖅᑑᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᐅᓇᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᖏᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖅᑎᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑕᐅᓲᓂᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᔪᖏᖅᓴᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᓇᓕᒧᒌᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᐃᑦ, ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ;

ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᔭᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᖁᓇᒍ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᖓ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑕ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓲᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᖁᔭᒋᔭᖃᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᓂᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ,

ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᑯᓪᓗ ᑐᑭᖃᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᑖᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑐᓂᑦ.6 ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᒪᒥᓴᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐃᒻᒪᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑦ, ᑲᓱᖅᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᒪᒃᑯᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᓯᒐᔭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ‘ᓄᓇᑕᖃᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒌᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ’ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᕆᓪᓗᓂ.

ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐸᓗᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ/ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓕᕈᑎᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐋᔩᕋᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ.

ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᖁᖅᑎᒎᖓᔪᑦ

ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ.

ᑲᓇᑕ

ᐱᖓᓲᓪᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᓂᐅᕈᐊᕋᒃᓴᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ (MPA). ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖓ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐃᓚᖓ 35 ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ;7 ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᖓ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᕆᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ (NMCA) ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ.8 ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕈᓐᓇᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᖓ9. ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐃᑦ,10 ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕖᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ11 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕖᑦ12 ᐃᒪᑉ 6 “ᓄᑖᖅ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ”, ᒥᐊᕆ

ᓴᐃᒪᓐ, ᒥᓂᔅᑕᑉ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖓ, ᒫᑦᓯ 2017 ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ: < https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1492708558500/1492709024236>

7 ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html

8 RSC 1985, c. W-9. http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm

9 SC 2002, c.1810 ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᐃᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᑦ, CRC 1978,

c.1036 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᑲᑎᕝᕕᖓ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, SC 1994, c.22.

11 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᖁᖓ, RSC 1985, c. W-9 12 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕖᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ,

SC 2000, c.32. ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ, ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎ, 2005 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 5. ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐃᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ


ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᒥᓂᔅᑕᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᓗᓂ “ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᓂᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂᑦ.”13

ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓪᓗ (DFO) ᐊᑐᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᖓᓂᒃ 2005-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑭᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ “ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖏᓪᓗ.”14 ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ “ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᕐᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᐅᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ, ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖏᓐᓂ.”15 ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓴᓂᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᑦᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᑲᑕᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖏᓐᓂ “ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ”16 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ 10 ᐳᓴᓐᑎᓂᑦ

ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᕈᓗᐊᓛᕐᓂᐊᕋᓱᒋᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ, ᐃᓚᖓ SC 2002, c.29 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, RSC 1985, c. F-14.

13 ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, s.35(2).14 ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎ, 2005,

ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 12.15 Id., ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 11.16 Id., ᐅᕙᓂ 13, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖅ 4 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓖᑦ

ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᑉ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ.

ᐃᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊᑎᒍᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᕋᔭᕐᓗᑎᑦ 2020 ᓇᓪᓕᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂ.17

ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᒍ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑉ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᔭᐅᓂᖓ ᓄᑖᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᓪᓗᖁᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ. ᐋᒡᒌᓯ 2017-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔪᖅ 2%−ᐸᓗᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᖅᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒋᐊᙵᕐᓂᕆᒋᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖓ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕆᐊᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄᑦ 1960−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᔭᐅᕆᒋᐊᓯᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕᓂᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᖏᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᒋᔭᖓᑕ.

ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ

ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ, ᑕᐃᓐᔅᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑐᖃ 1721-ᒥᓂᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᕗᖅ ᑲᒪᓂᖅᓴᐅᖃᑦᑕᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᔪᓂᑦ. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ 1979−ᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓱᓕ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᓂ. ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᓪᓗ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓕᕈᑎᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᓕᕈᑎᑦ. 2009−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᑐᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓛᖅᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᑭᖕᑕᒻᖓᓂ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐸᓖᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ, ᓄᓇᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ

17 Id., ᐅᕙᓂ 9.

p ᖁᓪᓕᔅᓴᑦ, ᖃᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ. ᑰᐱᒃ ᕕ. ᑭᓖᔅᑦ ᐃᓅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖁᓪᓕᔅᓴᓂ.


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ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ.18 ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᓱᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ (ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᓲᖑᒻᒥᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ.

ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᐅᖓᓯᓐᓂᓖᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᐃᓪᓗ. ᓄᑖᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 15 ᔫᓂ 8, 2017-ᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ, ᐊᓯᔾᔩᕋᑖᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᑦ 2009-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐃᑉᐸᐸᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᓕᕆᕗᖅ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᑐᕌᖓᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᑕ.

ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᐊᑐᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᖏᖅᓯᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 11 ᓄᕖᕝᕙ 12 1980 ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓕᒃ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᑦ (“ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ”). ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᓴᙱᓂᖅᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᖓᓂ (ᒫᓐᓇ ᑕᐃᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᓈᓚᒃᑭᖅᓱᐃᓱᑦ) ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖓ ᓄᓇ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓱᑦᑏᓪᓗ. 2003−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᖓ ᖁᔭᓈᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓇᖏᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 29 18 ᑎᓰᕝᕙ 2003 ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ (“ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ”).

ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓂ 3 ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᓐᔅ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ19 ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ

18 ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᑐᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, 2009, ᓈᓴᐅᑎᖓ 473, 12 ᔫᓂ 2009 (AGSG)

19 ᓇᑭᑦ ᐱᔭᒥᓂᐅᓂᖓ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ.

ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥ. ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᓐᓇᓲᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᐳᐃᔩᓪᓗ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᓕᓯᔾᔪᑎᖓᑎᒍᑦ.

ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᒋᐊᙵᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᓕᓯᔾᔪᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓲᖅ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ, ᖃᓂᒋᒻᒪᒍ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ 12-ᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ. ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑕᐅᖃᓯᐅᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ “ᐊᕙᑎᖓ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᖅ”ᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᔭᐅᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᒪᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᒃᑲᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᑎᒍᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒎᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᓂᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᕐᕕᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᕿᓂᕐᕕᐅᓗᓂ, ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᙵᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᑉ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕋᒃᓴᓂᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᓕᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᐃᒪᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓛᖅᑐᒧᑦ.

ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓗᐊᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑳᕐᕕᐅᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᒡᒐᓇᖅᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ. ᑕᐅᑦᑐᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓ, ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ

ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᖕᒧᑦ: ᕿᑦᓗᒡᑐᖅ ᒥᐅᖏ, ᐃᑯᐅ ᐆᓯᒪ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓛᓖᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ q

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: Bjarne Lyberth


ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ, ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᓯᑏᕝᕙ 11, 2011-ᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂ. ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᓂ, ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᖃᖃᑦᑕᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓᒃ ᖃᓂᒌᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᓚᑖᓅᕈᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᖅᑲᖓᔾᔪᑕᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᖃᑦᑕᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᐅᓗᐊᙱᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ.

ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᑦ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᓐᓂᖅᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓂᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖓᔾᔪᑕᐅᓂᐊᙱᒻᒪᑕ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ.20

20 ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᒥᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᑉᐱᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐃᑦᑐᑦ, (1992) ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ http://www.

ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕈᑎᐅᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᓐᓄᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓇᓂᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᒥᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᔭᐃ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂ ᔫᓇᐃᑕᑦ ᑭᖕᑕᒻᒥᓗ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1700−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖓ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ. ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᖓᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒋᓂᒧᑦ, ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᒧᐊᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂ. ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐋᖅᑮᒍᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᒋᕗᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ.

un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm . ᐃᓚᖓ 2(5) ᐱᔪᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᕗᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ: “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑕᐅᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᐃᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑭᙶᖓᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐅᑉᐱᕐᓂᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒋᑉᐸᖏᓪᓗ.”

u ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 3: ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

esro

sier

s


ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ

ᖅ: NOAA, Collection of Dr. Pablo

Clemente-Colon, Chief Scientist National Ice Center

t ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᒥ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᑯᑖᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ


ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᒍ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑯᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᕗᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓂᖅ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᑎᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ. ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒍᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑕᕈᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅᑕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓲᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂᒃ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓚᕗᑦ ᑐᑭᓴᕋᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᑦ. ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᑖ ᓴ ᑐᙵᕕᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑉ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓐᓄᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᒪᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᖏᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ.


ᒥᓂᖅ: V

ince

nt D

esro

sier

s

q ᐅᑕᖅᑭᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕆᓂᐊᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᑦ

B-30 ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ

ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔪᒪᕗᑦ ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᑯᓇᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ. ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐸᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᒧᑦ ᐳᐃᒍᖁᙱᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᑐᙵᓱᐊᑎᑉᐸᓚᐅᕌᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖓᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐆᒻᒪᑎᖏᑦ.

ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔩᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᓪᕗᕋᑦ ᔭᐃᑯᑉᓴᓐ, ᕕᔭᕐᓐ ᓕᕗᑦ, ᑯᕆᔅᑕᐳᕐ ᑎᐱᑭ, ᐹᓪ ᑯᕋᐅᓕ, ᓯᑕᐸᓂ ᒦᑭᓐ, ᕕᓐᓴᓐᑦ ᑎᔅᕈᓯᐅᕐᔅ, ᐊᓐᑕ ᕼᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᕌᑉ ᐊᐅᑉ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖕ ᐃᐅᕐ ᐊᖁᑎᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᖓᑖᓲᕐᒥ ᐊᖁᑎᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᑐᑭᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᓵᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓂ. ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᒋᕗᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐋᓕᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑲᑦᑐᐊᕐᕕᐊ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᓖᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕼᐊᒻᓚᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ, ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ. ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ ᑕᓖ ᓴᒻᐳ ᑐᕈ (ᐊᓛᓯᑲ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᑕᐃᓂ ᑐᒫᓐᑦ (ᕆᒧᔅᑭ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᑕᐃᕕᑎ ᕚᕐᕗᕐ (ᒫᓂᑑᕙ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐃᔪᓪ ᕚᓐᒃᔅ (ᑲᓪᒍᕆ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᐊᖓ) ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ ᑲᒪᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ.

ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᖁᑎᕗᑦ ᐋᓐ ᕼᐃᐊᓐᓵ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᒥᐊᕆ ᑑᕐᓂᑉᓰᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒧᐊᕐ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ − ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ.

ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ. ᖁᔭᓇᖅ. ᐊᐃᖓᐃ.

uAujuittuq

(Grise Fiord)

ᐊᔾᔨᓕ

ᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂ


ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ B-31

IMARISAIPikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii


Imarisai C-1

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat C-2

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-9

Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut C-18

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-20

Inassuteqaat 1: Aqutsisoqatigiit Inunnit siulersorneqartut C-21

Inassuteqaat 2: Imartap illersugassap killeqarfilersorneqarnera C-23

Inassuteqaat 3: Killilersugaanngitsumik angalasinnaatitaaneq C-28

Naggasiineq alloriaqqinnissallu C-30

Qutsavigineqartut C-31

Imarisai C-1

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat pilersinneqarnerannut tunuliaqutaasoq 2013-imi pivoq, taamanikkut Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiata (ICC Kalaallit Nunaat) Nuummi isummattorsaqatigiinnermik taallugu aaqqissuussimmat, taaneqartumik “Ikermi ikaartarfik”. Aalisartunit piniartuniillu Qaanaameersunit, Kullorsuarmeersunit, aamma Nunavummeersunit Canadamit Mittimatalimmeersut Ippiarsummeersut, Aujuittumeersullu kiisalu ilinniagartuut ilisimatusartullu peqatigalugit Pikialasorsuarmut tunngassuteqartut oqallisigimmatigit.

Isummattorsaqatigiinnermit inaarutaasumik oqariartuutaavoq sikukkut ikaartarfik naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut Kalaallit Nunaanniittunut Canadamiittunullu Pikialasorsuup avannaatungaaniittoq pingaaruteqarluinnartuusoq. Peqataasut isumaqatigiissutigaat “ imartap pineqartup allanngutsaaliorneqarnissaa atorneqarneralu pillugit periarfissarsiornissaq siunertaralugu inoqarfinnik tusarniaasussamik isumalioqatigiissitaliortoqartariaqartoq”.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Iqalunni Januarimi 2016-mi pilersinneqarput, Canadami Kalaallit Nunaannilu Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittunut inoqarfinnut tusarniaanissamik ICC-mit pisinnaassusiligaallutik. Tusarniaanerit inuillu nassuiaataat Nunap Inoqqaavisa ilisimasaannik, nunap immikkoortuanut tamaanga tunngasunik imaqartut, siunissami kinguaariinnut tulliuttunut Pikialasorsuup allanngutsaaliorneqarneranut illersorneqarnissaanullu atorneqartussatut, aamma inoqarfiit imminnut attaveqatigiittarnerannut nalunaarsuisalernissamillu suliaqartalernissaannut sakkussamik periusissiornissamut inassuteqaasiornissami atorneqarsinnaassallutik. Isumalioqatigiissitallu nalunaarusiaat manna siunissamilu annertunerusumik misissorneqartariaqartunik inassuteqaatitaqartoq matumuuna saqqummiunneqarpoq.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaat marlunngorlugu ingerlanneqartussatut avinneqarpoq. Tusarniaanerit suliap immikkoortuani siullermi, piareersarnerit pilersaarusiornerillu Isumalioqatigiissitap April 2016-mi Aujuittumi (Grise Fiord) aamma Mittimatalimmi (Pond Inlet) Nunavimmiittuni, Canadami ingerlappai. Sapinngisaq tamaat atorlugu tamanit peqataasoqarnissaa Isumalioqatigiissitat qulakkeerniarsimavaat. Taamaalilluni Canadami inoqarfinnit tikinneqanngitsoortunit qanigisaanneersunik immikkut ilisimasalinnik peqataatitsisoqarpoq. Taakkununnga ilaapput Ippiarjummeersut (Arctic Bay), Qausuittumeersut (Resolute Bay) aamma Kangiqtugaapimmeersut (Clyde River). August/September 2016-mi Isumalioqatigiissitat Kalaallit Nunaanni angalapput Siorapalummut, Qaanaamut, Savissivimmut, Kullorsuarmut, Nuussuarmut Upernavimmullu.

pSaamiatungaaniit

talerpiata tungaanut assimi inuttaasut:

Kuupik Kleist, Kalaallit Nunaata

Kommisæria: Okalik Eegeesiak, ICC-mi

siulittaasoq, Nunallu Tamalaat akornanni

Kommisæriusoq: Canadamit

Kommisæriusoq: Eva Aariak.

PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAT

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C-2 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat

Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortat paasisaat upernaap 2017-ip ingerlanerani katersorneqarput, ineriartortinneqarlutik siaruarterneqarlutillu. Inoqarfinniit nassuiaatigineqartut saqqummiunneqartullu pillugit nalunaarusiaagallartut tunngavigalugit inassuteqaatissatut siunnersuutit Isumalioqatigiissitap inoqarfinnut tusarniaaffigineqartunut saqqummiuppai. Saqqummiussinerit pipput Aprilip Junillu akornanni 2017-mi, Aujuittumi, Qausuittumi, Mittimatalimmilu aamma Qikiqtani Inuit Peqatigiiffiata siulersuisuinut (Qikiqtani Inuit Association). Aprilimi Junimilu 2017 saqqummiiffigineqarput Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), aamma Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) Siulersuisui Ikpiarjummi (Arctic Bay). Tamanna Isumalioqatigiissitanut pingaarluinnarsimavoq tassami inassuteqaatit taakku oqariartuutaannik toqqammaveqarmat.

Inaarutaasumik nalunaarusiaq inassutitaasalu immikkoortuisa pineqartut inernerisa ilagaat una. Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaannut ilaapputtaaq videoliat, immiussat paasissutissallu naqitanngortitat, sumiiffinni ataasiakkaani, nunap immikkoortuinut, nuna tamakkerlugu nunallu tamalaat akornanni soqutiginnittunut inoqarfinnut, naalakkersuisunut, aalajangiisartunut, ilisimatusartunut, suliffissuaqarfinnut soqutigisaqaqatigiiffiit ilanngullugit (NGO-t) siaruaanneqartussat.

Immikkoortup aappaani atuutilersitsinissamik pilersaarut ineriartortinneqassaaq, taanna ukiuni marlunni oqartussat attuumassutillit peqataatinnerisigut ingerlanneqassaaq, inassuteqaatinik paasissutissanillu immikkoortumi siullermi katersukkanik toqqammaveqassalluni.

Qulaaniit: Ham Ikkarrialuk Kadloo, Mittimatalimmioq, Qaerngaaq Nielsen, Savissivimmioq, Kullorsuarmiut ataatsimeeqataasut.

Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth

Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers


tNingittakkat eqalukkanik neqitsersukkat

uNuussuaq, Greenland

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AMMALATAQ INUILUPikialasorsuaq Baffinip Kangerliumarngata avannaatungaaniippoq, Ikeq (Smith Soundimut) Naresillu Ikerasaata isaariaaniippoq Umimmaat Nunaata (Canadami Ellemere Island) Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanniilluni (Nunap assinga 1). Inoqarfiit ammalatamut qaninnerpaajusut tassaapput Aujuittoq (Grise Fiord) Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay) Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) tamarmik Canadamiittut aamma Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq aamma Savissivik tamarmik Kalaallit Nunaanniittut. Agguaqatigiissillugu 20.000 km2 -nik annertussuseqarpoq, annertunerpaamillu 80.000 km2-nik annertussuseqalersinnaasarluni Julimi annertunerpaaleraangami.

Pikialasorsuaq piniakkat najugannaavattut ingammik imaani miluumasut, aalisakkat, timmissallu kinguaariippassuarni naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut inuussutissaqartitsisuusutut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut ilisimaneqarpoq, imartarlu tamanna ukiuni tusintilikkaani piniarfiuvoq Inunnillu angallaviujuarluni. Avannaani sikukkoorluni ikaartarfik pineqartoq ammalatap pinngoriartortarneranut imartanngortarneranullu aalajangiisuulluinnartuuvoq, taassumarpiaallu inuit siulliit Canadameersut Kalaallit Nunaannut ikaarsimanerannut aqqutaasimanissaa naatsorsuutigineqarpoq. Sikukkoorluni ikaartarfik pineqartoq, Umimmaat Nunaanniit Kalaallit Nunaatalu Avannamut Kimmut nunataanut attaviliisoq, Inuit imminnut attaveqatigiinnerannut pingaaruteqarpoq. Aamma aqqut taannarpiaq naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut akunnerminni naapeqatigiittarnerinut isumalluutinillu avitseqatigiittarnerinut attaviliisuuvoq ilisarnaataasoq. Nunap immikkoortuani tamaani Qikiqtani inoqarfinni Avanersuarmilu inuusunut ammalatap uumassusilinnik pinngorarfissuusutut pinngitsoorneqarsinnaanngittuarsinnarpoq.

Inoqarfinniittunummi tamaani najugaqartunut Pikialasorsuaq uumassusilinnut isumalluutinut ingerlaartartuusunut assigiinngitsorpassuarnut inuisalu pinngitsoorsinnaanngilluinagaannut pingaaruteqartuuvoq.

Imaani miluumasut piniagaanerusut, aalisakkat timmissallu imarmiut Pikialasorsuarmi najugannaallit inoqarfinnit pinngitsoorneqarsinnaanngitsutut isumalluutitut pingaaruteqarluinnartuusut Inuit atugariuarpaat. Ammalataq uumassusilinnik assigiinngiiaartunik amerlalluinnartunik najorneqartarnera peqquteqartumik naggueqatigiit Inuit nerisassatigut imminnut pilersorsinnaanerannik, atisaliorsinnaanerannik sakkuliorsinnaanerannillu qulakkeerinnittuusimavoq. Qikiqtani Avanersuarmilu inoqarfiit imartap uumassusilinnik pinngorartitsineranik toqqaannartumik nappateqartuarsinnarput.

Pikialasorsuup pisariaqassusaanik naleqassusaanillu allanik itinerusumik oqariartuuteqarsinnaasoqanngilaq kisianni tassannga inuussuteqarlutillu pinngitsuuisinnaanngitsut. Inunnik Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuinik isumasiuinikkut, nunamut minnerunngitsumillu imartamut atalluinnassusaat oqariartuutigalugu uteqattaarpoq. Canadamiup Inuup ima oqaasertalerpaa:

Assiliisoq: Kuupik V. Kleist


Pikialasorsuaq piniartortatsinnut Aujuittumilu innuttatta peqqissusaannut pingaaruteqarluinnarpoq. Ullut tamaasa piniartoq silasiortarpoq, taamaaqataanillu Aujuittup eqqaani sikup qanoq innera misissortarlugu, immaqalu piffissap minnerpaamik 90%-ia piniartoq sikup sinaavata qanoq issusia silasiuutigaluni misissortarpaa, tamannalu toqqaannartumik Pikialasorsuarmut attuumassuteqarpoq. Taamaalilluni, tamatigut sikumut nunamulluunniit angalaniartumut, angalasariaqartumut, imartaq sunniuteqartarpoq akuusarluniluunniit. Soorunalumi, sila sikulu apeqqutaasarput. Tamatumalu ilarujussua, imartap qanoq issusianik aqunneqartarluni. (Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq) p

Oqaatigineqartut Baffinip Kangerliumarnata illuatungaani Kalaallinit akisuatinneqarput. Ilisimaneqarluarpoq imartap sikup silallu pissusaat sunniuteqarfigilluaraa taamaalillunilu isumannaatsumik sikukkut angalalluni piniarsinnaanermut aalisarsinnaanermulluunniit aaliangiisuusarluni. Imartap piniarnermik nappateqarnermut inuuniarnermullu pingaaruteqassusaa allatut isigalugu Qaanaarmiumit nassuiarneqarpoq:

Meeraaninniit ilitsoqquppara angalaqataaneq piniartumik peroorsaasoqaratta, siullermik piniakkat tamakku pisarisartakkavut aarrit, qilalukkat, nannut tassa pikialasorsuarmi imartami najugaqartuusugut nerisassarsiffigisartagarput. Pikialasorsuaq uagutsinnut pilersuisuummat pingaaruteqartuaannarnera qangarsuarli ilisimaneqarpoq. Oqaatigineqarsinnaavoq ukiorpassuarni ukiuni 4500 matuma siornatigut nunatta inoqarfiini takuneqarsinnaasoq immap pisuussutaanik annerpaamik inuussutigineqarluni najugarineqartuarsimasoq. Sulilu ulloq manna tikillugu najugaqarfigineqarluni, assersuutigalugu uagut avanersuarmiut pinngitsoorsinnaanngilagut imartatsinni uumasuusut, taakkualu ulloq manna tikillugu uumassutigaagut, ima aamma paasineqartariaqarami, nunamut naleqqussassagaanni aamma pisariaqarpoq nunap najukkap uumasuinik nerisaqarnissaq,

tassalu taannarpiaq nunat pikialasorsuup sineriaani najugallit ukiorparpassuarni immap uumasuanik inuussuteqarluni ulloq manna 2016 angullugu inoqartilluarsimasaa. Nuna aamma inuerutinngisaannarsimaneranik tamanna uppernarsaatissaqartippaa, pikialasorsuup uumasui uagutsinnullu njaugaqartuusunut pingaaruteqarnera pingaaruteqartorujussuuvoq. (Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq) p

Kinguaariinni Pikialasorsuaq Inunnut angallavittut pingaaruteqarsimavoq. Sikukkut ikaartarfik ammalatamik pilersitsisuusartoq angallannermi aqqutaasimavoq Canadallu Nunattalu akornanni inuit angallavigeqqaarsimagunavillugu. Ikaartarfik taanna Umimmaat Nunaata (Ellesmere Island) and Avanersuullu attavigisaat, Inuit Canadamiut Kalaallillu ataqatigiilluarnerannut suleqatigiikkusussusiannut, pisuussutinillu ataatsimoorussanik takorluueqatigiinnerannut takussutissaavoq.

Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu angalasut siullerpaamik atuaganngorlugu uppernarsarneqartoq pivoq 1860-ip missaani, naggueqatigiit Inuit angalaqatigiit Qillarsuarmit siulersorneqartut, Mittimataliup eqqaaniit avannamut ingerlaartut Pikialasorsuaq avannaqqullugu sikukkoorluni ikaartarfikkoortut Kalaallit Nunaanni Avanersuarmut ingerlaarnerat allaaserineqarmat. Inûterssuak’ Uvdloriak’, atuakkiamini “K’ITDLARSSUAKÚNIK OK’ALUALÂK’/Qillarsuakkunnik Oqalualaaq” aanaata Ittussaarsuup oqaluttuaa meeraalluni pisimasoq allaaserigamiuk Inuit Qillarsuarmit siulersorneqartut Kalaallit Nunaannut ikaartunut utimullu Perlerarfissuarmut (Umimmaat Nunaanniittoq) angalaqataasimanini pillugu alianartumik kinguneqartoq sammigamiuk. Qillarsuup angalaqatai qaqugorsuarmut atasussamik kingornutassiaqarput Avanersuarmiunik kinguaaqalernertik pissutigalugu, taakkualu ilai suli ulloq manna tikillugu Canadami Nunavummiunik ilaquttaminnut inuusunut attaveqartuarput. Piniarnermullu sakkunik pitsanngorsaataasinnaasunik isumassarsisitsipput. Pingaarnertut qajaq atorneqaqqilersippaat, pisissimik qarsunillu atueqqilersitsipput kiisalu oqummersamik atorluni aalisaat naaligarlu atulerseqqippaat. Taamaaliornikkut

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Umiarsuaaraq Adolf Jensen,

Nunatta avannaani angalanermi

attartugaasoq Kullorsuarmi

kisaqqasoq


inuussutigineqarsinnaasut assigiinngissitaartut nunagisami atugaasut amerlipput, tuttup neqaa aalisakkallu ilaalermata.

Taamatullu siuariarnermut pingaaruteqartigisutut oqaatigineqarsinnaavoq Avanersuarmiut Inughuit, qularnanngitsumik Qillarsuup angalaqataannit isumassarsitinneqarnermik kingunerisaanik, Umimmaat Nunaannut akuttunngitsumik piniariartalernerat ukiut 1900-kkut naajartornerisa tungaanut tamaanilu nunat aqqinik taaguusersuisalersimallutik. Aujuittup (Grise Fiord) Nunavummiittup innoqqinnerata kingorna piniartut inoqarfik tamanna qimussimik tikeraartalerpaat. Kingornalu 1960-ikkut ingerlaneranni Avanersuarmiit, Aujuittumut Mittimatalimmullu inuit paarlaateqatigiillutik timmisartut sikumut missinnaasut atorlugit tikeraartalerput. Timmisartumut billetit akikitsunnguummata akilerneqarsinnaalluarsimapput. Taamatut imminut tikeraartarnerit kingulleq pivoq 1994-imi Larry Audlaluk-mit siulersorneqartoq Ausuittormioq (Grise Fiord).

