Antiobiotika Golongan Lain Yang Ada Di Indonesia Adalah

7/25/2019 Antiobiotika Golongan Lain Yang Ada Di Indonesia Adalah

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Antiobiotika golongan lain yang ada di Indonesia adalah : Klindamisin, metronidazol, colistin, tinidazol, fosfomycin,

teicoplanin, vancomycin dan linezolid. Berikut informasi detail dari antibiotika golongan lain :

1. Klindamisin

Klindamisin digunakan untuk infeksi bakteri anaerob. Seperti infeksi pada saluran nafas, septikemia, dan

peritonitis. Untuk pasien yang sensitif terhadap penisilin Klindamisin juga dapat digunkan untuk infeksi bakteri

aerobik. Klindamisin juga dapat digunakan untuk infeks pada tulang yang disebabkan staphylococcus aureus.

Sediaan topikalnya dalam bentuk Klindamisin posfat digunkan untuk jerawat yang parah.

Klindamisin efektif untuk infeksi yang disebabkan mikroba sebagai berikut :

Bakteri aerobik gram positif seperti golongan Staphylococus dan Streptococus (pneumococcus)

Bakteri anaerobik gram negatif termasuk golongan Batericoides dan Fusobacterium

2. Metronidazol

Metronidazol efektif untuk bakteri anaerob dan protozoa yang sensitif karena beberapa organisme memiliki

kemampuan untuk mengurangi bentuk aktif metronidazol di dalam selnya. Secara sistemik metronidazol

digunakan untuk infeksi anaerobik, trikomonasis, amubiasis, lambiasis dan amubiasis hati.

3. Colistin

Colistin digunakan dalam bentuk sulfat atau kompleks sulfomethyl, colistimetate. Tablet Colistin sulfat digunakan

untuk mengobati infeksi usus atau untuk menekan flora di kolon. Colistin sulfat juga digunakan dalam bentuk

krim kulit, bubuk dan tetes mata. Colistimethat digunakan untuk sedian parenteral dan dalam bentuk aerosol

untuk pengobatan infeksi paru-paru.

4. Tinidazol

Tinidazol merupakan kelompok antibiotika azol. Mekanisme kerjanya dengan cara masuk ke dalam sel mikroba

dan berikatan dengan DNA.Dengan cara ini mikroba tidak dapat berkembang biak. Tinidazol adalah antibiotika

khusus yang digunakan untuk menghentikan penyebaran bakteri anaerob. Bakteri ini biasanya menginfeksi

lambung, tulang, otak dan paru-paru.

Sumber :

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/lifestyle/healthfitness/health_advice/netdoctor/

archive/100003949.html

5. Teicoplanin

Teicoplanin merupakan kelompok antibiotika dari glikopeptida. Bakteri memiliki dinding sel luar yang

dipertahankan oleh molekul peptidoglikan. Dinding sel sangat vital untuk mempertahankan pada lingkungan

normal di dalam tubuh di mana bakteri hidup.Teicoplanin bekerja dengan mengunci formasi dari peptidoglikan.

Dengan cara tersebut dinding bakteri menjadi lemah sehingga bakteri mati. Teicoplanin digunakan untuk infeksi


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serius pada hati dan darah. Teicoplanin tidak dapat diserap di lambung sehingga hanya diberikan dengan cara

infus atau injeksi.

Sumber :

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/lifestyle/healthfitness/health_advice/netdoctor/

archive/100003919.html

6. Vancomycin

Vancomycin bekerja dengan membunuh atau menghentikan perkembangan bakteri.

Vancomycin digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi pada beberapa bagian tubuh. Kadangkala digabung dengan

antibiotika lain.Vancomycin juga digunakan untuk penderita dengan gangguan hati (mis demam rematik) atau

prosthetic (artificial) hati yang alergi dengan penisilin.Dengan kondisi khusus, antibiotika ini juga dapat

digunakan untuk mencegah endocarditis pada pasien yang telah melakukan operasi gigi atau operasi saluran

nafas atas (hidung atau tenggorokan).

Vancomycin diberikan dalam bentuk injeksi untuk infeksi serius kalau obat lain tidak berguna. Walaupun

demikian, obat ini dapat menimbulkan beberapa efek samping yang serius, termasuk merusak pendengaran

dan ginjal. Efek samping ini akan sering terjadi pada pasien yang berumur lanjut.

Sumber : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202590.html

7. Linezolid

Linezolid digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi termasuk pneumonia,infeksi saluran kemih dan infeksi pada kulit

dan darah. Linezolid termasuk golongan antibiotika oxazolidinon.Cara kerja dengan menghentikan perkembang

biakan bakteri.

Linezolid dapat berupa tablet atau suspensi oral. Biasanya diminum sesudah atau sebelum makan dua kali

sehari (setiap 12 jam) untuk 10 sampai 28 hari. Jangan minum kurang atau lebih dari yang diresepkan dokteranda.

Sebelum minum suspensi oral, bulak balik botol dengan baik tiga hingga lima kali. Jangan dikocok.

Lanjutkan minum obat hingga habis walau anda merasa sudah sembuh.Jangan hentikan minum obat tanpa

bicara ke dokter anda.

Sumber : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a602004.html

Untuk pemilihan antibiotika golongan lain yang tepat ada baiknya anda harus periksakan diri dan konsultasi ke dokter.

Di apotik online medicastore anda dapat mencari antibiotika golongan lain dengan merk yang berbeda secara mudah

dengan mengetikkan di search engine medicastore. Sehingga anda dapat memilih dan beli antibiotika golongan lain

sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda.

Comment

1. asma yunita lubison03 November 2014
http://apotik.medicastore.com/artikel-obat/antibiotika-golongan-lainhttp://apotik.medicastore.com/artikel-obat/antibiotika-golongan-lainhttp://apotik.medicastore.com/artikel-obat/antibiotika-golongan-lain


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IMIPENEM

Indikasi:

infeksi gram positif dan gram negatif, aerobik dan anaerobik, prolaksis

bedah. Tidak dianjurkan untuk infeksi SSP.

Peringatan:

hipersensitif terhadap beta-laktam, gangguan fungsi ginjal, gangguan SSP

(misalnya epilepsi), kehamilan.

Kontraindikasi:

hipersensitivitas terhadap imipenem atau silastatin, menyusui.

Efek Samping:

mual, muntah, diare (pernah dilaporkan timbulnya kolitis), gangguan

pengeapan, gangguan darah, uji Coombs positif, reaksi alergi (ruam,

urtikaria, analaksis, nekrolisis epidermal toksik), mioklonus, konvulsi,bingung, gangguan fungsi mental, peningkatan en!im hati dan bilirubin,

peningkatan ureum dan kreatinin serum, "arna kemerahan di urin, reaksi

lokal berupa nyeri, kemerahan, indurasi dan trombo#ebitis.

Dosis:

injeksi intramuskuler:$nfeksi ringan dan sedang %&&-'%& mg tiap jam.*retritis dan servisitis gonokokus, %&& mg dosis tunggal.

Injeksi intravena:- gram per hari (dalam +- kali pemberian). *ntuk

kuman yang kurang sensitif, %& mgkg bbhari (maksimum ghari). /0 di

atas + bulan, 1& mgkgbb (maksimum ghari) dibagi dalam +- dosis.

Prolaksis bedah, gram intravena, pada "aktu induksi anestesi, diulangi +jam kemudian. Pada operasi dengan risiko infeksi tinggi (misal2 kolorektal)

dilanjutkan %&& mg,

3 dan 1 jam setelah induksi.


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List Nama Dagang4lastyn $v Pelastin

$milast Tienam

$mipenem-5ilastatin Timipen

$mipe6 7er6es $.8

Pelasap

http2pionas.pom.go.idmonograimipenem

Cefepime sebagai Antibiotik Sefalosporin Generasi IVPosted on9arh &, &&:;osafat reno ogata &13&&:

ndreas yulianto &13&'

Cefepime adalah antibiotik injeksi sefalosporin generasi $8 ? merupakan

suatu molekul !"itter ion. @"itter ionmerupakan suatu ion dipolar yang tidak

mempunyai muatan. Sebagai !"itter ion, cefepime mempunyai suatu muatan

negatif pada posisi pada inti ephalosporin dan suatu substituen yang

mengandung nitrogen kuartener (muatan positif) pada posisi + dari inti ephem. Aal

ini dikenal sebagai bullet-shaped. 0ongurasi tertentu !"itter ionini bertanggung

ja"ab untuk penetrasi yang epat daricefepime melalui membran luar bakteri

gram negatifdan sebagai salah satu kuni dari potensi antibakterialnya. Aal ini

dibuktikan dari terjadinya penetrasi sel yang epat, disebabkan dari efek penolakan

anion tertentu pada periplasma namun tidak terjadi pada ampuran ion dipolar ini.

9odikasi pada struktur inti cephem untuk menghasilkancefepime meniptakansuatu antibiotik dengan suatu spektrum antimikrobial yang seimbang dan luas serta

merupakan suatu potensi yang berharga untuk pera"atan infeksi, baik oleh bakteri

gram positifmaupun gram negatif.
http://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/elastyn-ivhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/pelastinhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imiclasthttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/tienamhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imipenem-cilastatinhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/timipenhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imipexhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/xerxes-ivhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/pelascaphttp://pionas.pom.go.id/monografi/imipenemhttps://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/cefepime-sebagai-antibiotik-sefalosporin-generasi-iv/https://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/cefepime-sebagai-antibiotik-sefalosporin-generasi-iv/#respondhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/elastyn-ivhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/pelastinhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imiclasthttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/tienamhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imipenem-cilastatinhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/timipenhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/imipexhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/xerxes-ivhttp://pionas.pom.go.id/obat/pelascaphttp://pionas.pom.go.id/monografi/imipenemhttps://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/cefepime-sebagai-antibiotik-sefalosporin-generasi-iv/https://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/cefepime-sebagai-antibiotik-sefalosporin-generasi-iv/#respond


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FarmakodinamikCefepime telah terbukti kemampuan bakterisidalnyamelalui analisis time-kill

(killing-curves) dan penentuan minimum bactericidal concentrations (9B5) pada

berbagai jenis bakteri. Casio9B59$5 cefepime adalah D untuk lebih dari 3&E

dari seluruh isolat spesies gram positif dan gram negatif yang diuji. Cefepimejuga

sinergis dengan aminoglikosida seara in vitro, terutama pada isolat Pseudomonas

aeruginosa.

Berikut ini beberapa strain organisme yang sensitif terhadap cefepime2

F Aerob Gram-positif:

G Staphylococcus aureus (termasuk strain penghasil beta-laktamase)

G Staphylococcus epidermidis (termasuk strain penghasil beta-laktamase)

G Staphylococci yang lain termasuk S hominis! S saprophyticus

G Streptococcus pyogenes (=roup streptooi)

G Streptococcus agalactiae (=roup B streptooi)

G Streptococcus pneumoniae (termasuk intermediate penicillin resistant

strainsdengan 9$5penicillin &, sampai mgml)

G b-hemolytic streptococci lain (=roup 5. =, H), S. bovis (=roup I), "iridans

streptococci

F Aerob Gram-negatif:

G#cinetobacter calcoaceticus (subsp. anitratus. $"oJ)

G Citrobacter spp termasuk C diversus! C treundii

G $nterobacter spp termasuk $ cloacae! $ aerogenes

G $scherichia coli

G %aemophilus in&uen'ae (termasuk strain penghasil beta-laktamase)

G lebsiella spp termasuk pneumoniae! oytoca! *'aenae

G +organella morganii

G +oraella catarrhalis (,ranhamella catarrhalis) termasuk strain penghasil beta

laktamase


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G eisseria meningitidis

G Providencia spp, termasuk P rettgeri P Stuartii

G Pseudomonas spp, termasuk P aeruginosa! P putida! P stut'eri

G Salmonella spp

G Serratia termasuk S marcescens

G Shigella spp

armakokinetik

Iari sisi farmakokinetik, konsentrasi cefepime terdistribusi luas pada

berbagai jaringan ? airan tubuh yang spesik sehingga ideal sebagai pilihan terapi

empirisberbagai kasus infeksi seperti terlihat pada tabel berikut.