Taamanimiillu angalasarneq ajornakusoortorujussunngorpoq. Qaanaamilu 2001-imi mittarfittaartoqarmat billetinut akitsuutinullu akiliutaasartut qaffapput akilerneqarsinnaarpiarunnaarlutik. Septemberimili 2001-imi USA-mi alianartumik peqqarniisaartoqarnerata kinguneranik killeqarfimmik isumannaallisaanikkut nakkutilliinerit sukateriffigineqarnerisa kingunerisaanik naggueqatigiit Inuit ilaqutariit imminnut killilersugaanngitsumik tikeraartarnerat unippoq. Canadammi Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanni angalasarnerit ullumikkut killeqarfimmik nakkutilliisunit kinaassutsimik uppernarsaatinik takutitseqqaarluni akuerineqaqqaarlunilu aatsaat pisalernikuupput – oqartussaasunit illugiinnit. Taakkualu saniatigut allanngoriartornernut allat peqqutaasut soorlu silap pissusiata allanngoriartorneranik peqquteqartumik Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu angalasinnaaneq ulorianarsiartorpoq ilaatigullu pisinnaasarani. Ukiuni kingulliunerusuni, Kane Basin-imi, Nares Straight-imi, Ikermilu (Smith Sound) sikukkut ikaartarfik aalajaakkunnaarsimavoq ammalatarlu ilisarnarpallaarunnaarsimalluni.


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PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU

ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAP PAASISAI

Pikialasorsuaq imartaavoq ataqatigiinnerpassualik Inuillu inuuniarnerannut peqqissusaannullu attuumassuteqarluinnarluni. Imartap peqqissuujuarnissaata pinngorartitsiuarnissaatalu qulakkeernissaanut nakkutiginninnissamut aqutsinissamullu Inuit qulakkeerinninnissamut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput soqutigisaralugu. Naak Pikialasorsuup ingerlanga immikkuullarissusaalu paasisimalluarneqaraluartut, silap pissusaata allanngornerata inuillu sulerinerisa sunneeqatigiinnerisigut siunissaa nalunartuarsinnarpoq. Nalinginnaasumik sikusarneq sikuertarnerlu, uumassusillit seqernup nukinganik pinngorartitsinerat nerisareqatigiinnerlu suli misissorluarneqartariqarput. Imartaq tamanna Sumiiffimmi inoqarfiit nerisassaqarnerannik qulakkeerisuuvoq Inuillu killeqarfik akimorlugu kulturikkut anersaakkullu attaveqatigiittuarnerannik ataavartitsisuulluni. Naggueqatigiit Inuit inuiaqatigiiupput ataasiusut nunat sisamaasut Canadap, Kalaallit Nunaata, Alaskap Chukotkallu nunat immallu oqartussaaffiisa akornisigut politikikkut killeqarfiit pilersinneqarsimasut akornannik avissaaqqasut.

Matumani paasissutissat issuaanerillu 2016-imi Isumalioqatigiissitat inoqarfinnik tusarniaanerinit eqikkaanerupput. Paasisat sammisanut sisamanut immikkoortiterneqarsimapput: silap pissusaata allanngornera, nerisaqarniarneq, ineriartortitsineq, illersornissakkullu pisut.

SILAP PISSUSAATA ALLANNGORNERANunami imaanilu allanngorarnerit tamaani najugaqarlutik imartamillu misissuisunik maluginiarneqartuarsimapput maluginiarneqartuarlutillu. Silap pissusaata allanngorneratigut Pikialasorsuarmut uumasuinullu kingunissat amerlanerit ilisimaneqanngillat. Taamaattorli, kingunerisa ilaat maannamut ersarilluinarsereerput. Assersuutigalugu, silap pissusaata allanngornerata Pikialasorsuarlu ikaarlugu angalanerup toqqaannartumik imminnut atanerat Aujuitturmiup ataatsip Isumalioqatigiissitap tusarniaanerani oqaatigaa,

Taamanikkut allaanngilaq suut tamarmik allanngornavianngitsut. Ullumikkulli silap pissusia allanngoriartulerpoq, tamannalu nammineerlunga malinnaaffigilluarpara tassami ilavut Kalaallit naggueqativut Inughuit maanga tikeraassaarpaatigut. (Larry Audlaluk, Ausuittoq).

tAssit qulaaniit nalunaaqutaq malillugu:Mittimatalimmi innuttaasunik ataatsimiititsinermit. Ilaat kamilerluni ataatsimeeqataavoq. Meeqqat immap assinganik isiginnaartut.


Allanngornerlu Inuit akueraat naleqqussarfigilerlugillu, Aujuittormiup allap oqaatigaa:

… ilisimavarput ammalataq allanngoriartortoq sikummi sinaarisartagaa maanna nunamut qaninnerulerpoq siusinnerusumut sanilliullugu, tassa maanngaanniit Aujuittumiit kangimut 40 km missaannik qanitsigilersimavoq. Tassa tamakkuupput pisut piviusut isumakuluutigisavut. Annerusumik susinnaanngilavut, inooqataaffigaavullu

naleqqussartariaqarpugullu tamakkununnga uumassusilittut allatuulli maani avannaarsuaniittutut. (Marty Kullugtuk, Aujuittoq)

Allannguutit ingerlaavartut kingunerisa (sikup immallu allanngorarnerinut, immap akuisa allanngorarnerinut, uumassusillillu pinngorartitsinerinut kinguneri) ilarpassui ilisimaneqanngillat. Taamaattorli, paasineqarpoq Issittumi avatangiisini allanngornerit sumiiffimmut sunniutereersut Issittumi silap pissusaata allanngornerinut attuusassuteqartut. Aammattaaq, nunarsuarmi silap pissusaata allanngornerata sumiiffimmi avatangiisit allanngornernut sunniuteqarpoq. Silaannaq imarlu ammalatat pinngortarnerinut sunniuteqarnerpaasarput taamaammallu silaannaap immallu kaaviiaarneri allannguuteqarpata Pikialasorsuarmut sunniuteqassaaq. Issittumi allannguutit pillugit paasisavut amerliartortillugit, taamatuttaaq sumiiffimmi allanngorarnerit nunarsuarmi silap pissusaata allanngornerinut attuumassuteqarnerat paasisariaqarparput. Taamatuttaaq, Pikialasorsuarmi pissutsit inunnut tamatuminnga nappatilinnut sunniutissai.

pAujuittup saavani sikumi assilisaq

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Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) p

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C-10 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai

NERISASSAQARNIARNEQSumiiffimmi nerisassaqarniarneq nunami, imaani sikumilu pisunut attuumassuteqarluinnarput. Pikialasorsuup nerisassaqarniarnermut pingaaruteqassusaa ammalatami akileriillutik oqariartuutigaat:

(Ammalataq) pingaaruteqartupilussuuvoq. Imaani miluumasut timmissallu imarmiut inuussutigaavut, pingaarnertut nerisassaraavut. Alliartornitsinni taakkuinnaviit inuussutigaavut allanik nerisassaqarsimanngilagut. Allaammi ullumimut inuussutigaavut annaasorusunngeqaavulli. (Inuutiq Ikkaraluk, Kangigtugaapik) q

Tassa taanna ikermik uagut taasarparput pikialasorsuaq, uumasut aasigiinngitsorpassuit qilalukkat qaqortat qernertallu, puisit, ussuit, natsersuit taavalu aasalernerani eqaluppassuit sinersisarput, taavalu miluumasut erniortuusarlutik, nannullu nerisaat. Pingaarnerpaamillu appaliarsuit mitit naajat taateraat timmisarpassuit taakani neriniartarput, uagullu taakku nerisaralugit pinngitsoorsinnaanagit neqit. Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu, eqalupparpassuit sinertarput angisuut, sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq) q

Allallu timikkut anersaakkullu inuujuarnissap pingaarnerpaajusimanera naqissuserpaat.

tassa inuusaaserput! Inuunerput ingerlattuarparput uumasunik, timmissanik

aalisakkanillu inuussuteqarluta. Taakkuami ilitsoqqussaralugu inuussutivut nerisarsimanngitsuugaluarutsigit naluara sumiissagaluarnersugut. Peqqinnarnerpaajupput tassaappummi inuussutissat peqqinnarnerpaat qaqugorsuarmullu illersortuarusuppavut taakkuummatami nerisarisatsinni pingaarnerpaat. Asiliarluta nunamiikkaangatta, sikumiikkaangatta, tammaariarlutaluunniit, aalisariarlutaluunniit taamaalioraangatta peqqissumik inuunerput ingerlattuartarparput. Tassa tamakkiisumik anersakkut peqqissuseq. (Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittoq) q

Aujuittumi nerersuaqatigiinneqq

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Assiliisoq: Alfred ER Jakobsen

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INERIARTORNEQ: UMIARSUARNIK ANGALLANNEQ, AALISARNEQ, TAKORNARIARTITSINEQ, AATSITASSARSIORNEQ Ineriartornerup annertuseriaqqinnissaa eqqarsarnartoqartinneqarpoq, takorniariartitsineruppat, aatsitassarsiorneruppat imaluunniit umiarsuarnik angallannerulernermeersuuppat tamarmik Pikialasorsuarmut akornusersuinerulernermik kinguneqartussaapput, ineriartortitsinissamik pisariaqartitsineq pingaarnerutinneqassappat. Tamanna pillugu ataaseq ima oqarpoq,

ineriartorneq Inuit piniarnikkut pisinnaatitaaffiiniit pingaarnerutinneqarpasippoq, kissaatiginarporli aqutsinikkut pilersaarutit atuutilersinneqannginnerini uagut piniartuusugut isumasiorneqartassasugut. (Moses Koonook, Igpiarjuk) q

Umiartorneq sumiiffimmi pingaaruteqarpoq malunnaatilimmillu aningaasarsiornikkut

sunniuteqarluni. Naatsorsuutigineqarpoq silap pissusaata allanngorneratigut avannaani umiartorneq annertusissasoq tikikkuminarsinerata kingunerisaanik. Inuit arlallit Nunatta Qimusseriarsuullu imartaanni umiarsuit angallannerulernerisa uumasunullu sunniinermikkut kingunissaat ernummatigalugu oqaatigaat. Kalaallip ataatsip nassuiaaneratut,

una imartarsuaq angisoorsuartut isaasalerlugu taaneqarsinnaajunnaarami, umiarsuit angisoorujussuit tassuunaartalissagaluarpata mikivallaarami uumasunut umiarsuarnullu. (Nikolaj Heilmann, Upernavik) q

Umiarsuit amerlippata uuliakoornernut, pujoq qernertumut, ballastimik kuutsitsineq, nipiliornerit, uumasut allaneersut takkunneri, qaamanermilluakornusersuinerit aarlerinarnerulissapput. Kalaallip allap sunniutissat tamakku (uuliakoornerit immikkut) nerisaqarniarnermut kingunerisinnaasai aamma takorloorpai oqarluni,

Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu. Uuliamillu tassa mingutsitsisoqajallappat nunguttussat sorpassuillu, qilalukkat arferillu taavaniittarput piniagassat assigiinngitsorpassuit. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

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Arlalinniit umiartorneq pillugu ernummatinut iliuusissanik siunnersuuteqartoqarpoq, ilaatigut malittarisassiornikkut nakkutilliinikkullu.

Umiarsuit amerlippata malittarisassiorneqarsinnaapput; allat oqartarput ingerlaaqqusaajunnaassasut. (Elizabeth Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q

Illuttut nakkutilliisoqarfeqartariqarpoq, suleqatigiissinnaasunik, attaveqaataasinnaavoq ICC. (Abraham Kublu, Mittimatalik) q

Sumiiffik illersorluassagutsigu, siunissami sumiiffimmi eqqaanilu umiartorneq inerteqqutaalertariaqarpoq. Immaqa taakku allat suleqatigigutsigit angusaqarnerussagaluarpugut. (Kaaleeraq Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q

Umiarsuarnik tamaani angallannerulerneq ilaatigut aalisalernermeersuuvoq. Pikialasorsuarmeersut aalisakkat inunnut Ammalatallu qanigisaani najugaqartunut pingaaruteqartupilussuupput

inuillu aalisakkat qanoq atorluarneqarsinnaaneri nikerartuarnerilu ilisimaarilluarpaat. Soorlu aalisartut ilaata ima oqaasertalerpaa, Pikialasorsuaq aalisagaqarfittut inunnut ammalataq kaajallallugu najugaqartunut pingaaruteqarluinnartuuvoq aalisagaqatigiillu ingerlaartarneri allanngorarnerilu ilisimalluinnarpaat. Soorlu Kalaallip aalisartup oqaluttuarigaa,

sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik, sineriak manna avunga tamaat eqalunniartarfiuvoq, avannamut Inuarfissuarput qaqqanngitsumut eqaluppassuit ersertarput aasakkut maanga anngullutik, tassa taakku kuukkut Iterlassuakkut majortartut eqaluit, sisusarlutillu, tassa uagut nerisagut taakku. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aammali aalisartitseqatigiiffiit assigiinngitsut tamaani qaleralinniartarput kinguppanniarlutillu. Ingerlatseqatigiiffiit pineqartut naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut suliffissaqartitsipput, umiarsuarni inuttanut nunamilu tunisassiorfinni sulisunut. Ingerlatseqatigiiffiilli ilai naalakkersuinikkut ingerlatsivinnut paasissutissiisarniarlutik ilisimatuussutsikkut misissuisarput. Nunavumi Aalisarnikkut Imarsiornermullu Pikkorissarnermut Ingerlatseqatigiiffik Nunavummiunut aalisarnermik suliffissuaqarnermi ingerlataqalerusuttunut sungiusarnissamik periarfissiisarpoq. Ingerlatseqatigiiffik alla Northern Coalition issittormiut nunaqqataasullu kinguppattassinneqartarnissaannik qulakkeeriniarluni illersuisuuvoq.