Tabel konsentrasi rata-rata efepime di dalam berbagai jaringan (mgg) dan airan

tubuh (mgml) pada laki-laki

!A"INGAN A#A$

CAI"AN #$%$&

D'SIS

(I)*

+AK#$ "A#A-"A#A

DA"I SAMPLE P'S#-

D'SE (!AM*

K'NSEN#"A

SI "A#A-

"A#A

*rin

%&& mg &- :

g &- :1

g &- +,&

4mpedu g :, ',3

5airan

peritoneal g , 3,+

5airan lepuh g ,% 3,

9ukosa

bronkus g ,3 ,

Sputum g ,& ',

Prostat g ,& +,%


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pendiks g %,' %,

0antung

empedu g 3,: ,:

Berdasarkan luasnya spektrum bakteri dan distribusi cefepime pada berbagaijaringan dan airan tubuh maka cefepime dapat diindikasikan pada kasus2

G Septikemia

G Pengobatan empiris pada pasien febrile neutropenia

G $nfeksi saluran pernapasan ba"ah2 pneumonia dan bronkopneumonia

G $nfeksi saluran kemih bagian atas (pyelonephritis) dan ba"ah dengan komplikasi

G $nfeksi intraabdominal2 peritonitis dan infeksi saluran empedu

0K/TC $/I$0S$ Aipersensitif terhadap sefalosporin, penisilin, atau antibiotik L-

laktam lainnya.

P4CAT$/ Pseudomembran kolitis. Pemakaian jangka panjang. nak D + tahun.

0ehamilan ? laktasi.

4H40 S9P$/= Ceaksi hipersensitif, gangguan gastrointestinal, nyeri dada,

takikardi, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, dyspnea, sakit kepala, pusing, ansietas,

kebingungan, reaksi lokal.

IKS$S

De,asa

g $9 $8 tiap jam.

Infeksi saran kemi/ ringan sampai sedang

%&& mg- g $8 $9 tiap jam.

Infeksi ringan sampai sedang seain infeksi saran kemi/

g $8 $9 tiap jam.

Infeksi berat

g $8 tiap jam.

Infeksi sangat berat sampai mengan0am 1i,a

g $8 tiap 3 jam. Terapi selama2 '-& hari atau lebih untuk infeksi berat.


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Smber pstaka

Ie6a 9edia jurnal kedokteran dan farmasi no , vol & april-juni &&'

http2mediastore.om, diakses tanggal : 9aret &&:

Cefta'idime$njeksiPT I47 94I$5

KBT /T$B$KT$0

direkomandasi oleh ./ orang,eri rekomendasi

Indikasi:

Infeksi-infeksi yang disebabkan oleh kuman yang susceptible antara lain: Infeksi umum: septicaemia; bacteriaemia;

peritonitis; meningitis; penderita ICU dengan problem spesifik, misalnya luka bakar yang terinfeksi. Infeksi saluran

pernapasan bagian bawah: pneumonia, bronkopneumonia; pleuritis pada paru-paru; emfisema; bronciectasis yang

terinfeksi; abcess pada paru-paru; infeksi paru-paru pada penderita cystic fibrosis. Infeksi saluran kemih:

pyelonephritis akut dan kronis; pyelitis; prostatitis; berbagai abscess renal Infeksi jaringan lunak dan kulit: celullitis;

erysipelas; abscess; mastitis; luka bakar atau luka lain yang terinfeksi; ulkus pada kulit Infeksi tulang dan sendi:

osteotitis, osteomyelitis; artritis septik; bursitis yang terinfeksi infeksi abdominal dan bilier cholangitis, cholecystitis;

peritonitis; dierkulitis; penyakit radang pelic !ialysis Infeksi-infeksi yang dikaitkan dengan dialisis haemo dan

peritoneal dan C"#! $continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis%.

Kontra Indikasi:

#enderita yang hipersensitif terhadap antibiotika sefalosporin.

&omposisi:

C'()"*I!I+' g mengandung:

Ceftaidime pentahidrat setara dengan Ceftaidime g
http://medicastore.com/http://dechacare.com/informasi-obat/PT-Dexa-Medica-D46.htmlhttp://dechacare.com/informasi-obat/Obat-Antibiotik-O20.htmlhttp://medicastore.com/http://dechacare.com/informasi-obat/PT-Dexa-Medica-D46.htmlhttp://dechacare.com/informasi-obat/Obat-Antibiotik-O20.html


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(armakologi:

Ceftaidime merupakan antibiotika sefalosporin semisintetik yang bersifat bakterisidal. +ekanisme kerja antibakteri

dengan menghambat enym yang bertanggung jawab terhadap sintesis dinding sel. ecara in itro Ceftaidime

dapat mempengaruhi mikroorganisme dalam range/spektrum yang luas, termasuk strain yang resisten terhadap

gentamicin dan aminoglikosid lainnya. elain itu Ceftaidime sangat stabil terhadap sebagian besar beta-laktamase,

plasmid dan kromosomal yang secara klinis dihasilkan oleh kuman gram negatif dan dengan demikian Ceftaidime

aktif terhadap beberapa strain resisten terhadap ampisilin dan sefalosporin lainnya.

0akteriologi:

!idasarkan pada spektrum aktiitasnya, Ceftaidime umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai sefalosporin generasi ketiga.

ecara in itro Ceftaidime aktif terhadap kuman-kuman berikut:

&uman gram negatif, aerob:

Citrobacter spp.$termasuk C. freundii dan C. diersaus%; Enterobacter spp.$termasuk '. cloacae dan '.

aerogenes%;Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae, termasuk strain yang resisten terhadap

ampisilin; Klebsiella$termasuk &. pneumonia%; Neisseria meningitidis; Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris;

Pseudomonas spp.$termasuk #seudomonas aeruginosa%; Serratia spp.

&uman gram positif, aerob:

Staphlococcus aureus, termasuk strain yang menghasilkan penisilinase dan yang tidak.

Streptococcus aglaticae$Streptococci group !%; Streptococcus pogenes$Streptococci beta"hemoliti# $%

&uman lainnya:

$cinobacter spp., Clostridium spp.$kecuali C. difficile%, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, %organella morganii, Neisseria

gonorrheoae, Peptococcus spp., Providencia spp.$termasuk #. rettgeri%, Salmonella spp., Shigela spp.,

Staphlococcus epidermisdan &ersinia entrocobacter.

!osis:

!osis umum

Ceftaidime digunakan secara parenteral, dosis tergantung pada tingkat keparahan, sensitifitas dan tipe infeksi serta

usia, berat badan dan fungsi ginjal penderita.

!ewasa:

!osis Ceftaidime yang digunakan untuk orang dewasa adalah -1 gram per hari, dapat diberikan dosis masing-

masing 233 mg, g atau 4 g setiap 4 atau 5 jam secara I6 atau I+.

Untuk infeksi saluran kemih dan infeksi yang kurang serius, dosis 233 mg atau g setiap 4 jam sudah mencukupiUntuk sebagian besar infeksi sebaiknya diberikan dosis g setiap 5 jam atau 4 g setiap 4 jam.

Untuk infeksi yang parah terutama untuk penderita 7immunocopromised8, termasuk neutropenia, dapat diberi dosis 4

g setiap 5 jam atau 4 jam.

Untuk penderita cystic fibrosis dengan fungsi ginjal yang normal yang mengalami infeksi paru-paru pseudomonal

sebaiknya digunakan dosis 33-23 mg/kg/hari sebagai dosis terbagi.


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#ada orang dewasa dengan fungsi ginjal normal penggunaan dosis 9 g/hari masih aman.

0ayi dan anak:

!osis laim untuk anak-anak yang berusia lebih dari 4 bulan adalah 3-33 mg/kg/hari, diberikan sebagai dosis

terbagi $4- kali%. !osis hingga 23 mg/kg/hari $maksimum 1 g sehari% dalam dosis terbagi dapat diberikan pada

anak-anak yang menderita fibrocystic, infected immunocompromised dan meningitis.

eonatus dan bayi di bawah 4 bulan

!osis 42-13 mg/kg/hari diberikan dosis sebagai dosis terbagi 4 kali sehari, telah terbukti efektif.

atau frekuensi pemberian disesuaikan. #ada penderita ini dianjurkan agar kadar Ceftaidime dalam serum dipantau

dan kadar dalam serum tidak boleh lebih dari =3 mg/liter.

0ila hanya ada klirens kreatinin serum, maka rumus $persamaan Cokcroft?s% dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi

klirens kreatinin.

&reatinin serum menunjukkan fungsi ginjal pada keadaan tunak.

#ria:&lirens kreatinin @ berat badan $kg% A $=3 B usia lanjut% / 4 A kreatinin serum $mg/dD%


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terhadap penisilin. 0ila terjadi reaksi alergi, hentikan penggunaan obat ini. Eeaksi hipersensitif yang serius dapat

diatasi dengan efinefrin $adrenalin%, hidrokortison, antihistamin atau pengatasan emergensi lainnya.

#erhatian:

#emberian sefalosporin dosis tinggi harus hati-hati bila diberikan bersama-sama dengan obat-obat nefrotoksik

seperti aminoglikosida, furosemid, karena kombinasi ini diduga mempengaruhi fungsi ginjal.

#ercobaan klinik menyebutkan bahwa hampir tidak ada masalah pada penggunaan dosis laim. )idak ada bukt

bahwa Ceftaidime mempengaruhi fungsi ginjal pada dosis teurapetik, tetapi perlu dilakukan penurunan dosis untuk

penderita gagal ginjal, karena Ceftaidime diekskresikan melalui ginjal, yaitu untuk mencegah konsekuensi klinik

akibat peningkatan kadar antibiotik seperti konulsi.

)idak ada bukti eksperimental terhadap efek embyophatik dan teratogenik dari Ceftaidime, tetapi seperti semua

obat lainnya maka pemberian obat ini pada masa awal kehamilan dan awal pertumbuhan janin harus hati-hati.

#enggunaan selama masa kehamilan harus dipertimbangkan keuntungannya dibandingkan dengan resiko yangterjadi.

Ceftaidime diekskresi melalui air susu dengan demikian perlu perhatian khusus bila Ceftaidime diberikan ibu

menyusui.

Ceftaidime tidak mempengaruhi uji glikosuria yang berdasarkan enym. )elah diobserasi terjadi sedikit pengaruh

terhadap metode reduksi kupri $0enedict?s (ehling dan Clintest%. Ceftaidime tidak mempengaruhi alkali pikrat pada

pemeriksaan kreatinin.

#enggunaan Ceftaidime untuk jangka waktu yang lama dapat mengakibatkan kelebihan pertumbuhan kuman yangnon-susceptible $misalnya: candida, 'nterococci% sehingga perlu dilakukan penghentian pengobatan dan gunakan

obat terapi lainnya.

'fek samping:

#ercobaan klinik menyebutkan bahwa Ceftaidime ditoleransi dengan baik. 'fek samping umumnya jarang terjadi

termasuk:

Dokal; flebitis atau tromboflebitis pada pemberian I6; rasa sakit atau inflamasi setelah injeksi I+; hipersensitiitas;

rash makulopapular atau urtikarial; feer; angiodema $sangat jarang%; reaksi-reaksi anafilaktik $bronkospase dan atau

hipotensi%; gastrointestinal $diare, nausea, nyeri, abdominal, thrust atau kolitis $dangat jarang%%.

'fek samping lain yang dikaitkan dengan Ceftaidime termasuk:

- Fenito-urinary: candidosis aginitis

- usunan saraf pusat: sakit kepala, pusing paraestesia dan rasa tidak enak.

#erubahan sementara terhadap hasil uji laboratorium selama pengobatan dengan Ceftaidime termasuk eosinofilia,

test Coombs? positif tanpa haemolisis, trombositosis dan sedikit peningkatan enym hepatik FG), F#), D!H, FF)


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dan alkalin fosfatase,

&adang-kadang: peningkatan sementara urea darah, nitrogen urea dan atau kreatinin serum.

angat jarang: transient leucopenia, thromboctopeniaosisdan lmphoctosis.

Interaksi obat:

#emberian bersama-sama dengan aminoglikosida dapat mengakibatkan inaktiasi. 0ila diberikan bersamaan

sebaiknya diinjeksikan pada tempat $bagian tubuh% yang berbeda. angan mencampur kedua obat ini dalam kantong

atau botol infus yang sama.

!engan ancomycin dapat terjadi pengendapan sehingga untuk pemberian dengan infus harus dibilas terlebih

dahulu bila menggunakan selang yang sama.