Tassa taanna ikermik uagut taasarparput pikialasorsuaq, uumasut aasigiinngitsorpassuit qilalukkat qaqortat qernertallu, puisit, ussuit, natsersuit taavalu aasalernerani eqaluppassuit sinersisarput, taavalu miluumasut erniortuusarlutik, nannullu nerisaat. Pingaarnerpaamillu appaliarsuit mitit naajat taateraat timmisarpassuit taakani neriniartarput, uagullu taakku nerisaralugit pinngitsoorsinnaanagit neqit. Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu, eqalupparpassuit sinertarput angisuut, sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik.(Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aalisarnerup annertusiartornerata saniatigut, avannaarsuarmiut Pikialasorsuup sineriaanut takornarissat amerliartorneri ilisimallugillu mianernartoqartippaat. Avannaarsuata soqutigineqaleraluttuinnarnera, silap pissusiata allanngoriartornerata kingunerisaanik

tTakornariartaat Clipper Adventurer.

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“nungutaalersunillu takornariat” – “nunguissortinnagit takunnikkusuttut”, maani issittormiuusunut alaatsinaannerulersitsipput mianersornerulersitsillutillu tassami takornariat qeqertanut sinerissallu ilaanut tikerartartut amerliartuinnarput. Nunaniit imaatigut takornarissanik killilersuiniarnerit assigiinngisitaaqaat, sukangasumik nakkutilliinermiit eqaatsumik aqutsinernut. Suliffeqarfiit namminneq najoqqutassiaat aamma atorneqartarput. Malittarisassaqartariaqarpoq, atuutereersut saniatigut, tikeraanut malitassanik takusinnaasariaqarpaammi sumiiffiit sorliit takornariarneqarsinnaasutut akuerisaanersut. Takornariat imaatigut angalallutik qeqertanut misissuillutik pisarnerat uumasunillu nujuartanik akornusersuilersarnerat isumakulunnartuuvoq.

Imaatigut takornarissat amerlissappata uumasunut assigiinngitsorpassuarnut, aalisakkanut timmissanullu Nunatta kitaaniittunut kinguneqarsinnaavoq. (Jakob Qujaukitsoq, Qaanaaq) q

Pingaaruteqassaqaaq nunamik akjornusersuivallaannginnissaat (Moses Koonoo, Igpiarjuk)

Ilungersuutit allat angusaqarfiusarput nunaminertat suut immikkut illersorneqartariaqarnersut pillugu aalajangiisartunik aqutsinermut ataatsimiitsitaliornikkut, assersuutigalugu Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area.1 Tassunga ilaavoq Qorfik (Coburg Island) taanna Pikialasorsuup ilaaniippoq Timmissanullu 1995-mi Eqqissisimatitsivittut Naalagaaffimmiit Illersugassanngortinneqarnera eqqaaginnarsinnaavarput. Soorlu nunaqqataasut ilaata nassuiaatigigaa,1 Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area – Eqqissisimatitsiuvoq

Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugit Inatsit tunngavigalugu aamma Uumasut Nujuartat Aqunneqarnerat pillugu Inatsit malillugu. Inuit nunap immikkoortuani nunalu tamakkerlugu soqutigisaqaqatigiiffiinit tapersersorneqartoq. Eqqissisimatitsivik tamanna aqunneqarpoq Canadami Avatangiisit aamma Silap Pissusaata Allanngoriartornera pillugu Oqartussaqarfianit Aujuittumilu Aqutsisoqatigiit Ataatsimiitsitaliaanit Nunavumi Nunamik Piginnittussaaneq pillugu Isumaqatigiissutaanni (Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, NLCA) Artikel 5 malillugu suleqatigiinnikkut. NLCA-lu innersuussutigalugu eqqissisimatitsiviusumi Nunavumi ajunngitsorsiassaqartut (piginneqataasut) uumasunik nujuartanik atuisinnaatitaajuartussaapput, mannissarsinnaatitaallutik qiviunillu katersisinnaatitaallutik.

Takornariat tikinnaveersaartinniarneqanngillat ammalatamilu uumasunut nujuartanut kingunipilutsitsinnginnissaq qulakkeerniarneqarneruvoq. (Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq)

Takornariartitsinerulernerup kingunissai ajortut isiginngitsuusaarneqassanngikkaluit, umiarsuarnik takornariartitsisartut piniariartitsinerillu iluaqutissartaqarsinnaapput. Assersuutitut, Canadami Nunatsinnilu Pikialasorsuup inoqarfiit eqqaamiui nannunniarnermik, umimmanniarnermik, tuttunniarnermik amarorniarnermik uumasunillu allanik piniariartitsinermik neqeroortarput. Aningaasarsiornikkut ineriartorfiulersinnaavoq inoqarfinnilu suliffissaqartitsinikkut iluaqutissiisinnaalluni. Tamaanga nunap immikkoortuanut takornariartitsisarnerup nunat inoqqaavisa kulturiannik paasinninnerulersitsisoqarsinnaavoq, kulturip paasissutissiissutigisarneratigut ilinniartitsinikkullu paasinninnermut annertusaataasinnaammat.Iluaqutaasinnaasut akornutaasinnaasunut sanilliullugit oqimaalutarneqarsinnaapput, umiarsuit tikittartut amerliartuinnartut akornanni takornariartitsisuuppata, misissueqqaartuuppata imaluunniit assartuussisartuuppata.

Avannaani isumalluutinik uumaatsunik misissueqqaarnerit aatsitassanillu iluaquteqarnerit inoqarfinnut ataasiakkaanut aningaasarsiornikkut isaatitsivittut pingaaruteqartuupput, taamaakkaluartorli avatangiisinut uumasunullu nujuartanut suliffissuaqarnerup innarliinera Kangerlinerup eqqaamiuanit isumakulunnartoqartinneqarpoq. Aatsitassarsiorfimmi sulineq pillugu innuttaasut ilaannik apeqqarissaarneqartoq ilaatigut ima oqarpoq,

Paasisatta ilagaat aatsitassarsiornerup matoreernerata kingorna ingerlatseqatigiiffiillu qimagutereernerisa kingorna uumasut nujuartat aatsaat ukiut 30-it ingerlaneranni isumaminnik pissusissamisoortumik uteqqissinnaasartut.[Elijah Kalluk Panipakoochoo, Mittimatalimmiu) q

Tamannarpiarlu pillugu kalaallit ilaata ima oqaasertalerlugu naqissuserpaa,

Assiliisoq: Vincent DesrosiersAs

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Taakkua soorlu immap naqqani uuliamik ujarlertut ujaqqanillu misissuisut - taanna assut uagut nuannarinngeqaarput, soorlu piniagassat tamarmik - issittup uumasui - qimaassapput, taava aallarfissaqanngillat, immamut kissarnerusumut pisinnaanngillat soorlu Amerikap eqqaanut allamulluunniit kujasinnerusumut qimaaffissaqanngillat imaq kissartuummat. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aammattaaq, inoqarfimmiut ernummatit taakku qanoq pineqarnissaanut siunnersuuteqarput:

Isumaqatigiissutit tamarmik qulakkeerinnittuusariaqarput, soorlu Inuit Impact Benefit Agreement, Aatsitassarsiornermit Iluaqutissartai pillugit Isumaqatigiissut (IBA), siunnersuutigineqarpoq tassuunatigut uuliasiornermit gassisiornermillu ingerlatseqatigiiffiit nunamik mianerinnittuusariaqarnerinik sumiiffinnilu inuusunik suliffissaqartitsillutik. (Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalimmiu)

Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalimmiu p

Allat misigisimapput “suliffissaqartitsinikkut iluaqutissiinerit avatangiisinut innarliinernut sanilliullugit iluatinnaateqarnerusut.” (Sam Omik Mittimatalimmiu) q

Bylot Islandip eqqaani appa sikumiittoqq

Assiliisoq: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr (https://ww

w.flickr.com

/photos/susanvg)

Assiliisoq: Vincent DesrosiersAsiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers


Suliffissaqartitsinerup pisariaqartinneqarnera allanit aamma naqissuserneqarpoq:

Nammineerlunga isumaqarpunga nunarput uumasullu annertuallaamik innarlerneqanngippata taava aningaasarsiornikkut iliuuseqarniarnerit isumaqatigisinnaagaluarpakka. (Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuitturmiu)

SAKKUTOOQARNIKKUT ILIUUTSITSakkutuut Canadameersut 1950-ikkunniillu tamaaniittalersimapput, taamanikkut Siusissumik Aarlerisaarummik radareqarfiliormata (DEW Line) Alertimik taaguuteqartumiittumik (Umimmaat Nunaata avannaata tungaaniittoq) Canadami sakkutooqarnikkut atortulersuutit avannarlerpaartaatut inissisimasoq. Kitaaniipporlu Qausuittumiittoq Illersornissamut Attaveqaatikkut Misissuiffik [Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE)] aamma (Attaveqatigiinnikkut Qitiusumik Misissuiffik) raketinik naalaarutinik aallartitsiviusartoq. 1966-ip 1971-illu akornanni raketit Black Brantimik aamma Boosted Arcasimik taaguuteqartut igeriunneqartarsimapput. Ullumikkut Pikialasorsuup imartaanut raketit nakkartarput, taakkua Ruslandimiit igeriunneqarsimasut sinnikui qaammataasaneersut piginnittunit assigiinngitsunit pigineqartunit aningaasarsiornermut atorneqartuneersuusarsimapput. Taamatut inissisimalernerup alaatsinaanneqaqqissaarneqarnissaa pisariaqarluinnarpoq, seqummakut arlaatigut sunniuteqapilussinnaanerat ikummatissallu sinnikuisa Pikialasorsuarmi uumasunut avatangiisinullu ulorianartorsiortitsilersinnaanerat eqqarsaatigalugu.

Imartaq Canadap avannaata Kalaallit Nunaatalu Baffinip Kangerliumarngata avannarpasissuaniittoq sakkutuunit Canadameersunit Danmarkimeersunillu ulloq manna tikillugu sungiusarfittut nakkutigineqartutullu inissisimajuarsinnarpoq. Ilisimaneqarnertutut Tartupaluup kimit oqartussaaffigineqarnera Canadap Danmarkillu akornanni assortuussutaajuarsinnarpoq, eqqisseqatigiinnissamillu siunnerfeqartumik isumaqatigiissuteqartoqarsinnaaneranik maligassiuisuusinnaagaluarluni. Oqaatsit atorlugit sorsuunnerup tamatuma takussutissartaraa sakkutuut imminnut tamaanga tikeraarlutik whiskeymik snapsimillu imminnut ukiumoortumik paarlaasseqatigiittalersimanerat. Pinnaassutaasoq tassaavoq Tartupaluk, taanna nunat sineraasa akornanni killeqarfiit nunat tamat akuerisaanni qeqqaneeqqissaarluni inissisimavoq.

uInoqarfinnut tusarniaanerni Isumalioqatigiissitaq

geografiimut paasissutissanik sammisanut assigiinngitsunut tunngasunik katersipput.

Imaani miluumasut siaruasimanerat pillugu nunaqarfimmiunit maluginiarneqartut

matumani takuneqarsinnaavoq (qarasaasiamik atortoqarluni toqqartumik paasissutissanik

pissarsiffiusinnaasumik nunap assilialiaq assilineqarpoq—taanna qanittukkut tamanut

ammasumik saqqummiunneqassaaq).


Assiliisoq: Crew and officers of the NOAA ship Fairw

eather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection


PIKIALASORSUAQ NUNALLU INOQQAAVISA PISINNAATITAAFFII PILLUGIT NALUNAARUTNaalagaaffiit Peqatigiit Nunat Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarutaat, 2007-imi akuerineqarpoq, tassanngaanniillu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatai tunngaveqarput. Danmark isumaqatigiissummik siusissukkut atsioqataavoq, Canadallu akerliusimagaluarnini 2016-imi tunuartippaa.

Nunat Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Isumaqatigiissutit malillugit, naggueqatigiit Inuit, ataatsimoorlutik inuttullu ataasiakkaatut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput. Taamaalillutik inuttut pisinnaatitaaffiit, tunngaviusumillu kiffaanngissuseqarlutik inuusinnaatitaanermik pisinnaatitaaffeqarput Naalagaaffiit Peqatigiit, Tunngaviusumik Inuttut Pisinnaatitaaffiit Nunallu Tamalaat akornanni inatsisit atuuttut (Aalajagersagaq 1) naapertorlugit akuerisaasumik.

Naggueqatigiit Inuit imminerminnut aalajangiisinnaassuseqartutut pisinnaatitaaffitsik tunngavigalugu Inuit pisinnaatitaapput:

u Naggueqatigiit namminneq aalajangiisinnaatitaanerat pisinnaatitaaffimminnillu atuutsitsinerinut tunngassutillit, naggueqatigiit Inuit imminnut naalakkersornermut tunngatillugu aalajangiisinnaassuseqarput susassaqarfinnut nunagisamut imminnut tunngatillugu, namminnerlu oqartussaaffigisatik pillugit aningaasalersuinissamut (Immikkoortoq 4) oqartussaaffeqartitaallutittaaq.

q Siorapalummi ataatsimeeqataasut

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C-18 Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut

Simmonie Manik—Immikkut Ilisimasalik, Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay) q


u Naggueqatigiit Inuit politikikkut, inatsisitigut, aningaasarsiornikkut, inuttut atukkatigut kulturimullu tunngasutigut namminneerlutik aaqqissuussisinnaatitaanermik, Naalagaaffiullu iluani politikikkut, aningaasarsiornermut, inuttut atukkatigut kultureqarnermullu tunngasutigut ingerlatsisinnaanikkut nukittorsaasinnaanikkullu immikkuullarissumik pisinnaatitaaffeqarput (Immikkoortoq 5).

u Pisinnaatitaaffigaattaaq imminnut tunngasut pillugit aalajangersaasarnerni oqartussaaffigisaminnut kalluaasussanut tunngasut pillugit toqqartumik peqataasinnaatitaaneq, namminneq malittarisassaliatik malillugit qinikkatik naggueqatigiit Inuit aqqutigalugit taamatullu nunat inoqqaavisa nammineq ingerlataminnut tunngasuni aalajangersaasarnerit pillugit ingerlataqarnissamut ineriartortitsinissamullu aamma pisinnaatitaaffeqarput (Immikkoortoq 18).

u Namminerlu inuuniarnermut ineriartornermullu tunngatillugu pisinnaatitaaffitik tamakkiisumik qulakkeerniarlugit, politikikkut, aningaasarsiornermut inuttullu atukkatigut aaqqissuusaanerminnut ingerlataminnullu tunngasut ingerlanneqarnerinut ineriartortinneqarnerinullu naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffeqarput, taamatullu killilersugaanngitsumik qangaaniillu ileqqut malillugit aningaasarsiornermullu tunngatillugu toqqartumik peqataasinnaatitaanermik pisinnaatitaaffeqarlutittaaq (Immikkoortoq 20).