#erhatian (armasetik:

C'()"*I!I+' dikemas dalam ial dengan tekanan rendah; tekanan positif dihasilkan dari rekonstitusi karenapengeluaran gas karbondioksida. etelah direkonstruksi C'()"*I!I+' bertahan selama 5 jam bila disimpan pada

suhu 42JC dan selama hari bila disimpan dalam lemari es. edikit peningkatan warna terjadi selama penyimpanan.

C'()"*I!I+' untuk injeksi tercampur dengan cairan infus yang biasa digunakan. Darutan mg/ml dan =3 mg/ml

dalam larutan infus berikut dapat disimpan hingga 5 jam pada suhu di bawah 42JC dan selama hari dalam lemari

es.

Darutan injeksi atrium laktat +/1; Darutan injeksi atrium laktat compound $Darutan Hartmann?s%; Darutan injeksi

!ekstrosa 2>; Darutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2> dan aCl 3.442>; Darutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2> dan aCl 3.=2>;

Darutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2> dan aCl 3.9>; Darutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2> dan aCl 3.5>, Darutan injeksi!ekstrosa 3>; Darutan injeksi 3> !eAstran =3 dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3.9>, Darutan injeksi 3> !eAstran =3

dalam larutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2>; Darutan injeksi 1> !ekstran 3 dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3.9>; Darutan injeksi

1> !eAstran 3 dalam larutan injeksi !ekstrosa 2>.

$Ceftaidime kurang stabil dalam larutan injeksi atrium 0ikarbonat dibandingkan dengan larutan intraena lainnya.

)idak dianjurkan sebagai diulen%.

C'()"*I!I+' untuk injeksi dapat disimpan hingga 5 jam di bawah suhu 42JC atau selama hari dalam lemari es

pada kadar 3,32 mg/ml dan 3,42 mg/ml dalam cairan !yalisis Intraperitoneal $Daktat%.

C'()"*I!I+' untuk injeksi telah diketahui dapat tercampurkan selama 5 jam di bawah suhu 42JC dan selama hari

dalam lemari es bila dicampur pada kadar = mg/ml dengan larutan berikut:

Darutan injeksi hidrokortison $hidrokortison natrium fosfat% mg/ml dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3,9> atau larutan

injeksi !ekstrosa 2>.

Darutan injeksi cefuroAime $cefuroAime natrium% mg/ml dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3,9>.


13/43

Darutan injeksi cloAacillin $cloAacillin natrium% = mg/ml dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3,9>.

Heparin 3 u/ml atau 23 u/ml dalam larutan aCl 3,9>.

Darutan injeksi &cl 3 m'K/l atau =3 m'K/l dalam larutan injeksi aCl 3,9>.

Untuk penggunaan I+ dapat dicampur dengan larutan injeksi Dignocain 3,2> atau >.

Cara #embuatan Darutan

#enggunaan I+:

untuk ial g, tambahkan ,3 ml air untuk injeksi.

#enggunaan I6:

untuk ial g, tambahkan 3,3 ml air untuk injeksi

#enyimpanan:

I+#" !I )'+#") &'EIF !" 'U&, UHU !I 0"


14/43

46tint in the Mild (4M) (list)

#/reatened

5ritially 4ndangered (5C)

Endangered (EN*

8ulnerable (8*)

(list)

(list)

(list)

Lower Risk

/ear Threatened (/T)

5onservation Iependent (5I)


15/43

v

t

e

"n Endangered$'%speciesis a specieswhich has been categoried by the International Unionfor Conseration of ature$IUC% Eed Distas likely to becomeeAtinct. M'ndangeredM is the secondmost seereconseration statusfor wild populations in the IUC?s schema afterCritically'ndangered$CE%.

In 434,the IUC Eed Dist featured 39 animaland 4122 plantspecies as endangered $'%worldwide.NO)he figures for 995 were, respectiely, 34 and 9Ncitation neededO

+any nations hae lawsthat protectconseration-reliant species: for eAample, forbiddinghunting,restricting land deelopment or creating preseres. #opulation numbers, trends and species?conseration status can be found in thelists of organisms by population.

Contents

NhideO

Conseration status

4 IUC Eed Dist

o 4. Criteria for ?'ndangered $'%? NO

United tates

o . 'ndangered pecies "ct

= Inasie species

2 Conseration

o 2. Captie breeding

o 2.4 #riate farming

1 Countries with endangered animals

Fallery

5 ee also

9 otes and references

3 0ibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Conservation_status&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-iucn_2012.2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-iucn_2012.2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reliant_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reliant_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Criteria_for_.27Endangered_.28EN.29.27_.5B7.5Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Criteria_for_.27Endangered_.28EN.29.27_.5B7.5Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Criteria_for_.27Endangered_.28EN.29.27_.5B7.5Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Endangered_Species_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Captive_breedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Private_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Countries_with_endangered_animalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Galleryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Notes_and_referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Bibliographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Conservation_status&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-iucn_2012.2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reliant_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Criteria_for_.27Endangered_.28EN.29.27_.5B7.5Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Endangered_Species_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Captive_breedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Private_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Countries_with_endangered_animalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Galleryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Notes_and_referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#Bibliography


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'Aternal links

Conservation statusNeditO

%ain article+Conservation status

)he conseration statusof a speciesindicates the likelihood that it will become eAtinct. +any factorsare considered when assessing the conseration status of a species; e.g., such statistics as thenumber remaining, the oerall increase or decrease in the population oer time, breeding successrates, or known threats.N4O)he IUC Eed Dist of )hreatened peciesis the best-known worldwideconseration status listing and ranking system.NO

Ger =3> of the world?s species are estimated to be at risk of eAtinction. N=OInternationally, 99countries hae signed an accord to create 0iodiersity "ction #lansthat will protect endangered andother threatened species. In theUnited tates, such plans are usually calledpecies Eecoery#lans.Ncitation neededO

IUCN Red ListNeditO

)he iberian tigeris an 'ndangered $'%tiger subspecies. )hree tiger subspecies are already eAtinct $seeDist

of carniorans by population%.N2O
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extincthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#Subspecieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extincthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#Subspecieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-5