Isumalioqatigiissitat Inassuteqaataanni qitiulluinnartoq tassaavoq naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigimmassuk ileqqutoqqat malillugit nunamik pigisaminnut allatigulluunniit atukkaminnut najugarisaminnut nunanullu atukkaminnut, nunap ilaanut, imartanut sinerissaminnut isumalluutiminnullu tunngatillugu siunissami kinguaariit ingerlatitseqqinnissaannut akisussaaffigisaminnut tunngatillugu immikkut anersaakkut attaveqarnertik peqqutigalugit ingerlataqarsinnaanerat nukittorsaasinnaanermillu pisinnaatitaaffeqarnerat (Immikkoortoq 25). Ilanngullugu naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigaat:

u Nunagisat, nunap ilaanut ileqqutoqqallu tunngavigalugit pigisaminnut, najugarisaminnut allatigulluunniit pigilersimasaminnut (Immikkoortoq 26). Naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigaat nunamik, nunap ilaanik ileqqutoqqatik malillugit pigilersimasaminnik nunap ilaanilluunniit najugarilersimasaminnik atukkaminnilluunniit, allatigulluunniit pigilersimasatik ilanngullugit pigisaqarnissaq, atuinissaq ineriartortitsinissaq aamma nakkutiginninnissaq (Immikkoortoq 26).

u Nunagisat nunalluunniit ilaannik isumalluutinillu taakkualuunniit pinngorartitsisinnaanerannut tunngatillugu eqqissisimatitsinissaq illersuinissarlu. Naalagaaffiit pisussaaffigaat nunat inoqqaavisa eqqissisimatitsinermut illersuinermullu siunertanut tapertaasussanik tunngavissanik piviusunngortitsinissamullu atugassanik maleruagassaliornissaq (Immikkoortoq 29);

u nunamik nunalluunniit ilaanik aamma isumalluutinik atuinermut tunngatillugu aalajangersaanissaq pingaarnersiukkanillu ineriartortitsinissaq aamma periusissiornissaq (Immikkoortoq 32);

u attaveqaateqarnerit suleqatigiinnerillu, anersaakkut iliuuserisat ilanngullugit, kulturikkut, aningaasarsiornermut inuttullu atukkanut siunertanut, ilatsinnik taamatullu killeqarfik pitarlugu naggueqatitsinnik attavigisanik pigisaqarnissaq ineriartortitsinissarlu (Immikkoortoq 36).

Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut C-19

PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAT INASSUTEQAATAATInuit Kalaallit Nunaanni Nunavummilu anguniagassatut kissaataat naapertorlugit Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatinik pingaarnernik pingasunik ilusilersuipput. Inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinneqassappata taava naalakkersuinikkut oqartussaaffillit akornanni sutigut tamatigut qanittumik suleqatigiittoqarnissaa pisariaqarpoq. Isumalioqatigiissitami aamma ilisimaneqarpoq Nunatsinni Canadamilu naalakkersuinikkut aaqqiissuussaanerit assigiinngitsuusut.

Anguniakkat tamakku anguneqassappata qularnanngitsumik periutsit nutaat aalajangiunneqartariaqassapput.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu ilisimasat piaartumik annertusartariaqarnerat tunngavigalugu Isumalioqatigiissitap inassutigaa aqutsisoqatigiinnik inoqarfinnit aallaavilinnik Inunnillu siulersorneqartunik Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasunik suliaqartussanik pilersitsisoqassasoq. Inoqarfinni najugaqartut Pikialasorsuup siunissaa pillugu oqartussaaqataarusupput aamma kiffaanngissuseqarlutik akunnerminni angalasinnaarusupput.

Matuma kingorna inassuteqaatit naalisarlugit allaaserineqarput taamatullu inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinneqarsinnaanerat eqqarsaatigalugu ullumikkut periarfissaareersut iluaqutaasinnaasullu allaaserineqarlutik.

1. Nunat marluk akornanni aqutsisoqatigiinnik Inunnit Pikialasorsuup qanittuani najugaqartunit siuttuuffigineqartunik pilersitsisoqassasoq. Aqutsisoqatigiit Pikialasorsuup alaatsinaanneqarnera ilisimatusarfigineqarneralu nakkutigissavaat Pikialasorsuarmilu eqqaanilu uumassusillit illersugaanissaat siuarsaavigissavaat, tassungalu attuumassutilinni inoqarfiit inuuniarnikkut atugarisaat malinnaaffigissallugit.

2. Inoqarfinni inuusut isumasioqatiginerisigut imartap illersugassaasup aalajangersimasumi sumiissusersinissaa, nunat pineqartut marluk akornanni ammalatap avataatungaa ilanngullugu, taamaaliornikkut inoqarfiit taakkulu uumassusilinnik pissaqarfii imminnut atasut takussuserneqassammat.

3. Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu naggueqatigiinnit Inunnit killilersugaanngitsumik angallavigineqarsinnaajuarnissaa aalajangersaavigineqassasoq.

C-20 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat

Isumalioqatigiissitat tusarniaanerminni paasisaasa qitiusut ilagaat Pikialasorsuarmut qanittuanullu Inunnit siulersorneqartunik Aqutsisoqatigiinnik nunanit marlunnit sinniisoqarfiusunik pilersitsisoqartariaqartoq. Pikialasorsuarmi eqqaanilu uumassusillit illersorneqarnissaat siunertarineqassaaq, tassungalu atasumik inoqarfiit uumassusilinnik inuuniuteqartut peqqissusiat illersorneqassalluni. Aqutsisoqatigiit siunnersuisooqatigiinnit tapersersorneqassapput.

Tamatuma peqatigisaanik Pikialasorsuarmut aqutsisoqarfimmik tamaanilu inissisimasussamik Inunnillu nunanit marlunneersunik sulisulimmik pilersitsisoqassaaq. Aamma siunnersuisoqatigiinnik, Inuit ilisimasaannik ilisimatuussutsikkullu paasisanik apuussisartussanik pilersitsisoqassaaq. Siunnersuisooqatigiit Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasunik assigiinngiiaanik immikkut ilisimasalinnik inuttaligaassapput (soorlu oqaluttuarisaanermut, inuit imartamik atuinerannut, sikup immallu pissusaannut, assartuinermut, pisuussutinillu iluaquteqarnermut tunngasutigut). Siunnersuisooqatigiit immikkut ilisimalittut aqutsisoqatigiinnut nunanilu pineqartuni oqartussanut siunnersortaasinnaapput (soorlu ineriartortitassanut tunngasutigut, aalajangigassanut pilersaarusiornernut) tamakkulu saniatigut aqutsisoqatigiit ilisimatusarnikkut paasisat pillugit malinnaatitsisarsinnaasassapput, kiisalu pisut assigiinngitsut oqallinnerilluunniit Pikialasorsuarmut attuumassuteqarsinnaasut pillugit akuusassallutik.

SULEQATIGIINNIKKUT AVATANGIISIT NAKKUTIGINEQARNERAT

Ammalatap nakkutigineqarnera illuatungeriinniit (nunat) aaqqissuussamik ingerlanneqartariaqarpoq. Inuit Qikiqtani aamma Avanersuarmi najugallit uumassusillinnik Pikialasorsuarmik najuisunik uumassuteqartunillu qanimut ilisimaarinnittuupput. Ilisimasat ukiuni tusintilinni piniartuunikkut, aalisarnikkut tamaanilu angalasarnikkut ineriartortinneqarsimapput. Maannakkut Pikialasorsuaq pillugu ilisimasavut annertunerpaatigut paasiniaanernik tunngaveqarput, taamaakkaluartorli ataavartumik aaqqissuussamillu imartap qanoq issusianik imaluunniit silap pissusiata allanngoriartornerata sunniutaanik uumassusilinnilluunniit nakkutiginnittoqanngilaq. Uumasut assigiinngiiaarnerat inoqarfinnilu timikkut tarnikkullu peqqissuseq imartap pineqartup ”peqqissusaanut” attuumalluinnarpoq. Nakkutilleeriaatsimik Inunnit siulersorneqartumik pilersitsisinnaaneq Pikialasorsuup allanngutsaaliornissaanut pilersuiuarsinnaaneranullu qitiulluinnassaaq. Ataavartumik annertusisamillu Pikialasorsuarmik nakkutiginninneq tamaani pissutsit imminnut sunneqatigiittarnerisa paasilluarnerunissaanut pingaaruteqarluinnassaaq, tamatumunnga ilaalluni siunissami pinngortitap pilersissinnaasai uumassusillillu ataqatigiiaarnerannut tunngassutillit. Ukiumiit ukiumut nakkutiginninnikkut paasisat katersaasut tunngavigalugit piffissap

u INASSUTEQAAT 1: AQUTSISOQATIGIIT INUNNIT SIULERSORNEQARTUT

Qaanaarmiut ilisimasallit ataatsimiittut q



sivisuup ingerlanerani allanngoriartornerit ersiutaat paasiartorneqalissapput, inoqarfinnilu nalilersuinerit, paasinninneq aqutsinerlu pitsaanerusoq anguneqarsinnaassallutik. Siunnersuutigineqartutut inuit siulersugaannik ilisimatuussutsikkut, paasisat Qangaaniillu Ilimasat tunngavigalugit nakkutilliineq, tamatumalu aningaasalersorneqarnissaat aqutsisoqatigiit suliassaanni annertunerpaajussaaq.

Nunarsuup ilaani maani avatangiisit iluatsittumik nakkutigineqassappata, taava Inuit Qikiqtani aamma Avanersuarmiut suleqatigiinnissaat Inuillu ilisimasaasa ilisimatuullu misissuinertigut paasisaasa kattullugit tunngavigineqarnissaat pisariaqarluinnassaaq. Ataatsimoorussamik nakkutilliinermi Issittumi Inuit ilisimasaasa qitiunerat akuerineqassaaq. Avatangiisinik nakkutilliinikkut ilisimatusarnikkut suliniutigineqartut naapertuunnerusumik sammivilersorneqarsinnaapput, naalakkersuinikkullu siunnerfilersornermi aalajangiiniartarnernilu iluaqutaalerumaarlutik. Inunnit siulersorneqartumik nakkutilliinerup qangaaniit ilisimasat ilisimatusarnikkullu paasisat uumasut ilisimatusarfigineqarneranni illersorneqarnerannilu tapertariisinneqalissapput. Taamaaliornikkut

ilisimatusarnikkut naligiilluni Inuillu pingaartitaat naapertorlugit Pikialasorsuup illersorneqarnissaa pillugu Inuit soqutiginnittullu allat akornanni suleqatigiittoqalissaaq.

Taamaaqataanik tamaani sutigulluunniit ineriartortitsinerup pilersaarusiorneqarnerani suleqatigiinnissaq pisariaqarpoq. Inuit nalunngilaat inuiaqatigiit peqqissut aningaasarsiornikkullu ingerlalluartut avatangiisini peqqinnartuni aatsaat pilersinnaammata. Taamaammat Inuit, suliffeqarfiit Naalakkersuisullu Issittumi ineriartortitsinermi qaqugumut attanneqarsinnaasunik suliniuteqartut, tamaasa tamakkiisumik suleqatigerusuppaat. Suleqatigiinneq naalakkersuinikkut siunissamut aalajangersuineq ilanngullugu annertusarneqarsinnaavoq, taamaaliornikkut qulakkeerusullugu ineriartornermi avatangiisinik mianerinninneq inuuniarnikkullu atukkat pitsanngorsarneqarnissaat Inunnut iluaqutaasumik aallaaviussussaasut. Imartamik illersuniarnermi suliassat ilagisinnaavaat umiarsuit imartami illersukkami angalasinnaanerannut akuersissuteqartarneq allallu ingerlatsiniarnernut tunngasut.

pEva Aariak aamma Okalik Eegeesiak QIA-p Ikpiarsummi ataatsimiititsineranit saqqummiisut

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u INASSUTEQAAT 2: IMARTAP ILLERSUGASSAP KILLEQARFILERSORNEQARNERA

Isumalioqatigiissitap inassutigaa imartap illersugassap killeqarfilersorneqarnera inoqarfinnik Pikialasorsuarmut qanittuniittunik suleqateqarnikkut pissasoq, tamatumani imartaq nunat marluk akornanniittoq kiisalu imartarpiaap avataaniittut ilanngullugit, taamaaliornikkut imartap tunniuttagaanik inuuniuteqarneq inoqarfinnullu atassuteqarnera takussutissaqartinneqassammat. Erseqqissaatigineqassaaq, imartamik illersuiniarneq uumassusilinnik inuuniuteqarnerup taakkuninngalu nerisassaqartuarnissaq inoqarfinni Pikialasorsuarmut qanittuniittuni qulakkeerniarlugu ingerlanneqassammat.

Inoqarfimmiut Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittut sumiluunniit najugaqaraluarunik ataqqivaat suut tamarmik ammalatamut atasut tassanngalu pinngorarfeqartut. Taakkununnga ilaapput, sikoqarneranut tunngasut, silap qanoq inneranut, uumasut, inuussutissat, kulturi inuttullu atukkat. Inuit uumasullu akornanni pissuseqatigiinnerit Pikialasorsuarmilu imminnut ataqatigiinnerat eqqarsaatigissagaanni, nunarsuup immikkoortua tamaaniittoq ammalatamit siaruarsimaffiata killingi qaangerlugit sunnerneqaqqapput. Taamaattumik naggueqatigiinnit Inunnit siulersorneqartumik Pikialasorsuarmik aqutsisoqatigiit oqartussaaffigisinnaasaa eqqarsaatigalugu ammalatap siaruarsimassusaanit annertunerungaartumik tunngaveqartariaqarpoq. Taamatullu killiliinissamut ilanngunneqartariaqarput ammalatap kulturikkut uumassusillillu qanoq issusaat qaangerlugit. Taakkununngami ilanngunneqartariaqarput inoqarfinni Inuusut ammalatamit inuuniarnikkut, inuussutissarsiornikkut, kulturikkut, peqqissutsikkut qanorlu inuttut inuuniarnikkut atugassarititaasut. Ammalatami piniariartilluni aqqutit, sumiiffiit oqaluttuarisaanermut pingaaruteqartut qinniviillu tamarmik Pikialasorsuarmut tamaani nunarsuup immikkoortuani atalluinnartuupput. Taakkununngalu ilaapput imaani miluumasut timmissallu imarmiut ammalatami najugannaallit, kinguaassiortut, piaqqaminnillu alliartortitsinerminni alliartornerannut avatangiisit pisariaqartut kiisalu piniarnermik ingerlatsinermut tunngasut.

Nalunaarusiap immikkoortuani uani inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinniarlugit nunani pineqartuni nunallu tamalaat akornanni periarfissat suunersut misissorneqarpoq. Tamatumani eqqaamaneqassaaq imartaq pineqartoq pillugu Naalagaaffiit tassunga sineriallit nunat tamalaat akornanni aalajangersakkat naapertorlugit killilimmik oqartussaassuseqarmata.

INATSISIT NUNAT TAMALAAT AKORNANNI ISUMAQATIGIISSUTAASUT

Nunani pineqartuni namminerisamik aalajangersaasinnaanerit, matuma kingorna sammineqartut saniatigut, Isumalioqatigiissitap inassutigaa naalagaaffiit pineqartut nunat tamalaat akornanni inatsisit, soorlu Immat pillugit Inatsit (Law of the Sea) kiisalu International Maritime Organization (IMO) illersuiniarnermi iluaqutiginiarneqassasut.

Immat pillugit Inatsit pillugu isumaqatigiissutaasoq naapertorlugu Naalagaaffiit nunamut immamullu oqartussaassusillit sineriammiit miilit 12-it avammut aalajangersaasinnaassuseqarput. Tamatuma saniatigut, Naalagaaffik imaanut sinerialik immap naqqani nunavimmut attavilinni imartamilu aningaasarsiorfigisinnaasaminni (Exclusive Economic Zone = EEZ) immikkut pisinnaatitaaffeqarpoq. Tamatuma kinguneranik Canada aamma Kalaallit Nunaat/Danmark Pikialasorsuarmi ingerlanneqartut annertunersaannut oqartussaaffeqarput, tamanna immami nunamit oqartussaaffigineqartumi imaluunniit EEZ-mi pippat. Pisuussutit uumassuseqanngitsut pillugit oqartussaassuseqarneq, nukissiornermullu tunngassuteqartut kiisalu uumassusilinnik iluaquteqarneq eqqarsaatigalugit tamanna apeqquserneqarsinnaanngilaq. Tamanna aamma angallatinut suliniutinut suliani taaneqartunut tunngavoq. Naalagaaffiit immamut sineriallit aamma imartanik immikkut illersugassanik aalajangersaasinnaapput, taamaaliornikkulli mianerisassaq tassaalluni angallatit Naalagaaffinni allani angerlarsimaffeqartut ingerlaarsinnaanermut pisinnaatitaaffeqarnerisa innarlerneqannginnissaat.

IMO eqqarsaatigalugu, suliniaqatigiiffimmut tassunga 1948-mi pilersinneqartumut Canada aamma Danmark ilaasortaapput. IMO-p nunat tamalaat akornanni isumaqatigiissutit arlariit imaanut tunngassuteqartut, soorlu imaani angallannermi isumannaatsuunissamut isumaqatigiissut (Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) immallu umiarsuarnit mingutsinneqannginnissaat pillugu isumaqatigiissut, akisussaaffigai. IMO-mi aamma immat sunnertiasut pillugit aalajangersakkat atuutsinneqarput.

Imartat Immikkut Sunnertiasut (PSSA)

PSSA tassaavoq sumiiffik uumassusilinnut, inuuniarnermut ilisimatusarnermulluunniit pingaarutilik IMO-p iliuuseqarneratigut immikkut illersortarialittut ilisarnaatilik, ilisarnaatillu taakku nunallu tamalaat akornanni imaatigut angallannikkut ajoquserneqarsinnaallutik.2

2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/Default.aspx


PSSA-tut inissisimalernissamut piumasaqaatit pingaarnerit marluupput. Siullermik sumiiffik PSSA-tut inissinnissaanut akuerineqassaaq, immaqalu pingaarnertut, “ illersorneqarnissaanut iliuusissat” atuutsinneqalissapput. Alloriarnerup aappaa taanna aaliangiisuuvoq, tassami imartap PSSA-tut inissisimalernerinnaata nunat tamat akornanni qaffasissumut inississinnaagaluaraa inatsisitigut malitseqartitsineq ajorpoq. Inatsisitigut malitseqartitsineq illersorniarneranut iliuuserineqartunit aallaaveqassaaq, tassunga ilaasinnaapput imaatigut angallannikkut malitseqartitsinerit, nalunaarsuisussaatitaanerit, eqqaanissamut killilersuinerit, piumasaqaatit inerteqqutillu.3

IMO taama ittunut sumiiffissiinissanut innersuussinissanullu najoqqutassianik atuutsitsilernikuuvoq.4 PSSA-t arlallit nunamit taakkununnga sinerialimmit innersuussutigineqartartut allat arlalinnik tapersersorteqartarput.5 Najoqqutassiani innersuussutigineqarpoq “Nunat Naalakkersuisui marluk amerlanerusulluunniit sumiiffimmi aaliangersimasumi soqutigisaat assigiippata, ataatsimoorussaminnik siunnersuusiussasut.” Innersuussutit aallaavigalugit suliassat Isumalioqatigiissitap

3 s.7.5.2.44 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/

Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005).5 Matumani pineqarpoq imartami koraleqarfissuup sunnertiasup

eqqissisimatitaasup allineqarnissaa taamaalilluni Torresip Ikerasassua ilanngunneqarluni (2005-mi Australiamit aamma Papua New Guineamit siunnersuutigineqartoq, Baltiske Hav/Østersøen, (siunnersuutigineqartoq ukunannga: Danmark, Estland, Finland, Tyskland, Letland, Litauen, Polen aamma Sverige, kiisalu Ikerasak Bonafacio (Sardinien aamma Korsikap akornanni ikerasak) 2011-mi Frankrigimit aamma Italiamit siunnersuutigineqartoq, tamarmik naalagaaffiit arlaqartunit tapersersorneqarlutik.

ingerlatitseqqinnissaminni najoqqutassanik taakkuninnga isumaliuteqartariaqassapput, pingaartumik: (1) sumiiffiup innersuussap immikkut ilisarnaatai, (2) sumiiffiup nunat tamalaat akornanni umiarsuarnik angallannikkut sunnertiassusia, aamma (3) IMO-p oqartussaaffiani umiarsuit angallannerisa ulorianartorsiortitsinerisa pinaveersaartinnissaannut annikillisarnissaannut piuneerunnissaannulluunniit periarfissarititaasut.

Atlantikup Avannaata Kitaani Aalisarnikkut Kattuffik (NAFO) aamma eqqarsaatigisassaavoq, Canada Danmarkilu tassunga aaliangeeqataasutut ilaasortaammata. NAFO Aalisarnermut Ataatsimiititaliaq aqqutigalugu Ilisimatuussutsikkut Ataatsimiititaliamit siunnersorteqarluni aalisarnermik aqutsisuuvoq. NAFO-p pisinnaatitsissummik isumaqatigiissutigaa, Siunissami Atlantikup Avannaata Kitaani Aalisarnermi Nunat Arlallit Suleqatigiinnissaannik Isumaqatigiissut, taanna ilaatigut pisussaaffiliivoq, qangaaniit pisuussutinik atuisinnaatitaanermik, imaani avatangiisinik illersuinissamik, naasunik uumasunillu illersuinissamik, Sumiiffimmi Illersugaasumi uuliasiornissamik aatsitassarsiornissamillu inerteqquteqartitsinissamik Sumiiffimmilu Illersugaasumi aalisarnermut tunngasumik immikkoortoqarluni ilivitsumik.

NUNAT MARLUK AKORNANNI ISUMAQATIGIISSUTIT SUMIIFFINNILU SULINIUTIT

Ataatsimoorussilluni Ineriartortitsinissamik Isumaqatigiissut (Joint Development Agreement, JDA) isumaqatigiissutaavoq nunat marluk amerlanerusulluunniit akornanni pisuussutinik aqutseqatigiinnissamik imalik. Amerlanertigut imaani killeqarfinnut tunngatillugu isumaqatigiinniutigineqartarput. JDA-t

p Iglunaksuak Point. Pearyp nunap assiliaanit 1903-meersoq malillugu taaguutaa. Siorapalummiit Qaanaaq tungaanut Adolf Jensenimik ingerlaarluta assilisaq.

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amerlanertigut uuliaqarfinnik aqutseqatigiinnermut tunngatinniarneqartarput ikittunnguilli pisuussutinut uumassusilinnut tunngatinneqartarlutik. Isumaqatigiissutit taamaattut matumani soqutiginaateqarput, pissutigalugu suliffeqarfiit isumalluutigisaannik peqarluartarmata sumiiffimmullu aaliangersimasumut aqutseqatigiiffiusussamut tunngasunik aaliangersaaqatigiinnissamut periarfissaqartitsisarmata. Matumani assersuutigineqartut nunat marluk akornanni imartanut tunngatillugu isumaqatigiissutaapput:

Mascarenep Salliarnartaani Nunap Toqqavianut Seychellit Mauritius-illu Aqutseqatigiittuupput. Isumaqatigiissut UNCLOS-ip marloqiusamik oqartussaatitsineranut tunngasuuvoq. Taamaakkaluartoq isumaqatigiissutip atuutsinneqarnera, taamaallaat immap naqqani taassumalu iluani pisuussutinut tunngasuuvoq, imaani ikerinnarmi pisuussutit uumassusillit pineqaratik. Taakku nunat tamat imartaannut tunngasuummata nunanillu pineqartunit oqartussaaffigineqaratik.

Denmark (Savalimmiut)/Tuluit Nunaat (Storbritannien) akornanni nunap toqqaviini imartat killeqarfiisa assigiissumik avinneqarnissaasa pillugit isumaqatigiissuteqarput. Pisuussutinut tunngatillugu ass. aalisakkat, illuatungeriit sumiiffiup qaleriiffiusup ilaani oqartussaaqatigiinnissamik isumaqatigiissuteqarput (“sumiiffik immikkoortoq”). Isumaqatigiissut pisussaaffiliivoq aalisarnikkut soqutigisat imminnut akulerussuutinnginnissaannik. Pisussaaffiit aamma ilagaat sinerissap avataani sulianiit mingutsitsinermik pinaveersaartitsinissamik piujunnaarsitsinissamillu piumasaqaatit soqutiginissaat. Illuatungeriit isumaqatigiissutitoqqamut 2012-imi ilassuteqarput imartanik aningaasarsiorfiusunik suaaruteqarnermikkut (aalisarfiinnartut inissisimatikkunnaarlugit).