17/43

0lue-throated macaw, an endangered species

0rown spider monkey, an endangered species

iamese crocodile, an endangered species


18/43

+alayan tiger, an endangered species

&emp?s ridley sea turtle, an endangered species

)hough labelled a list, theIUC Eed Distis a system of assessing the global conseration status ofspecies that includes M!ata !eficientM $!!% species B species for which more data and assessmentis reKuired before their status may be determined B as well species comprehensiely assessed bythe IUC?s species assessment process. )hose species of Mear )hreatenedM $)% and MDeastConcernM $DC% status hae been assessed and found to hae relatiely robust and healthypopulations, though these may be in decline. Unlike their more general use elsewhere, the Dist uses

the terms Mendangered speciesM and Mthreatened speciesM with particular meanings:M'ndangeredM $'% species lie between M6ulnerableM $6U% and MCritically 'ndangeredM $CE% species,while M)hreatenedM species are those species determined to be 6ulnerable, 'ndangered or Critically'ndangered.

)he IUC categories, with eAamples of animals classified by them, include:

Extinct $'P%

'Aamples: aurochs 0ali tiger blackfin cisco Caribbean monk seal Carolina parakeet Caspian tiger dodo dusky seaside sparrow eastern cougar golden toad great auk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurochshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfin_ciscohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_monk_sealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_parakeethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_seaside_sparrowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cougarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_toadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_aukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurochshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfin_ciscohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_monk_sealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_parakeethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_seaside_sparrowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cougarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_toadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_auk


19/43

apanese sea lion aan tiger Dabrador duck passenger pigeon chomburgk?s deer

teller?s sea cow thylacine toolache wallaby western black rhinocerosExtinct in the wild $'


20/43

+alayan tiger piA?s macaw southern bluefin tuna outh China tiger umatran orangutan

umatran rhinoceros umatran tiger aKuita Langte rier dolphin northern white rhinoceros hawksbill sea turtle &emp?s ridley sea turtle

Endangered $'%

(aces a high risk of eAtinction in the near future.

'Aamples: "frican penguin "frican wild dogNaO

"sian elephant "siatic lion "ustralasian bittern blue whale bonobo 0ornean orangutan common chimpanee dhole eastern lowland gorilla hispid hare giant otter giant panda Foliath frog green sea turtle loggerhead sea turtle Frey?s ebra hyacinth macaw Humblot?s heron Iberian lynA apanese crane apanese night heron Dear?s macaw +alayan tapir markhor +alagasy pond heron #ersian leopard proboscis monkey purple-faced langur pygmy hippopotamus red-breasted goose Eothschild?s giraffe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spix's_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaquitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_river_dolphinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp's_ridley_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n1-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_bitternhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_lowland_gorillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispid_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_pandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_froghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevy's_zebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humblot's_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_lynxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cranehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_night_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lear's_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_pond_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis_monkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-faced_langurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild's_giraffehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spix's_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaquitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_river_dolphinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp's_ridley_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n1-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_bitternhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_lowland_gorillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispid_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_pandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_froghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevy's_zebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humblot's_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_lynxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cranehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_night_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lear's_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_pond_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis_monkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-faced_langurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild's_giraffe


21/43

snow leopard outh "ndean deer ri Dankan elephant takhi$near Critically 'ndangered% )oKue macaKue 6ietnamese pheasant

olcano rabbit wild water buffalo white-eared night heron fishing cat tasmanian deil

V!lnerable $6U%

(aces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term.

'Aamples: "frican grey parrot "frican bush elephantNbO

"frican lionNbO

"merican paddlefish

common carp clouded leopard cheetahNcO

dugong (ar 'astern curlew fossa Falapagos tortoiseNdO

gaur blue-eyed cockatoo golden hamster whale shark hippopotamus Humboldt penguin Indian rhinoceros &omodo dragon NeO

lesser white-fronted goose mandrill maned sloth mountain ebra polar bear red panda sloth bear takin yak great white shark "merican crocodile dingo king cobra

"ear#threatened $)%

+ay be considered threatened in the near future.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Andean_deerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toque_macaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_pheasanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_rabbithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_water_buffalohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eared_night_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_grey_parrothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n2-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_lionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_lionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n2-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_paddlefishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n3-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_curlewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_tortoisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_tortoisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n4-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-eyed_cockatoohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hamsterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n5-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_white-fronted_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_slothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_zebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crocodilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Andean_deerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toque_macaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_pheasanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_rabbithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_water_buffalohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eared_night_heronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_grey_parrothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n2-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_lionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n2-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_paddlefishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n3-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_curlewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_tortoisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n4-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-eyed_cockatoohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hamsterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-n5-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_white-fronted_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_slothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_zebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crocodilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra


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'Aamples: "merican bison "sian golden cat blue-billed duck emperor goose emperor penguin

'urasian curlew jaguar leopard Darch +ountain salamander +agellanic penguin maned wolf narwhal margay montane solitary eagle #ampas cat #allas?s cat reddish egret white rhinoceros striped hyena tiger shark white eared pheasant

$east concern $DC%

o immediate threat to species? surial.

'Aamples: "merican alligator "merican crow Indian peafowl olie baboon bald eagle brown bear brown rat brown-throated sloth Canada goose cane toad common wood pigeon cougar common frog giraffe grey wolf house mouse wolerine N1O

human palm cockatoo mallard meerkat mute swan platypus red-billed Kuelea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_golden_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-billed_duckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_curlewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch_Mountain_salamanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_solitary_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas's_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish_egrethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_eared_pheasanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_baboonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_slothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wood_pigeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_froghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_wolfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-iucn-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_cockatoohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_queleahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_golden_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-billed_duckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_curlewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch_Mountain_salamanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_penguinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_solitary_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas's_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish_egrethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_eared_pheasanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_baboonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_slothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_goosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wood_pigeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_froghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_wolfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-iucn-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_cockatoohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_quelea


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red-tailed hawk rock pigeon scarlet macaw southern elephant seal milk shark

red howler monkey

Criteria for ?'ndangered $'%? NONeditO

A% &ed!ction in pop!lation si'e based on an of the following:

. "n obsered, estimated, inferred or suspected population siereduction of ( )*+ o,er the last -* ears or threegenerations, whicheer is the longer, where the ca!ses of thered!ction are clearl re,ersible A". !nderstood A".ceased, based on $and specifying% any of the following:

. direct obseration

4. an indeA of abundance appropriate for the taAon

. a decline in area of occupancy, eAtent of occurrenceand/or Kuality of habitat

=. actual or potential leels of eAploitation

2. the effects of introduced taAa, hybridisation,pathogens,pollutants, competitors orparasites.