SUMIIFFIIT NUNAT INOQQAAVISA ILLERSUGAAT

Uumassusillit Assigiinngisitaarnerat pillugu Isumaqatigiissut Nunatsinni Canadamilu atuuppoq. Pisortat maanna 2020-mi sinerissap imartallu 10%-iata illersugaanissaannut nunat tamat pisussaaffiligaanerinut (“Aichimit anguniakkat”) eqquutsitsiniarlutik sulileruttorput. Pikialasorsuup piujuartinneratigut Nunavut/Canada aamma Nunarput/Danmark tamatumunnga qanillattornissamut alloriangaatsiassagaluarput. Isumaqatigiissut aamma piujuartitsinermut tunngatillugu nunat inoqqaavisa pisinnaatitaaffiisa pingaaruteqassusaannik malussarissuuvoq. Isumaqatigiissummi Immikkoortoq 8(j) imatut allassimavoq:

(j)nunap inatsisai atuutsillugit, nunat inoqqaavisa inuiaqatigiivisa ilisimasaasa nutartertarneri periusaallu inooriaasitoqqanut uumassusillit assigiinngisitaarnerinik

piujuartinneqarnerinut piujuartitsinermillu tunngaveqartumik atorneqarnerinut ilisarnaataasut ataqqillugit, eriagalugillut nutarterlugillu, ilisimasanillu nutarterinernik periutsinillu taakkuninnga pigisaqartut akuersinerisigut akuutinneqarnerisigullu siammasissumik atorneqarnissaannut siuarsaassallutik kiisalu ilisimasanik nutarterinerit periutsillu taakku atorneqarnermikkut iluaqutigineqarnerisa assigiissaakkamik siammarsarneqarnissaasa kaammattuutiginissaat;

Naalagaaffiit illuatungeriit Sumiiffiit Nunap Inoqqaavisa Illersugaannik (IPA-mik) atuutsitsilernissamik isumaliuteqartariaqarput, taamaalillutik Inuit imartaq pillugu angorusutaat piviusunngortissallugu tapersersussallugulu. IPA-mik innersuussinerup siunertaraa sumiiffiit nunap inoqqaavinut pinngortitakkut kulturikkulluunniit pingaaruteqassusasat suussusersinissaat, illersornissaat piujuartinnissaallu. IPA-t tassaapput sumiiffiit nunap inoqqaavinut pinngortitakkut kulturikkullu naleqassusiannik pingaaruteqassusiannillu inuinnaat paasinninnerannut siuarsaataasumik aqunneqarsinnaasut anguniarneqarnissaannik eqqummaaritsiniartussat. Taamatut innersuussinerup sumiiffinni avannarpasissumiittuni iluaqutinik suaaruteqarnerusinnaavoq piujuartitsinikkullu aningaasarsiornermut erseqqissaataasinnaalluni. IPA-t aamma inuiaqatigiit inuillu ataasiakkaat nunami inuuniarsinnaaleqqinnerisigut, inuusuttut ileqqutoqqanik oqaatsinillu atuilernerisigut, ilisimasatoqqanik katersinikkut nalunaarsuinikkullu kiisalu “nammineq nunagiuaannagassamik” qulakkeerinikkut inuttut naleqassusiannut saammaasseqatigiinnerannullu iluaqutaassapput.

Taamaattoq ilisimaneqarpoq IPA-t taakkuluunniit assigisaat, Inuit sammisaannik, soorlu pisuussutinik atuinermik killiliisinnaasut, tamannalu aqutsivimmik/ immikkut illersukkamik pilersitsiniaraanni mianerisassaalluni. Inuit atuisinnaanerat ineriartortitsisinnaanerallu qanorpiaq atuutsunneqassanersoq oqallisigineqartariaqarlunilu isumaqatigiinniassutigineqartariaqarpoq.

NUNAGISAMI INATSISIT

Nunat tamalaat akornanni aalajangersakkat saniatigut nunagisami inatsiseqarpoq inassuteqaatit imarisaannut tunngassuteqartunik.

CanadaCanadami inatsisit atuuttut malillugit Imartamik Illersugaasumik (Marine Protected Area, MPA) pilersitsineq pingasunik assigiinngitsunik tunngaveqarsinnavoq. Siullertut, MPA-mik pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq, Imaviit pillugit Inatsisip


(Oceans Act);6 ip immikkoortua 35 tunngavigalugu, aappaattut imartamik illersugaasumik pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugit Inatsit (Canada Wildlife Act);7 tunngavigalugu, pingajuattullu MPA-mik pilersitsinermut naalagaaffiup imaani allanngutsaaliukkatut toqqagaattut pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act (NMCA) (Canadap Naalagaaffiata imartaani Imartamik Allanngutsaaliukkat pillugit Inatsisaa) tunngavigalugu.8 Imartamik illersuiffiit immikkut illersugassanngortinneqarsinnaapput, Timmissat ingerlaartartut Eqqissisimatitsiviattut (Migratory Bird Sanctuaries),9 Naalagaaffiup Uumasunik Nujuartaqarfiatut (National Wildlife Areas)10 imaluunniit National Parkitut Naalagaaffiup Eqqissisimatitaatut.11 Immat pillugit Inatsisaatigoortumik Aalisarnermut Imaviillu pillugit Ministeri pisinnaatinneqarpoq “Canadami Naalakkersuisut sinnerlugit nuna tamakkerlugu imartanik illersuiffiusunik ineriartortitsinissaq piviusunngortitsinissarlu siunertaralugu siuttutut”12 akisussaatinneqarluni.6 Oceans Act, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/

stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html7 RSC 1985, c. W-9.8 SC 2002, c.18, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-

2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm9 Timmissat Ingerlaartartut pillugit Eqqissisimatitsivimmut

Malittarisassaniippoq, CRC 1978, c. 1036 Timmissat Ingerlaartartut pillugit Isumaqatigiissummut Inatsit, SC 1994, c.22.

10 Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugit Inatsit-miippoq, RCS 1985. C. W-9

11 National Parkit pillugit imaluunniit Naalagaaffiup Eqqissisimatitsiviinut Inatsit tunngaviuvoq, SC-2000, c. 32-mi. Nalinginnaasumik Aalisarneq Imaviillu pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfimmi paasissutissat takusinnaavatit ilaatigut uunga tunngasoq: Aalisarnermut Imaviillu pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfiup Canadap Naalakkersuisuisa Imaviit Illersugaanerat pillugu Periusissiaat, 2005 nr. 5. Periusissiami periarfissat allat aamma eqqaaneqarput, taakkununnga ilaallutik Uumassusillit Ulorianartorsiortitaasut (nungutaanissamut) pillugit Inatsit tunngavigineqarsinnaasoq, SC 2002, c. 29. Aamma Aalisarnermut Inatsit tunngavigalugu matusigallarsinnaaneq, RSC 1985, c. f-14.

12 Imaviit pillugit Inatsit, s. 35 (2).

Aalisarnermut Imaviillu pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfiup Canadap Naalakkersuisuisa Imaviit Illersugaanerat pillugu Periusissiaq 2005-imi akuersissutigaa pilersinneqartussaq, manna anguniarlugu: “ imartat illersugaasut ataqatigiiffiat (netværk), Canadap imartaata immamilu avatangiisit peqqissusaannut ilapittuutaasussatut pilersinneqartunut aqunneqartunullu imartanik imminnut ataqatigiissutut inissisimasunut aqunneqarnerannullu sinaakkusiarineqartup iluani.”13 Periusissiami naqissuserneqarpoq “Naalakkersuisut Canada tamakkerlugu Nunap Inoqqaavinik sunnerneqartussanik qanimut suleqateqarlutik imartanik illersuiffinngortussanik pilersaarusiornissamut, pilersitsinissamut aqutsinissamullu pisussaaffeqartut suleqateqassasullu.”14

Naak Periusissiami toqqartumik MPA-nik imminnut ataqatigiissunik pilersitsisoqarnissaanik erseqqissumik allassimasoqanngikkaluartoq, taamaattoq Canadami MPA-t ataqatigiiffiata “nunavissuarmi nunarsuarlu tamakkerlugu ataatsimoorfiusunut”15 attavilerneqarnissaa pingaaruteqartoq naqissuserneqarpoq, Canadallu Uumassusillit Assigiinngissitaarnerujussuat pillugu Isumaqatigiissummut pisussaaffeqarnera innersuussutigineqarpoq. Tassani Canadap imartaata 10 %-ia imartatut illersorneqartussaanera aalajangersagaavoq, tamannalu pisussaalluni kingusinnerpaamik 2020-mi imartat ataqatigiiffianni illersugaasut allanngutsaaliugassanngortullu aqqutigalugit.16

Pisussaaffiillu piviussunngortinniarlugit suliarineqartut ilaattut taaneqarsinnaavoq Tallurutiup Imanga

13 Imartat Allanngutsaaliorneqartut pillugit Canadami Naalakkersuisut Periusissiaat, 2005, NR. 12-mi.

14 Id., at 11.15 Issittumi Siunnersuisoqatigiit Issittup Imartaanut

Periusissiatut Pilersaarutaat malillugu Anguniagaq 4 matumani innersuussutaavoq, Id. nr. 13.

16 Id.,at 9.

p Qullissat. Kuupik V. Kleistip inunngorfia

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(Lancaster Sound) qanittukkut imartatut illersugaasutut naalagaaffiup toqqagaa. Augustimi 2017-mi Canadami Naalakkersuisut, Nunavummi Naalakkersuisut Qikiqtanilu Inuit Peqatigiiffiata nalunaarutigaat maannamut Canadami imartani anginerpaajulluni allanngutsaaliorneqartutut toqqarneqartoq. Imartaq Canadap sineriaata imartaata 2 %-ingajaanik annertussuseqarpoq manna tikillugu siusinnerusukkut illersugassatut aalajangersagaareersut ataatsimut katillugit angissusaata marloriaatingajaraa. Tallurutiup Imanga allanngutsaaliorneqartariaqarnera pillugu suliaq 1960-ikkunnili aallartissimavoq tamanna Inuit piniariartarfittut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut illersorneqartariaqartutullu ilungersuutigilermassulli. Illersorneqartunngortup aqunneqarnera Inuit ilitsoqqussaralugu ilisimasaannik tunngaveqassaaq, ingammik illersugaalersumut killeqarfiata iluaniittut inoqarfiit akisussaassallutik.

Kalaallit NunaatKalaallit Nunaat, Danmarkip 1721-miilli nunasiaatigisimasaa, ullumikkut nunaavoq imarsiornermut tunngasut pillugit annertusiartuinnartumik aqutsinermut akisussaasutut ineriartortuartoq. 1979-imi Namminersornerulernermiilli alloriarneq annertooq pivoq namminiileriartornermullu tamanna suli ingerlajuarpoq. Namminersornerullutik Oqartussatut Naalakkersuisunngortartut taamanikkorniillu pinngortitamik allanngutsaaliuinermut tunngasut akisussaaffigilerpaat. 2009-mili Kalaallit Nunaanni Namminersorneq pillugu inatsit17 atuutilermat isumalluutinut tunngasut akisussaaffiit Kunngeqarfik Danmarkimiit aqunneqartut Namminersorlutik Oqartussat akisussaaffigilerpaat, namminiileriartornermullu taamaalilluni alloriaqqittoqarpoq. Inatsillu tunngavigalugu

17 Qallunaat Inatsisaat nr. 473, 12. Juni 2009-meersoq Kalaallit Nunaata Namminersulerneranut tunngasoq.

Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut aalajangiinerannik tunngaveqartumik akisussaaffinnik amerlanerusunik tigusisinnaaneq aamma periarfissinneqarpoq.18 Danmarkillu suli naalagaaffittut inatsisitigut oqartussaaffiit akisussaaffigai imaanut tunngasut, sakkutooqarnermut tunngasut ilanngullugit (sakkutuut imarsiortut sinerissamik nakkutilliineq ingerlataraat), allallu pisussaaffiit nunanut allanut isumaqatigiissutinut tunngassuteqartut.

Kalaallit Nunaata sineriaaniit avammut 3 sømil tikillugu imaani avatangiisinut imartanullu tunngasut aqutsinikkut akisussaaffigai (imartat kangerliumanerniittut kangerluillu ilanngullugit). Inatsit nutaaq, Imaani avatangiisit illersorneqarnissaat pillugu Inatsisartut inatsisaat nr. 15, 8. juni 2017-imeersoq inatsit 2009 sioqqullugu atuuttut qanittukkut taarserpai taassumalu assinga Maannakkorpiarlu Danmarkimi inatsit imartanut 3 sømil avataaniittunut tunngasoq Folketingimi akuersissutigineqarnissaa suliarineqarpoq.

Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut Inatsaat nr. 11, 12. November 1980-meersoq Pinngortitamik Allanngutsaaliuinermik imaqartoq akuersissutigineqarpoq (“Pinngortitamik Allanngutsaaliuineq pillugu Inatsit”). Pinngortitamik Allanngutsaaliuineq pillugu Inatsit Kalaallit Nunaata Naalakkersuisuinut pisinnaatitsivoq nunap ilaanik imartanillu allanngutsaaliortarialinnik, taamatullu uumasunut nujuartanut aamma naasunut uumassusilinnullu pilersitsisinnaatillugit (taakkununngalu tunngatillugu aalajangiisinnaaneq 3 sømil qaangerlugu Kalaallit Nunaatalu tamakkiisumik imartaanut EEZ-anut tamakkiisumik tunngasuulluni). Pinngortitamik Illersuineq pillugu Inatsit 2003-mi atorunnaarsinneqarpoq, allamillu taarserneqarluni Pinngortitamik illersuineq pillugu Inatsisartut inatsisaat

18 Qallunaat Inatsisaat nr. 473, 12. Juni 2009-meersoq Kalaallit Nunaata Namminersulerneranut tunngasoq (AGSG).

Saamerlerniit: Qitdlugtoq Miúnge, Ikuo Oshima, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Siorapalummi q

Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth


nr. 29, 18. december 2003-meersoq (“Pinngortitamik Illersuineq pillugu Inatsit”).

3 sømil avataani suliat imaanit aallaaveqartunut tunngasut tamarmik ilanngullugit Danmarkimi maleruaqqusaasut malillugit aqunneqarput, taakku qanittukkut allanngortinneqartumiipput Imaani Avatangiisit Illersorneqarnissaat pillugu Inatsit19 ilanngullugu. Taassumuuna Kalaallit Nunaata imartaani avatangiisit illersugaapput, kisiannili najugannaat immikkut sunnertiassuseqartut immikkut illersugaanngillat imartalluunniit illersugaasut allat. Sumiiffinni ataasiakkaani nunami imaaniittulluunniit najugannaat illersugaanerat tamarmik nalinginnaasumik nalunaarutitigut aalajangersaanerit aqqutigalugit pisarput.