4. "n obsered, estimated, inferred or suspected population siereduction of ( /*+ o,er the last -* ears or threegenerations, whicheer is the longer, where the reduction oritsca!ses ma not ha,e ceased 0& ma not be !nderstood0& ma not be re,ersible, based on $and specifying% any of$a% to $e% under ".

. " population sie reduction of R 23>, projected or suspected tobe met within the neAt 3 years or three generations,whicheer is the longer $up to a maAimum of 33 years%, basedon $and specifying% any of $b% to $e% under ".

=. "n obsered, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation sie reduction of R 23> oer any 3 year or threegeneration period, whicheer is longer $up to a maAimum of33 years in the future%, where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, and where the reduction or itscauses may not hae ceased GE may not be understood GEmay not be reersible, based on $and specifying% any of $a% to$e% under ".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_hawkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_pigeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_elephant_sealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_hawkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_pigeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_macawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_elephant_sealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_sharkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasites


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1% Geographic rangein the form of either 0 $eAtent of occurrence%GE 04 $area of occupancy% GE both:

. 'Atent of occurrence estimated to be less than /2*** km3, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

. Se,erel fragmentedor known to eAist at no morethan fie locations.

4. Contin!ing decline, inferred, obsered or projected,in any of the following:

. eAtent of occurrence

4. area of occupancy

. area, eAtent and/or Kuality of habitat

=. number of locations or subpopulations

2. number of mature indiiduals

. Extreme fl!ct!ationsin any of the following:



. number of locations or subpopulations

=. number of mature indiiduals

4. "rea of occupancy estimated to be less than /** km3, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

. Se,erel fragmentedor known to eAist at no morethan fie locations.

4. Contin!ing decline, inferred, obsered or projected,in any of the following:



. area, eAtent and/or Kuality of habitat

=. number of locations or subpopulations


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2. number of mature indiiduals

. Extreme fl!ct!ationsin any of the following:



. number of locations or subpopulations

=. number of mature indiiduals

C% 4op!lation estimated to n!mber fewer than 52/** mat!re

indi,id!als andeither:

. "n estimated continuing decline of at least 5*+ within fi,eears or two generations, whicheer is longer, $up to a

maAimum of 33 years in the future% GE

4. " continuing decline, obsered, projected, or inferred, innumbers of mature indiiduals "! at least one of the follow$a-b%:

. #opulation structure in the form of one of the following:

. no subpopulation estimated to contain morethan 423 mature indiiduals, GE

4. at least 92> of mature indiiduals in one

subpopulation

4. 'Atreme fluctuations in number of mature indiiduals

.% 4op!lation si'e estimated to n!mber fewer than 5/* mat!re

indi,id!als6

E% 7!antitati,e analsis showing the probabilit of extinction in

the wild is at least 5*+ within 5* ears or fi,e

generations2whicheer is the longer $up to a maAimum of 33 years%.

. 8!mp !p 9ear-critically endangered.

4. S ump up to:ab#articularly sensitie to poachingleels.

. 8!mp !p 9ear-endangered due to poaching.

=. 8!mp !p 9+ay ary according toleels of tourism.

2. 8!mp !p 96aries according to female populations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n1_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n3_8-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n4_9-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Environmental_threatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Environmental_threatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n5_10-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n1_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n2_7-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n3_8-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n4_9-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Environmental_threatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_ref-n5_10-0


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United StatesNeditO

)here is data from the United tates that shows a correlation betweenhuman populations and threatened and endangered species. Usingspecies data from the !atabase on the 'conomics and +anagement of

'ndangered pecies $!'+'% database and the period thatthe'ndangered pecies "ct$'"% has been in eAistence, 93 to99, a table was created that suggests a positie relationship betweenhuman actiity and species endangerment. N5O"s early as the 533s,humans began noticing the decline of certain species of animals in theirusual habitats. "n eAample is the whooping crane. Gnce abundant fromCanada to +eAico, it was estimated in 9= that only 1 birds remainedin the wild. "nother early eAample of mankind noticing the eAtinction ofspecies was the introduction of 7kudu8 in the southern United tates.)his fast-growing plant took oer the south, growing on plants and treesand sKuelching the life out of them.N9O

'ndangered pecies "ctNeditO

M'ndangeredM in relation to MthreatenedM under the '".

Under the'ndangered pecies "ctin the United tates, species may

be listed as MendangeredM or MthreatenedM. )healt Creek tigerbeetle$Cicindela nevadica lincolniana% is an eAample of an endangeredsubspecies protected under the '". )he U (ish and


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)he0ush administrationlifted a policy that reKuired federal officials toconsult a wildlife eApert before taking actions that could damageendangered species. Under the Gbama administration, this policy hasbeen reinstated.N3O

0eing listed as an endangered species can hae negatie effect since itcould make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers. NO)hiseffect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commerciallyfarmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poachendangered species.N4O

"nother problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the useof the Mshoot, shoel, and shut-upM method of clearing endangeredspecies from an area of land. ome landowners currently may perceiea diminution in alue for their land after finding an endangered animalon it. )hey hae allegedly opted to silently kill and bury the animals or

destroy habitat, thus remoing the problem from their land, but at thesame time further reducing the population of an endangered species.NO)he effectieness of the 'ndangered pecies "ctB which coined theterm Mendangered speciesM B has been Kuestioned by businessadocacy groups and their publications but is neertheless widelyrecognied by wildlife scientists who work with the species as aneffectie recoery tool. ineteen species hae been delisted andrecoeredN=Oand 9> of listed species in the northeastern United tateshae a recoering or stable population.N2O

Currently, ,221 known species in the world hae been identified as

near eAtinction or endangered and are under protection by goernmentlaw. )his approAimation, howeer, does not take into consideration thenumber of species threatened with endangerment that are not includedunder the protection of such laws as the 'ndangered pecies "ct.

"ccording to atureere?s global conseration status,approAimatelythirteen percent of ertebrates $eAcluding marine fish%, seenteenpercent of ascular plants, and siA to eighteen percent of fungi areconsidered imperiled.N1O:=2)hus, in total, between seen and eighteenpercent of the United tates? known animals, fungi and plants are neareAtinction.N1O:=1)his total is substantially more than the number ofspecies protected in the United tates under the 'ndangered pecies

"ct.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bushhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bushhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bushhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-WM2008-21


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0ald eagle

"merican bison

'er since mankind began hunting to presere itself, oer-hunting andfishing has been a large and dangerous problem. Gf all the specieswho went eAtinct due to interference from mankind, thedodo, passengerpigeon, great auk,)asmanian tigerand teller?s sea coware some ofthe more well known eAamples; with the bald eagle, grilybear,"merican bison,timber wolfNdisambiguation neededOandsea turtlehaing beenhunted to near-eAtinction. +any began as food sources seen as

necessary for surial but became the target of sport. Howeer, due tomajor efforts to preent eAtinction, the bald eagle, orHaliaeetusleucocephalusis now under the category of Deast Concern on the redlist.NO" present-day eAample of the oer-hunting of a species can beseen in the oceans as populations of certain whales hae been greatlyreduced. Darge whales like the blue whale, bowhead whale, finbackwhale, gray whale, sperm whale and humpback whale are some of theeight whales which are currently still included on the 'ndangeredpecies Dist. "ctions hae been taken to attempt reduction in whalingand increase population sies, including prohibiting all whaling in Unitedtates waters, the formation of the CI)' treaty which protects all

whales, along with the formation of the International


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Invasive speciesNeditO

%ain article+ ntroduced species

)he introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt theecosystem to such an eAtent that natie species become endangered.uch introductions may be termed alien or inasie species. In somecases the inasie species compete with the natie species for food orprey on the naties. In other cases a stable ecological balance may beupset by predation or other causes leading to uneApected speciesdecline. ew species may also carry diseases to which the natiespecies hae no resistance.N9O

ConservationNeditO

)hedhole, "sia?s most endangered top predator, is on the edge of eAtinction.

Captie breedingNeditO

%ain article+ Captive breeding

Captie breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangeredspecies in human controlled enironments with restricted settings, suchas wildlife preseres, oos and other conseration facilities. Captiebreeding is meant to sae species from eAtinction and so stabilie thepopulation of the species that it will not disappear.N43O
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_predatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_breedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_predatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_breedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-25


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)his techniKue has worked for many species for some time, withprobably the oldest known such instances of captie mating beingattributed to menageries of 'uropean and "sian rulers, an eAamplebeing the#Qre !aid?s deer. Howeer, captie breeding techniKues areusually difficult to implement for such highly mobile species as some

migratory birds $e.g. cranes% and fishes $e.g.hilsa%. "dditionally, if thecaptie breeding population is too small, then inbreeding may occurdue to a reduced gene pooland reduce immunity.

In 95, the"ssociation of *oos and "Kuariums$"*"% createdapecies urial #lan$#% in order to help presere specificendangered and threatened species through captie breeding.


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outhern bluefin tuna

in 4333 toaround 3> in 433N4=OB they worry that many wild animals are caughtto proide farmers with breeding stock. )he conseration eApert #eter#aul an !ijk noted that turtle farmers often beliee that animals caughtwild are superior breeding stock. )urtle farmers may, therefore, seekand catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtlespecies.N4=O

In 4339, researchers in "ustralia managed to coaAsouthern bluefintunato breed in landlocked tanks, raising the possibility thatfishfarmingmay be able to sae the species fromoerfishing.N42O

Countries with endangered animalsNeditO

"round the world hundreds of thousands of species are lost toeAtinction, many of them only discoered as remains, after they aregone. )hus, not only biological ariability, but also genetic diersity, andperhaps sources of lielihood for future generations are lost. "nendangered species is a species that may become eAtinct in the nearfuture. )hroughout history millions of species hae disappeared, due tonatural processes. In the past 33 years, howeer, humans haeincreased the rate of eAtinction. Ncitation neededO

(or some plant and animal species, liing seems to be a daily haard."nd humans seem to pose the biggest threat. 'cological disasters,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-scale-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-scale-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-ff-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-ff-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-scale-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-ff-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-ff-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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hunting/poaching, deforestation and other conseKuences of humanaction causes damage to the food chain, breeding grounds, andhabitat.

GalleryNeditO

)he endangered $near threatened% island foA.

)hough endangered, the sea otterhas a relatiely large population.

53s photo of"merican bisonskulls. 0y 593, oerhunting had reduced

the population to 23.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_foxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_foxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_foxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison


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Immature California condor.

Doggerhead sea turtle

"sian arowana

Hawksbill sea turtle

See alsoNeditO

C0ive 0he 1ast paradiof 2are #nimals (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_arowanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_paradises:_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_paradises:_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_paradises:_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_arowanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_paradises:_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_paradises:_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals&action=edit&redlink=1


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Biodiversity

5obthorn Trust

ritially endangered

endangered plants of 4urope

4ndangered Speies t

46-situ onservation

e6tintion

Aoloene e6tintion

Aabitat fragmentation

Aa"aiian honeyreeperonservation

$n-situ onservation

$*5/ Ced


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=. 8!mp !p 9*3hreatened Species*.Conservation and ?ildlife.$rchived from the originalon September 2:, 0120. etrieved 0


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4. 8!mp !p 9*$ssociation of oos and $Fuariums Species SurvivalPrograms*.

44. 8!mp !p 9He?s black, and he?s backV #riate enterprise saessouthern "frica?s rhino from eAtinction,)he Independent, une ,4335

4. 8!mp !p 9Shi, Haitao; Parham,


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E!ternal lin"sNeditO

'ndangered species profilesfrom 'arth?s endangered Creatures

Dist of species with the category 'ndangeredas identified by

theIUC Eed Dist of )hreatened pecies

'ndangered peciesfrom -C! /ibraries AovPubs

'ndangered pecies T


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Bird onservation

5onservation status

5onservation-reliant speies

4oregion onservation status

Aabitat destrution


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IUC Eed Dist

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IUC Eed Dist endangered species

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