Qimusseriarsuaq pillugu inatsisit atuuttut Isumalioqatigiissitap immikkut isiginiarpai, nunaqarfippassuimmi Pikialasorsuarmut toqqartumik attuumassuteqartuusut Qimusseriarsuarmiittut Pikialasorsuaq tamaat isigalugu qanigisaaniittuummata. Kalaallit Nunaanni sumiiffinnik illersuiffiusut ullumikkut aqqaneq marluupput, Qimusseriarsuaq

19 matuma nalunaarusiap naqitanngortinnerata nalaani issuaavigineqarsinnaanngilaq.

pillugu Eqqissisimatitsivik ilanngullugu. Qimusseriarsuaq Kalaallit Nunaat sinnerlugu nalunaarusiami ilanngunneqarsimavoq, Uumassusillit Assigiinngissitaartut pillugit Isumaqatigiissutip ataaniittutut ilaalluni “Pinngortitami Ataqatigiiffittut Uumassusilinnullu Immikkut Pingaaruteqartutut” taaneqarluni. Sumiiffik tamanna immikkut soqutiginaateqartutut isigineqarpoq, tassami inatsit pineqartoq pilersinneqarsimavoq aqunneqarnissaa siunertaralugu erseqqissunillu siunertaqartunik immikkut ilassutinik maleruagassaqanngilaq aqutsinermulluunniit pilersaaruteqarani. Taakkuali saniatigut inatsisit atuuttut suliffissuaqarnikkut inerisaaviusinnaanerat periarfissiissutigineqarsimavoq, sumiiffik tamanna ulorianartorsiortinneqarsinnaalersillugu. Isumalioqatigiissitat maluginiarpaat Nunat Tamalaat Akornanni Pinngortitap Illersorneqarnera pillugu Kattuffissuata (IUCN) naalagaaffiit ilaasortaasut sumiiffinni eqqissisimatitsiviusuni isumalluutinik uumaatsunik misissuinerit piianerillu inatsisitigut inerteqqutaatissagaat. Isumalioqatigiissitat inassutigaat Pikialasorsuaq immikkut Aqutsivittut siunissami aaqqissuussivigineqassagaluarpat Qimusseriarsuaq pillugu Eqqissisimatitsiviup maleruagassai atuuttut naleqqussarneqartariaqartut.

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uNaggueqatigiit Inuit immap sikua ukiuni tusintilikkaani aqqusinersuartut atugariuarsimavaat


u INASSUTEQAAT 3: KILLILERSUGAANNGITSUMIK ANGALASINNAATITAANEQ


Pikialasorsuup ilaani nunaqarfimmiut akunnerminni killeqarfik akimorlugu angalasinnaanerisa unammillernarsigaluttuinnarnera Isumalioqatigiissitamit naqissuserneqarpoq. Peqataasorpassuit akornanni amerlasuut paasinninnerat malillugu tamanna aporfittut sakkortusisimavoq ingammik 11. September 2001-ip USA-p peqqarniisaarfigineqareernerata kingorna. Angalasinnaatitaanermut tunngatillugu unammillernartut ilagaat allaffissornikkut qitiusumik ingerlatsiveqannginneq, aningaasartuutit qaffasippallaarnerat aamma nunap immikkoortuini inoqarfiit imminnut qanitariit akornanni silaannakkut angallannikkut periarfissalunneq. Angalasinnaanermut passeqartariaqarneq akornusersuutaasorujussuartut inunnit tamaani najugaqartunit isigineqarpoq. Siku ikaarlugu imaatigulluunnit aamma silaannakkut Nunavut Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanni killilersugaanngitsumik nakkutilliinermullu aporfissatigullu minnerpaamik malittarisassaqarfiusumik angalasalernissartik angorusunnerpaavaat.

Matuma siuliani Nunat Tamalaat Akornanni aalajangersakkat tunngavigalugit matuma kinguliani nalunaarsorsimasut atorlugit Canadap Kalaallit Nunaata/Danmarkip akornanni Nunat marluusut akornanni isumaqatigiissusiorsinnaanerannut sinaakkutitut ineriartortitsinissamut atugassaqqissuupput, taamaaliornikkut naggueqatigiit Inuit Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaneersut angalasinnaanerat pisariinnerulersissinnaallugu. Taamaaliornikkullu Nunat Tamalaat Akornanni inuttut pisinnaatitaaffinnik illersuinermik aqqutissiuussisoqassagaluarpoq, akuersortumik ataqqinnittumillu tunngaviliilluni kulturikkut imminnut attaveqatigiissinnaanermut pisinnaatitaaffik aamma naalagaaffiup iluani kiffaanngissuseqarluni angalasinnaaneq kiisalu naalagaaffiup qimassinnaaneranut kiffaanngissuseqarneq ilanngullugu. Taamatut imminut attaveqatigiissinnaanermut tunngatillugu pisinnaatitaaffinnik atuisinnaaneq malillugillu iliuuseqarsinnaanerit illersorniarlugit naalagaaffimmut

piumasaqaataasut ilagaat nunat tamalaat killeqarfiisa pisariaqanngitsumik killilersuutitut atorneqannginnissat siunertaralugu iliuuseqarnikkut qulakkeerinninnissaq.20

Naalagaaffiit marluk akornanni isumaqatigiissutit pituttuisuupput nunat akornini susassaqarfinnut tunngasutigut suleqatigiinnissaraluanut. Sumiiffiup iluani angalanermut killilersuutit pisariillisarnissaat siunertaralugu naalagaaffiit marluk akornanni isumaqatigiissummut tapersersuutitut assersuutit assigiinngitsut Isumalioqatigiissitap nassaarisimavai. 1700-kkunni USA-p Tuluillu Nunaata akornanni isumaqatigiissutitut atsiugaasimasoq Jay Treatymik taaneqarpoq kulturikkut immikkut attaveqatigiinnernik siunertaqarmat. Assersuut alla taaneqarsinnaasoq tassaavoq Torres Strait Treaty – Australiap Papua New Guineallu akornanni isumaqatigiissutaasoq – killilersugaanngitsumik angalasinnaanermik ilaqartoq. Siuliani inassuteqataasut siuarsarniarlugit isumalluutinik uumassusilinnik avitseqatigiilluni atuiffiusuni sumiiffinnilu illersugaasuni aqutseqatigiinnissamik aamma immikkut aalajangersagartaqarput. Isumaqatigiissut siunnersuisoqatigiinnik aamma tusarniaaffigineqartartoqatigiinnik pilersitsinissamik periarfissiivoq, taaneqartumik Torres Strait-imi siunnersuisoqatigiit/ Torres Strait Advisory Council.20 Aamma takuuk FN-ip Nalunaarutaa Naalagaaffimmi

Inuit Pigisaat imaluunniit Ikinnerussuteqartunut, Upperisarsiornermut aamma Oqaatsitigut Ikinnerussuteqartunut Pisinnaatitaaffiit pillugit, uani takuneqarsinnaasoq: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm Artikel 2(5) malillugu aalajangersagaq una: “Inuit ikinnerussuteqartunut ilaasut assigiinngisitsinertaqanngitsumik, kiffaanngissuseqartumik eqqissisimasumillu ilaminnut attaveqaqatigiissinnaanerminnut aamma inoqatiminnut allanut ikinnerussuteqartunut pilersitsisinnaanertik ataavartumillu ingerlatsisinnaanerminnut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput Naalagaaffimmilu allami innuttaassuseqartunut ilaqutarisaminnut imaluunniit ikinnerussuteqartunut, innuttaassuseqarnertik, upperisaqarnertik imaluunniit oqaaseqaqateqarnertik tunngavigalugit attaveqarsinnaatitaapput killeqarfiit aporfiginagit.”


NAGGASIINEQ ALLORIAQQINNISSALLUIsumalioqatigiissitat manna tikillugu sulinerisa takutippaa Pikialasorsuarmi eqqissisimatitsineq, illersuineq aamma nalunaarsuineq Canadap Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanni pingaartinneqartariaqartut. Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittuni najugaqartut akornanni naggueqatigiinniillu Inunnit aqunneqartumik aqutsisoqarfiliornissaq tapersersorneqartoq ersarinnerpaavoq. Nunat akornanni suleqatigeeriaatsit pillugit sakkussanik assersuutissanillu naammattunik peqareeraluartoq, Isumalioqatigiissitap siunnersuutigaa maannakkorpiaq paatsoorneqarsinnaanngitsunik sinaakkusiortoqartariaqartoq piviusunngortinnissaannullu tapersersorneqartariaqartunik. Sinaakkutit akuerineqarnissaannut inoqarfinniit tusarniaaffigineqarsimasunit tapersersorneqartariaqarnerat aallaviusariaqarpoq. Taamaaliornissamullu naalagaaffinniit illugiissumik aningaasatigut allatigullu pisariaqartinneqartunik immikkoortitsinissaq pisariaqarpoq, taamaalilluni Pikialarsorsuup ammalatatut naggueqatigiit Inuit kinguaariinnut tulliuttunut ingerlaavartumik isumalluutaanissaa qulakkeerniarlugu allanngutsaaliorneqarlunilu illersugaasinnaanngortillugu.

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QUTSAVIGINEQARTUTPikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Canadami inoqarfimmiut immikkut qutsavigerusuppai ukunaneersut: Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) Kalaallit Nunaannilu ukunaneersut: Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq, aamma Upernavik. Piniartut, immikkut ilisimasallit inoqarfimmiullu piffissaqarlutik nammineq soqutiginninnertik atorlugu ilisimasatik pereersunut, pisunut siunissamilu Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasut saqqummiummatigit. Nunagisaminnut angerlarsimaffimminnullu uummammit pisumik tikilluaqqusinerannut iluunngarluta qujangaarpugut.

Teknikikkullu suleqataasut aamma qutsavigerusuppavut ukuusut: Alfred ER Jakobsen, Bjarne Lyberth, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Tukumminnguaq Nykjær Olsen, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Stephanie Meakin, Vincent Desrosiers, Anda Hansen, Rob Aube, Claudio Aporta, Agata Durkalec, King Air-imi timmisartortartut, Adolf Jensenip naalagaa inuttaalu, nutserisut, aamma ICC Canadami nutserisut sulisullu, Kalaallit Nunaannilu Isumalioqatigiissitamut tapersersuisunut. Isumalioqatigiissitaniillu Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiata immikkoortortaasalu, Hamletini Ilaasortat, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (Qeqertaalummi Inuit Peqatigiiffiata) aamma Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated-ip tapersersuinerannik. Qujavuguttaaq Dalee Sambo Dorough-mut (University of Alaska), Dany Dumont-mut (University of Rimouski), David Barberimut (University of Manitoba), Nigel Banks-imullu (University of Calgary) teknikikkut inatsisinullu tunngatillugu siunnersuinerannut.

Suliniut manna piviusunngorsinnaalerpoq tapersersuisoqarallartillugu aningaasalersuisoqarallartillugulu ukunannga: Oak Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Oceans North Canada aamma World Wildlife Fund Canada – Arctic Region.

Qujannamiik. Qujanaq. Aingai.

uAujuittuq


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tFacing page, clockwise from top: Eva Aariak with her family relatives from Avanersuaq; Rhoda Koonoo at the community hearing in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet); Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)

ᐊᐃᑉᐸᖓᓂ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓᓂ, ᖁᓛᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᒻᒧᑦ: ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ; ᕉᑕ ᑯᓄ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ; ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ

Qulaaniit nalunaaqutaq malillugu: Eva Aariak, avanersuarmilu ilaqutartaani assiliseqatigai. Rhoda Koonoo, Mittimatalimmi innuttaasunik ataatsimiititsinermit. Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)

© Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada / ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕ / Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiat, 2017

Ottawa, Canada / ᐋᑐᕚ, ᑲᓇᑕ / Ottawami, Canada

www.pikialasorsuaq.org

Authors / ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ / Allaaserinnittut Okalik Eegeesiak, Eva Aariak, Kuupik V. Kleist

Technical support / ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔩᑦ / Teknikikkut ikiuuttutStephanie Meakin, Alfred ER Jakobsen, Bjarne Lyberth, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Pitseolalaq Moss-Davies, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Lori Idlout, Nigel Banks, David Barber, Dany Dumont

Translators / ᑐᑭᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ / Nutserisut Kuupik V. Kleist, Bjarne Lyberth, Alfred ER Jakobsen, Eileen Kilabuk

Transcribers / ᓇᕿᑦᑕᖅᑏᑦ / Oqaaserineqartunik allattutTukuminngiaq Nykjær Olsen, Alfred ER Jakobsen

Editing support / ᓇᑲᑎᕆᔩᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑎᖏᑦ / IlusilersueqataasoqJoanna MacDonald, Agata Durkalec

Layout / ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖏᑦ / Ilusilersuisoq Agata Durkalec

People of the ice bridge: The future of the Pikialasorsuaqᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓSikukkut ikaartut kinguaavi: Siunissamilu Pikialasorsuaq

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© 1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (also known as World Wildlife Fund) / © ᓴᐃᓃᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᓅᔭᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓲᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᓐᓄᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔾᔪᓯᖏᓄᑦ (ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᓐᓄᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᑦ)® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark / “WWF” ᑖᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ WWF-ᑯᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᒋᓂᖓᓐᓂᒃ

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission was made possible through the financial support of the Oak Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the World Wildlife Foundation and Oceans North Canada.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑦ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᙱᑦᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᑯᓄᖓ ᐆᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᒍᐊᑕᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕕᐊᑎ ᒧᐊᕐ ᑎᒥᖓᖓ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᓇᑕ.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat sulisinnaalerput aningaasaateqarfinniit ukunaniit aningaasaliiffigineqarnikkut: Oak Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the World Wildlife

Foundation kiisalu Oceans North Canada.

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Appat Pikialasorsua q North Water Polynya ......Ellesmere Island KALAALLIT NUNAAT Ta l ur ti Devon...

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